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INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY(IRSA)

“Water Resource Development in Pakistan”

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Rao Irshad Ali KhanChairman IRSAMarch 09, 2011

Roundtable Discussion on Agriculture& Water in Pakistan – World Bank

Sequence of Presentation

Water Scenario 1947-60

Indus River System

Water Accord 1991 & Development of Water

Resources

Storage Position & World Average

Issues

Way Forward

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WATER SCENARIO, 1947 - 19601. At Independence, average river inflow in Pakistan was 167 MAF

(Western Rivers : Indus, Jhelum & Chenab + Eastern Rivers :Ravi, Sutlej & Beas)

2. Total irrigated land in Pakistan was 26 million acres against potential irrigable land of 77.1 million acres.

3. In 1947, partition/territorial division took place. All upstream control structures on Ravi, Beas and Sutlej fell in Indian Territory. Pakistan became a lower riparian.

4. In 1948, water flowing to Pakistan from Eastern rivers was stopped by India.

5. Twelve years of dispute settlement under the aegis of World Bank. 6. Initial effort was for co-operative use. Ultimately division of waters

- Indus Water Treaty 19607. For Pakistan: Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. For India: Ravi, Sutlej

and Beas. Transfer of Water from Western to Eastern rivers was necessitated.

The Water Agreements

Indus Waters Treaty 1960

Water Apportionment Accord 1991

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RIVERS OF PAKISTAN INDUSJHELUM

CHENAB

RAVISUTLEJ

BEAS

WESTERN RIVERS

EASTERN RIVERS

IRAN

Indus Basin

SALIENT POINTS REGARDING WATER RIGHTS

UNDER INDUS WATERS TREATY

Eastern RiversAll the water of the Eastern Rivers to be available for the unrestricted use ofIndia, except Domestic, Non-consumptive use or Agriculture use as specifiedin IWT-1960

Western Rivers1. Pakistan shall receive for unrestricted use all waters of western rivers

2. India shall not interfere with the waters of western rivers except forfollowing uses:(A) Domestic use(B) Non-consumptive use(C) Agricultural use (limited)(D) Generation of hydro-electric power (Run of River)(E) Storage works (limited)

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INDUS BASIN REPLACEMENT WORKS

Link Canals (9 No) Barrages (6 No) Storage (3 No)

Trimmu-Sidhnai Sidhnai on Ravi Mangla

Sidhnai-Mailsi Mailsi Siphon on Sutlej Chashma

Mailsi-Bahawal Qadirabad on Chenab Tarbela

Rasul-Qadirabad Rasul on Jhelum

Qadirabad-Balloki Chashma on Indus

L.C.C Feeder Marala on Chenab

Balloki-Sulemanki-IIChashma-Jhelum

Taunsa-Panjnad

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Rim Stations:Indus @ TarbelaKabul @ NowsheraJhelum @ ManglaChenab @ Marala

Tarbela

ManglaKabul

Indus

JhelumChenab

Ravi Sutlej

ChashmaC-J

T-P

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Sindh Barrages

Legend

Punjab Barrages

Balochistan Canals

NWFP CRBC

Reservoirs

Major Rivers

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Development Features ofWater Accord 1991

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Para 6

The need for storages, whereverfeasible on the Indus and other riverswas admitted and recognised by theparticipants for planned futureagricultural development.

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Para 8, 9 & 10

Para 8.There would be no restrictions on the Provinces toundertake new projects within their agreed shares.Para 9.No restrictions are placed on small schemes notexceeding 5000 acres above elevation of 1200 ft. SPD.Para 10.No restrictions are placed on developing irrigation usesin Kurram/ Gomal/ Kohat basins, so long as these do notadversely affect the existing uses on these rivers.

Importance of Water Resources For National Economy and Poverty Alleviation

93 % of water is used for Agriculture

64 % of population depends on agriculture

Agriculture contributes to GDP equivalent to 23 % (US$ 25

Billion annually)

Responsible to 60 to 70 % exports

Critical input for agriculture to meet food and fiber

requirements, drinking water, sanitation, industry,

environment etc.

Western & Eastern Inflows & D/S KotriPost Tarbela Average (1976.77 to 2009.10)

(MAF)

Max Min Avg *2010-11

Western River

Indus @ Kalabagh 112.18 66.81 89.71 104.80

Jhelum + Chenab 59.92 30.75 48.68 51.61

Total 172.10 97.56 138.39 155.41

Eastern River

Ravi @ Balloki 10.95 0.29 4.23 0.53

Sutlej @ Sulemanki 8.57 0.01 2.59 0.25

Total 19.52 0.30 6.82 0.78

Total Western & Eastern River 191.62 97.86 145.21 156.19

D/S Kotri 91.86 0.29 30.67 54.50

* Tentative Data for Rabi 10-11 (Mar 01 to Mar 31)

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69.08

30.39

80.59

29.81

20.10

33.79

9.68

45.91

29.55

10.98

26.90

17.53

52.86

17.22

42.34

53.29

81.49

29.11

91.83

62.76

45.40

20.79

35.15

8.83

0.771.932.37

20.18

0.29

24.4021.78

15.82

5.384.07

51.28

0

20

40

60

80

100

1976

-77

1977

-78

1978

-79

1979

-80

1980

-81

1981

-82

1982

-83

1983

-84

1984

-85

1985

-86

1986

-87

1987

-88

1988

-89

1989

-90

1990

-91

1991

-92

1992

-93

1993

-94

1994

-95

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-200

0

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05

2005

-06

2006

-07

2007

-08

2008

-09

2009

-10

2010

-11

AN

NU

AL

DIS

CH

AR

GE

(MA

F)

YEARS

AVG. (35.2)1976-2003

ESCAPAGE BELOW KOTRIHYDROLOGICAL YEAR FROM APRIL TO MARCH

Note: Based on data supplied by I&P Deptt: Govt. of Sindh

31.25 MAF (1976-2010)

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Present Storage Position

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Provincial Canal Head Wdls(Post Independence to to-date)

Year Canal Withdrawals (MAF)

1947 69.1

1960-66 (Pre-Mangla) 89.14

1967-76 (Post-Mangla) 93.45

1977-82 (Post-Tarbela) 102.73

1990-1999 107.0

2000-2009 93.5

Provincial Allocationswith Additional Storage

(MAF)

ProvincePre

Mangla 1960-66

Pre Tarbela1967-76

Post Tarbela1977-82

Post Kalabagh

Post Bhasha &

Akhori

Punjab 48.35 49.86 54.51 55.94 61.49

Sindh *36.12 40.67 43.53 48.76 54.31

KPK 4.67 2.43 3.06 5.78 7.88

Balochistan - 0.49 1.63 3.87 5.67

Total 89.14 93.45 102.73 114.35 129.35

* Includes Balochistan

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Reservoir Sedimentation(MAF)

Designed Live

Storage

Present Live

StorageSedimentation %

Tarbela 9.69 6.77 2.92 30

Mangla 5.34 *4.54 0.80 15

Chashma 0.72 0.263 0.46 63

Total 15.75 11.573 4.18 27

* Excluding raising component. After raising additional 2.99 MAF would be available

Water Requirements Vs Availability

1. Present Water Shortage as compared to Accord Allocations

11 MAF

2. Projected Water Shortage

20 MAF by 2020 Despite Efficiency improvement

25 MAF by 2025

3. Pakistan heading towards Water Scarcity

Per Capita Water Availability

In the year 1951 5600 CM

In the year 2007 1200 CM

In the year 2010 1000 CM

In the year 2025 800 CM

4. Availability: 31.25 (D/S Kotri average annually)

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ARABIAN SEA

DISPUTED

TERRITORY

LEGENDMOUNTAINS

DESERTS

AREA UNDERIRRIGATION

AREA THATCAN BE BROUGHTUNDER IRRIGATION

SOURCE: AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF PAKISTAN 2005-06

20.39ADDITIONAL AREA THAT CAN BE BROUGHT UNDER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

47.6235.50

AREA UNDER IRRIGATION(BY ALL SOURCES)(Canal Irrigation)

52.31CULTIVATED AREA(IRRIGATED + BARANI)

72.7AREA SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE

196.7GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

AREA (MA)CATEGORY

LAND USE IN PAKISTAN

Sindh 3.95 MAPunjab 3.56 MAKPK 2.99 MABaloch. 9.89 MATOTAL 20.39 MA

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World Average

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Sr. # River BasinAverage Annual

flow (MAF)No. of Dams

Storage Capacity

(MAF)

% age Storage

1 Colorado 12 3 59.62 497

2 Nile 47 1 132 281

3Sutlej BiasIndia (Total)

32750

54,636

11.32245

3533

4 Yellow River 345 7 68.95 20

5 Columbia 179 3 34 19

6 Indus & others Rivers 145 3

11.50*14.40

810

7 World 20,000 - 8,000 40

* After Raising of Mangla

AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW AND STORAGE CAPACITY OF DAMS OF SOME MAJOR RIVER BASINS

Source: Wapda

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Carry over Capacity

• Egypt (Aswan) 1,000 days (Niles)• America 900 days (Colorado)• Australia 600 days• South Africa 500 days (Orange River)• India 120 to 220 days• Pakistan 30 days

REGION WISE STORAGE STATUS IN INDIA-2010

Filling position w.r.t. storage at FRL Over all storage

Region (Status) (nos. of

Reservoirs)100% 91%-

99%81%-90%

71%-80%

61%-70%

51%-60%

41%-50%

40% & Below

Average Filling of

Reservoirs52 %

In 2010 Filled by 72 %

North (6 Reservoirs)

- - - 2 1 1 - 2

East (15 Reservoirs)

- 2 1 3 1 1 2 5

West (19 Reservoirs)

3 6 1 2 1 2 1 3

Central (11 Reservoirs)

1 1 1 2 - 1 1 4

South (30 Reservoirs)

4 7 10 4 - 4 1 -

Status of 81 Reservoirs:- 8 16 13 13 3 9 5 14

Source: Central Water Commission India Report

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Major Initiatives inWater Sector

Major Initiatives in Water Sector

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ProjectCost (Rs: Billion)

Live Storage (MAF)

Power Generation

(MW)

Design Capacity

(CS)

Area Benefited

(MA)

Mangla Dam Raising 101 (R) 2.88 120 - -

Mirani Dam 5.811 0.152 - - 0.33

Sabakzai Dam 1.576 0.015 - - 0.007

Satpara Dam 2.090 0.053 15.8 - 0.016

Gomal Zam Dam 12.82 0.892 17.4 - 0.163

Rainee Canal 28.862 - - 5155 0.412

Kachhi Canal 31.204 - - 6000 0.713

Greater Thal Canal 30.467 - - 8500 1.530

Fed. Financed Prov: Lining of Irrig: Chnl:

45.978 - - - -

Fed: Financed Prov: Irrig: Sys: Rehabilitation / Modernization of chnl:

42.635 - - - -

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PROPOSED DAMS ON INDUS

AKHORI DAM

SKARDU DAM

Prospective Storage Projects

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Name of Project

Storage(MAF)

Installed Capacity

(MW)

Cost (US $

Billion)

Status

Diamer Basha Dam 6.40 4500 11.2

Kalabagh Dam 6.10 3450 6.5

Akhori Dam 6.00 600 4.5

Munda Dam 0.87 740 1.25

Kurram Tangi 0.90 83 0.25

Total 20.27 9373 23.70

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PAKISTAN’S HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL(RIVERWISE SUMMARY)

Sr. No. River/ Tributary Power (MW)

1. Indus River 377802. Tributaries of Indus (Northern Areas) & NWFP 6006

Sub Total (1+2) 437863. Jhelum River 31434, Kunhar River 14355. Neelum River & its Tributaries 18446. Poonch River 397

Sub Total (3+4+5+6) 68197. Swat River & its Tributaries 23718. Chitral River & its Tributaries 2282

Sub Total (7+8) 46539. Schemes below 50 MW on Tributaries 1055

10. Schemes below 50 MW on Canals 408Sub Total (9+10) 1463

TOTAL 56721

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HYDROPOWER PROJECTSUNDER CONSTRUCTION

Sr# Name of Project River Location Capacity

(MW)

Energy Generation

(GWh)

Status / Completion

1. Khan Khwar Khan Khwar Besham – NWFP 72 275 83%(April, 2010)

2. Allai Khwar Allai Khwar Batgram – NWFP 121 450 46%(October, 2011)

3. Duber Khwar Duber Khwar Pattan – NWFP 130 590 70%(August, 2011)

4. Satpara Satpara Skardu – NWFP 16 105 83.3% (July, 2010)

5. Gomal Zam Gomal Waziristan –NWFP 18 90 53.1%

(Oct, 2010)

6. Jinnah Indus Kalabagh –Punjab 96 688 87.2%

(May, 2011)

7. Neelum Jhelum Neelum Muzaffarabad -AJK 969 5150 10.2%

(October, 2015)

TOTAL 1505 7731

Issues

Shortage of Irrigation Water

Water Use Efficiency

Management

Devastation on account of floods

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Way Forward Storages, wherever feasible

Water Conservation Measures such as lining,

rehabilitation /remodeling of barrages

Introduce innovative irrigation techniques, such as

sprinkler & drip irrigation

Ensure maximum productivity per drop of water by

judicious use and best practices

Rationalize water allowances on various canal system

Optimize sediment flushing of reservoirs

Watershed management

Prepare long-term plan to counter challenges of Climate

Change33

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