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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Why did it begin in Great Britain?
1.Farming (more land new crops, better food)
2.Britain had many workers (pop)
3. British had money or CAPITAL to invest.
4. ENTREPRENEURS: businessmen who want new opportunities to make money.
5. natural resources such as coal, iron, & water for power & shipping.
6. Colonies create markets to sell goods
1. 1765:. James Hargreaves-invented spinning jenny- makes thread. Cotton industry grows!!
Other inventions:2. 1775: James Watt- improved steam engine- run machines, faster transportation
2. Edmund Cartwright- water powered loom-weaves cloth, powered by rivers next to factories
COAL & IRON3. Henry Cort invents PUDDLING- process to burn away impurities in iron to make hi quality iron
4. 1804: Robert Trevithick
1st steam locomotive•Creates new jobs, mkts & lowers costs of shipping. Trains go up to 50 mph, build
100s miles of track
5. Robert Fulton credited w/ Clermont, 1st steamboat
•INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM- an eco system based on industrial production & new classes developed as a result
•Factories built.•Owners have shifts to run machines constantly.
•Employees work assembly lines, repeating same task.
•Fined & beaten for being late
•Many workers had been farmers & many were women or
kids (young as 5) who worked 12-16 hr days, for little pay
Social Changes New social classes developed:1. Middle Class
were managers, store owners, market planners
2. Industrial Working Class- were factory workers.
1. Worked 12- 16 hr days, 6 days a weeks
2. Little pay. 3. Dangerous, loud & dirty conditions
•Society changed:•Most factory laborers were farmers ( 2/3 were women & kids)
•Many moved to the cities•Working class & middle class developed
•Women paid ½ & were 50% of factory laborers.
•Many also work out of home (called a COTTAGE INDUSTRY) doing cleaning, laundry, etc
NORTH AMERICADon’t write: Btw 1800-1860 pop grew!•canals & RRs link US•50% of people live on farms in US, but many moving to the North to work
in cities
How did population change? Urbanization (city growth) factors include:
*Pop doubles in Europe. (266 mil)
* Less wars & diseases, & better food led to growth.
* people come to city to work in factories
EUROPE BY 1815
•Living conditions poor in cities
•Cheap, crowded, dirty apartments
•Rats & trash spread disease,
•sewage & poor sanitation
•Conditions worsen & socialism grows (idea govt should take control of means of production) & Trade unions dev to fight to raise
wages, & improve conditions
REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
•GB, AUS, PRU, RUS meet Sept 1814 for peace settlement at CONGRESS OF VIENNA
•Led by Klemens Von Metternich
•Principle of Legitimacy- restore monarchies to power
•Divide territories so that so no one too strong
•GB, Rus, Pru Aus, Fr meet to keep peace
•adopt PRINCIPLE of INTERVENTION- right to send in armies if rev occurs. But Britain refused
•New ideas:• LIBRALISM-idea people should be free from govt restraint (freedom of speech, separation
of church & state, want a constitutional
monarchy)
•NATIONALISM- a unique cultural identity of a people based on a common language, religion, history. Often leads people to want own nation. Starts revolutions, upsets balance of power
• GERMANY was 38 states (German Confederation)
• Rulers promise new constitutions & meet as Frankfort assembly to write one. Draft it, but can’t enforce.
• ITALY: 9 states, some owned by Austria.
• Revolts break out to create unified Italy w/ liberal constitutions, but Austrians stop it.
SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
•DON’T WRITE!!!•Second Industrial Rev lasted from 1870s into 1900s.
•1st rev focused on railroads, iron, coal, and cloth. 2nd focused on:
1. Iron replaced by steel- light, strong
2. electricity- heat & light, factories could run 24 hrs
3. chemicals & oil
NEW INVENTIONS
1.telephone in 1876- Alexander Graham Bell
2.Radio- Guglielmo Marconi
3. Plane- Wright brothers
4. Internal combustion engine- Daimler
OTHER CHANGES•Wages increased & prices drop due to cheaper transportation & factories
• Italy, Aus-Hungary, SP, Port & Rus still agricultural, not industrial.
Top- wealthy 5% of pop own 30-40% of money
•Middle Class- Drs, lawyers, civil servants
•Lower-middle class- shopkeepers
•Lower class- sales people, secretaries.
• Working class- 80% of pop (servants, farmers)
GROCERY STORE late 1800s
1. Women- new jobs open up. Create jobs as clerks, secretaries, typists
2. Women work until marriage in working class families.
3. Feminism grows. 4. Can divorce, own property, go to college
FUN!!!! •People had time & $$$$ for leisure
•Pro sports (Reds 1869)
•Amusement parks & dance halls
open
CONEY ISLAND’S 1st COASTER
CONEY ISLAND RIDES
CONEY ISLAND RIDES
•State financed schools set up for boys & girls to:
•train labor for factories•Increase literacy•Create patriotism
ORGANIZING THE WORKING CLASS
•Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels upset by factory conditions & blame industrial capitalism.
•Wrote in Communist Manifesto that:
COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
a.history is a class struggle
b. Oppressors or Bourgeoisie are middle class who own means of production (land, $$$) & control govt
COMMUNIST MANIFESTOc. Oppressed or Proletariat are working class & depend on oppressord. Huge struggle will occur w/ violent revolution
KARL MARXe. Proletariat will overthrow bourgeoisie & form dictatorship to organize production.
KARL MARX
f. Creates no social or economic classes or differences.
