Industrial Revolution

New Agricultural Revolution

• Farming– *Enclosure movement

• Put small farmers off the land

• Created a labor pool

– *Improvements• Fertilize, mixed soils,

seed drill and stronger horses

• *Population Explosion– 1715-1789 in Europe

120 million to 190 million• Due to declining death

rate

• *Energy– Coal used for steam

power

20.1

Britain Leads The Way

Britain leads the way

• *Natural resources– Large supplies of coal and iron

• *Increased labor force– Pop. increase and enclosure movement

• *New technology– Enlightenment taught progress by technology

• *Economic conditions– Trade accumulated capital– Increased pop. = increased demand

• *Political & social conditions– Stable pro business government– Strong navy– Religious groups promoted hard work and thrift

HMS Victory is the only 18th Century ship of the

line still to be found anywhere in the world

20.2

Steam Engine

• Most revolutionary invention

• James Watt design the modern steam engine.

• led to many new inventions, most notably in transportation and industry

The Steam Engine

Changes in the textile industry

• Putout system too slow• *Inventions

– John Kay’s “flying shuttle” weaving

– Steam locomotive...1830 Manchester to Liverpool

– Steam boats... 1807 Robert Fulton “paddle wheeler”

• Steam freighters with iron hulls by 1880

The flying shuttle was thrown by a leaver that could be operated by one weaver.

James Hargreaves’ “spinning jenny”

1764

Enabled one person to spin 6 to 7 threads at a time.

Richard Arkwright’sWater Frame 1768

• Spinning machine that ran continuously on water power

• Developed to weave cotton textiles

Hardships of Early Industrial life

• *Urbanization....People moving to the city– The poor forced to live

in foul slums• No running water• No sanitation system• Diseases spread rapidly

Where home is a hovel, and dull we grovel,Forgetting the world is fair.

20.3

The Factory

Factory system made workers slaves to the machines

• *Rigid discipline– 12 to 16 hour shifts– Many job accidents and

safety issues

• *Women workers preferred– Adapted to machines

easier– Easier to manage– Paid them less “It is about half past five by our clock at home

when we go in....We come out at seven by the mill. We never stop to take our meals, except at dinner.”

Child labor

• *Nimble fingered, quick moving and small

• Orphans used with official permission

Leo 48 inches high, 8 years old. Picks up bobbins at 15 cents a day in Elk Cotton Mill.

The Working Class

• Protests were treated harshly

• Forbidden to form labor movements

• *Methodism spreads–Improvement through sober moral ways–Channel anger to social reform

*The New Middle Class

• Merchants, Inventors, Investors and Artisans

• Believed in Laissez Faire

• Believed the poor were lazy and/or ignorant– Should work their way up

Problems and Benefits of the Industrial Revolution

• Problems– Low Pay, Unemployment,

Dismal living conditions

• *Benefits– More new factories created

more jobs

– Wages rose , workers could buy more

– Cost of Railroad travel fell

– Wealth was spread around more than ever

New Ways of Thinking

Economics…*Laissez-faire• Free market would level out• Iron law of wages…higher wages =

bigger families = more labor = lower wages = more unemployment

Population• Would grow faster than the food supply• Did not happen and living conditions

improved

20.4

New Social Ideas

• *Utilitarian– The greatest happiness for the greatest number

of people

• *Socialism– People as a whole should own everything– Social Utopians

• Self sufficient communities modeled after socialism

• Robert Owen…built one in New Lanark, Scotland

Scientific Socialism*“Marxism”

Based on the scientific study of history by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

• The *bourgeoisie (the haves) always struggled with the *Proletariat (have nots)

• Predicted that the Proletariat would eventually win and set up a classless communistic society

Karl Marx, 1818-1883

The Communist Manifesto

• Weakness

• By 1900 the standard of living of the Proletariat improved

• Nationalism became more important than working class loyalty

The industrial Revolution Spreads

• New powers, France, Germany and United States– *Caught up to Britain fast,

Why?• Abundant supplies of coal

and iron ore• Could follow Britain’s lead

22.1

*New methods of production

• Interchangeable parts

• Assembly lineHenry Ford

The first Ford…1896

Technology and industry

• Steel ... 1856, Henry Bessemer developed a process to purify iron.

• Chemicals– Medicines, aspirin, perfumes, soaps, margarine

and fertilizers.– Alfred Nobel invented dynamite

• Electricity– *Edison’s light bulb illuminated whole cities

• city life quickened • factories could produce after dark

Transportation

• *Horseless carriage....Gottlieb Daimler (Auto) combined with Nikolaus Otto (internal combustion engine) 1886

1886: The first 4-wheeled automobile

• Orville and Wilbur Wright’s airplane 1903

Communications

Telegraph.... Samuel Morse…. by 1860's undersea cable

Telegraph Receiver

June 25, 1876

Centennial Exhibition

Philadelphia

Telephone...Alexander Bell....1890's

Radio....Guglielmo Marconi....1901

New directions for Business

• *Monopolies or cartels....Controlled entire industries– Fixed prices, set productions

quotas, divided up markets– Standard Oil Co. of Ohio...John D.

Rockefeller• controlled oil wells, refineries, pipelines

and stations• Called “Robber Barons”

22.2

Growth of Cities

• *Population doubled between 1800 and 1900….Why?– Death rate fell– Improved farming methods– Food storage and distribution methods– Improved medical advances

Medicine• The link between germs and

diseases “germ theory” proved– *Louis Pasteur...vaccine for rabies

and pasteurization– Robert Koch identified the bacteria

that caused TB

• Hospitals– William Morton.... Anesthesia– *Florence Nightingale....sanitary

measures• First school of nursing

– Joseph Lister....antiseptics...prevent infections

The New City

Life in the cities

• Settlement shifts–Urban renewal...replacing medieval planning

•Rich built nice neighborhoods on the edges•Poor crowded into slums near the factories

–High crime rates, alcoholism–Improved slowly

–*Developed sidewalks, sewers and skyscrapers

–Had music halls, parks, museums, education and more

Working class struggles

Reforms• Mutual-aid societies to help sick or injured

workers• All men could vote• Right to organize unions• *Passed laws regulating conditions in

factories and mines– outlawed child labor– 8 hour work day– disability insurance

Changing attitudes

*Social order changes• Upper class....old nobility plus super-

rich industrial and business families• High middle class....mid-level

businessmen and professionals• Lower middle class....low-level

businessmen and professionals• Low class....workers and peasants

22.3

Changing Values• Social code

– Children are to be seen but not heard– Marriage for love and profit– Cult of domesticity...”home sweet

home”

• *Women’s rights– Broke professional and educational

barriers– Suffrage faced intense opposition

• women too emotional• should be protected from grubby politics

• Universities expanded

New science of geology stirred religious debate

• 1856...Neanderthal man discovered

This reconstruction depicts the adult male Neanderthal unearthed at the Amud cave site in Israel, who lived more than 50,000 years ago.

Darwinism…. all forms of life evolved over millions of years

• Natural selection....the strong survive

• *Social Darwinism– Applies natural selection

to war and economics– Encourages racism

• *Social Gospel....urged Christians to do social service– Salvation Army..1878

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Published in 1859

Charles Darwin

Changes in the arts

• *Romanticism...sought to excite strong emotions

• Bold artwork, romantically disturbed heroes and strong composers– The orchestra took

shape in the early 1800's– Beethoven...strong

emotional symphonies

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

22.4

Realism verses Photography• Realism...represent the

world as it was• 1840's....photography

created a new art form that was very realistic

Claude Monet

Taken in 1839

• *Gives rise to impressionists–Painters did not blend brush strokes

Into The 1900’s

The End