Industrial Revolution

Begins with Agricultural Revolution

• Simple tools

• Three field system

• Small families

• Mostly rural

Domestic System

Woolen production in home—later

leather and lace

Workers could tend to chores

Children could help—lace

making

Farmers helped in the Coal

Mining industry by pulling coal with wagons

Provided income during hard

times

Women could earn money

while caring for children,

gardens, etc.

Workers set own hours

Domestic System

As the English gentry rose to political dominance after 1685, they used their strength in parliament to push through Enclosure Acts, shutting the peasantry out from access to common lands.

EnclosedLands

Scientific Agriculture

Charles Townshend1730

Crop

Rotation

Robert Bakewell

late 18th Century

Scientific Breeding

Jethro Tull’sSeed Drill

1701

George Washington Carver

A Few Other Uses of Peanut Products

•Hulls, or pods, can be used as fuel or in kitty litter.

•Kernels not used in foods, can be crushed to obtain peanut oil.

•Peanut oil can be used in soaps.

•Peanuts have been used as an effective and attractive landscape ground-cover.

•Peanuts skins have been used to make beverages.

Late 19th century

Other Scientific Applications

Effects of Agricultural Revolution

• Production increased

• Large farms dominate

• Fewer farmers

• Less laborious

• Big Business

Industrial RevolutionRoots in the Renaissance and Commercial Revolution

Why England?

• Population• Markets• Natural Resources• Government

Early CanalsEarly Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

Textiles

John KayFlying Shuttle

1733

James HargreavesSpinning Jenny-1764

Richard Arkwright

Water Frame1769

Samuel CromptonSpinning Mule 1779

Edmund CartwrightPower Loom 1785

Eli Whitney 1793

Cotton Gin

Whitney’s Interchangeable Parts

English entrepreneurs established their factories at the beginning of the nineteenth century, not in the traditional population centers such as London, but out of town, close to water power and coal fields and with easy access to markets.

Industrial England Early 19th Century

Factory System

• Water power not enough

• Division of Labor• Standardization• Assembly Line• Workers

• Working Day is now ruled by the clock

• Schedules were similar to those in the prisons

• Early workers came from poorhouses and orphanages

Steam Age

Newcomen’s Steam Engine

1705

Watt’s Steam Engine

1769

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

Richard TrevithickSteam Powered

Carriage-1801

Robert FultonSteam Paddle Ship 1807

George StephensonSteam Locomotive 1814

Advantages of Railroads

• Cheaper• Faster• Greater hauling

capacity

Crystal Palace

Steel

• Henry Bessemer• Mid 1800’s

Samuel Slater

Modern Capitalism

• Laissez-faire• Free Enterprise

Communication

Samuel Morse 1830’s Telegraph

Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph 1895

Alexander Graham Bell

Telephone 1876

Electricity

• Farraday 1831

Thomas Edison Incandescent Bulb and Phonograph 1890’s

Industrialization in Europe

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                           By the middle of the nineteenth century industrialization had spread across Europe, aided by the development of railroad links that brought resources to the new factories and transported their finished goods to world markets.

Energy and Engines

• Gottlieb-Daimler-late 1800’s

• Rudolf Diesel• Zeppelin• Wright Brothers