Industrial Revolution(c. 1750s - 1914)

What is the Industrial Revolution?Widespread change from human labor to machines

Invention & Technology?Equipment or ideas that assist man

in overcoming his environment

Causes & EffectsCauses:• Agricultural revolution providing more food for more people

• Availability of capital $$$ for investment• Development of the factory system based on steam power

Effects: (+ positive/- negative)• + More and cheaper goods• + New social classes• +/- Growth of cities• + Short-term suffering for workers (- Exploitation)• + Long-term improvement in standards of living• - Degradation of the environment

Great Britain:– Lost its industrial monopoly as its ideas & products spread abroad

France:– Industrial development proceeded slowly (Rev/Nap)– Allowed farming and small business to remain dominant in its

economy

Germanies: (Not united, yet)– With government aid, industry forged ahead– Once Germany unites in 1871, industrialization takes off

United States:– Developed its industry in the Northeast

– Used British capital $$$ and local mechanical skills

Japan:– Developed into an industrial power by 1914

The Spread of Industrialism

Four Stages(begins after the agricultural revolution)

1. Water power in the textile industry

2. Improved mechanical devices

3. Steam power

4. Transportation/communication devices

5. Later developments

6. Technological advances due to warfare

7. Age of Technology

8. Age of Information

1st Stage1730 – 1770, was the period of time when men such as…– Watt developed the woolen spinner– Kay gave us the flying shuttle– Hargreaves the spinning jenny• made the production of textiles faster & more

efficient– Watt developed a steam engine• more efficient & safe than the engine developed by

Thomas Newcomen in 1705• At this time, steam power was not put to use in the

textile industries–Still relied on waterpower

2nd Stage1770 – 1792– Previous mechanical devices were improved upon– Advances were to aid the cotton industry– Development of Crompton's spinning mule &

Cartwright's power loom– Problems to further industrialization was a need to find

something powerful to drive the new machinery• Water wheel hampered the marketing of woolen &

cotton goods produced factories could only exist with a constant water supply

3rd Stage1792 – 1830

Steam power began to be applied to the earlier mechanical devices, making their use more efficient and widespread.

In addition to using steam power to operate existing machinery, we see the addition of Whitney's cotton gin, Herrick's dressing machine, and the throttle.

4th Stage1830 – early 1900's – Further application of steam power modes of

transportation, which aided in the making & transporting of goods– With a steam engine, trains became an integral

part of transportation & opened the door for another method of transportation automobile–Control the steam internal combustion engine practical automobile

Land, Labor, & Capital:3 Factors of Production

In addition to these inventions, it should be stressed that Britain was the leader of this period because of the various conditions that existed in the country at the time. These conditions were:

1. Large labor force as a result of the shift from agriculture industry, due to advances in agriculture

2. Large store of coal & iron ore as well as cotton from their colonies

3. Wealth which supplied capital $$$ for investments to begin new businesses

4. Entrepreneurs to organize & manage these businesses (educated)

5. Fleet of merchant ships6. Geographical location w/many ports &

internal canal system to ship materials/goods

7. Overseas colonies w/which to trade & to use as sources of raw materials

The Effects of Industrial RevolutionPositive Negative

Brought many advances in the 19th century Misery & suffering among the commoners

Farmers began to be replaced by machines were able to produce more in less time Appeared to be beneficial Increased food production better diet for

people healthier & larger pop

Forced many farmers to move to cities to find work New urban dwellers had little $ They lived in overcrowded, disease-breeding

slums

To improve their standard of living, families set out to work in the mines & factories

Jobs were held by children as young as 8 yrs old. Men, women & children were subject to

horrible working conditions 14-16 hours/day, 6 days/week low salary

Factory Act of 1833 limited the working day for children ages 9 – 13 to no more than 8 hours; children ages 14 – 18 could work no more than 12 hours

Mines Act of 1842 stated that no women, or boys under the age of 13, could work in the mines

Ten Hours Act limited the working day for women & children under 18 yrs to 10 hours

By 1874, the 10-hour workday was extended to all workers

Effects ContinuedPositive Negative

Workers began to try to improve their working & living conditions Before the 1820s, Combination Acts, workers were

not allowed to organize unions

By 1878, they could strike Early unions, not powerful & could not strikeWages increased; goods could be produced in greater quantities. This lowered the prices of goods & the standard of living improved

Employers realized that workers would be more productive if their working conditions were safer & healthier

Governments helped protect workers who, because of illness, accident, or old age were unable to work, by providing insurance funds and old age pensions. They also began a system of unemployment insurance for workers who lost jobs as a result of business failure or economic slowdown.

Cities began to improve provide adequate water/sewage system, rebuild rundown homes & repair / widen streets

From 1750 – 1910, people had gone through a complete metamorphosis, from farmer & slum dweller, working 14 hours a day for next to nothing a citizen who was capable of earning a decent living, receiving an education & assurance that there would be some hope in old age & a better life for children

ISMS•Mercantilism• Capitalism

–Laissez-faire•Marxism• Socialism• Communism

MERCANTILISMDuring the 1600’s, the theory of Mercantilism was a national economic policy used throughout Europe. This theory held that a state’s power depended on its wealth. The goal of every nation was to become as wealthy as possible. Europeans believed that the measure of a nation’s wealth was the amount of bullion (gold & silver) it owned.

During the Industrial Rev, European businessmen rejected the idea of mercantilism because of the governmental controls over business. Many supported laissez-faire (“let them alone”), policy allowing business to operate w/out

government interference. CAPITALISM

CAPITALISMAdam Smith:• Scottish economist who figured out how laissez-faire would

work.• He wrote, The Wealth of Nations (1776), a book about

capitalism and the economy.• He stated that an economy works best when the natural forces

of supply and demand operate without government interference.

• Individual sellers and buyers act on self-interest.• He believed that a natural order in the universe made all

individual striving for self-interest add up to the common good.• Inexpensive production leads to low prices.• Efficient producers make profit, hire more workers, and continue

to expand.

MARXISMEconomic & political philosophy named after Karl Marx (1818-1883) • German social philosopher & revolutionary (in 1844) met in Paris

w/Friedrich Engels (long collaboration)Cornerstone of Marxism history is determined by economics • Marx asserted that economic crises will result in increased poverty– inspire the working class (proletariat) to revolt– ousting the capitalists (bourgeoisie)• working class seizes control & institute system of economic

cooperation & a classless society• Marx predicted the failure of the capitalist system– Belief history of society is “the history of class struggle”

• Marxism still has its followers but most scholars discredit predictions– citing improved conditions for workers in industrialized nations

brought about by the evolution of capitalism

SOCIALISMSocialism is the belief that the means of production…–capital, land, raw materials, & factories

should be owned and controlled by society, either directly or through the government. Wealth would be distributed equally among all citizens.

COMMUNISMLast stage of MarxismWithout private property…• classes would vanish• government would wither awayThe governing principle would be…

“from each according to his ability, to each according to his need”

DIFFERENCE B/TW SOC & COMIn practice, little distinction b/tw the 2 systems:both rely on the elimination of private property and the collective ownership of goods. In Marxist theory, there are distinctions:

Capitalism Socialism (transition state) CommunismSocialism: state/gov’t still exists, and is in control of property & the programs of collectivization. Communism: Final stage of society state/gov’t dissolves. Economic goods & property are distributed =ly among the people.