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Industrial Revolution
Major Inventions
of the 18-19th centuries
Spinning Jenny
Spinning Jenny
Invented by: James Hargreaves
Description: Allowed more thread to be produced by spinners
Impact:
Spinning process FASTER
Water-powered loom
Water-powered loom
Developed by: Edmund Cartwright
Impact:
Weavers could keep pace with the surplus of yarn produced by new
spinning machines
Steam engine
Steam engine
Improved by: James Watt
Description: Made changes that enabled engine to drive factory machinery
Impact:
Railroad industry booms; Factories can be built AWAY from WATER
Railroad
Railroad
Description:
A steam locomotive that ran on rails
Impact:
Helped lay foundations for larger markets (Transportation) and opened up new
forms of investment
Paddle-wheel Steamboat
Paddle-wheel Steamboat
Built by:
Robert Fulton
Impact:
Transportation along canals, rivers, and lakes made easier
Industrial Societies
What makes an industrial society?
Do the benefits ofindustrialization justify the costs?
The Second Industrial Revolution
1870-1914
New Industrial Frontiers
• Steel, Chemicals, Electricity
• 1870-1914: Steel replaced iron
• Steel: Lighter, smaller, faster machines, engines, railroads, etc.
• Electricity: Convertible into heat, light, motion
• New transportation: ocean liners, airplanes, automobiles
2 New Economic Zones
• Industrial – Makes Stuff
• Agricultural – Grows Stuff
Go to the map on p. 617
Attempts at Reform
LABOR UNIONS
• Formed by laborers to work for change• Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with
employers• 1st Legal Strikes in GB in 1870s• Union goals
– higher wages– shorter hours– improved conditions
Universal Education
• Causes– 2nd Ind Rev needed skilled workers– To better educate voters– To build Patriotism
• Effects– Need more Teacher, so more Colleges– Increased Literacy, so more Newspapers
Socialism Ideology• Equality of all people
• Upset with elites (bankers, industrialists,etc)
• Replace competition w/ cooperation
• Early socialists: “Utopians”
• Ultimate goal: classless society
Marxist SocialismA system in which society,
usually in the form of the government, owns and controls
the means of production
(nat. resources, factories, etc.)
Karl Marx:
“World history… is the history
of class struggles.”
Marx’s Theory
• Industrialized societies split into two great classes
• Oppressors vs. Oppressed
• Struggle leads to violent revolution
• Dictatorship: gov. in which a person or group has absolute power
• Final Revolution Classless society
Key Terms
Bourgeoisie
The Middle Class
French origin;Sometimes negative
connotation—Ambition, greed
Proletariat
The Working class;
From Marx’s theory
(i.e. Russian Revolution)
Industrial Capitalism
Economic system based on industrial production
Produced middle class; people who built factories, bought machines, studied markets