Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

The industrial Revolution started in The industrial Revolution started in England around 1780.England around 1780.

New inventions were being created.New inventions were being created. England was becoming industrialized.England was becoming industrialized. These inventions were kept a secret!These inventions were kept a secret! It created wealth for England.It created wealth for England. Anyone who had worked in a factory was Anyone who had worked in a factory was

not allowed to leave the country.not allowed to leave the country. These machines could not leave the These machines could not leave the

country!country!

Meanwhile, Americans offered $ to anyone Meanwhile, Americans offered $ to anyone who could build a cotton-spinning machine in who could build a cotton-spinning machine in the USA. the USA.

This lead to industrial espionage…spying!This lead to industrial espionage…spying!

Samuel Slater, who had worked in a factory in Samuel Slater, who had worked in a factory in England, England, knew how to build as well as operate knew how to build as well as operate textile machines.textile machines.

Slater emigrated secretly to America in 1789 in Slater emigrated secretly to America in 1789 in hopes of making his fortune in America's infant hopes of making his fortune in America's infant textile industry.textile industry.

Slater, with funding from investors and assistance Slater, with funding from investors and assistance from skilled local artisans, built the first successful from skilled local artisans, built the first successful water powered textile mill in Pawtucket in 1793.water powered textile mill in Pawtucket in 1793.

Thanks to S. Slater, Industrial Thanks to S. Slater, Industrial Revolution had arrived in the USA!Revolution had arrived in the USA!

Samuel Slater'sSamuel Slater's first employees were first employees were all children from seven to twelve years all children from seven to twelve years of age. By 1830, 55% of the mill of age. By 1830, 55% of the mill workers in Rhode Island were children. workers in Rhode Island were children.

Many of these children worked long Many of these children worked long hours in unhealthy factories for wages hours in unhealthy factories for wages less than $1 per weekless than $1 per week..

People were being replaced by machines People were being replaced by machines for the first time in history; especially in for the first time in history; especially in the textile industry.the textile industry.

Factory owners needed cheap and Factory owners needed cheap and unskilled labour.unskilled labour.

Machines cut the cost of labour, sped up Machines cut the cost of labour, sped up production time.production time.

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Factory workers felt threatened by these Factory workers felt threatened by these machines and would protest in the machines and would protest in the streets.streets.

The word SABOTAGE originates from The word SABOTAGE originates from angry workers throwing their sabots into angry workers throwing their sabots into machinery.machinery.

Factory owners exploited women and Factory owners exploited women and children. children.

Most factory workers were uneducated Most factory workers were uneducated and illiterate.and illiterate.

Since school was not compulsory, Since school was not compulsory, children were forced to work in factories children were forced to work in factories to help pay for family expenses.to help pay for family expenses.

Children worked long hours and earned a Children worked long hours and earned a low salary.low salary.

No job security or benefits (dental and No job security or benefits (dental and medical, paid vacation etc.)medical, paid vacation etc.)

Children were exposed to dangerous Children were exposed to dangerous working conditions.working conditions.

Some kids got sick and died from toxic Some kids got sick and died from toxic fumes.fumes.

Some were badly injured or killed Some were badly injured or killed because they often operated dangerous because they often operated dangerous machines.machines.

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin: Gin: Eli Whitney invented the cotton engine (the Eli Whitney invented the cotton engine (the

Cotton Gin) in 1793.Cotton Gin) in 1793. This invention encouraged low wages and This invention encouraged low wages and

slavery.slavery. His invention strengthened the economic His invention strengthened the economic

foundation of slavery in Sfoundation of slavery in South.outh. He lost his profits and nearly filed He lost his profits and nearly filed

bankruptcy because of patent infringements.bankruptcy because of patent infringements. The Cotton Gin was a machine for getting The Cotton Gin was a machine for getting

seeds out of cotton.seeds out of cotton.

Factory owners used slaves to operate Factory owners used slaves to operate machines and increase production of goods.machines and increase production of goods.

More production meant more money.More production meant more money.

Whitney invented a Whitney invented a musket that could be that could be manufactured with manufactured with interchangeable parts..

The War Department issued contracts for The War Department issued contracts for the manufacture of 10,000 muskets. the manufacture of 10,000 muskets. Whitney, who had never made a gun in his Whitney, who had never made a gun in his life, obtained a contract in January, 1798.life, obtained a contract in January, 1798.

Muskets were inexpensive and could be Muskets were inexpensive and could be assembled quickly and easily.assembled quickly and easily.

This was an important factor to the War This was an important factor to the War Department because it needed lots of Department because it needed lots of muskets to win the war.muskets to win the war.

Some muskets malfunctioned because the Some muskets malfunctioned because the quality was inferior to those which had been quality was inferior to those which had been hand-made.hand-made.

Robert Fulton and the Steam Engine:Robert Fulton and the Steam Engine: Mr. Fulton was a famous inventor and engineer.Mr. Fulton was a famous inventor and engineer. First American to build a steam-powered engine (1780s).First American to build a steam-powered engine (1780s). All steamboats in the USA operated on this technology.All steamboats in the USA operated on this technology. Fulton also built a paddle steamboat, the Clermont, which traveled from New York Fulton also built a paddle steamboat, the Clermont, which traveled from New York

to Albany on the Hudson River.to Albany on the Hudson River. The steam engine was greatly used by the transportation industry.The steam engine was greatly used by the transportation industry.

Rudolph Diesel:Rudolph Diesel: He was the inventor of the diesel engine.He was the inventor of the diesel engine. He was born in Paris, France in 1858. He was born in Paris, France in 1858.

Francis C. Lowell and the American Francis C. Lowell and the American Textile Industry:Textile Industry: He was a textile manufacturer in the early He was a textile manufacturer in the early

1800s.1800s. He opened a mill that went through the He opened a mill that went through the

entire process of manufacturing cotton.entire process of manufacturing cotton. He traveled to England, visited a cloth He traveled to England, visited a cloth

factory and then returned back to the USA.factory and then returned back to the USA. He then built the Lowell Mills using what he He then built the Lowell Mills using what he

had learned in England.had learned in England. His mills were used for spinning and His mills were used for spinning and

weaving.weaving.

Population in England During Population in England During the Industrial Revolution:the Industrial Revolution: By 1900, the population in England had By 1900, the population in England had

skyrocketed by a factor of 6 since the 1750s.skyrocketed by a factor of 6 since the 1750s.

Why? Why?

11stst REASON: REASON: There were improvements in medicine with There were improvements in medicine with

the introduction of innoculation against killer the introduction of innoculation against killer diseases like small pox.diseases like small pox.

22ndnd REASON: REASON: There were improvements in hygiene. There were improvements in hygiene.

The Cholera epidemic killed thousands The Cholera epidemic killed thousands across England in the 1850s because across England in the 1850s because people drank from water contaminated people drank from water contaminated by sewers.by sewers.

Water had a strong green tea smell and Water had a strong green tea smell and was murky.was murky.

People did not take baths often and People did not take baths often and shared the same water. shared the same water.

33rdrd REASON: REASON: Improvements in agriculture and transportation Improvements in agriculture and transportation

made food cheaper to buy and more readily made food cheaper to buy and more readily available.available.

44thth REASON: REASON: Average age of marriage dropped from 27 to 20. Average age of marriage dropped from 27 to 20.

This meant parents started having children at an This meant parents started having children at an earlier age so that their children could work in earlier age so that their children could work in factories and bring home money. factories and bring home money.

The Coal Industry During the The Coal Industry During the Industrial Revolution:Industrial Revolution: The demand for coal increased during the The demand for coal increased during the

Industrial Revolution.Industrial Revolution.

Why?Why? Shortage of wood meant people had to find Shortage of wood meant people had to find

another material to burn in furnices.another material to burn in furnices. People started using coal to heat up homes and People started using coal to heat up homes and

buildings etc.buildings etc. Industries were using coal to power machines in Industries were using coal to power machines in

order to process and make goods.order to process and make goods. The increased demand for coal meant miners had to dig The increased demand for coal meant miners had to dig

deeper and travel farther underground to reach more deeper and travel farther underground to reach more coal.coal.

The four (4) main problems and The four (4) main problems and dangers of mining coaldangers of mining coal

Problem 1:Problem 1: How do you get the coal out withoutHow do you get the coal out without

causing the roof of the mine to causing the roof of the mine to collapse?collapse?

Wooden posts were replaced by iron-Wooden posts were replaced by iron-steel posts. steel posts.

Steel is stronger and does not crack Steel is stronger and does not crack or break easily.or break easily.

Problem 2:Problem 2:How do you avoid flooding in the How do you avoid flooding in the

mines?mines? Some mine shafts would fill up with Some mine shafts would fill up with

water quickly. water quickly. The steam pipe- steam engine was The steam pipe- steam engine was

used to pump water out. used to pump water out.

Problem 3:Problem 3:How do you avoid BAD AIR in the How do you avoid BAD AIR in the

mines?mines?

Miners were at risk from 2 gases: Miners were at risk from 2 gases:

A) Fire Damp would explore on contact A) Fire Damp would explore on contact with a flamewith a flame

Safety lamps replaced candles because Safety lamps replaced candles because they let off less heat.they let off less heat.

Ventilation shafts were dug to let fresh air Ventilation shafts were dug to let fresh air into shafts.into shafts.

B) Choke Damp, would suffocate the B) Choke Damp, would suffocate the minersminers

Canaries were sent into mines.Canaries were sent into mines.

Choke gas was present if canary died. Choke gas was present if canary died.

Canaries were eventually replaced by Canaries were eventually replaced by exhaust fans which sucked the bad air exhaust fans which sucked the bad air out. of mine shaftsout. of mine shafts

Problem 4:Problem 4:

How do you get coal out of mines?How do you get coal out of mines?

Coal is heavy to carry along the tunnel Coal is heavy to carry along the tunnel and then out of it.and then out of it.

Carts, pulled by pit ponies, were pushed Carts, pulled by pit ponies, were pushed along the tunnel on iron rails. along the tunnel on iron rails.

Impact of the Railways during Impact of the Railways during the Industrial revolution:the Industrial revolution: People traveled greater distances for People traveled greater distances for

leisure and work.leisure and work.

Speed of the railways became the Speed of the railways became the fastest mode of transportation.fastest mode of transportation.

Trains were used to transport food to Trains were used to transport food to towns across England and America.towns across England and America.

Coal and iron industries grew as the railways Coal and iron industries grew as the railways needed coal for fuel and iron to make trains needed coal for fuel and iron to make trains and tracks. and tracks.

Factories were able to transport Factories were able to transport merchandise to the market faster.merchandise to the market faster.

People had permanent jobs working on the People had permanent jobs working on the railways once built.railways once built.

Newspapers could be sent from Newspapers could be sent from London all over the country; the mail London all over the country; the mail was speed up.was speed up.

The railways made cheap day trips to The railways made cheap day trips to seaside resorts possible.seaside resorts possible.

In a nutshell…In a nutshell… The spread of railways created jobs, The spread of railways created jobs,

helped spread information faster, and helped spread information faster, and created new towns.created new towns.

Railways made the cost of moving goods Railways made the cost of moving goods cheaper.cheaper.

Goods can be sold for less.Goods can be sold for less. More people can now afford to buy these More people can now afford to buy these

goods.goods. More goods are sold and so more need to be More goods are sold and so more need to be

produced.produced. The businessmen who make these goods The businessmen who make these goods

hire more people to make them.hire more people to make them. More people with jobs means…more people More people with jobs means…more people

can now afford to buy these goods.can now afford to buy these goods.

How the railways created more jobs:How the railways created more jobs:

How industrialization changed society: Urbanization: Many rural people left the countryside

and moved to the city to find work in the factories (Rural exodus)

Working Class Districts: These polluted districts were close to the

factories. Districts were poorly planned and built

hastily (poor quality). Houses were small and crammed together. They were also badly heated, badly

ventilated and humid. Families lived together because of high rent. Epidemics (Cholera) spread quickly.

Bourgeois Districts: These districts were far from the factories.

They were spacious with plenty of green space.

Houses were large.

Servants were hired to serve the Bourgeoisie.

Social classesIndustrial Bourgeoisie: Entrepreneurs, factory owners, bankers,

merchants

Petty bourgeoisie: Lawyers, civil servants, journalists, doctors,

engineers, skilled workers

Working class: Factory workers

The industrial Bourgeoisie: They lived comfortably and did not

do manual work. They valued education, hard work

and frugality. They benefited from the economic

growth in the 19th century.

Capitalism (Economic Capitalism (Economic system)system) Entrepreneurs did not usually have enough Entrepreneurs did not usually have enough

money to buy everything they needed to run money to buy everything they needed to run their business.their business.

As a result, they began to finance their As a result, they began to finance their business in the following way:business in the following way:

1. Burrowed money from the bank or asked 1. Burrowed money from the bank or asked for credit (money was eventually paid back for credit (money was eventually paid back with interest).with interest).

The working class: Work conditions were really tough.

Performed boring, repetitive tasks for 14 to 16 hours a day.

Workers were supervised by tough foremen.

Owners fired unskilled workers if they were ill, got into an accident or were too old.

Miserable working conditions:

These conditions had negative consequences on the workers: Alcoholism, marital violence, prostitution, the abandonment of children.

Life expentency was 30 year or less (due to high infant death rate).

Lots of families depended on charities.

Trade unions: Workers in Great Britain began to

organize so that they could demand for better working conditions.

It involved going on strike and demanding for:

1. Higher wages 2. Reduced working hours 3. Right to strike

Trade Union:Trade Union: It is an organisation of workers that have banded It is an organisation of workers that have banded

together to achieve common goals such as better together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. Leaders of the trade union bargain working conditions. Leaders of the trade union bargain with the employer on behalf of union members and with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour contracts with employers. This may negotiates labour contracts with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union leaders is binding on members and the employer.leaders is binding on members and the employer.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union

Strike:Strike: Strike actionStrike action, also called , also called labour strikelabour strike, , on strikeon strike, or , or

simply simply strikestrike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass , is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became important during the industrial revolution, became important during the industrial revolution, when mass labour became important in factories and when mass labour became important in factories and mines. In most countries, they were quickly made mines. In most countries, they were quickly made illegal, as factory owners had far more political power illegal, as factory owners had far more political power than workers. Most western countries partially legalized than workers. Most western countries partially legalized striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries.striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action

The government banned strikes because they were considered an attack on entrepreneurs to make a profit.

Some protests ended in a bloodbath.

Labour laws: The trade unions ended up persuading the

British government to pass laws that improved the life of the working class

Labour laws passed in Great Britain in the 19th century:

SEE page 127