Asesoría GrupalAsesoría GrupalINGLÉS INTERMEDIO INGLÉS INTERMEDIO
100 100 (IC 400)(IC 400)
Traveller Pre-intermediateTraveller Pre-intermediateUnits 4-6Units 4-6
Gabriela Jiménez AguilarGabriela Jiménez AguilarMayo 2010Mayo 2010
Unit 4Unit 4TopicTopic The future of communication and technologyThe future of communication and technology
FunctionsFunctions Making predictions, promises, offers and requests.Making predictions, promises, offers and requests. Talking about the future.Talking about the future. Defining people, things and places.Defining people, things and places.
VocabularyVocabulary Words/phrases related to moneyWords/phrases related to money Words easyly confusedWords easyly confused Expressions with “make”Expressions with “make” Collocations related to technologyCollocations related to technology Adjectives ending in “full” and “less”Adjectives ending in “full” and “less”
Grammar:Grammar: Future willFuture will Will have to /will be able toWill have to /will be able to Time clauses (when, after, before, until, Time clauses (when, after, before, until,
as soon as)as soon as) Too / enoughToo / enough Relative clauses (who / which / that / Relative clauses (who / which / that /
where)where)
Words and phrases Words and phrases related to moneyrelated to money
VERBSVERBS SpendSpend WasteWaste Pay somebody backPay somebody back AffordAfford Be brokeBe broke Be short of Be short of BorrowBorrow LendLend Save Save
NOUNSNOUNS AmountAmount BillBill CashCash ChangeChange CoinCoin MoteMote receiptreceipt
Words easily confusedWords easily confused Be broke: having no moneyBe broke: having no money Be short of: not having enough of somethingBe short of: not having enough of something Lend: to give something to someone for a Lend: to give something to someone for a
period of timeperiod of time Borrow: to receive something which belongs to Borrow: to receive something which belongs to
someone else and to use it for a period of timesomeone else and to use it for a period of time Note: a piece of paper moneyNote: a piece of paper money
Coin: a small round piece of metal used as Coin: a small round piece of metal used as moneymoney
Bill: a request for payment of money Bill: a request for payment of money Receipt: a request for payment of money paidReceipt: a request for payment of money paid Afford: to be able to buy something because Afford: to be able to buy something because
you have enough moneyyou have enough money Save (up): to put money aside so that you can Save (up): to put money aside so that you can
buy something with it in the future.buy something with it in the future.
Future “Will”Future “Will”We use will & will not (won’t) when:We use will & will not (won’t) when:
We make a promise: We make a promise: I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive.I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive.
We make on- the-spot decision:We make on- the-spot decision:I will bring the sodas.I will bring the sodas.
We make a request:We make a request:Will you lend me your dictionary?Will you lend me your dictionary?
We make a prediction usually with the We make a prediction usually with the verbs think and believe:verbs think and believe:
I think you will be a great scientist.I think you will be a great scientist.
Time clausesTime clauses Time clauses begin with Time clauses begin with when, after, when, after,
before, as soon as, until,before, as soon as, until, etc. etc. When the sentence refers to the future, When the sentence refers to the future,
we usually use the present simple in the we usually use the present simple in the time clause and the future time clause and the future willwill in the in the main clause.main clause.
When the time clause comes before the When the time clause comes before the main clause, the two clauses are main clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma.separated by a comma.
Examples: Examples: Time clauseTime clause As soon as I see him,As soon as I see him,Before I go,Before I go,
Main clauseMain clauseI will do my homeworkI will do my homework
Main clauseMain clauseI will tell you.I will tell you.I’ll call you.I’ll call you.
Time clauseTime clauseafter I have lunch.after I have lunch.
Will have to / Will be able Will have to / Will be able toto Will have toWill have to expresses obligation in expresses obligation in
the future (=must):the future (=must):We’ll have tu study hard to pass the exam.We’ll have tu study hard to pass the exam.
Will be able toWill be able to expresses ability in the expresses ability in the future (=will manage to):future (=will manage to):
When I learn English, I will be able to When I learn English, I will be able to understand English-speaking movies.understand English-speaking movies.
Expressions with Expressions with makemake
Make mistakesMake mistakes Make a decisionMake a decision Make plansMake plans Make sureMake sure Make moneyMake money Make predictionsMake predictions Make a phone callMake a phone call
Expressions with “do”Expressions with “do” Do goodDo good Do harmDo harm Do withoutDo without
Too / enoughToo / enough Too: it has a negative meaning and it means “more Too: it has a negative meaning and it means “more
than necessary”.than necessary”.Too + adjective or adverbToo + adjective or adverb
E.g.: These shoes are E.g.: These shoes are too bigtoo big. Could I have a smaller . Could I have a smaller size?size?
Enough: it has a positive meaning.Enough: it has a positive meaning.Adjective or adverb + enoughAdjective or adverb + enough
OrOrEnough + nounEnough + noun
E.g.: The water isn’t E.g.: The water isn’t warm enoughwarm enough. I can´t drink it.. I can´t drink it. I have been saving for a while, so I have I have been saving for a while, so I have enough enough moneymoney to buy a car. to buy a car.
Relative pronounsRelative pronounsRelative pronounsRelative pronouns
Use: Use: WhoWho && thatthat for people for people WhichWhich && thatthat for things, animals and ideas for things, animals and ideasE.g.: E.g.: That man who / that is on tv is my uncle.That man who / that is on tv is my uncle.The bag which / that is on the table is yours.The bag which / that is on the table is yours.Relative adverbRelative adverb
Use:Use: WhereWhere for places for placesE.g.: The school where I work is the best.E.g.: The school where I work is the best.
We can ommit We can ommit who, whichwho, which and and thatthat when when they refer to the object of the verb:they refer to the object of the verb:
E.g.:E.g.:The film (which / that) I like most is The film (which / that) I like most is
“Armagedon”.“Armagedon”.The man (who / that) you saw me with is The man (who / that) you saw me with is
my fiancé.my fiancé.
WhereWhere can never be omitted or replaced can never be omitted or replaced with with that.that.
Suffix “ful”Suffix “ful”
Adjectives:Adjectives: HarmfulHarmful SuccessfulSuccessful HelpfulHelpful BeautifulBeautiful PeacefulPeaceful carefulcareful
Suffix “less”Suffix “less”
Adjectives:Adjectives: CarelessCareless HarmlessHarmless HelplessHelpless UselessUseless
Linking wordsLinking words When writing a paragraph expressing your When writing a paragraph expressing your
opinion use linking words to list points:opinion use linking words to list points: Firstly,Firstly, First of all,First of all, To begin with,To begin with, Secondly,Secondly, Also, in addition, Also, in addition, What is more,What is more, Finally,Finally, Lastly,Lastly,
Phrases to express Phrases to express opinionopinion
In my opinion…In my opinion… Personally I believe…Personally I believe…
Unit 5Unit 5TopicTopic Health and emotional problems and phobiasHealth and emotional problems and phobias
FunctionsFunctions Stating a problem.Stating a problem. Asking for and giving adviceAsking for and giving advice Talking about accidentsTalking about accidents Narrating experiencesNarrating experiences Making appointmentsMaking appointments
VocabularyVocabulary Words related to medical and emotional Words related to medical and emotional
problemsproblems Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs Prepositional phrases with “in”Prepositional phrases with “in” Words related to accidentsWords related to accidents Idioms describing feelingsIdioms describing feelings Words easily confusedWords easily confused
Grammar:Grammar: InfinitivesInfinitives -ing form-ing form Should /had betterShould /had better Passive voice (present simple, past Passive voice (present simple, past
simple)simple)
Words /phrases related Words /phrases related to medical problemsto medical problems
AllergyAllergy BonesBones Chemist’sChemist’s CoughCough ExamineExamine Have a coldHave a cold HurtHurt Illness pain Illness pain PainkillerPainkiller
Patient Patient PillPill PrescribePrescribe PrescriptionPrescription Runny noseRunny nose Sneeze Sneeze Sore throatSore throat SurgerySurgery TreatmentTreatment
Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbsA phrasal verb consists fo a verb and an adverb A phrasal verb consists fo a verb and an adverb
and/or one or more prepositions. The meaning and/or one or more prepositions. The meaning of the phrasal verb is different from the verb it of the phrasal verb is different from the verb it includes.includes.
To book up: have no time availableTo book up: have no time available To get over: become betterTo get over: become better To hang on: waitTo hang on: wait To lie down: restTo lie down: rest To run out of: not have any left To run out of: not have any left To take away: make something disappearTo take away: make something disappear
Prepositiona phrases Prepositiona phrases with “in”with “in”
In the beginningIn the beginning In dangerIn danger In a hurryIn a hurry In additionIn addition In my opinionIn my opinion In factIn fact In commonIn common In the endIn the end At the beginning (of the century)At the beginning (of the century) At the end of (the road)At the end of (the road)
-ing form-ing formWe use the –ing formWe use the –ing forma) As a subject: a) As a subject: E.g.: E.g.: SmokingSmoking is bad for your health. is bad for your health.
b) After certain verbs: (like, love, enjoy, hate, b) After certain verbs: (like, love, enjoy, hate, finish, start) and expressions (how about, it’s finish, start) and expressions (how about, it’s worth):worth):
E.g.: I E.g.: I hate takinghate taking pills. pills.
c) After prepositions:c) After prepositions:E.g.: they asked for help E.g.: they asked for help by usingby using a Morse lamp. a Morse lamp.
Words / phrases related Words / phrases related to emotional problemsto emotional problems
A fear ofA fear of AdviceAdvice AdviseAdvise AnxietyAnxiety ControlControl Deal withDeal with Deep breathDeep breath
medicationmedication PanicPanic PhobiaPhobia PsychologistPsychologist Reduce stressReduce stress Suffer fromSuffer from
ShouldShouldShould + bare infinitiveShould + bare infinitive
We use it to:We use it to: Ask for and give advice:Ask for and give advice:E.g.: should I go to the party?E.g.: should I go to the party?
Express an opinion:Express an opinion:E.g.: You should study moreE.g.: You should study more
Make a suggestion:Make a suggestion:e.g.: Shouldn’t we vote ?e.g.: Shouldn’t we vote ?
Express mild obligations:Express mild obligations:E.g.: You should do your homework.E.g.: You should do your homework.
Had betterHad betterHad better + bare infinitiveHad better + bare infinitive
Had better not + bare infinitiveHad better not + bare infinitive
We use it to give strong advice. It often We use it to give strong advice. It often expresses threat of warning and it´s stronger expresses threat of warning and it´s stronger than than shouldshould. It refers to the present or future, . It refers to the present or future, not the past.not the past.
The short form is ‘d better (I’d better, you’d The short form is ‘d better (I’d better, you’d better, etc.).better, etc.).
E.g.: You’d better go to the dentist.E.g.: You’d better go to the dentist.
Words related to accidents Words related to accidents and emergenciesand emergencies
AmbulanceAmbulance Be on fireBe on fire BurnBurn CrashCrash DieDie
InjureInjure Put outPut out SmokeSmoke SurvivorSurvivor tragedytragedy
Passive voice – present Passive voice – present simplesimple
We use the passive voice to emphasise the action rather We use the passive voice to emphasise the action rather than who or what is responsible for it.than who or what is responsible for it.
Affirmative:Affirmative: Subject + verb be + past participle of main verb + Subject + verb be + past participle of main verb +
(by…)(by…) Negative:Negative: Subject + verb be + not + past participle of main verb + Subject + verb be + not + past participle of main verb +
(by…)(by…) Interrogative:Interrogative: Verb be + subject + past participle of main verb (by…)?Verb be + subject + past participle of main verb (by…)?
Examples:Examples: A party is organized by students.A party is organized by students. A party is not organized by students.A party is not organized by students. Is a party organized by students?Is a party organized by students?
Passive voice – past Passive voice – past simplesimple
We use the same structure, but the verb We use the same structure, but the verb “to be” must be in the past.“to be” must be in the past.
Examples:Examples: The lost dog The lost dog waswas found by a child. found by a child. The lost dog The lost dog waswas not found by a child. not found by a child. WasWas the lost dog found by a child? the lost dog found by a child?
Words & expressions to Words & expressions to express feelingsexpress feelings
EmbarrasedEmbarrased SurprisedSurprised AnnoyedAnnoyed
Want the ground to Want the ground to swallow youswallow you
Not believe your eyesNot believe your eyes Go red as a beetrootGo red as a beetroot Get on somebody’s Get on somebody’s
nervesnerves Make a fool of oneselfMake a fool of oneself Drive somebody up the Drive somebody up the
wallwall Jump out of one’s skinJump out of one’s skin Laugh one’s head offLaugh one’s head off
Linking words & phrasesLinking words & phrases As soon asAs soon as WhenWhen BeforeBefore As As BecauseBecause WhileWhile ButBut So So
Unit 6Unit 6TopicTopic Enjoying your free timeEnjoying your free time
FunctionsFunctions Describing actions and situations and their consequencesDescribing actions and situations and their consequences Referring to conditions and their resultsReferring to conditions and their results Expressing posibilityExpressing posibility Agreeing and disagreeingAgreeing and disagreeing Expressing preference and opinionExpressing preference and opinion
VocabularyVocabulary Words related to sportsWords related to sports CollocationsCollocations Compound nounsCompound nouns
Words related to places or entertainmentWords related to places or entertainment Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs Words related to filmsWords related to films
GrammarGrammar May, might, couldMay, might, could Conditional sentences type 1Conditional sentences type 1 If vs. whenIf vs. when So / neither / too / eitherSo / neither / too / either Present perfect progressivePresent perfect progressive Present perfect progressive vs present perfect simplePresent perfect progressive vs present perfect simple
Words related to sportsWords related to sports AerobicsAerobics AthleticsAthletics BaseballBaseball BowlingBowling BoxingBoxing GolfGolf
CatchCatch DribbleDribble DropDrop HitHit KickKick MoveMove PassPass ScoreScore ShootShoot SwingSwing ThrowThrow
Word / collocations Word / collocations related to sportsrelated to sports
Play volleyballPlay volleyball Go skiingGo skiing Do karateDo karate Play on / for a teamPlay on / for a team Play a game,Play a game, Go windsurfingGo windsurfing
Play in the finalPlay in the final Go swimmingGo swimming Do water sportsDo water sports Do athleticsDo athletics Play team sportsPlay team sports Do aerobicsDo aerobics
May, might, couldMay, might, could
The verbs may, might and couldThe verbs may, might and coulda) are followed by the base form of the verb.a) are followed by the base form of the verb.b) are the same in all persons in the singular and b) are the same in all persons in the singular and
plural.plural.c) do not form the questions and negative forms c) do not form the questions and negative forms
with do.with do.d) express possibility in the present and future.d) express possibility in the present and future.
We use We use may not may not && might might notnot to express to express lack of possibility in the present or future.lack of possibility in the present or future.
Examples:Examples: You may need glue to stick your photos.You may need glue to stick your photos. She might accept to go out with you.She might accept to go out with you. They could meet you after the match.They could meet you after the match. He might not come to the party.He might not come to the party. I may not have a vacation this summer.I may not have a vacation this summer.
Compound nounsCompound nouns They can be formed as two words or as one They can be formed as two words or as one
word. Sometimes they are joined using a word. Sometimes they are joined using a hyphen. The first noun defines the second one:hyphen. The first noun defines the second one:
Bus stop = a stop for busesBus stop = a stop for buses
Police officerPolice officer BusinessmanBusinessman Check-inCheck-in
Examples:Examples:
Fur sealsFur seals Shark cagesShark cages Bungee jumpingBungee jumping WindsurfingWindsurfing SightseeingSightseeing Sea urchinsSea urchins
StingraysStingrays Tour guideTour guide Rock climbingRock climbing SpeedboatSpeedboat MiddayMidday airportairport
Conditional type 1Conditional type 1
The first conditional is used to talk about The first conditional is used to talk about things which are possible in the present things which are possible in the present or the future — things which or the future — things which may may happen.happen.
The structure of a first conditional The structure of a first conditional sentencesentence
A first conditional sentence consists of two A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:
ifif clause + main clause clause + main clause If you study hard, you will pass the If you study hard, you will pass the
test. test. If you do exercise, you will feel better.If you do exercise, you will feel better.
Examples:Examples: If it's sunny, we'll go If it's sunny, we'll go
to the park.to the park. Paula will be sad if Paula will be sad if
Juan leaves. Juan leaves. If you cook the If you cook the
supper, I'll wash the supper, I'll wash the dishes. dishes.
Explanation:Explanation: Maybe it will be sunny Maybe it will be sunny
— that's possible.— that's possible. Maybe Juan will leave Maybe Juan will leave
— that's possible.— that's possible. Maybe you will cook Maybe you will cook
the supper — that's the supper — that's possible.possible.
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:second, there is no need for a comma:
main clause + main clause + ifif clause clause You will pass the test You will pass the test if you study hard.if you study hard.
You will burn calories if you keep active.You will burn calories if you keep active.
We use different verb forms in each part We use different verb forms in each part of a first conditional:of a first conditional:
main clause + main clause + ifif clause clause(will / can / must / may)+(simple present)(will / can / must / may)+(simple present) She She will passwill pass the test if she the test if she studiesstudies hard. hard. They They can becan be late if they late if they don’t hurry updon’t hurry up..
If vs. WhenIf vs. When WhenWhen is used to refer to the time something is is used to refer to the time something is
going to happen, while going to happen, while ifif refers to the refers to the possibility of something happening.possibility of something happening.
Examples:Examples: I’ll tell him I’ll tell him whenwhen I see him. (I will definitely see I see him. (I will definitely see
him).him). I’ll tell him I’ll tell him ifif I see him. (I may not see him). I see him. (I may not see him).
Words related to places Words related to places of entertainmentof entertainment
Theme park:Theme park: Queue, games, special Queue, games, special
efeects, outdoor, rides.efeects, outdoor, rides.
Theatre:Theatre: Audience, queue, Audience, queue,
backstage, special backstage, special effects, indoor, outdoor, effects, indoor, outdoor, stage, scenery, stage, scenery, rehearse.rehearse.
Bowling alley:Bowling alley: Queue, games, outdoor.Queue, games, outdoor.
Concert: Concert: Audience, queue, Audience, queue,
backstage, special backstage, special effects, indoor, outdoor, effects, indoor, outdoor, stage, rehearse.stage, rehearse.
So / tooSo / tooWe use them when we agree with an We use them when we agree with an
affirmative statement, but we don’t want to affirmative statement, but we don’t want to repeat it.repeat it.
To express agreement, you need to To express agreement, you need to consider the tense and the form of the consider the tense and the form of the statement you are agreeing with, in order statement you are agreeing with, in order to use the proper auxiliary or modal verb.to use the proper auxiliary or modal verb.So + affirmative auxiliary verb + subjectSo + affirmative auxiliary verb + subjectSubject + affirmative auxiliary verb + tooSubject + affirmative auxiliary verb + too
For example: For example:
A: I can cook. A: I can cook. B: So can I / I can, too.B: So can I / I can, too.
A: They have seen this fim.A: They have seen this fim.B: So we have. / We have, too.B: So we have. / We have, too.
Neither / eitherNeither / eitherWe use them when we agree with a negative We use them when we agree with a negative
statement, but we don’t want to repeat it.statement, but we don’t want to repeat it.Neither + affirmative auxiliary verb + subjectNeither + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject
Subject + negative auxiliary verb + eitherSubject + negative auxiliary verb + either
For example:For example:A: I don’t like broccoli.A: I don’t like broccoli.B: I don’t either / Neither do I.B: I don’t either / Neither do I.
A: Ricki won’t go to the party.A: Ricki won’t go to the party.B: I won’t either. / Neither will I.B: I won’t either. / Neither will I.
More examples: More examples:
I can skate. - I can, too. / So can I.I can skate. - I can, too. / So can I. Pedro can´t dance. - Mary can’t either./ Neither Pedro can´t dance. - Mary can’t either./ Neither
can she.can she. I am from Xalapa. - I am, too. / So am I.I am from Xalapa. - I am, too. / So am I. My neighbour isn’t very clean. – My neighbour My neighbour isn’t very clean. – My neighbour
isn’t either./ Neither is my neighbour.isn’t either./ Neither is my neighbour. I visited my parents yesterday. – I did, too. /So I visited my parents yesterday. – I did, too. /So
did I. did I. Mario didn’t come. – I didn’t, either. / Neither did Mario didn’t come. – I didn’t, either. / Neither did
I.I.
To express disagreementTo express disagreement Subject + affirmative auxiliary verbSubject + affirmative auxiliary verb when when
we disagree with a negative statement.we disagree with a negative statement.E.g: I can´t sing. / I can. E.g: I can´t sing. / I can.
Subject + negative auxiliary verbSubject + negative auxiliary verb when when we disagree with an affrimative we disagree with an affrimative statement.statement.
E.g.: I have ridden a camel. / I haven’t.E.g.: I have ridden a camel. / I haven’t.
Present perfect Present perfect progressiveprogressive
We use the present perfect for:We use the present perfect for:a)a) A repeated action or situation which A repeated action or situation which
started in the past and continues up to started in the past and continues up to the present.the present.
E.g.:E.g.:They have been swimming for more than They have been swimming for more than
two hours now.two hours now.
b) An action which was happening over a b) An action which was happening over a period of time in the past and may have period of time in the past and may have finished, but its results are obviuos in the finished, but its results are obviuos in the present.present.
E.g.:E.g.:She’s very tired. She’s been studying all She’s very tired. She’s been studying all
night.night.
Time expressions used with the present Time expressions used with the present perfect progressive:perfect progressive:
ForFor SinceSince How longHow long All day / week, etc.All day / week, etc.
Present perfect progressive Present perfect progressive vs. Present perfect simplevs. Present perfect simple
The present The present perfect progressiveperfect progressive emphasizes emphasizes the the durationduration of an action, while the of an action, while the present present perfect simpleperfect simple emphasizes the emphasizes the resultresult of an of an action.action.
Examples:Examples: You have been cooking cookies since 7 a.m.You have been cooking cookies since 7 a.m. You have cooked a lot of / 3 kilos of cookies You have cooked a lot of / 3 kilos of cookies
since 7 a.m.since 7 a.m.
Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs Bring back: return from somewhere with something.Bring back: return from somewhere with something.
Check somebody / something out: look at something Check somebody / something out: look at something that seems interesting.that seems interesting.
Cheer on: shout to someone in a reace or competition Cheer on: shout to someone in a reace or competition to encourage him / her.to encourage him / her.
Come across: find by chance.Come across: find by chance.
Let down: dissapoint.Let down: dissapoint.
Log on: connect to a computer system.Log on: connect to a computer system.
Sell out: have no tickets left. Sell out: have no tickets left.
