Instrumentos Financieros Para Cobertura Del Riesgo- Parte I

1

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Instrumentos financieros para cobertura del riesgo por eventos naturales, variabilidad o cambio climtico y sus impactos sociales y

econmicos

Marco Internacional y Antecedentes en Latinoamrica Parte I

Raquel Zabala Julio de 2014

UNITED NATIONS PLAN OF ACTION ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR RESILIENCE

Source(s): United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) Publisher(s): United Nations (UN) Publication date: 2013 Number of pages: 16 p http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=33703

PORTAL DE LA LABOR DEL SISTEMA DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE EL CAMBIO CLIMTICO

2014 INVESTOR SUMMIT ON CLIMATE RISK

Tackling climate change and transitioning to clean energy are the greatest economic challenges and opportunities of the 21st century. Hundreds of leading global investors gathered at the United Nations Headquarters on January 15, 2014, for the 2014 Investor Summit on Climate Risk to understand the investment and policy solutions necessary to address the climate challenge. More than 500 global financial leaders gathered at the United Nations to discuss the growing urgency of climate change and investor actions that are needed to mitigate escalating economic risks.

2


Since 2003, the biennial Investor Summit on Climate Risk at the United Nations has been the preeminent forum for leading institutional investors in North America, Europe and the rest of the world to discuss the implications of climate change for capital markets and their portfolios

THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION UNISDR

UNISDR was created in December 1999 as part of the UN Secretariat with the purpose of ensuring the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.

Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction

14 to 18 March 2015 in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan

Regional Platforms UNISDR. Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres, Oficina Regional Las Amricas. http://eird.org/americas/index.html

Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres y secretariado de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reduccin de Desastres: es el punto focal del sistema de las Naciones Unidas designado para coordinar la reduccin del riesgo de desastres y para asegurar sinergias entre actividades de de las Naciones Unidas y organizaciones regionales en torno a la reduccin de desastres y actividades en los campos socioeconmicos y humanitarios

Cuarta Sesin de la Plataforma Regional para la Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres de las Amricas (PR14) -27-29 de mayo 2014 http://eird.org/pr14-eng/index.html Nota Conceptual

Disaster Risk Financing: The Evolving Role of (Re) Insurance and Financial Markets Claudia Melo - Swiss Re http://www.eird.org/pr14/panelistas/paralela5/BIO-Paralela-5-Panel-3-Claudia-Melo.pdf

Resultado de la cuarta sesin de la Plataforma Regional para la Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres de las Amricas, 27 a 29 de mayo de 2014, Guayaquil (Ecuador) http://bit.ly/1oSISWn

3


Informe de Evaluacin Global sobre Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres

El Informe de Evaluacin Global sobre Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres (GAR, por sus siglas en ingls) es una revisin y un anlisis exhaustivo de las amenazas naturales que nos afectan. El documento se publica cada dos aos. El GAR13 se lanz en mayo del 2013 y el informe examina la manera en que las regulaciones pblicas y las inversiones van dando forma al riesgo de desastres

Evaluacin Global sobre la Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres Del riesgo compartido a un valor compartido Un argumento empresarial a favor de la reduccin del riesgo de desastres

Ginebra, Suiza: UNISDR (2013)

Prlogo Un Vistazo al GAR Prefacio

Captulo 1 Introduccin: Negocios arriesgados

Parte I El panorama globalizado del riesgo de desastres

Captulo 2 Los riesgos ocultos de la globalizacin econmica Captulo 3 Panoramas del riesgo intensivo Captulo 4 Riesgos invisibles Captulo 5 El reto de la resiliencia Captulo 6 El riesgo del capital natural Captulo 7 Pequeas islas, grandes oportunidades

Parte II La inversin privada y el riesgo de desastres

Captulo 8 La urbanizacin del riesgo Captulo 9 Un esparcimiento en peligro Captulo 10 Nada es gratuito: La agroindustria y los riesgos para la seguridad alimentaria

Parte III Estrategias empresariales y gobernabilidad del riesgo

Captulo 11 De la gestin de desastres a la gestin del riesgo Captulo 12 Inversiones a ciegas en el riesgo Captulo 13 Inversiones garantizadas: El replanteamiento de los seguros Captulo 14 La gobernabilidad del riesgo: En busca del paradigma perdido Captulo 15 La previsin del riesgo Captulo 16 Conclusin: Del riesgo compartido a un valor compartido

Glosario Agradecimientos Referencias

4


5


6


7


8


Impacto de los desastres en Amrica Latina y el Caribe, 1990-2011 Tendencias y estadsticas para 16 pases - 2013 Informe http://eird.org/americas/noticias/Impacto_de_los_desastres_en_las_Americas.pdf Los 16 pases incluidos en el informe fueron seleccionados porque cuentan con bases de datos histricas de desastres, homogneas y con cobertura para los 22 aos considerados*. El Informe complementa (para Amrica Latina y el Caribe), los resultados del Informe de evaluacin global sobre la reduccin del riesgo de desastres GAR 2013), de la UNISDR (Ginebra, mayo de 2013) y acoge los umbrales establecidos en el GAR 2011 para esta regin: riesgo extensivo se refiere a prdida de menos de 25 vidas humanas o menos de 300 viviendas destruidas en un municipio o equivalente, asociadas al impacto de un evento a escala local; riesgo intensivo cuando estas superan dichos umbrales. Entre los principales resultados se muestra que las prdidas por viviendas destruidas y daadas, as como la cantidad de personas afectadas, est creciendo en el tiempo y se estn expandiendo geogrficamente, tanto en la regin en general como en cada pas en particular, especialmente asociadas a riesgos extensivos por fenmenos hidrometeorolgicos y climticos. El Informe est acompaado de un Anexo en el cual se muestran tendencias por pas de las variables analizadas (vidas humanas perdidas, personas afectadas, viviendas destruidas y daadas). A pesar de los avances en la recoleccin de informacin sobre desastres, estos no incluyen datos sistemticos de efectos en los sectores, por ejemplo, vas, agricultura, educacin, salud, como tampoco se realiza una valoracin econmica de los daos y prdidas. El hecho de que las bases de datos no tengan valoracin econmica de los daos y prdidas de pequeos y medianos desastres, no impide hacer estimaciones econmicas para algunas variables. Si se asume que el costo de reposicin unitario de vivienda bsica en la regin es de 20 mil dlares, las prdidas anuales por su destruccin seran de 1046 millones de dlares y el acumulado en los 22 aos sera de 23 mil millones. Si, adems, se asume que el costo de reparacin de viviendas daadas equivalente al 25% del costo de reposicin, los costos anuales seran 1382 millones y el acumulado sera 30 mil millones. En total, slo en prdidas de viviendas en los 22 aos el valor en costos mnimos de reposicin y reparacin es de 53 mil millones de dlares. Como estos valores solo representan una parte de las prdidas reales, parece recomendable que en todos los pases se estimen los daos sectoriales y por lucro cesante. Esta labor podra ser asumida por los ministerios relevantes que con estos datos fortaleceran la cuantificacin en las bases de datos y tendran mejores fundamentos para la toma de decisiones y una planificacin que incluya la reduccin de riesgos. Comentario: Ver grficos de Pgs. 21 y 22 Disaster Data & Statistics http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/statistics/

9


WMO Disaster Risk Reduction

Work Plan (2012-2015)

WMO Disaster Risk Reduction Programme

Disaster Risk Financing Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) of its 191 Members. WMO, through its scientific and technical programmes, its network of Global Meteorological Centres and Regional Specialized Meteorological and Climate Centres, and the NMHSs, provide scientific and technical services. This includes observing, detecting, monitoring, predicting and early warning of a wide range of weather, climate- and water-related hazards. Through a coordinated approach, and working with its partners, WMO addresses the information needs and requirements of the disaster risk management community in an effective and timely fashion.

Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (19702012) The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) of the Catholic University of Louvain (UCL) in Belgium have jointly published the Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes 1970-2012,' which describes the distribution and impacts of weather, climate and water-related disasters, and

highlights measures to increase resilience.

Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes 1970-2012

10


11


UNDP releases "Financing for Resilience" report on harmonising humanitarian, development & climate finance Three sources of finance - humanitarian, development and climate finance - play a critical role in supporting recovery efforts in fragile and conflict-affected countries, says a report launched today by Helen Clark, Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Chair of the United Nations Development Group (UNDG). The Report, by the UNDP Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office (MPTF Office), Financing Recovery for Resilience: Enhancing the coverage, capitalization and coherence of pooled financing mechanisms for recovery to strengthen synergies between humanitarian, development and climate finance, indicates that these three sources of finance now operate independently of each other in funding recovery efforts. This reduces the effectiveness of recovery efforts and increases risks of financing gaps.

Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office

EL BANCO MUNDIAL

Climate Change

Disaster Risk Management

Climate Finance

Climate Investment Funds The Climate Investment Funds (CIF) provides 48 developing and middle income countries with urgently needed resources to mitigate and manage the challenges of climate change and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2008, the CIF champions innovative country-led investments in clean technology, renewable energy, sustainable management of forests, and climate-resilient development. Fourteen contributor countries have pledged a total of $8 billion to the CIF, which is expected to leverage an additional $55 billion from other sources

12


WORLD BANK TREASURY

WB - Financing & Risk Management http://treasury.worldbank.org/bdm/htm/risk_financing.html IBRD offers a line of disaster risk financing for direct budget support that provides varying levels of protection depending on the type, frequency, and severity of the event. Weather hedges Financial contracts based on an underlying weather index that transfer the risk to the financial markets. Payments are triggered by adverse weather events according to pre-specified conditions (e.g. levels of rainfall, seasonal temperatures, etc.). IBRD offers intermediation services for index-based weather derivatives to both middle- and low-income countries. Contingent financing The Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option or Cat DDO provides countries with immediate access to financing following a natural disaster and the declaration of a state of emergency. Countries must have a disaster risk management framework in place. Catastrophe bonds Transfer the risk of a natural disaster to investors by allowing the issuer to not repay the bond principal if a major natural disaster occurs. IBRD has developed the MultiCat Program - a bond issuance platform - that transfers diversified risk to private investors. The World Bank Commodity Risk Management Group (CRMG) already addresses the knowledge gap through technical assistance and the demonstration effects of pilot transactions, but credit and market gaps will limit its ability to scale up. GIIF would lower the entry barrier for international risk transfer by pooling smaller transactions, thereby helping to scale up risk transfer from developing countries. Weather-Related Loss & Damage Rising as Climate Warms November 18, 2013 http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/11/18/disaster-climate-resilience-in-a-changing-world

Weather-related losses and damage have risen from an annual average of about $50 billion in the 1980s to close to $200 billion over the last decade, according to the Munich Re insurance group.

A new report highlights the World Banks experiences from decades of work in weather-related disaster risk management and climate resilience.

Disasters strike rich and poor countries alike but some island nations and the poorest nations in Africa and Asia are among the most vulnerable.

13


Peligros naturales, desastres evitables La economa de la prevencin efectiva 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.

MEMORNDUM PARA UN MINISTRO DE FINANZAS PREOCUPADO Visin general 1. Muertes fluctuantes, peligros crecientes: las cifras 3,3 millones de muertes en los ltimos 40 anos hasta 2010 Los desastres pueden golpear cualquier lugar Los danos crecen Mas en pases ricos, menos en pases pobres Las pequeas economas insulares son fuertemente golpeadas Las muertes expanden frica, los daos la reducen Mltiples peligros naturales agrupados de distintos modos Caso de Estudio 1 sobre Bangladesh: los antecedentes de las vidas salvadas

2. Midiendo los muchos efectos de los desastres Individuos al lmite Conflictos: causa o consecuencia? El bienestar se reduce pero, cuales son los efectos sobre el output? Cuanto duran? Efectos agregados y sectoriales sobre el crecimiento econmico y el output en el largo plazo Midiendo los danos: mas del doble o menos de la mitad? Caso de Estudio 2 sobre Turqua: donde civilizaciones y placas tectnicas se encuentran

3. La prevencin por parte de los individuos Prevencin, seguro y afrontamiento: un marco de anlisis sencillo Prevencin: hacen suficiente los individuos? Los precios reflejan los riesgos si el mercado inmobiliario funciona Mejorando las decisiones de los individuos: que pueden hacer los gobiernos? Caso de Estudio 3 sobre Hait: prevenir los horrores de Hait

4. La prevencin por parte de los gobiernos Cuanto gastan los gobiernos? Quien decide realmente el gasto de los gobiernos? Como mejorar las medidas colectivas de prevencin Caso de Estudio 4 sobre Etiopa: muertes provocadas por la sequa o por el Derg?

5. El seguro y el afrontamiento Seguro: til si la prima se tasa correctamente Deberan los gobiernos pedir prestado, reservar fondos o suscribir seguros? Ayuda rpida y directa para las familias Caso de Estudio 5 sobre el tsunami de 2004: Alertas,la prevencin ms efectiva?

6. Nuevos desafos? Ciudades emergentes, cambio climtico y catstrofes naturales inducidas por el clima Ciudades: una exposicin creciente Cambio climtico: peligros cambiantes, danos cambiantes Catstrofes relacionadas con el clima: graves desastres futuros de alcance global Conectando las tres C: ciudades, clima y catstrofes 224

MEMORNDUM PARA UN CIUDADANO PREOCUPADO 229 Notas y Referencias ndice de nombres y materias Cuadros Figuras Mapas Tablas

14


15


16


Crear Resiliencia mediante la integracin de los riesgos climticos y de desastre en el proceso de desarrollo - Lecciones de la experiencia del Grupo del Banco Mundial Banco Mundial / GFDRR 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Resumen en espaol

Building resilience : integrating climate and disaster risk into development - the World Bank Group experience 2013. Main report World Bank and GFDRR 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments Foreword Executive Summary Abbreviations

I. Introduction II. Rising Disasters in a Changing World III. Climate and the Poor IV. Resilience is Effective But it has a Cost V. Towards Climate and Disaster Resilient Development VI. The World Bank Group Experience

Overview of the World Banks Engagement Mainstreaming Risk Identification Risk Reduction Preparedness Financial and Social Protection Resilient Reconstruction How Much Does It Cost?

VII. Conclusions References

17


18


Financial and Social Protection Risk transfer should not be treated as a standalone solution; rather, it represents one of many components of a holistic DRM approach, helping to reduce the impacts of risks that cannot be avoided. This is particularly relevant for climate-related risks. Insurance costs are likely to increase as climate-related claims continue to rise, and, as is already happening in some regions, insurance companies may completely abandon particular markets as risk becomes more difficult to price (due to climate uncertainty) or too expensive (IFC 2010a). This potential uninsurability, particularly of highly vulnerable people and small and medium enterprises (SMEs), underscores the need for preventive measures. When a disaster does strike, integrating risk reduction approaches into recovery and reconstruction is a key opportunity. World Bank and GFDRR support for post-disaster assessment and resilient reconstruction planning can range in cost from US$100,000 to US$250,000, not taking into account the costs of data collection, government staff time, and involvement of other agencies and civil society. As mentioned above, post-disaster assessment experiences suggest that building back better typically costs between 1050% more than the replacement cost of original structures (see Box 3). Even though building resilience requires additional upfront costs, long-term benefits far outweigh costs if done in a proportionate way. But the most cost-effective means of building resilient societies into the future is to avoid creating new risks by integrating resilient approaches into development planning. Inst Ver en especial captulo 6: La experiencia del Banco Mundial.

Available

19


Financiando el Cambio Climtico Presentacin Integracin de la Adaptacin en las Operaciones del Banco Mundial The Costs to Developing Countries of Adapting to Climate Change New Methods and Estimates - The Global Report of the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Study - 2010 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCC/Resources/EACC-june2010.pdf https://www.gfdrr.org/financingdisasterriskreductioninternationalaidover20years

Gestin del riesgo de desastres para un desarrollo con capacidad de adaptacin Abril 12, 2013 http://www.bancomundial.org/es/results/2013/04/12/managing-disaster-risks-resilient-development El ao 2011 fue uno de los ms costosos de la historia en cuanto a catstrofes, con prdidas aproximadas de US$380.000 millones, una tendencia ascendente desde hace 30

20


aos. Entre 1980 y 2011, los desastres naturales han causado la muerte de ms de 2,5 millones de personas y US$3,5 billones en daos econmicos en todo el mundo (i). Los riesgos estn creciendo, principalmente, como resultado de la mayor exposicin de las personas y los activos a las catstrofes naturales. Un anlisis detallado muestra que la causa primordial en los ltimos aos es el aumento considerable de la poblacin y de los activos en zonas vulnerables. La migracin hacia las costas y la expansin de las ciudades sobre planicies inundables, junto con normas de construccin deficientes, son algunos de los motivos de este aumento. Otro factor, es la degradacin de ecosistemas que sirven de proteccin, como los manglares. Los desastres hidrometeorolgicos son responsables prcticamente del 80% de los fenmenos naturales adversos y del 75% de las prdidas. En el futuro, el cambio climtico tendr efectos importantes sobre los ecosistemas mundiales, la agricultura y el suministro de agua, el aumento del nivel del mar y la aparicin de fuertes tormentas. Los patrones histricos por s solos ya no representarn una buena base para la planificacin. Son las estrategias de adaptacin eficaces las que ayudan a manejar los riesgos de desastres a mediano plazo, al tiempo que reducen la vulnerabilidad a largo plazo. El Banco Mundial cumple una funcin crucial en el planteamiento de soluciones innovadoras de financiamiento para el riesgo de desastres que buscan disminuir la vulnerabilidad de los pases en desarrollo ante estos fenmenos., La asistencia del Banco Internacional de Reconstruccin y Fomento (BIRF) y la Asociacin Internacional de Fomento (AIF), a travs de inversiones e instrumentos vanguardistas, apoya a los pases expuestos a las catstrofes naturales.. Se enumeran las acciones realizadas.

The Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change A Synthesis Report - Final consultation draft August 2010 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCC/Resources/EACC_FinalSynthesisReport0803_2010.pdf Ver: Limitaciones y Recomendaciones: pgina 65 en adelante

Managing Agricultural Production Risk - Innovations in Developing Countries Agriculture and Rural Development Department - 2005 The World Bank http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/Managing_Ag_Risk_FINAL.pdf En este trabajo se encuentra una detallada explicacin de la transferencia del riesgo. The creation of risk transfer markets for weather events in developing and emerging economies is rapidly progressing. This document describes several sources of risk that create poverty traps for poor households and impede the development process, focusing on low-probability, high-consequence weather risk events as they relate to rural households. These types of risks are highly correlated and require special financing and access to global markets if they are to be pooled, rendered diversifiable, and improved in pricing. Thus, a significant contribution of this paper is the introduction of index insurance, highlighting its use at the micro-, meso-, and macrolevels for risk transfer. By using index insurance products, it is possible to organize systems that take advantage of global markets to transfer the correlated risks associated with low-probability, high-consequence events out of developing countries. This document presents both a conceptual backdrop for understanding this system and a progress report on several World Bank efforts to assist countries in using their limited government resources to facilitate market-based agricultural risk transfer when faced with natural disasters. Pgina 51

21


INFORME SOBRE EL DESARROLLO MUNDIAL (IDM) 2014 Riesgo y oportunidad: La administracin del riesgo como instrumento de

desarrollo La administracin del riesgo como instrumento de desarrollo: De la lucha contra las crisis a la administracin sistemtica del riesgo - Octubre 06, 2013

Web

Riesgo y oportunidad: La administracin del riesgo como instrumento de desarrollo Panorama general

Mensajes Principales

Al describir un enfoque holstico, el IDM 2014 concluye que la administracin del riesgo exige la accin y la responsabilidad compartida entre distintos niveles de la sociedad, desde los hogares hasta la comunidad internacional. Aunque el hogar es la primera instancia de apoyo, las comunidades ofrecen redes informales de aseguramiento y las empresas pueden contribuir a absorber las perturbaciones. De manera similar, el sistema financiero puede proporcionar herramientas tiles de administracin del riesgo, los Estados pueden elaborar normas slidas y brindar apoyo directo, y la comunidad internacional puede aportar conocimientos tcnicos y aunar los recursos mundiales.

Part I: Fundamentals of risk management

Chapter 1: Risk management can be a powerful instrument for development Chapter 2: Beyond the ideal: Obstacles to risk management and ways to overcome them

Part II: The role of key social systems

Chapter 3: Households are the first line of support to confront risk and pursue opportunity Chapter 4: Cohesive and connected communities create resilience Chapter 5: Fostering resilience and prosperity through a vibrant enterprise sector Chapter 6: The role of the financial system in managing risk: More financial tools, fewer financial crises Chapter 7: Managing macroeconomic risk: Building stronger institutions for better policy outcomes Chapter 8: The role of the international community: When risks exceed national capacity

22


IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, is the largest global development institution focused exclusively on the private sector in developing countries. Established in 1956, IFC is owned by 184 member countries, a group that collectively determines our policies. Our work in more than a 100 developing countries allows companies and financial institutions in emerging markets to create jobs, generate tax revenues, improve corporate governance and environmental performance, and contribute to their local communities. IFCs vision is that people should have the opportunity to escape poverty and improve their lives. Climate Risk and Adaptation Climate Business Agribusiness

GLOBAL STRATEGY The Global Index Insurance Facility (GIIF) Background The economic growth prospects of developing countries are negatively impacted by external shocks, which create both short- and long-term physical and financial distress. The lack of coherent and timely response to shocks, coupled with indirect impacts on growth and investment, compound the cost of direct physical damage. Uninsured enterprises do not develop their full earnings potential because they engage in low-risk/low-return activities to minimize downside risks. Generally, too much capital goes into nonremunerated selfinsurance. OECD countries, on the other hand, tend to be better equipped to manage shocks since they have larger diversified economies that can withstand such events and because private assets are insured. Demand for risk management instruments is often frustrated by market gaps and entry barriers. International reinsurers, for example, require substantial minimum risk amounts: The greatest challenge is not to find capacity, but to find a large enough portfolio to make it worth underwriting (Tobben 2005). The GIIF seeks to close the gap between the developing countrys demand for insurance against severe shocks at public and private levels and the index insurance markets.

Climate Risk and Business Practical Methods for Assessing Risk 2010

International Finance Corporation First printing, September 2010 Authored by Vladimir Stenek, International Finance Corporation Richenda Connell, Acclimatise John Firth, Acclimatise Michelle Colley, Acclimatise

23


The main objective of the first set of pilot climate risk assessment studies undertaken by IFC was to test and begin to develop methods for evaluating climate risks to the private sector and to identify appropriate adaptation responses. This included analyzing barriers and gaps preventing evaluation of risks and adaptation options, and understanding the roles of different stakeholders (private and public) in addressing those constraints. The studies also aimed to provide information that reduces uncertainty about present-day and future climate-related risks to the pilot study clients. In this context, the pilot studies should be viewed as an initial step towards elaboration of general tools for climate risk assessment and evaluation of adaptation options, for use in the private sector.

Scaling Up Access to Finance for Agricultural SMEs Policy Review and Recommendations International Finance Corporation Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI) October 2011

Introduction Executive Summary CHAPTER 1 Agricultural SME Finance in Context 1.1 Definitions and Segmentation 1.2 Basic Challenges in Agricultural Finance 1.3 Changing Paradigms in Agricultural Finance

CHAPTER 2 Policies, Regulatory Framework, and Government Support 2.1 Developing Country Specific Diagnostics and Strategies 2.2 Developing a Supportive Legal and Regulatory Framework 2.3 Designing Effective Government Support Mechanisms

CHAPTER 3 Financial Infrastructure and Data 3.1 Strengthening the Financial Infrastructure 3.2 Building Consistent and Reliable Data Sources

CHAPTER 4 Capacity Building of Agricultural Finance Institutions and Their Clients 4.1 Building Capacity of Financial Institutions 4.2 Building Capacity of Value Chains 4.3 Building Capacity of Farmers and Farmer Organizations 4.4 Innovative Instruments and Delivery Mechanisms

CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ANNEX I Grants to the Poor ANNEX II Smart Subsidies and the Question of Fertilizer Subsidies Bibliography

24


GLOBAL FACILITY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION AND RECOVERY (GFDRR) https://www.gfdrr.org/ Established in 2006, the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) is a partnership of 41 countries and 8 international organizations committed to helping developing countries reduce their vulnerability to natural hazards and adapt to climate change. The partnerships mission is to mainstream disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in country development strategies by supporting a country-led and managed implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA). GFDRRs Partnership Charter, revised in April 2010, sets its original mission, rationale, and governance structure. GFDRR has three main business lines to achieve its development objectives at the global, regional and country levels.

Track I: Global and Regional Partnerships Track II: Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Development Track III: Sustainable Recovery

Six initiatives that complement the three tracks and Climate Change Adapation (CCA) programs are:

The Economics of Disaster Risk Reduction GFDRR Labs Disaster Risk Financing & Insurance Strengthening Weather and Climate Information and Decision-Support Systems

(WCIDS) Capacity Development Gender

Disaster Reduction and Financing https://www.gfdrr.org/dr_risk_fin

GFDRR helps governments implement ex-ante risk financing strategies through the development of probabilistic risk assessment platforms, the creation of disaster risk atlases and the establishment and improvement of loss-modeling tools. By making more reliable data collection and new data management systems available, low- and middle-income countries create an enabling environment for better functioning insurance markets that use competitive and cost-effective risk financing instruments. See Disaster Risk Financing & Insurance for more details. Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance (DRFI) https://www.gfdrr.org/DRFI The GFDRR Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance (DRFI) Program assists developing countries in increasing their financial resilience to natural disasters. The DRFI Program partners with developing countries in a variety of ways; from establishing natural disaster micro-insurance programs to intermediating between governments and international financial markets, the DRFI Program seeks innovative ways to mitigate the financial impacts of natural disasters on individuals, small- and medium-enterprises, agricultural sector participants, and governments.

25


EL BID Y EL CAMBIO CLIMTICO http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/cambio-climatico-y-energia-renovable,1448.html

El valor agregado del financiamiento climtico http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/financiamiento-climatico-en-el-

bid,8404.html Adaptacin http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/adaptacion,2934.html

Novedades sobre Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico http://kp.iadb.org/Adaptacion/es/Paginas/default.aspx

Comunidad Cono Sur y Gran Chaco http://kp.iadb.org/Adaptacion/es/Cono-Sur/Paginas/inicio.aspx

Financiamiento de la Adaptacin http://kp.iadb.org/Adaptacion/es/Paginas/CentrodeConocimiento/Mecanismos/Financiamiento-de-la-adaptacion.aspx

Exige registrarse Mitigacin http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/mitigacion,2935.html

Sumideros de carbono http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/sumideros-de-carbono,1453.html

Fondos de Inversin Climtica http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/fondos-de-inversion-climatica,8327.html

Climate Investment Funds https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/home

BID: Finanzas: Inversionistas http://www.iadb.org/es/bid-finanzas/inversionistas/inversionistas,1977.html

Soluciones Financieras http://www.iadb.org/es/bid-finanzas/espanol/soluciones-financieras,1978.html

Bonos del BID - Una opcin de inversin sostenible http://www.iadb.org/es/bid-finanzas/inversionistas/bonos-del-bid-una-opcion-de-inversion-sostenible,2199.html

Lista de bonos recientes del BID http://www.iadb.org/es/bid-finanzas/inversionistas/lista-de-bonos-recientes-del-bid,2434.html

Blog

http://blogs.iadb.org/cambioclimatico/ 9 fuentes de financiamiento para tu proyecto de cambio climtico

26


MICROSEGUROS FOMIN Fondo Multilateral de Inversiones Miembro del Grupo BID http://www.fomin.org/es-es/portada/proyectos.aspx http://www.fomin.org/mif/Proyectos/AccesoaFinanzas/Microaseguranzas/tabid/538/language/es-ES/Default.aspx http://www.fomin.org/PORTADA/Conocimiento/Eventos/DetallesEvento/tabid/590/id/832/language/es-ES/Default.aspx

MICROSEGUROS: Anlisis de Experiencias Destacables en Latinoamrica y el Caribe. Luz Andrea Camargo y Luisa Fernanda Montoya http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getDocument.aspx?DOCNUM=38333051 ---------------------------------------

Aprovechamiento de los mercados financieros internacionales para gestionar el riesgo de amenazas naturales en Amrica Latina - Ivar Pettersen -John Magne Skjelvik -Nils Atle Krokeide Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo Washington, D.C. 2006 http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=1442230

Aspectos financieros del riesgo de amenazas naturales Pgs.7-16 Agricultura y Clima Futuro en Amrica Latina y el Caribe: Impactos Sistmicos y Posibles Respuestas - Walter Vergara - Ana R. Ros - Paul Trapido -Hctor Malarn - Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo 2014 http://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/5806/Agricultura%20y%20Cambio%20Climatico%20IDB-DP-329_es.pdf?sequence=2 Describe los impactos del CC en LAC

La adaptacin a los impactos unidireccionales de largo plazo requerir el desarrollo de diversos tipos de programas y actividades. Es recomendable que este proceso incluya por lo menos los siguientes elementos: a) Los responsables de las polticas, agricultores, instituciones del sector privado e inversionistas deben reconocer que la agricultura de la regin afronta un desafo sin precedentes que exigir un esfuerzo sostenido de adaptacin para evitar los tipos de impactos sistmicos de largo plazo aqu discutidos. Esto significa que existe la necesidad de realizar una campaa de concientizacin sobre los impactos previstos, lapsos en que estos pueden presentarse as como efectos econmicos y sociales relacionados.

b) Revisar las polticas agrcolas actuales con el fin canalizar los recursos pblicos de forma que sean congruentes con una agricultura baja en carbono y resiliente al clima, as como para promover la inversin en bienes pblicos tales como investigacin agrcola y servicios de extensin.

c) Aumentar sustancialmente los esfuerzos de colaboracin entre institutos de investigacin y extensin, sector privado y gobiernos para: (i) identificar, producir y comercializar variedades de cultivos resilientes al clima; (ii) sistematizar y difundir el uso

27


de conocimientos tradicionales y locales; (iii) determinar los impactos de largo plazo para la agricultura a ser causados por el aumento del nivel del mar y de la temperatura del suelo; y (iv) evaluar los vnculos con el comercio internacional y cadenas de suministro.

d) Reforzar la recoleccin de datos, monitoreo y pronstico al igual que reforzar capacidades para proporcionar y usar servicios de informacin sobre el clima dedicados a establecer tendencias de largo plazo.

e) Apalancar financiamiento pblico, privado e internacional para maximizar los beneficios en el sector agrcola a travs de la implementacin de prcticas resilientes al clima. Agricultura y cambio climtico: nuevas tecnologas en la mitigacin y adaptacin de la agricultura al cambio climtico Memoria del tercer seminario regional de agricultura y cambio climtico, realizado en Santiago, 27 y 28 de septiembre de 2012 CEPAL et al 2013 Series de la CEPAL http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/1/51531/Agriculturaycambioclimatico.pdf

Los efectos de los desastres en 2004 y 2005: la necesidad de adaptacin de largo plazo. Ricardo Zapata Mart Punto Focal de Evaluacin de Desastres - CEPAL, Mxico S E R I E estudios y perspectivas Mxico, D. F., agosto del 2006 http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/Mexico/3/LCMEXL733/L733.pdf

Resumen I. Retrospectiva sobre los desastres en Amrica Latina y el Caribe II. 2004-2005: las estaciones de huracanes registradas en el Ocano Atlntico ms activas e intensas III. Los desastres no distinguen nivel de desarrollo, pero s capacidad de resistencia y grado de afectacin ambiental IV. Balance regional: agravamiento de vulnerabilidades, prdida de acervo y postergacin de metas sociales y del IDH V. Otros pases y otros eventos: necesidad de adaptacin para un proceso de desarrollo sostenible VI. Algunas conclusiones y propuestas para disminuir los efectos de los desastres en la regin: de la respuesta a la reduccin del riesgo y la adaptacin del proceso de desarrollo VII. De cara a la rehabilitacin y reconstruccin: la necesidad de adaptacin para reducir el riesgo Bibliografa

28


GESTIN DE RIESGO DE DESASTRES NATURALES. Sistemas Nacionales para la Gestin Integral del Riesgo de Desastres. Estrategias Financieras para la Reconstruccin en Caso de Desastres Naturales Paul K. Freeman, Leslie A. Martin, Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, Koko Warner y George Pflug 2006 () (Documento elaborado por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo para el Dilogo Regional de Poltica y la Red de Desastres Naturales http://bit.ly/1jSXiJW Es citado por documentos ms actuales. Pg. 71 Los nuevos instrumentos del mercado de capitales se pueden clasificar en seis grandes categoras: Bono de catstrofe. Son bonos que dependen de Casos Fortuitos que ofrecen un alto rendimiento para los inversores, pero no se pagan en caso de que ocurra una determinada catstrofe durante su vigencia. El atractivo para el inversor radica en su alto rendimiento y baja probabilidad de incumplimiento de pago. Normalmente, los fondos que se obtienen de la venta de este bono se invierten en instrumentos libres de riesgo; los intereses percibidos reducen el costo neto del bono para el emisor Ttulos de excedente contingente. Estos ttulos son, esencialmente, derechos de opciones de venta que permiten que su titular emita deuda a compradores predeterminados en caso de catstrofe. El propietario del ttulo paga una comisin a los compradores potenciales de deuda por el compromiso de comprar la deuda. Opciones sobre catstrofes que cotizan en bolsa. Las opciones sobre el ndice de reclamos - PCS- property claims service- que cotizan en el Mercado de Futuros de Chicago Chicago Board of Trade- brindan al comprador la opcin de exigir el pago de acuerdo con un contrato de opcin si el ndice de reclamos supera el nivel previamente especificado. Los ndices utilizados abarcan distintas reas de los Estados Unidos y reflejan la cantidad global de reclamos informados en la industria aseguradora. Opciones de venta sobre catstrofes. Las opciones de venta de acciones son otro tipo de opciones que permiten que el asegurador venda acciones ordinarias a la vista despus de un desastre de gran magnitud. El asegurador paga una comisin por la opcin de venta. Estos instrumentos son similares a los ttulos de excedente contingente. Derivado por clima. Son contratos conforme a los cuales se realizan pagos en el caso de que durante una determinada cantidad de das la temperatura o las precipitaciones sean mayores o menores de un valor especificado de activacin. Swaps sobre catstrofes. Estos productos derivados utilizan a los participantes del mercado de capitales como contrapartes. Se cambia una cartera de seguros con una obligacin potencial de pago por un ttulo valor y sus correspondientes obligaciones de pago de flujos de fondos. El asegurador asume la responsabilidad de realizar pagos peridicos al inversor de una cartera especfica de ttulos valores a la que el inversor estaba originariamente obligado a pagar, en tanto que el inversor asume la responsabilidad del asegurador de realizar pagos en caso de una catstrofe .

29


IDB Proposes Climate Change Risk Assessment Methodology for Caribbean Projects Wednesday, 02 July 2014 Climate Change Data and Risk Assessment Methodologies for the Caribbean. Prepared by: Tetra Tech, Inc. Inter-American Development Bank .Environmental Safeguards Unit April 2014 http://www.cpdcngo.org/cpdc/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=196&Itemid=27

Trata sobre metodologas para evaluar el riesgo, adaptadas al rea del Caribe. (Incluye modelos)

Pagina 49 . Insurance products are available in the commercial market to address known extreme events such as hurricanes and intense rainfall events. The Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) provides country-level insurance for such major events, but to the best of our knowledge, these address current risks, rather than risks due to events that might occur a decade or two into the future. Although insurance provides coverage from catastrophic events in the near-term, looking over the long-term projects design and adaptive capacity must ensure some level of resilience from future climate change-associated events. The climate change risk assessment for a new project, for existing infrastructure, or even for a specific sector of the economy (such as tourism or transportation) can be performed at different levels of detail depending on the project scope, resources available, and the potential risk due to the climate change impacts. At this time, it is safe to assume that the projected climate database available will be the same no matter what level of risk assessment is performed. This is because climate modeling is performed globally by multiple modeling groups, and it is not likely that any such effort will be replicated to serve local needs. Even regional climate modeling, when performed over a suite of multiple models, is unlikely to be developed at a local level. Given the same climate data, however, climate change risk assessments can vary greatly in the level of detail with which the impacts are assessed. Typically, each sector will have detailed tools for designing the pertinent infrastructure, and these detailed tools will need to consider what the response will be if climatic conditions will be different from the historical range. For example, this might include the largest storm a roadway is designed to withstand, or the level of storm surge a coastal facility such as an oil handling terminal is protected against, or the level of drought a water supply system is designed for. These analyses must focus on the location-specific design elements of the infrastructure or investment project in question. This paper is not focused on this detailed level of analysis, but provides a general roadmap that can be followed if specific investments require this level of effort

Effectiveness of weather derivatives as cross-hedging instrument against climate change: The cases of reservoir water allocation management in Guanajuato, Mexico and Lambayeque, Peru / Miriam Jurez-Torres, Leonardo Snchez-Aragn. (IDB

working paper series ; 328) BID 2012 http://bit.ly/1nN03Mq

Efectividad de los derivados climticos como instrumento de cobertura cruzada contra el cambio climtico: Los casos de gestin de la adjudicacin de agua de embalse en Guanajuato, Mxico y Lambayeque, Per

30


Se proponen derivados climticos como un mecanismo complementario para la satisfactoria adopcin de adjudicaciones de agua ms eficientes en los distritos de irrigacin. Dichos derivados climticos difuminan los riesgos e incorporan una mejor comprensin del comportamiento de los sistemas climticos, fortaleciendo la capacidad de los distritos de irrigacin de abordar el asunto de la disponibilidad del agua y su demanda. El modelo emplea un esquema de adjudicacin dinmica del recurso hdrico, una precipitacin histrica y escenarios del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climtico (IPCC) para dar con una estrategia ptima de adjudicacin de agua para el escenario de referencia ante el cambio climtico.

Cambio climtico. Una perspectiva regional. Cumbre de la Unidad de Amrica Latina y el Caribe - Riviera Maya (Mxico) 22 y 23 de febrero de 2010 Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas LC/L.3207 Copyright Naciones Unidas, febrero de 2010. http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/9/38539/2010-109-Cambio_climatico-una_perspectiva_regional.pdf Comentario: trata el tema de Mitigacin, abatimiento de emisiones

31


Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events in Latin America: An Exposure Index. Adrin Garlati (IDB Technical Note ; 490) 2013 http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=37417004 Expone distintas metodologas para indicadores e ndices. Presenta el ndice de Exposicin a los Desastres Using DesInventar data, the paper develops an innovative Disaster Exposure Index (DEI) that encompasses many disasters impacts. DEI calculations indicate an unexpected scenario where some regions usually considered resilient are found to be exposed. Comentarios: No toma Brasil, su clasificacin no es clara, no recomiendo usar el ndice por ahora. Es ms adecuado el citado anteriormente: Impacto de los desastres en Amrica Latina y el Caribe, 1990-2011. Tendencias y estadsticas para 16 pases 2013 Informe

Los efectos de los desastres en 2004 y 2005: la necesidad de adaptacin de largo plazo. Ricardo Zapata Mart Punto Focal de Evaluacin de Desastres - CEPAL, Mxico S E R I E estudios y perspectivas Mxico, D. F., agosto del 2006 http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/Mexico/3/LCMEXL733/L733.pdf

Resumen I. Retrospectiva sobre los desastres en Amrica Latina y el Caribe II. 2004-2005: las estaciones de huracanes registradas en el Ocano Atlntico ms activas e intensas III. Los desastres no distinguen nivel de desarrollo, pero s capacidad de resistencia y grado de afectacin ambiental IV. Balance regional: agravamiento de vulnerabilidades, prdida de acervo y postergacin de metas sociales y del IDH V. Otros pases y otros eventos: necesidad de adaptacin para un proceso de desarrollo sostenible VI. Algunas conclusiones y propuestas para disminuir los efectos de los desastres en la regin: de la respuesta a la reduccin del riesgo y la adaptacin del proceso de desarrollo VII. De cara a la rehabilitacin y reconstruccin: la necesidad de adaptacin para reducir el riesgo Bibliografa

32


FAO

Manejo de riesgos climticos Finanzas e inversiones agrcolas Centro de Aprendizaje en Finanzas Rurales Anlisis de Sistemas de Gestin del Riesgo de Desastres Una Gua

OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2014-2023 The Agricultural Outlook, 2014-2023, is a collaborative effort of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It brings together the commodity, policy and country expertise of both organisations and input from collaborating member countries to provide an annual assessment of prospects for the coming decade of national, regional and global agricultural commodity markets.

OECDFAO Perspectivas Agrcolas 20142023 - Resumen en espaol CONFERENCIA REGIONAL DE LA FAO PARA AMRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE Trigsimo tercer Perodo de Sesiones - Santiago, Chile, 6 al 9 de mayo de 2014 Panel 2: Desafos para el desarrollo sostenible y la adaptacin al cambio climtico en Amrica Latina y el Caribe Desafo 1: Mejorar la resiliencia y adaptacin de sistemas alimenticios y agrcolas al cambio climtico Desafo 2: Conseguir ms con menos en la produccin y el consumo de alimentos Desafo 3: Conservar, proteger y mejorar el estado de los recursos naturales Desafo 4: Mejorar y proteger los medios de vida rurales y el bienestar social Pg. 6 30. Se deben fortalecer instrumentos financieros para incentivar a los agricultores familiares a cubrir los costos de adaptacin de sus sistemas de produccin asociados a la conservacin y uso sostenible de los recursos, por ejemplo, a travs de asistencia tcnica; compra de semillas criollas; bonos para alimentos saludables y sistemas de Pagos por Servicios Ecosistmicos (PSE). Es importante aumentar la concientizacin sobre los servicios ecosistmicos que brindan los sistemas productivos sostenibles y, orientar a los consumidores en productos alimenticios producidos responsablemente, por ejemplo, a travs de sistemas de certificacin o de comercio justo.

33


Gestin de Riesgos y Seguros Agropecuarios: Desafo impostergable para el desarrollo de Amrica Latina y el Caribe http://www.iica.int/Esp/regiones/sur/uruguay/Documentos%20de%20la%20Oficina/iica-revista-n3.pdf

Los seguros agropecuarios en las Amricas: un instrumento para la gestin del riesgo Instituto Interamericano de Cooperacin para la Agricultura (IICA), 2012 http://www.iica.int/Esp/Programas/agronegocios/Publicaciones%20de%20Comercio%20Agronegocios%20e%20Inocuidad/B2996e.pdf II. Los seguros agropecuarios 2.1. Los seguros agropecuarios como un instrumento de transferencia de riesgos 2.2. El ndice de siniestralidad: un indicador relevante de la actividad aseguradora agraria 2.3. El cambio climtico 2.4. El desarrollo del mercado de seguros agropecuarios y tipos de seguros 2.5. El papel de los actores pblicos y privados 2.6. La informacin: sustento indispensable de los sistemas de seguros agropecuarios

Seguros Agropecuarios y Gestin del Riesgo Tendencias y Experiencias Internacionales http://www.iica.int/Esp/regiones/central/cr/Documentos%20Oficina%20Costa%20Rica/SEGUROS.pdf

Polticas pblicas de gestin del riesgo agropecuarios en los pases del CAS http://www.iica.int/Esp/regiones/sur/chile/Publicaciones%20de%20la%20Oficina/B1655E.PDF

Zonificacin y Mapas de Riesgo Agroclimtico para el MERCOSUR Conformacin de un Foro Permanente de Coordinacin para la administracin de la informacin meteorolgica y climtica en los pases del MERCOSUR es uno de los objetivos del Taller. http://www.iica.int/Esp/regiones/sur/uruguay/Paginas/ComunicadosPrensa/ZonificacionMapasRiesgoAgroclimaticoMERCOSUR.aspx

Zonificacin y Mapas de Riesgo Agroclimtico para el MERCOSUR - Presentaciones http://www.iica.int/Esp/regiones/sur/uruguay/Paginas/Notas Especiales/ZonificacionMapasRiesgoAgroclimaticoMERCOSUR-Presentaciones.aspx

Instrumentos de transferencia de riesgos: seguros agrcolas y programas de apoyo ante contingencias climatolgicas- Csar Bustamante Terreros Presentacin BID 2013 http://centromariomolina.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/6.-Instrumentos-de-Transferencia-de-Riesgos-C%C3%A9sar-Bustamante-BID.pdf Solo 3,5% de los seguros agrcolas mundiales operan en las Amricas Estudio del IICA afirma que en Amrica Latina la industria de seguros agrcolas puede basarse en un modelo pblico-privado para impulsar su desarrollo.Instituto desarrolla iniciativas para mejorar los sistemas de gestin de riesgos agrcolas. 13 Mayo 2013

Biblioteca / Tecnologas Cambio Climtico

34


INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (IISD)

Financing Mitigation and Adaptation in Developing Countries: New options and mechanisms Background Paper. Dennis Tirpak and Jo-Ellen Parry March, 2009 (IISD) http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/financing_mitigation_new_options.pdf Pg.20 (al 2008) 3.2 Current Funding for Adaptation Funding for climate change adaptation under the UNFCCC is currently provided through funds operated by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and will soon be made available through an operational Adaptation Fund (AF). These Convention and Kyoto Protocol sources are complemented, and currently surpassed, by additional sources, particularly development assistance activities that enhance the adaptive capacity of developing countries. New funding provided through adaptation-related bilateral and multilateral initiatives is being added to this mix, such as the World Banks Pilot Project for Climate Resilience (PPCR). These sources are also expected to surpass the resource levels provided under the Convention. See Table 6 for an overview of the levels and sources of existing resources for adaptation (including pledged contributions)

Agro-Value Chain Finance and Climate Adaptation: The role of the banking sector Julie Dekens (IISD) and Susan Bingi - 2013 (2013 through a partnership between the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Cooperatives (MoTIC), Makerere University (MAK) and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).

http://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/agro_value_chain_bank_sector.pdf

1. Explicitly integrate climate risk in the banks risk-management strategies. In the current context of rapid change and uncertainty due to both climatic and non-climatic factors, the banking sector would do well to adopt a more holistic approach to risk management. This should be based on vulnerability assessments that measure the existing and potential future impacts and associated costs of inaction versus adaptation measures on lending activities. Banks should understand the current and future potential impacts of climate variability and change on their operations. The integration of climate risk into financial institutions risk management framework requires that they can access relevant, tailored information such as the nature, location, frequency and magnitude of climate risks presently and in the future; their assets exposure and vulnerability to climate hazards; and the impacts of climate hazards on their clients. 2. Incentivize adaptation and climate-proof the banks financial instruments to support climate adaptation (or at a minimum to prevent maladaptation) along agro-value chains. Additional action should be taken to anticipate and reduce potential losses from climate hazards along the entire value chain. This is important since risk-prevention strategies can save greater costs in the medium and longer terms compared to reactive strategies. For example, clients demonstrating adaptation actions to climate change could obtain preferential rates and/or access to specific financial schemes as incentives. However, this could effectively drive out the most at risk smallholders by raising their capital costs and making them more vulnerable to variability in production (decreasing margins and inducing greater volatility in profits). Lending programs should therefore encourage farmers to implement adaptive practices and technologies by reducing the capital cost of these (e.g., innovative financing for climate-sensitive practices and technologies). Thereby, the bank can reduce climate risk in its portfolio as these farmers become more resilient. The government could support such programs by making a pool of capital available to banks for such lending activities (i.e., impact investing). Other way to support a climate-resilient agro-value chain is to encourage savings (e.g., banks could offer incentives for saving activities such as advantageous interests rates, vocational training, financial literacy training, etc.) and develop innovative insurance products such as weather index insurance..

35


EUROPA UNION EUROPEA

EUROCLIMA http://www.euroclima.org/es/

Colaboracin con Amrica Latina y el Caribe en el Cambio Climtico - Presentaciones http://ec.europa.eu/clima/events/articles/0085_es.htm

Argentina

EUROPEAN COMMISSION: HUMANITARIAN AID AND CIVIL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT (ECHO) The European Commission's Humanitarian aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO) aims to save and preserve life, prevent and alleviate human suffering and safeguard the integrity and dignity of populations affected by natural disasters and man-made crises. EU assistance, amounting to one of the world's largest, is enshrined in the Treaty of Lisbon and supported by EU citizens an as expression of European solidarity with any person or people in need. Latin America & Caribbean South America Preparing communities for future disasters Besides helping in emergencies, the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO) works to empower communities and local disaster response teams to be better prepared to face natural hazards, and take measures that allow them to stop a hazard from becoming a disaster. This is mainly done through the Disaster Preparedness Program (DIPECHO). DIPECHO works first by identifying the risks, and then taking simple and inexpensive measures to minimise them, hence reducing the impact of natural phenomena. These include strengthening emergency response capacities, improving infrastructures, and conducting awareness-raising campaigns.

36


The EU has invested 66.9 million, more than one third of its humanitarian funds for South America, in disaster preparedness activities across the region. The 2011-2012 programme targeted communities in 9 countries - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela - with an allocation of 12 million. An additional 3 million was channelled to strengthen the resilience and capacities of communities exposed to frequent droughts in the Bolivian and Paraguayan region of the Chaco. In the next plan 2013-2014, ECHO will invest 14.5 million for disaster preparedness projects and drought resilience activities.

EU CLIMATE ACTION

http://ec.europa.eu/clima/index_en.htm International action Climate ADAPT Financing Adaptation

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ALLIANCE (GCCA) http://www.gcca.eu/

The Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) is an initiative of the European Union (EU), launched in 2007 and coordinated by the European Commission (EC), aimed at strengthening dialogue and cooperation on climate change with developing countries most vulnerable to climate change and supporting their efforts to develop and implement adaptation and mitigation responses. It focuses on the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and the Small Island Developing States (SIDS). These countries have contributed the least to greenhouse gas emissions, but are often the most affected by climate change and have limited resources to address the related challenges.

Making climate finance effective: strengthening national public financial management and budgetary systems Background document - GCCA Global Policy Event 2013 http://www.gcca.eu/sites/default/files/soraya.khosravi/gpe_background_paper_climate_finance_final_en_0.pdf

37


CLIMATE FINANCE

http://climatefinance.info/ http://climatefinance.info/profiles/blogs/arranca-el-ii-dialogo-finanzas-clima Segundo Dilogo sobre las Finanzas del Clima El Salvador, julio, 2013 Realidad del financiamiento climtico en Amrica Latina y el Caribe http://ec.europa.eu/clima/events/docs/0085/t7_finanzas_es.pdf

Resumen del II Dilogo Regional sobre las Finanzas del Clima (julio de 2013). http://www.multipolar.net/files/cf/Resumen_II_Dialogo_Finanzas_Clima.pdf --------------------------------- FINANZAS EFICACES PARA EL CLIMA Compartiendo las experiencias e innovaciones de los pases de Amrica Latina y el Caribe. Observaciones y recomendaciones surgidas del intercambio entre pases durante el Dilogo Regional de Tela.

---------------------------- Cooperacin suiza Preparacin Financiera Climtica - Lecciones Aprendidas en Pases En Desarrollo --------------------------- weADAPT

http://weadapt.org/knowledge-base/economics-of-adaptation/financial-risks-of-climate-change weADAPT is developed and maintained by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). Content is curated both by SEI and a network of Knowledge Partners. weADAPT started life as 'wikiADAPT' and has grown into a collection of over 1000 articles and case studies.

38


The technical development of weADAPT is based on extensive consultation with Knowledge Partners by the Stockholm Environment Institute. It has been the result of collaborations over several years between SEI and many Knowledge Partners including IIED, IDS (CBAx), CSAG (UCT), UNEP RRCAP, SENSA, Oxfam GB, CIFOR, UNITAR, Google.org, ENDA and START. weADAPT is an online open space on climate adaptation issues (including the synergies between adaptation and mitigation) which allows practitioners, researchers and policy makers to access credible, high quality information and to share experiences and lessons learnt with the weADAPT community. It is designed to facilitate learning, exchange, collaboration and knowledge integration to build a professional community of research and practice on adaptation issues while developing policy-relevant tools and guidance for adaptation planning and decision-making.

ABI research paper no 19, 2009 - the financial risks of climate change Examining the financial implications of climate change using climate models and insurance catastrophe risk models Report by AIR Worldwide Corp. and the Met Office By Peter Dailey, Matt Huddleston, Simon Brown and Dennis Fasking http://weadapt.org/knowledge-base/economics-of-adaptation/financial-risks-of-climate-change This study makes several groundbreaking advances in the area of climate impact assessment by using state-of-the-art modelling techniques combined with expert knowledge in the fields of climate, meteorology, hydrology and actuarial science. The report provides a detailed analysis of the potential impact from a changing climate on insured risk for insurers and other stakeholders through its effects on precipitation-induced inland floods in Great Britain, winter windstorms in the United Kingdom, and typhoons in China. Pg. 39 Issues for Insurers and Policymakers Examining the impact of future climate scenarios on selected risk metrics derived from catastrophe models is an important first step. Determining how these changes might impact important aspects of insurers operations needs to be examined as well. Of particular interest are the potential impacts on pricing, risk measurement and management, regulators requirements for minimum capital, the amount of additional capital that insurers may need, and supplemental capital requirements. This section concludes with a brief discussion of some prudent prevention, loss mitigation and adaptation steps that could be taken now to counter some of the possible increases in key risk metrics.

39


COOPERACIN ALEMANA

Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico Para el Desarrollo Rural Sostenible- Cooperacin Alemana http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/index.htm http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/biblioteca.html Gestin del Riesgo y Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico en el Sector Agropecuario en las Subregiones Andino y Amaznica Lima - 11 al 13 de septiembre 2007. http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/tallerinternacional/index.html http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/tallerinternacional/ponencias.htm

1. Nancy Zapata - Presentacin del Taller 2. Graciela Magrin - Variabilidad climtica, cambio climtico y sector

agropecuario en la subregiones Andina y Amaznica 3. Stephen Bender - Impactos de los Peligros Naturales y Toma de Decisiones

para el Sector Agropecuario 4. Stephen Bender - Impactos de los Peligros Naturales y Toma de Decisiones

para el Sector Agropecuario 5. Alberto Aquino - Reglas del Taller 6. Helmut Eger - La gestin del riesgo y adaptacin al cambio climtico desde lo

local: instrumentos y estrategias 7. Miguel Prial - Experiencias de la incorporacin del anlisis del riesgo en la

inversin pblica del sector agropecuario 8. Liudmila Ortega - La reduccin de la vulnerabilidad en la agricultura 9. Omar Cardona - La reduccin de la vulnerabilidad en la agricultura 10. Francisco Boshell - Variabilidad del clima, cambio climtico y el seguro

agropecuario en Colombia 11. Oscar Ramrez - Seguro agropecuario como alternativa viable al impacto

econmico de los desastres 12. Frank Nieder - El Seguro Agrcola Basado en ndices 13. Bolivia - Avances y experiencias en gestin del riesgo y adaptacin al cambio

climtico en el sector agropecuario 14. Brasil - Red de Gestin del Riesgo en la Amazona del Brasil 15. Colombia - Avances y experiencias en gestin del riesgo y adaptacin al

cambio climtico en el sector agropecuario 16. Ecuador - Avances y experiencias en Gestin del Riesgo y Adaptacin al

Cambio Climtico en el Sector Agropecuario 17. Per - Los Desastres impactan en el Desarrollo 18. SICA - Caso de Amrica Central

Costos y Beneficios de la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico en Amrica Latina http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/CostosBeneficiosACC/index.html

Con la intencin de profundizar los conocimientos sobre la Economa de la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico, el grupo de trabajo AGROCLIMA de la GIZ Red Sectorial GADeR-ALC (Gestin Ambiental y Desarrollo Rural Amrica Latina y el Caribe) acord crear una iniciativa que trabaje la temtica a travs de estudios de anlisis costo-beneficio de la adaptacin al cambio climtico, en el contexto de

40


proyectos de desarrollo en los pases contraparte. La iniciativa est coordinada por la GIZ Per. Reunin de la Iniciativa Costos y Beneficios de la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico en Amrica Latina Grupo AGROCLIMA Red Sectorial GADeR-ALC Fecha: 30 de mayo al 01 de junio del 2012- Oficinas GIZ Mxico, D.F. Objetivos: Conocer detalles del avance de estudios de caso de anlisis costo-beneficio (ACB) en los pases integrantes, y fomentar el intercambio de conocimiento entre GIZ, expertos en la economa de la adaptacin y las contrapartes de los proyectos. Documentos de inters:

1. Anlisis Costo Beneficio para medidas de Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico 2. Introduccin al trabajo sobre Economa de Adaptacin en Alemania 3. Impacto del Cambio Climtico en los glaciares del Per- Laguna Palcacocha-

Ancash 4. Anlisis Beneficio Costo Gestin del Riesgo y Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico

Inversin Pblica SNIP Per 5. La metodologa de la Economa de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (TEEB) 6. Avances en Bolivia 7. Avances y opciones futuras para los estudios de caso de EACC, Avances en

Brasil 8. Economa de la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico, Avances en Ecuador 9. Avances en Mxico

Biblioteca con informacin adicional sobre el tema de la economa de la adaptacin http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/CostosBeneficiosACC/biblioteca.html

Proyecto "Seguros para micro-crditos agrarios para la adaptacin al cambio climtico" http://seguros.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/index.html

Seguros Climticos Innovadores Seguro contra el Fenmeno del Nio Per

En los ltimos aos, a nivel mundial se estn utilizando un nuevo tipo de seguros, llamado seguro indexado. El seguro indexado o basado en ndices es aquel seguro que se basa en un indicador climtico relacionado al posible dao o prdida para calcular la indemnizacin. A diferencia del seguro tradicional, el indexado no realiza una evaluacin de los daos para calcular la indemnizacin, sino utilizan un indicador establecido.

Biblioteca. http://seguros.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/biblioteca.php Noticias: http://seguros.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/noticias.php

Seguros para la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico Memoria del Proyecto Seguros para la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico Cooperacin Alemana al Desarrollo Agencia de la GIZ en el Per 2013

IPACC PERU http://www.ipacc.pe/ Proyecto Inversin Pblica y Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico (IPACC), financiado por el Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Proteccin de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear (BMU) de Alemania a travs de su Iniciativa Internacional de Proteccin del Clima (IKI) http://www.ipacc.pe/publicaciones.html

Finanzas pblicas: integrando la adaptacin al cambio climtico en la inversin pblica - Alberto Aquino ------------------------ Contraparte internacional: http://globalagrisk.com/-

41


Alianza con FOMIN Alianza para Reforzar el Conocimiento sobre los Microseguros en Amrica Latina http://www.microinsurancefacility.org/es/oit-fomin FOMIN Fondo Multilateral de Inversiones Miembro del Grupo BID

http://www.fomin.org/es-es/portada/proyectos.aspx Documentos de la Biblioteca BIVICA

Conceptos asociados a la gestin del riesgo de desastres en la planificacin e inversin para el desarrollo http://www.bivica.org/upload/gestion-riesgo-conceptos.pdf Sistema Nacional de Inversin Pblica y cambio climtico. Una estimacin de los costos y los beneficios de implementar medidas de reduccin del riesgo http://www.bivica.org/upload/inversion-cambio-climatico.pdf Los seguros agropecuarios en las Amricas: un instrumento para la gestin del riesgo / David Hatch [et.al.] San Jos, C.R.: IICA: ALASA, 2012. http://www.bivica.org/upload/seguros-agropecuarios.pdf Biblioteca de cambio climtico http://www.bivica.org/index.php?pg=/novedades http://www.bivica.org/index.php?pg=/noticias/050411/

ORGANIZACIN INTERNACIONAL DEL TRABAJO Protegiendo a los pobres. Un compendio sobre microseguro http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_104684/lang--es/index.htm Informe: Taller sobre cambio climtico: Sus consecuencias en el empleo y los mercados laborales, marzo 2010 http://www.ilo.org/actrav/what/pubs/WCMS_146173/lang--es/index.htm Labour and the Environment: A Natural Synergy UNEP WHO ILO http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---actrav/documents/publication/wcms_112529.pdf Base de datos de proyectos http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---actrav/documents/publication/wcms_112529.pdf Evaluacin del entorno para empresas sostenibles - Honduras 2013 http://www.ilo.org/empent/WCMS_227765/lang--es/index.htm

42


RISK MANAGEMENT

G20/OECD methodological framework on disaster risk assessment and risk financing

Disaster Risk Assessment and Risk Financing A G20 / OECD METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Foro Mundial Resumen Uso de los Sistemas Nacionales para la Gestin de las Finanzas para el Clima Facilitado por la Asociacin Mundial para la Cooperacin al Desarrollo Eficaz - 2-3 diciembre 2013 Incheon, Repblica de Corea http://www.oecd.org/dac/environment-development/2014-01-20%20Global%20Forum%20Summary%20Spanish.pdf

Fue organizado conjuntamente por el PNUD, el Gobierno de Corea, la OCDE y la Asociacin de las OSC para la Eficacia del Desarrollo; y fue co-financiado por Corea, Suecia, Alemania y la Alianza Global contra el Cambio Climtico (WACC) de la Unin Europea. El Foro defini los "sistemas nacionales" de manera amplia, dando a entender que estos incluyen las capacidades de un pas, incluso a nivel local, para la planificacin, coordinacin y ejecucin de polticas, la elaboracin de presupuestos y la gestin financiera, la realizacin de adquisiciones pblicas, el seguimiento y la evaluacin. La "financiacin climtica" fue definida por los pases como todos los gastos que estn relacionados con el clima, y que pueden ser financiados por fuentes nacionales o internacionales, de carcter pblico o privado. El uso de los sistemas nacionales para guiar y administrar el financiamiento climtico tiene como beneficio la identificacin de prioridades por los propios pases, la reduccin de duplicidades, la transparencia y una mayor rendicin de cuentas a nivel nacional, as como un aumento de oportunidades para generar una transformacin profunda que integre las cuestiones climticas con los objetivos deseados para el desarrollo. Los principales inconvenientes identificados para el uso de los sistemas nacionales incluyen aspectos polticos, institucionales y fiduciarios. El Foro decidi que es posible adaptar el exitoso modelo utilizado en Amrica Latina para el dilogo y el aprendizaje a nivel regional en la financiacin para el clima y el uso de los sistemas nacionales.

43


SECTOR PRIVADO ACCESS TO INSURANCE http://www.access-to-insurance.org/ Access to Insurance - An important strategy for reducing vulnerability The inability to manage vulnerability can perpetuate poverty. Access to insurance services can play an important role in mitigating welfare losses. Regulation and supervision can facilitate insurance markets to become more accessible and inclusive for low-income households. The Access to Insurance Initiative is a global partnership with the mission to inspire and support supervisors to promote inclusive and responsible insurance, thereby reducing vulnerability. The Initiative is the implementation partner of the Global Standard Setting Body for insurance, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) on access to insurance.

GLOBALAGRISK, INC. http://globalagrisk.com/ Innovations GlobalAgRisk milestone accomplishments have inspired governments, development institutions, and the private sector to replicate and expand sustainable risk transfer solutions throughout the world. GlobalAgRisk:

Contributed to the design of World Banks first index insurance projects beginning in 1997

Designed and acted as lead adviser for the globally acclaimed Index-based Livestock Insurance Program (Mongolia) since 1998

Contributed to the design of the first derivative contract for food security (Ethiopia 2006), which served as a starting point for the African Risk Capacity

Designed a parametric product against floods for a financial institution to increase financial inclusion (Mekong Delta, Vietnam)

Designed and launched the worlds first regulated insurance product that pays before the disaster, so called forecast insurance (Peru)

Designed an insurance contract that uses sea surface temperature for financial institutions to increase financial inclusion and climate resilience (Peru)

Risk modelling and design of parametric product against earthquake risk for financial institutions to increase financial inclusion (Indonesia)

New Approaches to Designing Index Insurance Insuring against Consequential Losses Projects:

Peru Mxico Nicaragua

44


Links: Global Centre on Disaster Risk and Poverty (GCDRP) http://www.gcdrp.org/

On-Going Projects "Insurance for Development: Protecting Emerging Markets and Their People in a Period of Climate Change" Climate Risk as an Obstacle to Economic Development in Underdeveloped Regions The Potential of Weather Index Insurance for Poverty Reduction

CGAP (the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor) Advancing financial inclusion to improve the lives of the poor http://www.cgap.org/ http://www.cgap.org/topics/financial-inclusion Latin America : http://www.cgap.org/countries/latin-america-and-caribbean

CLIMATE BONDS INITIATIVE

The Climate Bonds Initiative is an international, investor-focused not-for-profit. It's the only organisation in the world focusing on mobilizing the $80 trillion bond market for climate change solutions. A large and liquid Green and Climate Bonds Market will help to drive down the cost of capital for climate projects and improve access to lower-cost debt in emerging markets.

Bonds & Climate Change 2014

SWISS RE IFC and Swiss Re partner on index-based insurance innovation ZURICH Zurich champions responsible investing, doubling its commitment to green bonds up to USD 2 billion PORTAL DE MICROFINANZAS El Portal de Microfinanzas, un servicio de CGAP para la comunidad internacional, es el recurso en espaol ms completo dedicado a promover la inclusin financiera. Fue lanzado en agosto del 2009 y desde entonces ha sido una plataforma para crear, innovar e intercambiar ideas sobre el sector de microfinanzas y las tendencias en inclusin financiera. CGAP (the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor) is a global partnership of 34 leading organizations that seek to advance financial inclusion.

FONDO PARA LA INNOVACIN EN MICROSEGUROS Microinsurance Innovation Facility http://www.microinsurancefacility.org/es Experiencias de pases: http://www.microinsurancefacility.org/es/topic/market-development/subtopic/country-experience

45


CLIMATE POLICY INITIATIVE

The Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2013 - CPI Report Climate Policy Initiative - October 2013 http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-2013/

About CPI Climate Policy Initiative is a team of analysts and advisors that works to improve the most important energy and land use policies around the world, with a particular focus on finance. An independent organization supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Foundations, CPI works in places that provide the most potential for policy impact including Brazil, China, Europe, India, Indonesia, and the United States. Our work helps nations grow while addressing increasingly scarce resources and climate risk. This is a complex challenge in which policy plays a crucial role.

SCOR GROUP SCOR Global P&C (Property and Casualty reinsurance) and SCOR Global Life (Life reinsurance), plus an asset management business, SCOR Global Investments.

Managing Agricultural Production Risk - Innovations in Developing Countries http://www.scor.com/en/sgrc/pac/agriculture/item/1746/1746.html?lout=sgrc

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND

http://www.edf.org/ A Blind Eye to Climate Change? Fred Krupp on how corporate chiefsand politiciansarent preparing for whats coming - Pg. 2 http://economics.wsj.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ECOnomics_2014_Special-Report.pdf

RISK MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS INC http://www.rms.com/ The global RMS model suite delivers the most informed view of risk possible, based on over 20 years of experience and catastrophe modeling expertise. Our models help insurers and reinsurers underwrite risk today and strategize for the future. See more at: http://www.rms.com/models#sthash.VIMQ5SRU.dpuf Aggregate cat bonds: the model variations: http://static.rms.com/email/documents/newsroom/aggregate-cat-bonds-model-variations.pdf In this special project, Trading Risk worked with modelling agencies to highlight the range of expected loss outcomes from cascading annual aggregate cat Bonds. The cat bond market has taken on more Florida-specific deals in 2014 than ever before, with a handful of transactions completed by regional cedants as well as the $1.5bn Everglades Re deal. RMS plans to give governments access to multi-peril risk modeling tool- 2014-07-04 http://www.canadianunderwriter.ca/news/rms-plans-to-give-governments-access-to-multi-peril-risk-modeling-tool/1003142736/

46


How public sector risk transfer solutions can make societies more resilient https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/sites/climateinvestmentfunds.org/files/Swiss%20Re%20PPCR%2019%20march%2010.pdf

Michael Schwarz | 19 March 2010 - Swiss Re Public Sector -Assistant Vice President

AMERICAN RISK AND INSURANCE ASSOCIATION (ARIA) http://www.aria.org/index.html

EUROPEAN GROUP OF RISK AND INSURANCE ECONOMISTS (EGRIE). http://www.egrie.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1

Useful Links http://www.egrie.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=13&Itemid=48

------------------------------ CAT BONDS and other risk-linked securities: state of the market and recent developments - J. David Cummins Risk Management and Insurance Review, 2008, Vol. 11, No. 1, 23-47 http://homepage.univie.ac.at/franz.diboky/RI2/CAT_Bonds.pdf ------------------------------------------------------- Climate services for society: origins, institutional arrangements, and design elements for an evaluation framework Catherine Vaughan, and Suraje Dessai http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.290/pdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.290/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/advanced/search/results ------------------------------------------------- Catastrophe bonds, insurance linked securities, reinsurance capital & investment, risk transfer intelligence http://www.artemis.bm/deal_directory/ ------------------------------------------------- Climate bonds. A dull shade of green - A modest, but important, addition to climate finance. Oct 29th 2011 http://www.economist.com/node/21534810 Microinsurance. A hard sell. New research suggests insurance can be made more attractive for poor farmers. Jan 4th 2014 |http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21592653-new-research-suggests-insurance-can-be-made-more-attractive-poor-farmers-hard

47


OTROS SITIOS Y RECURSOS CLIMATE FUNDS UPDATE

Climate Funds Update is an independent website that provides information on the growing number of international climate finance initiatives designed to help developing countries address the challenges of climate change. About Climate Funds http://www.climatefundsupdate.org/listing A list of funds tracked by Climate Funds Update, and links to fund profile pages can be found below.

FORUM FOR AGRICULTURAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT (FARMD) https://www.agriskmanagementforum.org/ The Forum for Agricultural Risk Management in Development (FARMD) is a network of practitioners seeking to enhance the sharing of experience and knowledge in agricultural risk management. FARMD provides a platform for sharing experiences and information amongst agricultural risk management practitioners, but also provides a space for learning, capacity building, and advancing knowledge in agricultural risk management. By improving the practice of agricultural risk management, the network seeks to strengthen investments in the agricultural sector and reduce vulnerabilities of stakeholders.

Weather Index Insurance for Agriculture: Guidance for Development Practitioners

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE (DRRI) http://daraint.org/risk-reduction-index/disaster-risk-reduction-initiative-drri/ Risk Reduction Index http://daraint.org/risk-reduction-index/

CLIMATE FINANCE AND MARKETS

ALIANZA CLIMA Y DESARROLLO Gestin de riesgos de desastres Amrica Latina y el Caribe Gua CDKN: Toma de decisiones con conocimiento del riesgo de desastres

48


REGATTA PLATAFORMA de Cambio Climtico para Amrica Latina y el Caribe, REGATTA Portal Regional de Transferencia de Tecnologa y Accin frente al Cambio Climtico en Amrica Latina y el Caribe (REGATTA) http://www.cambioclimatico-regatta.org./index.php/es/ http://www.cambioclimatico-regatta.org./index.php/es/oportunidades-de-financiamiento

The Disaster Information Management System is a tool that helps to analyze the disaster trends and their impacts in a systematic manner. With increased understanding of the disaster trends and their impacts, better prevention, mitigation and preparedness measures can be planned to reduce the impact of disasters on the communities. http://www.desinventar.org/es/ http://online.desinventar.org/

Cambio Climtico y Gestin del Riesgo

El Centro Regional de Informacin sobre Desastres (CRID) es una iniciativa patrocinada por seis organizaciones que decidieron mancomunar esfuerzos para asegurar la recopilacin y diseminacin de informacin disponible sobre el tema de desastres en Amrica Latina y el Caribe. Estas organizaciones son: - Organizacin Panamericana de la Salud Oficina Regional de la Organizacin Mundial de la Salud, OPS/OMS - Naciones Unidas, secretara de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reduccin de Desastres, ONU/EIRD - Comisin Nacional de Prevencin de Riesgos y Atencin de Emergencias de Costa Rica, CNE - Federacin Internacional de Sociedades Nacionales de la Cruz Roja y Media Luna Roja, FICR - Centro de Coordinacin para la Prevencin de los Desastres Naturales en Amrica Central, CEPREDENAC Tambin le da soporte a esta iniciativa la National Library of Medicine (NLM).

Redes de Gestin de Riesgos y Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico

CEPREDENAC Plataforma Regional

OTRAS REDES

Date post:	08-Jan-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	rzabal
View:	9 times
Download:	0 times

Instrumentos Financieros Para Cobertura Del Riesgo- Parte I

Documents