Int Migration Human Rights

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International Migration

and Human RightsCha ad Opportuiti o th Thrhod of th 60th

Aivrary of th Uivra Dcaratio of Huma Riht

Global Migration Group


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ii InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs

Publication of the Global Migration Group (GMG)Itratioa labour Oraizatio (IlO)

Itratioa Oraizatio for Miratio (IOM)

Uitd natio Ofc of th Hih Commiior for Huma Riht (OHCHR)

Uitd natio Rioa Commiio

Uitd natio Cofrc o Trad ad Dvopmt (UnCTAD)

Uitd natio Dpartmt of ecoomic ad socia Affair (UnDesA)

Uitd natio Dvopmt Proramm (UnDP)

Uitd natio educatioa, scitic ad Cutura Oraizatio (UnesCO)

Uitd natio Popuatio Fud (UnFPA)

Uitd natio Hih Commiior for Rfu (UnHCR)

Uitd natio Chidr Fud (UnICeF)

Uitd natio Ititut for Traii ad Rarch (UnITAR)

Uitd natio Ofc o Dru ad Crim (UnODC)

Word Bak

Acknowledgements:Victor Abramovich (Uivridad nacioa d lau), nichoa Aipui (UnICeF), Ibrahim Awad (IlO),

sbatia Baumitr (UnODC), Jacqui Bhabha (Harvard Uivrity), Phiipp Bocour (IOM), Jffry

Crip (UnHCR), Pau D guchtir (UnesCO), Cara edbo (OHCHR), Karim ghzraoui (OHCHR),

eizabth gibbo (UnICeF), Jo Miu guzm (UnFPA), sua gzh (Uivrity of Chicao), Ji

Hk (IOM), sabi Hi (UnDesA), Ba Hovy (UnDesA), Zaofr Imabb (UnDP), Dirk Japr

(eClAC), sabria Jura (UnFPA), Azfar Kha (IlO), Juia Krchr (UnDP), Mich Ki soomo (IOM),

Pau ladd (UnDP), su Bok l (UnICeF), Tary lr (OHCHR), laura lopz (eClAC), Kama

Mahotra (UnDP), Jor Martz Pizarro (eClAC), Mia Mahaykhi (UnCTAD), luz Aa Mo

(UnFPA), sakt Mohapatra (Word Bak), Richard Mora (UnICeF), Ajadro Morachtti (UnICeF),

Aia naruova (IOM), Tia nb (UnFPA), Kiko Oaki (esCAP), Paoo Pac (IOM), A Pawiczko

(UnFPA), Atoi Pcoud (UnesCO), nadi Prraut (UnICeF), Richard Prruchoud (IOM), Cathri

Phuo (OHCHR), Rbcca Pow (UnODC), Riikka Putto (UnODC), Diip Ratha (Word Bak),sarah Roartr (UnITAR), Jiya Rdpath (IOM), nirmaa Rddy (UnICeF), Thokozi Ruzvidzo

(UneCA), Rha saab (UnICeF), Martha sato Pai (UnICeF), sta schuhmachr (UnICeF), Adriao

sivtri (UnHCR), Axia Tavau (UnODC), Co Thouz (UnITAR), Amiata Tour (UnFPA), shr

Vrick (UneCA), Jaqui Wkr (IOM), Piyairi Wickramakara (IlO), Haia Zotik (UnDesA).

IsBn: 978-0-89714-900-6

October 2008

For more information or publication requests please contact:[email protected]

www.obamiratioroup.or


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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs iii

Contents

Foreword v

I. Introduction 1

II. Denitions 7

A. Itratioa Mirat 7

B. Rfu ad Ayum skr 9

C. Typ of Miratio 10

D. Trafcki ad smui 10e. Ky Miratio-Ratd Trm 12

III. TheLegalFramework 13

A. Promotio of lawfu

Coditio of Miratio 17

B. Fma Mirat 19

C. Mirat Chidr 21

D. Mirat Workr 24e. Rfu 30

F. smud Mirat

ad Victim of Trafcki 31

g. Mirat i Dttio 32

H. Advac i Protctio

Mchaim of Huma

Riht by Rio 34

IV. ChallengesofProtectingthe

HumanRightsofMigrants 38

A. Irruar Mirat 43

B. Fma Mirat 44

C. Mirat Chidr 50

D. Mirat Workr 55

e. Rfu 60

F. smud Mirat

ad Victim of Trafcki 64g. Mirat i Dttio 71

V. Migration,Globalizationand

theRighttoDevelopment 75

A. gobaizatio: stti th

sta for eair ad Fatr

Circuatio of Pop 75

B. Miratio ad Dvopmt

lika 78

C. Th Impact of Cimat

Cha o Miratio 83D. Miratio ad Hath 84

e. Cocrtizi th Riht

to Dvopmt throuh

Miratio 86

F. Maki Miratio Work

for Dvopmt 89

VI. MigrationDataandtheHumanRightsPerspective 93

VII.Conclusion:KeyMessages 98

A. Th la Framwork 98

B. Cha Facd by

Diffrt Mirat group 100

C. lika btw Miratio

ad Dvopmt 106

AppendixA:TheGlobal

MigrationGroup 109

AppendixB:RelevantMigration

andHumanRights

Instruments 115

AppendixC:AdoptionofKey

UnitedNationsLegal

InstrumentsonInter-nationalMigration 119


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THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

FOREWORD TO THE GLOBAL MIGRATION GROUP REPORT,

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS:

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ON THE THRESHOLD

OF THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION

OF HUMAN RIGHTS

October 2008

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, whose sixtieth anniversary we

celebrate this year, remains the primary international articulation of the fundamentalrights of all members of the human family. To mark the anniversary, the member

agencies of the Global Migration Group have embarked on a timely, collaborative effort

to analyze the challenges of protecting the human rights of international migrants.

This report is the product of that process. Among its main ndings is the

assessment that despite the many positive contributions migration makes to the

development of countries of origin and destination, it is essential that migrants are seen

not solely as agents of development. They are human beings with rights that States have

an obligation to protect even when they exercise their sovereign right to determine whoenters and remains in their territory.

Cooperation between governments in countries of origin, transit and destination,

and among non-governmental organizations, civil society and migrants themselves, is

vital for ensuring that international human rights instruments are implemented and that

migrants are aware of their rights and obligations. Groups with special needs, including

migrant children, female labour migrants in the informal sector, trafcking victims and

irregular migrants, as well as refugees and asylum seekers, are particularly deserving of

and entitled to effective protection.

I thank the United Nations Population Fund for initiating this joint project during

its tenure as Chair of the Global Migration Group. The members of the Global Migration

Group are to be commended for making this timely report a reality. I hope it will serve

as a useful tool in our common quest to protect the human rights of migrants, and

I recommend it to a wide global audience.

BAN Ki-moon

UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES


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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 1

I. Introduction

Currt miratio ow hav pacd th

iu of miratio hih o th itratioa

ada. Th maitud ad compxity of

th phomo i uch that itratioa

miratio ca o or b coidrd

priphra to th maitram of dv-

opmt poici. Today, vry coutry iaffctd i om way by miratio ithr

a coutry of orii, trait or dtiatio,

or omtim a combiatio of th.

I 2005, 191 miio pop, rprti

thr pr ct of th word popuatio,

ridd outid th coutry of thir birth.

Amot o i vry t pro ivi ith mor dvopd rio of th word i

a mirat compard to o out of vry v-

ty pro i th dvopd rio.

sixty pr ct of a th word mirat

iv i th mor dvopd rio. Th

art umbr of mirat iv i europ

(64 miio), foowd by Aia (53 miio)

ad northr Amrica (45 miio). Fma

mirat mak up haf of a itratioa

mirat. Fma mirat outumbr

ma mirat i dvopd coutri.

Thr-quartr of a itratioa mirat

ar coctratd i oy 28 coutri ad

o i v itratioa mirat iv i

th Uitd stat of Amrica.1

Th amot 200 miio pro ivi out-id thir coutry of birth ar itratioa

mirat of o typ or aothr whthr

ivi abroad voutariy or forcd by cir-

cumtac byod thir cotro; whthr

ki a bttr if or impy a diffrt

o; whthr ay admittd to ridc

or ivi a cadti xitc o th

mari of ocity. Ad a irrpctivof thir atioa orii, thir rac, crd or

coor, or thir a tatu har with th

atioa of thir hot commuity both a

commo humaity ad riht ad rpo-

ibiiti icudi th riht to xpct

dct ad huma tratmt. Whi for

may th miratio proc i a mpow-

ri xpric, th raity for om io of xpoitatio ad abu, ithr im-

itd to th miratio joury or xpri-

cd whi i th coutry of dtiatio.

Mirat wom ad chidr ar particu-

ary vurab to xpoitatio, ad thr-

for rquir pcia atttio to ur that

thir huma riht ar rpctd.

Itratioa mirat ar a htroou

roup. From hihy kid profioa

to th you m ad wom who ar

mud acro bordr to work i wat

hop, thy icud pop who hav b

i th coutry for dcad ad tho who

arrivd oy ytrday. I may ituatio,

mirat ar itratd ito th coomy

ad ocity of th coutry i which thy iv,thir riht ar rpctd, ad thr ar fw


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2 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs

International Migration Data by Region

Africa: I 2005, thr wr 17 miio itr-

atioa mirat i Africa, accouti for

1.88 pr ct of th Africa popuatio. Th

majority of thm, 7.5 miio ad 4.5 miio,

miratd to Wtr ad eatr Africa,

rpctivy. I th pat dcad, thr i o

car trd i th rowth rat of th mirat

tock i Africa, with varyi rat btw

1.86 to -1.68 to 0.68. O avra, Africa

mirat tock icrad by 1.39 pr ct

btw 1960 ad 2005.

Asia and Pacic: I 2005, thr wr 58 miio

itratioa mirat i th Aia ad Pacic

rio, 53 miio of thm i Aia ad 5 mi-

io i th Pacic. Amo th Aia dtia-

tio, th majority of itratioa mirat, 23

miio ad 18 miio, mov to Wtr ad

south-ctra Aia. I th Pacic, Autraia ad

nw Zaad accout for th vat majority of

mirat (4.7 miio). Itratioa mirat

i th Pacic rprt 15 pr ct of th tota

popuatio.2

Europe: I 2005, europ wa hom to 64 mi-

io itratioa mirat, rprti 9 pr

ct of th tota popuatio i europ. Amo

th prfrrd europa dtiatio ar th

eatr ad Wtr europa coutri with

a mirat tock of 22 miio ach. Mira-

tio ow to europ hav b cotiuou

dpit a dcra i miratio aftr rcruit-

mt toppd i 1973/4. growi coomic

proprity i southr europa coutri

a w a th itroductio of mor rtric-

tiv immiratio poici i northr europ

chad th domiac of northr ad

Wtr europa coutri a coutri of

dtiatio, ruti i a icra i mira-

tio ow to formr abour di coutri,

uch a southr europa coutri, Irad

ad Fiad.3

Latin America and Caribbean: Th tota um-

br of mirat ivi i lati Amrica ad th

Caribba i 6.5 miio rprti 1 pr ct

of th rio tota popuatio, whi th lati

Amrica ad Caribba mirat popuatio

rprt 4 pr ct of th rioa popua-

tio. With om atioa xcptio, for vry

mirat i th rio, aothr 4 pop ar

foud outid of th rio. I om coutri

of lati Amrica, th proportio of mirat a

a prcta of th atioa popuatio bordr

10 pr ct ad i v hihr i om Carib-

ba coutri.4 May Caribba atio hav

mor tha 20 pr ct of thir popuatio

abroad.5

Northern America: Miratio to northr

Amrica ha cotiuouy icrad ovr th

at fw dcad with a avra rowth rat

of 2.8 pr ct. I 2005, thr wr 44.5 mi-

io itratioa mirat ivi i th Uitd

stat of Amrica, Caada, Brmuda, gr-

ad ad sait Pirr t Miquo, rprt-

i 13.5 pr ct of th tota popuatio i th

rio.

obtac to thir abiity to cotribut co-

omicay, ociay ad cuturay. I othr

ituatio, howvr, mirat riht ar

rpctd, ad i ordr to ad cur

ad productiv iv, thy d huma

riht protctio ad ar idd titd to

it. It i oft mirat with irruar tatu

that ar mot i d of thi protctio.


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Today, miratio i at th forfrot of

poitica ad iativ ada i may

coutri ad i ao a topic of cotiud

pubic dbat at th itratioa v.Whi thi dbat ha ctrd ithr o

th prcivd cha pod by mira-

tio, or o it cotributio to dvopmt

ad povrty aviatio, th ixtricab

coctio btw miratio, dvop-

mt ad huma riht ha b iuf-

city xpord.

Th cor pricip of th itratioahuma riht rim i that huma riht

ar uivra, idiviib, iaiab, ad

itrdpdt. A t forth i th Uivr-

a Dcaratio of Huma Riht, mirat

ar rt ad formot huma bi,

icudd i th vryo of Artic 2:

evryo i titd to a th riht ad

frdom t forth i thi Dcaratio,without ditictio of ay kid, uch a

rac, coour, x, aua, riio, poiti-

ca or othr opiio, atioa or ocia ori-

i, proprty, birth or othr tatu.6 Th

pricip of uivraity impi that stat

of orii, trait, ad dtiatio ar a

rpoib for th protctio of mirat

huma riht.

Thi yar, th Uitd natio i com-

mmorati th 60th Aivrary of th

Uivra Dcaratio of Huma Riht.

Th Dcaratio mbodi th fudam-

ta uivrait ida that a huma bi

hav riht.

Th Covtio Rati to th statuof Rfu wa o of th rt trati

cocudd aftr th Uivra Dcaratio

of Huma Riht wa adoptd. It i th ky

a documt di th tatu of rfu-

, thir riht ad th a obiatioof stat. Th 1967 Protoco7 rmovd

oraphica ad tmpora rtrictio

from th Covtio.8

I 1990, th gra Amby adoptd

th Itratioa Covtio o th Pro-

tctio of th Riht of A Mirat Work-

r ad Mmbr of thir Famii. Th

Covtio opd a w chaptr i thhitory of ffort to tabih th riht of

mirat workr ad to ur that tho

riht ar protctd ad rpctd.9

I 2000, th Uitd natio gra

Amby adoptd th Protoco to Pr-

vt, suppr ad Puih Trafcki i

Pro, epciay Wom ad Chidr10

ad th Protoco aait th smui

of Mirat by lad, sa ad Air,11 which

trd ito forc i 2003 ad 2004,

rpctivy. Th Protoco uppmtd

th Covtio aait Traatioa

Oraizd Crim12 to prvt ad com-

bat trafcki i pro ad mui

of mirat, protct ad ait th victim

of huma trafcki, ad trth th

coopratio amo stat.

Th importac of miratio wa furthr-

mor raid at variou Uitd natio

cofrc. I 1994, th Itratioa

Cofrc o Popuatio ad Dvop-

mt (ICPD) i Cairo13 poitd to th

d to addr a root cau of mira-tio, pciay tho ratd to povrty. It


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t a it objctiv th couramt of

mor coopratio ad diaou btw

coutri of orii ad dtiatio i ordr

to maximiz th bt of miratio totho cocrd ad icra th iki-

hood that miratio ha poitiv co-

quc for th dvopmt of both

di ad rcivi coutri.

I 2001, th Word Cofrc aait

Racim, Racia Dicrimiatio, Xophobia

ad Ratd Itorac14 hd i Durba,

wa a admark i th tru to radicata form of racim. Th Cofrc rco-

izd that miratio icrad a a rut

of obaizatio, particuary from th south

to th north, ad trd that poici

toward miratio houd ot b bad o

racim, racia dicrimiatio, xophobia

ad ratd itorac. Furthrmor, th

Durba Cofrc cad for a rviw, adwhr cary, rviio of ay immira-

tio poicy icoitt with itratioa

huma riht itrumt, with a focu o

th imiatio of a dicrimiatory poici

ad practic aait mirat.

Th dprivatio of th huma riht to

dvopmt i o of th cau of

miratio itf. Th Uivra Dcaratio

of Huma Riht tat that vryo

a a mmbr of ocity, ha th riht to

ocia curity ad i titd to raizatio,

throuh atioa ffort ad itratioa

coopratio ad i accordac with th

oraizatio ad rourc of ach stat,

of th coomic, ocia ad cutura riht

idipab for hi diity ad th frdvopmt of hi proaity.15

Th city to itrat th aayi

of miratio ad dvopmt poici

i upportd by th idiviib, uivra

ad itrdpdt charactr of humariht a huma bi hav huma

riht vrywhr for mirat, i thir

coutri of orii, coutri of trait ad

coutri of dtiatio. A huma riht

approach which mphaiz stat rpo-

ibiity for th promotio of coomic,

ocia, cutura, civi ad poitica riht

ab initio may rcat dvopmt poici

i a way that woud rduc miratiocaud by th iabiity of stat to ur

th xrci of atioa of thir riht to

dvopmt.

Mor work i dd to impmt th

oa of th 1986 Uitd natio Dcara-

tio o th Riht to Dvopmt, stat

hav th riht ad th duty to formuatappropriat atioa dvopmt poici

that aim at th cotat improvmt of

th w-bi of th tir popuatio ad

of a idividua.16

Th d to trat miratio ad dvop-

mt poici tothr ha ow b iv

oba promic by th goba Forum o

Miratio ad Dvopmt (gFMD). Th

goba Forum i a iitiativ of th itra-

tioa commuity to addr th ratio

btw miratio ad dvopmt i

a practica ad actio-oritd way. Th

gFMD wa propod by th Un scrtary-

gra ad hi spcia Rprtativ o

Itratioa Miratio ad Dvopmt

at th Hih lv Diaou o Itra-tioa Miratio ad Dvopmt17 o


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14-15 sptmbr 2006 withi th fram-

work of th gra Amby of th

Uitd natio. It iauura mti wa

hd i Bru i Juy 2007 udr thchairmahip of th govrmt of B-

ium. Thi yar th goba Forum i bi

hotd i Maia by govrmt of th

Phiippi.18

Itratioa miratio ha tdd to b

primariy i dvopmt trm, a

a rpo to dipariti i icom v

ad a a ma to crat mpoymtopportuiti. Umpoymt ad povrty

ar oft th puh factor which imp

idividua to av thir hom coutri,

whi cro bordr diffrc i wa

v ad abour dmad ar th pu fac-

tor which dirct thm to mor dvopd

coomi.19 Mirat cotribut to dv-

opmt i thir hom coutri throuhrmittac, ad to thir hot coutri

throuh thir work ad cutura divrity,

ad i om coutri to popuatio

rowth ad cha i a tructur.

Howvr, ot ouh atttio ha b

paid to th ro of huma riht duri th

miratio proc or to th way i which

a ack of rpct for th huma riht

of mirat i th coutri of dtia-

tio rduc thir abiity to cotribut to

dvopmt. Wh miratio i ot ao

approachd from thi prpctiv, two dif-

cuti ari: rt ad f vidty th

protctio of mirat i ot iv priority

ad cody, whr miratio i oy

i coomic trm, mirat may com tob rardd mor a commoditi, rathr

tha a idividua titd to th fu

joymt of thir huma riht.20

Traditioay, both i coutri of orii adi rcipit stat, uch a approach ha

b ary udrpid by cot-bt

aay. For itac, rmittac hav

bcom a importat ourc of icom

for may coutri of orii, whi may

idutri ad rvic providr i hot

ociti bt from a mirat-bad

abour forc. Thr i ra armt

that th bcia ffct of miratio itrm of povrty rductio, dvopmt

ad wath cratio i hihr tha th

huma rourc ad acia cot pt

by stat to ivt i w tchooi to

protct thir bordr ad for th proviio

of ocia rvic.

Whi thi typ of aayi i cary, iti icompt bcau it fai to tak ito

accout th riht to huma diity of a

mirat. It i oft vioc, ocia ad

coomic xcuio, povrty, ack of acc

to baic rvic, iquaity of opportui-

ti, ad mutip apct of dicrimiatio

that forc pop to av thir commui-

ti ad ivihood. Huma diity i ao

at tak i coutri of dtiatio wh

mirat ar ubjct to vioc, abu

ad dicrimiatio.. If coutri of orii

ad dtiatio ar to rap th fu dv-

opmt bt of miratio ot jut

coutd i trm of voum of rmittac

ad chap abour, rpctivy, but ao i

trm of th iuitic ad cutura vau

that mirat may bri it i tiato addr th ocia ad huma riht


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apct of miratio a w a th mor

obviou coomic ai.

International Migration and Human Rights.Challenges and Opportunities on the Thresh-

old of the 60th Anniversary of the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights coidr th

huma riht framwork ovri mira-

tio, arui that mirat ar ot impy

at of dvopmt, but huma bi

with riht which stat, xrcii thir

ovri riht to dtrmi who tr

ad rmai i thir trritory, hav a obi-atio to protct. Idd, rpcti ad

protcti th huma riht of mirat

ab thm to cotribut to dvop-

mt ad har i it bt; thi icud

th dvopmt of mirat, thir cou-

tri of orii ad thir hot coutri. Th

rport k to provid stat with uid-

ac i ordr to promot awfu coditioof miratio ad maa it ui a huma

riht-bad approach.

It i rt ad formot th rpoibi-

ity of ovrmt to protct th huma

riht of mirat. Itratioa huma

riht proviio ca ao b forcd i

itratioa ad domtic court i ca

brouht by idividua ad pubic ititu-

tio (pubic df, ombudpro,

tc.). Howvr, o itratioa huma

riht proviio, or ay othr aw i f-

forci. It i pricipay throuh th

viiac of civi ocity that vioatio of

huma riht ar brouht to iht. Civi

ocity oraizatio, icudi o-ov-

rmta oraizatio, abour uio,

mirat aociatio, ad riiou bod-

i hav a importat ro to pay i th

ffort to protct th huma riht of a

catori of mirat.

Th work of 14 mmbr aci of th

goba Miratio group, thi pubicatio i

dividd ito v chaptr. Th itroduc-

tio hihiht th maitud ad compx-

ity of currt miratio ow ad poit

out th importat ro of huma riht i

th miratio ad dvopmt dicour.

Chaptr II dcrib th variou cato-ri of mirat, ad provid a rioa

ovrviw of miratio. Chaptr III provid

th a framwork udrpii th

iu of huma riht, pciay a thy

rat to mirat. Chaptr IV dcrib

th major cha i th protctio of

th huma riht of mirat. Chaptr

V hihiht miratio ad dvopmtika ad focu o maki miratio

work for dvopmt. Chaptr VI poit

out th importac of a ad x-dia-

ratd miratio data to moitor ad

a th ffctiv of maur to

afuard th huma riht of mirat.

Th cocudi chaptr prt th ky

ma rardi th protctio of th

huma riht of mirat. Th rport ao

icud thr appdic: Appdix A a

brif ummary of th activiti of th 14

aci comprii th goba Miratio

group; Appdix B rvat miratio

ad huma riht itrumt ad App-

dix C th umbr of coutri that hav

adoptd ky Uitd natio a itru-

mt o itratioa miratio.


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II. Denitions

Thr i a ack of uivray accptd

ditio i th ara of itratioa

miratio. Ditio i thi ara ar oft

vau, cotrovria or cotradictory. Thi

tm to om xtt from th fact that

miratio i a phomo which ha tra-

ditioay b addrd at th atioav. Thrfor th ua of miratio

trm diffr from coutry to coutry. Fur-

thrmor, withi a coutry, trm ca vary

i mai or impicatio. Ditio may

ao vary accordi to a iv prpctiv

or approach.21

A. International Migrant

1. IrregularMigrant

A irruar mirat i vry pro who,

owi to udocumtd try or th

xpiry of hi or hr via, ack a ta-

tu i a trait or hot coutry. Th trm

appi to mirat who ifri a cou-

try admiio ru ad ay othr pr-

o ot authorizd to rmai i th hot

coutry (ao cad cadti/ ia/

udocumtd mirat or mirat i a

irruar ituatio).22

2. FemaleMigrant

Wom ad ir who mov from thir

coutry of orii i vr icraiumbr mak up th rak of fma

miratio. Idd, ovr th at v

dcad thr ha b a tady icra

of fma miratio. Wom ow mov

aroud mor idpdty ad o or

oy i ratio to thir famiy poitio or

udr a ma authority.

3. MigrantChild

Th catory of mirat chid rfr to th

pro who i accordi to th aw of th

rvat coutry, bow th a of ih-

t yar u udr th aw appicab

to th chid, majority i attaid arir.23

Uaccompaid mirat chidr ca b

dd a mirat chidr who miratacro atioa bordr paraty (thouh

ot cariy divorcd) from thir fami-

i, ad icud withi thi ditio four

broad catori dd by th primary

purpo of trav: (a) Chidr who trav

i arch of opportuiti, whthr duca-

tioa or mpoymt ratd (b) Chidr

who trav to urviv to cap prcu-

tio or war, famiy abu, dir povrty (c)

Chidr who trav for famiy ruio to

joi documtd or udocumtd fam-

iy mmbr who hav arady miratd24

(d) Chidr who trav i th cotxt of

xpoitatio (icudi trafcki).25

4. MigrantWorker

A documtd mirat workr i a prowho tr a stat, to tay ad to a


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i a rmuratd activity i th stat of

mpoymt puruat to th aw of that

stat ad to itratioa armt to

which that stat i a party.

26

Th trm mirat workr rfr

to a pro who i to b ad,

i ad or ha b ad i

a rmuratd activity i a stat of

which h or h i ot a atioa.27

Th trm frotir workr rfr to

a mirat workr who rtai hi orhr habitua ridc i a ihbour-

i stat to which h or h ormay

rtur vry day or at at oc a

wk;

Th trm aoa workr rfr to

a mirat workr who work by it

charactr i dpdt o aoacoditio ad i prformd oy dur-

i part of th yar;

Th trm afarr, which icud a

hrma, rfr to a mirat workr

mpoyd o board a v ritrd

i a stat of which h or h i ot a

atioa;

Th trm workr o a offhor

itaatio rfr to a mirat workr

mpoyd o a offhor itaatio

that i udr th juridictio of a stat

of which h or h i ot a atioa;

Th trm itirat workr rfr to a

mirat workr who, havi hi or hrhabitua ridc i o stat, ha

to trav to aothr stat or stat for

hort priod, owi to th atur of

hi or hr occupatio;

Th trm projct-tid workr rfr

to a mirat workr admittd to a stat

of mpoymt for a dd priod to

work oy o a pcic projct bi

carrid out i that stat by hi or hr

mpoyr;

Th trm pcid-mpoymt

workr rfr to a mirat workr: who ha b t by hi or hr

mpoyr for a rtrictd ad

dd priod of tim to a stat of

mpoymt to udrtak a p-

cic aimt or duty; or

who a for a rtrictd ad

dd priod of tim i work that

rquir profioa, commrcia,tchica or othr hihy pcia-

izd ki; or

who, upo th rqut of hi or hr

mpoyr i th stat of mpoy-

mt, a for a rtrictd ad

dd priod of tim i work

who atur i traitory or brif;

who i rquird to dpart from th

stat of mpoymt ithr at th

xpiratio of hi or hr authorizd

priod of tay, or arir if h or h

o or udrtak that pcic

aimt or duty or a i

that work.

Th trm f-mpoyd workr rfr

to a mirat workr who i ad ia rmuratd activity othrwi tha


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udr a cotract of mpoymt ad

who ar hi or hr ivi throuh

thi activity ormay worki ao

or tothr with mmbr of hi orhr famiy, ad to ay othr mirat

workr rcoizd a f-mpoyd

by appicab iatio of th stat of

mpoymt or biatra or mutiatra

armt.28

5. EnvironmentalMigrant

A viromta mirat i charactrizd

a a pro who, for compi rao ofudd or proriv cha i th vi-

romt that advry affct hi/hr if

or ivi coditio, i forcd to av hi/

hr habitua hom ad cro a atioa

bordr, or choo to do o, ithr tm-

porariy or prmaty. eviromta

mirat may b ditiuihd btw

two catori:

eviromtay motivatd mirat

ar dd a tho pro who

pr-mpt th wort by avi bfor

viromta dradatio rut i

dvatatio of thir ivihood ad

commuiti. Th idividua may

av a dtriorati viromt that

coud b rhabiitatd with propr po-

icy ad ffort.29 Thir movmt may

b tmporary or prmat.

eviromta forcd mirat ar

dd a tho pro who ar

avoidi th wort. Th idividu-

a hav to av du to a o of

ivihood, ad thir dipacmt imaiy prmat. examp icud

dipacmt or miratio du to a

v ri or o of topoi.30

B. Refugee and Asylum Seeker

1. Refugee

Th trm rfu ha appy to ay pr-

o who: 1) ha b coidrd a rfu

udr th Arramt of 12 May 1926

ad 30 Ju 1928 or udr th Cov-

tio of 28 Octobr 1933 ad 10 Fbruary

1938, th Protoco of 14 sptmbr 1939 orth Cotitutio of th Itratioa Rfu-

Oraizatio; Dciio of o-ii-

biity tak by th Itratioa Rfu

Oraizatio duri th priod of it activi-

ti ha ot prvt th tatu of rfu

bi accordd to pro who fu th

coditio of pararaph 2 of thi ctio;

2) a a rut of vt occurri bfor 1Jauary 195131 ad owi to w-foudd

far of bi prcutd for rao of

rac, riio, atioaity, mmbrhip of a

particuar ocia roup or poitica opiio,

i outid th coutry of hi atioaity ad

i uab or, owi to uch far, i uwi-

i to avai himf of th protctio of that

coutry; or who, ot havi a atioaity

ad bi outid th coutry of hi for-

mr habitua ridc a a rut of uch

vt, i uab or, owi to uch far, i

uwii to rtur to it. I th ca of a pr-

o who ha mor tha o atioaity, th

trm th coutry of hi atioaity ha

ma ach of th coutri of which h i a

atioa, ad a pro ha ot b dmd

to b acki th protctio of th cou-try of hi atioaity if, without ay vaid


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rao bad o w-foudd far, h ha

ot avaid himf of th protctio of o

of th coutri of which h i a atioa.32

Itratioa rfu aw ad, mor -ray, th itratioa rfu protctio

ytm provid for a pcic rim of

huma riht protctio for a pcic cat-

ory of pro: tho who ca o or

ry o thir coutry of atioaity or habit-

ua ridc for rpct, protctio ad

fumt of thir huma riht ad fuda-

mta frdom.33 Th worki ditio

of who ha uffrd prcutio ar ft toadjudicatio by atioa a ytm ad

ca vary from coutry to coutry.

2. AsylumSeeker

A ayum kr i a pro ki to b

admittd ito a coutry a a rfu ad

awaiti dciio o hi/hr appicatio

for rfu tatu udr rvat itra-tioa ad atioa itrumt. Pro

ki ayum prcutio bad o

rac, riio, atioaity, mmbrhip of

a particuar ocia roup or poitica opi-

io, or poitica rao, icudi coict

ad war. I ca of a ativ dciio,

thy mut av th coutry ad may b

xpd, a may ay ai i a irru-

ar ituatio, u prmiio to tay i

providd o humaitaria or othr ratd

roud.34

C. Types of Migration

1. ForcedMigration

Forcd miratio i a ra trm todcrib a miratory movmt i which

a mt of corcio xit, icud-

i thrat to if ad ivihood, arii

from atura or ma-mad cau, uch

a movmt of rfu ad itraydipacd pro a w a pop di-

pacd by poitica itabiity, coict, at-

ura or viromta diatr, chmica

or ucar diatr, fami, or dvop-

mt projct.35

2. TransitMigration

Trait miratio rfr to th ruar or

irruar movmt of a pro throuhay stat o ay joury to th stat of

mpoymt or from th stat of mpoy-

mt to th stat of orii or th stat of

habitua ridc.36

3. ReturnMigration

Rtur miratio rfr to th movmt

of a pro rturi to hi/hr cou-try of orii or habitua ridc uuay

aftr pdi at at o yar i aothr

coutry. Thi rtur may or may ot b

voutary. Rtur miratio icud vo-

utary rpatriatio.37

D. Trafcking and Smuggling

Whi thr ar oft ovrap of mira-

tio mthod btw huma trafcki

ad mirat mui, th ky diffrc

btw th mui of mirat ad

huma trafcki i th mt of xpoi-

tatio. Thi diffrc i carid by th

itratioa ditio of trafcki38 ad

mui39 providd udr th rpc-tiv Uitd natio Protoco. Tho who


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ar mud ar ft to thir ow dvic

at th poit of dtiatio whra tho

who ar trafckd rmai udr th co-

tro of thir trafckr who cotiu toxpoit thm at th poit of dtiatio.

Trafcki i pro ad mui of

mirat ar ditict, but thy rprt

ovrappi iu. Thir a ditio

cotai commo mt. Actua ca

may ivov mt of both crim

or thy may hift from o to th othr.

May victim of huma trafcki bi

thir joury by coti to b mu-d from o stat to aothr. smud

mirat may atr b trickd or corcd

ito xpoitiv ituatio ad thu bcom

victim of huma trafcki.40

1. TrafckinginPersons

Trafcki i pro i a crim aait

a pro that ivov th abu of hi/hr huma riht throuh xpoitatio.

Huma trafcki ca ao ivov a

miratio mthod btw stat. It ca

occur itray withi coutri ad do

ot cariy hav to b traatioa

i atur. Atrativy, huma trafck-

i ca ivov th kidappi or abduc-

tio of a pro who i th coquty

ubjctd to forcd miratio. Huma

trafcki oft ivov a umbr of

additioa offc aait th trafckd

pro that ar ao i vioatio of huma

riht, for xamp, rap, phyica abu

or uawfu comt.

Th Uitd natio Protoco to Prvt,

suppr ad Puih Trafcki i Pr-o, epciay Wom ad Chidr

d huma trafcki udr Artic

3 (a) a foow: Trafcki i pro

ha ma th rcruitmt, traportatio,

trafr, harbouri or rcipt of pro,by ma of th thrat or u of forc or

othr form of corcio, of abductio, of

fraud, of dcptio, of th abu of powr

or of a poitio of vurabiity or of th

ivi or rcivi of paymt or bt

to achiv th cot of a pro hav-

i cotro ovr aothr pro, for th

purpo of xpoitatio. expoitatio ha

icud, at a miimum, th xpoitatio ofth protitutio of othr or othr form of

xua xpoitatio, forcd abour or r-

vic, avry or practic imiar to av-

ry, rvitud or th rmova of ora.41

2. SmugglingofMigrants

smui of mirat rfr to aiti a

pro who i ot a atioa or prmatridt to tr ad rmai i a stat with-

out compyi with th cary rquir-

mt for ay tri ad rmaii i

th stat. I additio to mui per se,

th smui of Mirat Protoco ao

covr th offc of abi ia ri-

dc. Th ittio i tabihi thi

offc i to icud ca whr th try

of mirat i throuh a ma, uch

a viitor prmit or via, but th tay

i throuh rorti to ia ma. I

rpo to improvd bordr cotro ma-

ur, th umbr of irruar mirat

who tur to th rvic of mur to

mirat ha ri iicaty. I ordr to

maximiz thir prot, it i icraiy

th ca that mur kowiy offrmiratio rvic that ar mor riky i


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ordr to owr traport ad faciitatio of

try cot ad icra th cot of mu-

i. smui of mirat i away

traatioa i atur.

42

Th Uitd natio Protoco o th smu-

i of Mirat by lad, sa ad Air

d mirat mui udr Artic 3

(a) a foow: smui of mirat ha

ma th procurmt, i ordr to obtai,

dircty or idircty, a acia or othr

matria bt, of th ia try of a pr-

o ito a stat Party of which th pro iot a atioa or a prmat ridt.43

E. Key Migration-Related Terms

1. Immigrant

A immirat i a pro boi to,

or owi a aiac to, o stat admovi ito aothr stat for th purpo

of ttmt.

2. National

Th trm atioa qua th trm citiz

ad rfr to a pro, who, ithr by birth

or aturaizatio, i a mmbr of a poitica

commuity, owi aiac to th com-

muity ad bi titd to joy a it

civi ad poitica riht ad protctio; a

mmbr of th stat, titd to a it priv-

i; a pro joyi a atioaity of a

iv stat.44 Th trm o-atioa (ao

rfrrd to a ai) icud tmporary

fori workr, rfu, uccfu ad

uuccfu ayum-kr, trafckd

pro ad udocumtd idividua.Th catory ao compa tat

pro, tho pop who hav vr

acquird citizhip of th coutry of thir

birth, hav ot thir citizhip ad hav

o caim to citizhip of aothr stat,chidr bor i stat that rcoiz oy

thjus sanguinis pricip of citizhip; ad

chidr bor i a stat to o-atioa

who ihrit thir part tat.

3. Non-Refoulement

Th 1951 Covtio Rati to th sta-

tu of Rfu aid dow th pricip of

o-rfoumt accordi to which oCotracti stat ha xp or rtur

(refouler) a rfu i ay mar what-

ovr to th frotir of trritori whr

hi if or frdom woud b thratd o

accout of hi rac, riio, atioaity,

mmbrhip of a particuar ocia roup or

poitica opiio. Thi pricip caot b

caimd by a rfu, whom thr ar ra-oab roud for rardi a a dar

to th curity of th coutry i which h

i, or who, havi b covictd by a a

judmt of a particuary riou crim,

cotitut a dar to th commuity

of that coutry.45 Th cocpt of o-

rfoumt ao icud th prohibitio

of ay form of forcib rmova, whthr

dirct or idirct, to a thrat to tortur,

cru, ihuma or dradi tratmt or

puihmt.46

4. DetentionofMigrants

I thi rport th trm dttio i ud to

idicat both admiitrativ dprivatio of

ibrty, or rmad cutody, ad icarcra-

tio or impriomt ruti from crimi-a char or tci.47


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III. The Legal Framework

Rpct for th huma riht of a mirat

i a fudamta duty of a stat ad

mut udry a poici ad practic

with rpct to thir tratmt by pubic

authoriti i a ituatio. law, poici

ad practic i th coutry of orii, tra-

it ad dtiatio a impact o th pro-tctio of th huma riht of mirat.

Th protctio of mirat i a ky iu

i th currt ra of obaizatio. Idd,

a it i bcomi icraiy obviou

that coomic obaizatio ao impi

icrad huma mobiity, th protctio

of pop o th mov d to b rvi-itd to addr w cha. Mirat

abour i ow vita to may dvopd a

w a dvopd coomi, whi

mirat rmittac hav bcom th

ifi for umrou houhod i cou-

tri of orii. Th coomic importac

of miratio ca for appropriat ma-

ur to addr it huma dimio,

icudi otaby mirat riht ad

rpoibiiti.

A ra of huma riht itrumt

xit at th itratioa v promoti

th huma riht of a mirat, icudi

pcic itrumt o th protctio of

wom ad chidr that appy quay to

mirat wom ad chidr. Whi ov-rmt hav broad ovri powr i

dtrmii atioaity, admiio, codi-

tio of tay ad rmova of o-atioa,

oc a o-atioa i i th trritory of a

stat, th stat mut rpct ad ur

th huma riht of a idividua withi

it trritory ad ubjct to it juridictio

without ditictio of ay kid, uch arac, coor, x, aua, riio, poiti-

ca or othr opiio, atioa or ocia ori-

i, proprty, birth or othr tatu. Prima

facie, thrfor, th riht cotaid i

th itrumt ar uaratd to a

pro prt i a stat: atioa ad

o-atioa aik, rard of a ta-

tu, dr or a.

Itratioa huma riht itrumt

cotitut a a framwork for th pro-

tctio of a mirat. Th tatu of irr-

uar mirat houd ot b ud a juti-

catio for th vioatio of thir riht.48

Ovr th at fw dcad, a mor stat

hav ard to bidi itratioa

huma riht trati, a major cha ha

tak pac i th way i which th riht

of o-atioa ar protctd. Thi ha

ivovd a hift byod th caic ytm

of dipomatic ad couar protctio by

th mirat stat of atioaity, toward

th dirct protctio of th idividua udr

itratioa huma riht orm. Whistat may xp or rmov mirat who


22/144


ar iay o thir trritory, itratioa

huma riht aw i car i it rquir-

mt that th stat houd ray pro-

tct thir riht without dicrimiatiofor a o a thy rmai o it trritory,

irrpctiv of thir immiratio tatu.

expuio mut ot brach itratioa

aw ad huma riht may b rvat i

th dtrmiatio of th awfu of a

xpuio.49

At th ctr of a huma riht trati

i th prohibitio of dicrimiatio, whichprcrib qua protctio to atioa

ad o-atioa aik. Th fudam-

ta riht protctio cotaid i th

two Itratioa Covat; th Itr-

atioa Covat o Civi ad Poitica

Riht (ICCPR)50 ad th Itratioa

Covat o ecoomic, socia ad Cu-

tura Riht (ICesCR),51

ad i th co-vtio prohibiti racia dicrimiatio

(Itratioa Covtio o th eimia-

tio of A Form of Racia Dicrimiatio,

ICeRD),52 protcti th riht of chidr

(Covtio o th Riht of th Chid,

CRC),53 prohibiti dicrimiatio aait

wom (Covtio o th eimiatio

of A Form of Dicrimiatio aait

Wom, CeDAW),54 prohibiti tortur

(Covtio aait Tortur, CAT),55 ad

prohibiti dicrimiatio aait diabd

pro (Covtio o th Riht of Pr-

o with Diabiiti, CRPD),56 appy ui-

vray to atioa ad to a mirat,

rard of thir immiratio tatu.

Thu th Itratioa Covat o Civi

ad Poitica Riht (ICCPR) protct thriht of a idividua withi it trritory

ad ubjct to it juridictio without di-

tictio; it uarat to a pro qua-

ity bfor th aw ad qua protctio by

th aw without ay dicrimiatio.

Th Huma Riht Committ ha t

out th ra ru with arrow xcp-

tio57 that ach of th riht udr th

Covat mut b uaratd without

dicrimiatio btw atioa ad o-

atioa (rfrrd to a ai). It ha

otd that th Covat do ot rco-

iz th riht of o-atioa to tr orrid i a stat trritory; that cot for

try may b iv ubjct to coditio

rati, for xamp, to movmt, ri-

dc ad mpoymt; ad that a stat

may ao impo ra coditio upo

a o-atioa who i i trait. Howvr,

oc withi th trritory of a stat, o-

atioa ar titd to th riht t outi th Covat.

Th Committ ha b xpicit that

joymt of th riht i ot imitd

to atioa: but mut ao b avaiab

to a idividua, rard of atioaity

or tat, uch a ayum kr,

rfu, mirat workr ad othr pr-

o, who may d thmv i th tr-

ritory or ubjct to th juridictio of th

stat Party.58

simiary, i it 2004 gra Rcomm-

datio o Dicrimiatio aait no-Cit-

iz, th Committ o th eimiatio

of Racia Dicrimiatio (CeRD) urd

stat to ur that iativ uara-t aait racia dicrimiatio appy to


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o-citiz rard of thir immira-

tio tatu.59

Th Itratioa Covtio for th Pro-tctio of th Riht of A Mirat Workr

ad Mmbr of thir Famii (ICRMW)60

appi th huma riht cotaid i th

ra huma riht itrumt to th

pcic ituatio of mirat workr ad

mmbr of thir famii ad i additio

rquir stat to coaborat i combati

irruar miratio. Udr th Covtio,

stat ar rquird to 1) tak mauraait th dimiatio of miadi

iformatio, 2) dtct ad radicat irr-

uar movmt of mirat, ad 3) impo

ffctiv actio o tho who oraiz

ad oprat uch movmt.

Th cratio of th pot of th sp-

cia Rapportur o th Huma Riht ofMirat by th Uitd natio wa a

ffort to xami way ad ma to

ovrcom th obtac xiti to th

fu ad ffctiv protctio of th huma

riht of mirat, icudi obtac

ad difcuti for th rtur of mirat

who ar udocumtd or i a irruar

ituatio.61 Th madat of th spcia

Rapportur wa cratd i 1999 by th

Commiio o Huma Riht, puruat

to Routio 1999/44. Amo th mai

fuctio of th spcia Rapportur ar

to tak ito accout a dr prpctivwh rquti ad aayzi iforma-

tio, a w a to iv pcia atttio to

th occurrc of mutip dicrimiatio

ad vioc aait mirat wom. M.

gabria Rodruz Pizarro from Cota Rica

rvd a spcia Rapportur from 1999

to 2005. sic 2005 Mr. Jor A. Buta-

mat from Mxico hod thi poitio.

Th spcia Rapportur of th subcom-

miio o th Promotio ad Protctio

of Huma Riht, Mr. David Wibrodt,

prpard a a rport o th riht of

o-citiz,62 which provid a ythi

of th ra pricip of ad pcic

xcptio to th riht of o-citiz

udr itratioa huma riht awtothr with a brif idticatio of om

of th ara i which th riht ar ot

bi rpctd. Th rport cocud

that thr i a ar ap btw th riht

that itratioa huma riht aw uar-

at to o-atioa ad th raiti

thy mut fac. I may coutri thr

ar ititutioa ad dmic probm

cofroti o-atioa.


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Th International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights umrat th civi ad poitica rihtwhich a pro withi th stat trritory or

withi it juridictio houd joy. It forbid

th dicrimiatio btw atioa ad o-

atioa, with arrow xcptio for poitica

riht that ar xpicity uaratd to atio-

a, ad frdom of movmt.

Th International Covenant on Economic, Social,

and Cultural Rights tabih that stat ha

protct th riht of a idividuarard

of citizhipto work, jut ad favourab

coditio, a adquat tadard of ivi,

ood hath, ad othr coomic, ocia ad

cutura riht.

Th International Convention on the Elimination

of All Forms of Racial Discrimination prohibit

a dicrimiatio o th bai of rac, coour,

dct or atioa or thic orii. It aowditictio to b mad btw atioa ad

o-atioa, providd that uch ditictio

do ot rut i dicrimiatio aait ay par-

ticuar roup ad that thy do ot affct th

qua joymt of riht uaratd to a

pro udr th rvat itratioa huma

riht itrumt.

Th International Convention on the Protection of

the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Membersof their Families d th riht of mirat

i vry coutry rard of thir a tatu,

itr aia, uarati qua tratmt ad

worki coditio o par with atioa. It ao

provid additioa riht for mirat workr

ad mmbr of thir famiy who rid i th

coutry awfuy.

Th Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traf-

cking in Persons, Especially Women and Children

rquir stat to prvt th trafcki i

pro ad to protct ad ait pro whobcom victim of huma trafcki. Th

Protoco ca for ratr coopratio amo

stat ad diffrt takhodr i ordr to

achiv th objctiv.

Th Convention on the Rights of the Child tab-

ih that a chidr withi th juridictio of

a stat Party ha hav th riht to a am ad

to acquir a atioaity; th Covtio ao

provid that stat Parti ha ur th

impmtatio of th riht, i particuar

wh th chid woud othrwi b tat.

Th CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Chil-

dren provid a a framwork to prvt ad

puih a of chidr, chid protitutio ad

chid pororaphy. Thi Protoco ao da

with th iu of protctio of chid victim of

th crim both wh thy tr i cotactwith th crimia jutic ytm a victim or

wit ad mor ray with rpct to

thir rcovry ad ritratio.

Th CRC Optional Protocol on the Involvement of

Children in Armed Con ict tabih th obia-

tio to tak a faib maur to prvt th

participatio i hotiiti by pro udr th

a of 18 yar, otaby by uri that thr

i o compuory rcruitmt ito th armdforc udr thi a ad by crimiaizi th

rcruitmt by armd roup. Th Protoco

t forth a duty to provid victim of uch act

with rcovry ad ritratio maur.

Th Convention on the Elimination of All Forms

of Discrimination against Women d what

cotitut dicrimiatio aait wom ad

t up a ada for atioa actio to d

uch dicrimiatio.

Overview of the Key Treaties Concerning Migrants and Human Rights


25/144


A rviw of itratioa miratio aw

rva a impriv machiry of itru-

mt di ad protcti th huma

riht of mirat. Thr i o d for

furthr itrumt, but thr i a d toitify ffort acro th board to ur

that th huma riht commitmt stat

hav trd ito at th itratioa v

ar ffctivy put ito practic.

I th muti-factd miratio ad dv-

opmt quatio, it i vita to trth

th ro ad actio of huma riht itru-

mt ad mchaim i protcti th

huma riht of mirat ad i addr-

i thir vurabiity, pciay i coid-

ratio of th mot vurab roup of

mirat icudi chidr, wom ad

irruar mirat. Thi houd procd i

para with ducati duty barr about

thir obiatio ad rpoibiiti to

protct mirat.

A. Promotion of LawfulConditions of Migration

Th hard rpoibiity of stat to

protct th huma riht of mirat irctd i Part VI of th Itratioa

Covtio o th Protctio of th Riht

of A Mirat Workr ad Mmbr of

thir Famii (ICRMW), titd Pro-

motio of oud, quitab, huma ad

awfu coditio i coctio with itr-

atioa miratio of workr ad mm-

br of thir famii. It provid cocrt

uidac for th coutatio ad coop-

ratio amo stat i ordr to dvop

miratio poici that ar coitt with

huma riht orm.

It i tia that stat maitai appro-

priat rvic to da with iu of itr-

atioa miratio.63 such rvic houd

formuat ad impmt miratio poi-ci a w a xcha iformatio,

Th Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment

prohibit a form of tortur ad i-tratmt.

It ao prohibit th rfoumt of ay proto aothr stat whr thr ar ubtatia

roud for bivi that h or h woud b i

dar of bi ubjctd to tortur.

Th Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness

and the Convention on Status of Stateless People

rfr to tat pro who ar ot rfu

ad thrfor tabih th riht of pro

who do ot fa withi th cop of th Cov-

tio Rati to th statu of Rfu.

Th Protocol Against Smuggling of Migrants

by Land, Sea and Air ha a it objctiv th

rductio of oraizd crim roup abui

mirat. It ca for ratr coopratio adth xcha of iformatio ad othr appro-

priat maur, icudi ocio-coomic

maur, at th atioa, rioa ad itra-

tioa v, to achiv thi objctiv.

Th Convention on the Status of Refugees tab-

ih th riht of idividua of ayum ad

th rpoibiity of stat rati ayum.


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cout ad cooprat with th comptt

authoriti of othr stat. Thy houd

ao b rpoib for providi appropri-

at iformatio o poici, aw ad ru-atio rati to miratio ad mpoy-

mt ad o armt with othr stat

i thi d. Fiay, th rvic houd

b i char of providi aitac to

mirat rardi authorizatio ad

formaiti i prparatio for thir ordry

miratio. Th proviio of iformatio i

pciay importat i th ca of pro-

pctiv fma mirat who hav acc to adquat iformatio about a

cha of miratio. Bi quippd

with iufcit iformatio iv wom

chac of mirati ay ad thr-

for forc thm to mirat cadtiy.

Wh a cha ar ot avaiab,

may wom trafcki or mui

a th oy optio to cro th bordr. Thipac thm at icrad rik of xpoita-

tio ad abu. Wom ar amo th

mot vurab throuhout th miratio

proc.

Th proviio of riab iformatio i

crucia for th promotio of awfu codi-

tio of miratio. I fact, ack of iforma-

tio may oft cau mirat to uwit-

tiy brak aw ad ruatio, or may

ad thm to av thir coutry of orii

without propr prparatio, rdri

thir if i th coutry of dtiatio mor

difcut.

Proviio of iformatio about awfu co-

ditio of miratio houd o had i hadwith appropriat maur aait th

dimiatio of miadi iformatio,64

uch a that providd by mur ad

trafckr. Coutri of orii, trait ad

dtiatio houd icra thir ffortto radicat mui ad trafcki of

mirat that cau th dath of hudrd

of pop vry yar ad trauma for thou-

ad mor. Thi phomo ca oy

b combatd throuh co coopratio

of a coutri cocrd. effctiv ac-

tio houd b impod o pro ad

roup which oraiz th mui ad

trafcki of mirat, whi rcoizith d for protctio of th victim of

th crim. Victim of trafcki houd

b dat with i fu compiac with th

Ofc of th Hih Commiior for

Huma Riht (OHCHR) Rcommdd

Pricip ad guidi o Huma

Riht ad Huma Trafcki.65

stat mut ao tak th rquiit ma-

ur, iativ or othrwi, to rduc

to th fut xtt poib th umbr

of workr outid th forma coomy,

workr who a a rut of that ituatio

hav o protctio.66 Mirat i a irr-

uar ituatio ar amo th mot vur-

ab pro i ay ocity ad ar ot i

a poitio to dfd thmv aait

xpoitatio by thir mpoyr. May

fma mirat ar foud i th iforma

ctor of th coomy, which poit to a

traatioa abour markt compod of

twork of wom who work a hou-

kpr, proa cartakr, trt v-

dor, waitr ad bartdr, amo

othr activiti. Worki without adquatprotctio mak wom mor vurab


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to xpoitatio ad huma riht abu,

icudi ow wa, ia withhodi of

wa, ad ia ad prmatur trmi-

atio of mpoymt. Wom ar oftfoud i dr-ratd ad uru-

atd ctor of th coomy which ar

typicay uprotctd by oca abour -

iatio.67 Th piht of mirat domtic

workr mrit pcia atttio, a thir

huma riht ar at protctd. Cou-

tri of dtiatio houd thrfor mak

it thir priority to ur that th baic

riht of irruar mirat or tho i thiforma coomy ar protctd, icud-

i thir riht to qua tratmt with

rpct to rmuratio ad coditio of

work. A rctd i th pramb of th

Mirat Workr Covtio (ICRMW),

th forcmt of quaity of tratmt of

irruar mirat workr wi rmov th

ictiv for mpoyr to hav rcourto thir rvic.

Mirat arch for work i coutri

whr th abour markt i i d of thir

rvic. effort to d mpoymt of

workr i a irruar ituatio houd

thu o had i had with opi up

cha for awfu miratio i ordr to

mt th oca abour dmad. Coopra-

tio amo coutri of orii ad cou-

tri of dtiatio ca prov vry hp-

fu i thi rpct, both for dicourai

irruar miratio ad for courai

appicatio for awfu miratio.

strict uprviio of rcruitmt opra-

tio i coutri of orii i ao aimportat too i prvti uawfu

practic, icudi trafcki. guidac

ca b foud i Artic 66 of th Mirat

Workr Covtio (ICRMW), which

rtrict th riht to udrtak opratiofor th rcruitmt of mirat workr to

th pubic rvic of th coutry of orii,

or, if a biatra armt xit, th pub-

ic rvic of th coutry of mpoymt.

A pubic rcruitmt body may ao b

tabihd by virtu of a biatra or mu-

tiatra armt btw coutri. A

far a privat aci or mpoyr ar

cocrd, thy houd oy b aowdto rcruit mirat workr if thy hav

obtaid th rquiit authorizatio by th

pubic authoriti of th coutri co-

crd ad udr thir uprviio.

B. Female Migrants

Athouh diffrc xit rardi th

x ditributio amo th variou rio

i th word, wom compri ary haf

of a mirat today, approximaty 94.5

miio or 49.6 pr ct of th 190.6 mi-

io pro wordwid ivi outid

thir coutri of orii i 2005. Fma

mirat accout for 52.2 pr ct of a

mirat i th dvopd coutri ad

cotitut 45.7 pr ct of a itratioa

mirat i dvopi coutri.

A umbr of huma riht itrumt

xit to protct th riht of wom ad

ir who mirat. Th Covtio o th

eimiatio of a Form of Dicrimiatio

aait Wom (CeDAW)68 d whatcotitut dicrimiatio aait wom


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ad t up a ada for atioa actio to

d uch dicrimiatio.69 Th Itratioa

Covtio o th Protctio of th Riht of

A Mirat Workr ad Mmbr of thirFamii (ICRMW) addr th riht of

mirat workr ad thir famiy mmbr

i both ruar ad irruar ituatio dur-

i th tir miratio proc: dpartur,

trait, dtiatio ad rtur, ad provid

ufu uidac for stat o how to ur

that miratio i maad humay. Th

compmtary IlO Covtio 97 o

Miratio for empoymt70 provid p-cic tadard rardi fma mirat

workr mpoymt ad occupatio. Th

Covtio for supprio of th Trafc

i Wom ad Chidr71 provid protc-

tio for wom ki mpoymt i

aothr coutry.72 Ruatio rquir th

protctio of mirat wom ot oy at

th poit of dpartur ad arriva, but aoduri th joury.73

Amo othr itratioa mchaim

rvat to fma mirat i th Protoco

of Parmo icudi th Protoco to Pr-

vt, suppr ad Puih Trafcki i

Pro pciay Wom ad Chidr,

uppmti th Uitd natio Co-

vtio aait Traatioa Oraizd

Crim74 rquiri stat to tak maur

to promot th riht of fma mirat.75

stadard for protcti fma mirat

riht ar ao foud i th Proramm of

Actio of th Itratioa Cofrc o

Popuatio ad Dvopmt (ICPD Pro-

ramm of Actio),76 th Biji Dcara-

tio ad Patform for Actio,77 ad graAmby Routio 58/14378 o Vioc

aait Wom Mirat Workr. A um-

br of protctio mchaim drivi

from th Uitd natio Chartr79 ar r-

vat to promoti th riht of miratwom a w. Th madat of th sp-

cia Rapportur, tabihd by th Huma

Riht Couci, i o uch mchaim. Of

particuar rvac for fma mirat

ar th spcia Rapportur o a) Vioc

aait Wom; b) Trafcki i Pro,

pciay Wom ad Chidr; ad c)

th Huma Riht of Mirat.80 Th

spcia Rapportur o th Huma Rihtof Mirat, Jor Butamat, ritratd

th d for a comprhiv approach to

fma mirat huma riht i ordr to

ur that wom ad ir who mirat

had a framwork for protctio ad joyd

riht appropriat ad adquat to thir

particuar vurab ituatio.81

Th ICPD Proramm of Actio pci-

cay rfrrd to th objctiv of imiat-

i dicrimiatory practic aait doc-

umtd mirat, pciay wom,

chidr ad th dry.82 It tatd that

wom ad chidr who mirat a fam-

iy mmbr houd b protctd from

abu ad dia of thir huma riht by

thir poor, ad urd ovrmt to

coidr xtdi thir tay, withi imit

of atioa iatio, houd th famiy

ratiohip diov.83

Th Biji Patform for Actio cad for,

inter alia, th proviio of dr-i-

tiv huma riht ducatio ad traii

for pubic ofcia, icudi poic admiitary pro, corrctio ofcr,


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hath ad mdica pro, ad ocia

workr, icudi pop who da with

miratio ad rfu iu.84 It urd

ovrmt to promot a activ adviib poicy of maitrami a dr

prpctiv i a poici ad proramm

ratd to vioc aait wom ad

activy coura, upport ad imp-

mt maur ad proramm aimd

at icrai th kowd ad udr-

tadi of th cau, coquc ad

mchaim of vioc aait wom

amo tho rpoib for impmt-i th poici, uch a aw forc-

mt ofcr, poic pro ad judi-

cia, mdica ad ocia workr, a w a

tho who da with miority, miratio

ad rfu iu, ad dvop trat-

i to ur that th rvictimizatio of

wom victim of vioc do ot occur

bcau of dr-iitiv aw or judi-cia or forcmt practic.85

C. Migrant Children

Th Covtio o th Riht of th Chid

(CRC) d a chid a vry huma bi

bow th a of iht yar u,

udr th aw appicab to th chid, major-

ity i attaid arir (Artic 1). Whthr

o thir ow or i compay with adut

(famiy or o-famiy), chidr a mirat

mov acro bordr i arch of urviva,

curity, ducatio, improvd tadard of

ivi ad protctio from abu.

Th CRC ad it Optioa Protoco ar affctiv poit of rfrc for a chidr

affctd by miratio, rard of thir

miratio tatu.86 Itratioa huma

riht itrumt o miratio, uch a

th Itratioa Covtio o th Rihtof A Mirat Workr ad Mmbr of

thir Famii ad th IlO Covtio,

ao provid comprhiv uidac o

uri th riht of mirat chidr (

Appdix B). Th ICRMW provid for th

riht of mirat chidr, rard of

thir immiratio tatu, to hav a am,

to ritratio of birth ad to a atioaity.

It ao provid th baic riht of accto ducatio o th bai of quaity of

tratmt with atioa of th stat co-

crd ad provid xpry that uch

acc ha ot b rfud or imitd by

rao of th irruarity of th chid tay

i th coutry.

Th Committ o th Riht of th Chid,87

a body of idpdt xprt that moi-

tor th impmtatio of th Covtio

o th Riht of th Chid, advi that a

stat which rati th Covtio o th

Riht of th Chid, tak o obiatio

udr itratioa aw to ur th

raizatio of a riht i th Covtio

for a chidr i thir juridictio.88 I it

ra commt no. 6, th Committ

tatd: th joymt of riht tipuatd

i th Covtio i ot imitd to chidr

who ar atioa of a stat Party ad

mut thrfor, if ot xpicity tatd oth-

rwi i th Covtio, ao b avaiab

to a chidr icudi ayum-ki,

rfu ad mirat chidr irrpc-

tiv of thir atioaity, immiratio tatuor tat.89


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Four fudamta pricip of th CRC

provid a bai for a actio that stat

may tak to rpct, protct, promot ad

fu th riht of chidr:

Non-Discrimination: CRC Artic 2

tat, amo othr thi, that chi-

dr houd ot b dicrimiatd

bcau of thir atioaity, thic ori-

i or othr tatu.90

Best Interests of the Child: CRC Artic

3 tat that i a actio cocrichidr, whthr udrtak by pub-

ic or privat ocia wfar ititutio,

court of aw, admiitrativ authoriti

or iativ bodi, th bt itrt

of th chid ha b a primary coidr-

atio. Thi impi, rardi mirat

chidr, that proramm ad r-

vic (hath, ducatio, tc.) houdb providd o th bai of chidr

bt itrt with o rvac to th

tatu of thir documtatio. Th

bt itrt of th chid mut ao b

th ky cocr whvr dciio

ar mad o rpatriatio maur to

coutri of orii.

Life, Survival and Development: Th riht

to urviva i ratd to th riht to a

adquat tadard of ivi, th hih-

t attaiab tadard of hath, utri-

tiou food ad ca driki watr.

Th riht to dvopmt icud

ytm of forma ducatio a w

a commuity ad iforma tructur

which provid opportuiti for chi-dr to participat i a ra of cutura

ad ocia activiti.91 CRC Artic 27

tat that stat Parti houd tak

appropriat maur to ait part

ad othr rpoib for th chid toimpmt th riht of adquat ivi

ad to cur th rcovry of mait-

ac for th chid from th part or

othr pro havi acia rpo-

ibiity for th chid. Furthrmor, vita

to urviva ad dvopmt of th

chid i CRC Artic 19 protcti th

chid from vioc ad xpoitatio.

The Right of the Child to be Heard and

Participate: Chidr hav th fuda-

mta riht to formuat ad xpr

opiio about a mattr that affct

thm. Th CRC tabih th pri-

cip that chidr viw houd b

hard ad iv du atttio, taki

ito accout th a ad maturity ofth chid.92 Thrfor xpric of

mirat chidr houd iform dci-

io about th way i which thir

riht wi b rpctd. Thi riht to

b hard mut b fuy rpctd ad

atid i both admiitrativ ad

judicia procdur ratd to thir

miratio tatu. stat Parti hav a

car ad prci obiatio to aur

th chidr riht to a ay i itua-

tio that may affct thm.

liativ rform ca upport a compr-

hiv ad riht bad approach that

fu th ocio-coomic ad othr fu-

damta riht of a mirat chidr,

rard of thir atioaity or miratiotatu. A poicy ad a iitiativ dai


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with th ffct of miratio o chidr

d to focu o drawi up w t of

ru ad ruatio to addr miratio

cocr ad to protct th bt itrtof th chid.93 I may coutri, huma

riht itrumt, icudi th CRC ad

th Covtio o th eimiatio of A

Form of Dicrimiatio aait Wom

(CeDAW) hav b uccfuy icor-

poratd ito divr a ytm. Thi

proc of aimt of atioa iatio

with huma riht itrumt, with th

CRC i particuar, i importat a it udr-i pricip uch a th idiviibiity of

riht ad th importac of partrhip

i raizi chidr riht.94 Th riht

icud th baic rquirmt for famiy

upport, acc to ocia rvic (icud-

i ducatio ad hath car), protctio

of chidr i coict with th aw ad

pcic mattr, uch a protctio fromharmfu traditioa practic, frdom to

cro bordr to ruit with part ad

acc to iformatio thy d to mak

dciio about thir ow iv. Thi pri-

cip houd b a primary coidratio i

maki choic btw diffrc pr-

td by mirat commuiti ad th

itratio of mirat ito th rcivi

cutur, uch a faciitati prrvatio

of om cutura traditio that trth

thir of idtity. Th bt itrt

of th chid houd ao iuc dciio

o dportatio of udocumtd adut

mirat or mirat who fai to compy

with rtrictio o work authorizatio.95

Th Worki group o Arbitrary Dt-tio96 i of th opiio that uaccompaid

juvi irruar mirat houd ot

b dtaid udr immiratio pow-

r (whthr for rao of tabihi

thir idtity, faciitati thir rmova tothir coutry of orii, prvti thm

from abcodi or othr uch roud

uuay put forward by stat) at a, a

uch dttio woud ot b awfu udr

th imitatio providd for by artic 37

(b) CRC, otaby bi a maur of at

rort.

A th Committ o th Riht of thChid ha artd, I appicatio of artic

37 of th Covtio ad th pricip of

th bt itrt of th chid, uaccompa-

id or paratd chidr houd ot, a a

ra ru, b dtaid. Dttio ca-

ot b jutid oy o th bai of th

chid bi uaccompaid or paratd,

or o thir miratory or ridc tatu,or ack throf.97

Furthrmor, Artic 24 of Pararaph 1 of

th Itratioa Covat o Civi ad

Poitica Riht (ICCPR) tat that vry

chid ha hav, without ay dicrimia-

tio a to rac, coor, x, aua, ri-

io, atioa or ocia orii, proprty or

birth, th riht to maur of protctio,

rquird by hi tatu of mior, o th part

of hi famiy, ocity ad th stat.98

Th Itratioa Covtio for th sup-

prio of th Trafc i Wom ad Chi-

dr provid protctio for mirat chi-

dr of both x i aothr coutry.99

Th Covtio rquir stat to providprotctio for mirat chidr duri th


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tir miratio proc i th coutry of

orii, trait ad dtiatio.100

D. Migrant Workers

1. TheFundamentalRightsofMigrantWorkers

labour riht providd for i a itr-

atioa abour covtio appy to

mirat workr. I particuar, Mm-

br stat hav a obiatio to rpct,

promot ad raiz, i ood faith ad iaccordac with th Itratioa labour

Oraizatio (IlO) Cotitutio, th pri-

cip cocri th riht tipuatd i

th fudamta covtio. Thi obi-

atio driv from mmbrhip i th

IlO ad from th dormt by Mm-

br stat of th pricip t out i th

Cotitutio ad i th Dcaratio ofPhiadphia.101 Th 1998 IlO Dcaratio

o Fudamta Pricip ad Riht at

Work ad it Foow-up i car i thi

rpct.102

Th Fudamta Pricip ad Riht at

Work103 ar roupd ito four t: fr-

dom of aociatio ad th ffctiv rc-

oitio of th riht to coctiv barai-

i; th imiatio of a form of forcd

or compuory abour; th ffctiv aboi-

tio of chid abour; ad th imiatio of

dicrimiatio i rpct of mpoymt

ad occupatio. each t corrpod to

two fudamta abour covtio. A

mirat workr, rard of thir ta-

tu, houd joy th riht.

Freedom of Association and the Effec-

tive Recognition of the Right to Collective

Bargaining104

Frdom of aociatio ad th riht

to coctiv baraii both mpowr

mirat workr ad ab thm to bt-

tr acc othr huma riht. By xrci-

i th riht, workr ca participat i

th dvopmt of atioa ad itra-

tioa coomic poici a w a poici

i th workpac. Rcoizi th riht of

mirat workr to oraiz ad partici-pat i coctiv baraii wi icra

th ffctiv of uch poici.105

The Elimination of all Forms of Forced or

Compulsory Labour106

Th aboitio of forcd abour i tia

to th protctio of fudamta fr-dom ad i ratd to icom ad huma

capita formatio, which ar iky to b

dprd by forcd abour. Trafcki of

huma bi i o of th maiftatio

of forcd abour i itratioa miratio.

Th xpoitatio it tai tur miratio

ito a ativ xpric for mirat

workr a w a for coutri of orii

ad dtiatio. Cocatio of trav

documt ao ad to forcd abour

ituatio.

The Effective Abolition of Child Labour107

A icrai umbr of uaccompa-

id108 chidr ar croi itratioa

bordr to work, which mak th imia-tio of chid abour particuary importat.


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Chid abour advry affct th pr-

t ad futur iv of worki boy ad

ir by affcti thir hath ad dpriv-

i thm of ducatio. Prcudi humacapita formatio, chid abour i ao dt-

rimta to dvopmt i th chidr

coutri.

The Elimination of Discrimination in Respect

of Employment and Occupation109

equaity ad o-dicrimiatio ar baic

pricip udryi huma ad abourriht. I a word of natio-stat whr

riht driv from citizhip, th prici-

p ar of utmot importac for th pro-

tctio of workr who ar outid thir

coutri of orii.

Trati mirat workr with qua-

ity ad o-dicrimiatio ha a poitivimpact upo mirat workr coutri

of orii ad dtiatio. It ab work-

r to rach thir fu worki pottia,

hac thir ari, improv thir iv-

i coditio (ad th ivi coditio of

thir famii), cotribut to dvopmt

i thir coutri of orii ad icra

thir participatio i th coomy of th

coutri of dtiatio.

2. TheProtectionoftheSpecicRightsofMigrantWorkers

Dichari it cotitutioa obiatio to

protct th riht of workr mpoyd i

coutri othr tha thir ow, th IlO ha

adoptd two itratioa abour cov-

tio pcic to th ubjct. ev thouhfocud o protctio, th two covtio

ao icud proviio rvat to dvop-

mt i coutri of orii. Th mai pro-

viio of th covtio ar rviwd

bow. I th rviw, rfrc wi bmad to th 1990 Itratioa Covtio

o th Riht of A Mirat Workr ad

Mmbr of thir Famii, which ha buit

upo th IlO covtio. Th IlO ha

ao rcty adoptd a o-bidi txt,

th IlO Mutiatra Framwork o labour

Miratio. goi furthr tha th co-

vtio, th Framwork bri tothr

apct of protctio of mirat work-r with tho rati to th cotributio

of abour miratio to dvopmt. Th

mai proviio of th Framwork wi ao

b rviwd.

3. TheLabourRightsFramework

Th Miratio for empoymt (Rvid)

Covtio, 1949 (no. 97),110

ad thMirat Workr (suppmtary Provi-

io) Covtio, 1975 (no. 143),111 a

w a thir accompayi Rcomm-

datio,112 provid a framwork for th

baic compot of a comprhiv

abour miratio poicy, th protctio of

mirat workr, th dvopmt of thir

pottia ad maur to faciitat a

w a to cotro miratory movmt.

Thy ao provid miimum tadard of

protctio for a mirat workr.

Mor pcicay, th itrumt ca

for maur aimd at ruati th co-

ditio i which miratio for mpoymt

occur, cotroi irruar miratio ad

abour trafcki ad dtcti th ifor-ma mpoymt of mirat, with th


34/144


aim of prvti ad imiati abu.

Th cocpt of th riht of irruar

mirat workr wa ipird ot oy by

th baic pricip of rpct for th di-ity of a huma bi, but ao by th

dir to dicoura rcour by mpoy-

r of irruar mirat, by maki uch

rcruitmt coomicay b-

cia. I additio, th two covtio ca

for maur ratd to th maitac

of fr rvic to ait mirat ad to

th proviio of iformatio, tp aait

miadi propaada ad th trafrof ari. Thy d paramtr for

rcruitmt ad cotract coditio, ad

for appa aait ujutid trmia-

tio of mpoymt or xpuio. Th two

itrumt furthr icud proviio o

th participatio of mirat i job trai-

i, o thir promotio a w a o fam-

iy ruicatio.

Mot importaty, th two itrumt

ca for th adoptio of a poicy to promot

quaity of tratmt ad opportuity

btw mirat i ruar ituatio

ad atioa i mpoymt ad occupa-

tio i th ara of acc to mpoymt,

rmuratio, ocia curity, trad uio

riht, cutura riht ad idividua fr-

dom, mpoymt tax ad acc to

a procdi.113

Artic 6 of Covtio no. 97 o Mira-

tio for empoymt provid for quaity

of tratmt i rpct, inter alia, of:

1. Rmuratio, icudi famiy aow-

ac whr th form part of rmu-ratio, hour of work, ovrtim

arramt, hoiday with pay,

rtrictio o hom work, miimum

a for mpoymt, apprtichip

ad traii;2. Accommodatio;

3. socia curity (a proviio i

rpct of mpoymt ijury, matr-

ity, ick, ivaidity, od a, dath,

umpoymt ad famiy rpoi-

biiti, ad ay othr coticy,

which i covrd by a ocia curity

chm), ubjct to pcic imitatio

providd for by appropriat arra-mt, atioa aw or ruatio,

ad

4. empoymt tax, du or cotribu-

tio payab i rpct of th pro

mpoyd.

Part II of Covtio no. 143 appi to

ruar mirat workr ad provid forquaity of opportuity ad tratmt

with atioa workr. Whi Covtio

no. 97 ao provid for quaity of trat-

mt, oy Covtio no. 143, cocr-

i Miratio i Abuiv Coditio ad

th Promotio of equaity of Opportu-

ity ad Tratmt of Mirat Workr,

xpad thi to icud qua opportuity.

I ratio to acc to mpoymt, Part

II of thi Covtio prmit stat to

rtrict th pricip of quaity of trat-

mt i crtai circumtac. stat

ca, for xamp, rtrict acc to imitd

catori of mpoymt or fuctio

whr thi i cary i th itrt

of th stat (Art. 14c), ad ca ao mak

th fr choic of mpoymt ubjct totmporary rtrictio duri a prcribd


35/144


priod, which may ot xcd two yar

(Art. 14a). nithr Covtio no. 97

or 143 xtd quaity of tratmt to

mirat workr i irruar tatu.

It i otworthy that th two cov-

tio, pciay Covtio no. 143, hav

icorporatd th pricip of th fuda-

mta Dicrimiatio (empoymt ad

Occupatio) Covtio, 1958 (no. 111),114

prohibiti dicrimiatio aait mirat

workr o th bai of rac, coour, x,

riio, atioa xtractio, poitica opi-io ad ocia orii.

Th Itratioa Covtio o th Pro-

tctio of th Riht of A Mirat Workr

ad Mmbr of thir Famii (ICRMW)115

i a fudamta mt for th protctio

of th huma riht of mirat ic it

appi to a apct of th if of miraticudi th mirat famiy ad th itu-

atio of wom ad chidr, ad xpic-

ity rcoiz th riht of udocumtd

mirat. Aothr poitiv mt of th

Covtio i it broad viio of riht;

athouh it i itdd to ruat th riht

of workr, it i ot imitd to th mpoy-

mt cotxt but ruat th tir pc-

trum of workr riht. Th Covtio

articuat v mor broady th pricip

of quaity of tratmt btw mirat

workr ad atioa bfor court ad

tribua, with rpct to rmuratio

ad othr worki coditio, a w a

with rard to mirat workr acc to

urt mdica aitac ad ducatio

for thir chidr. I th Mirat WorkrCovtio (ICRMW), quaity ad o-

dicrimiatio xtd to mirat workr

i irruar ituatio, i accordac with

atioa aw. Thu, th ICRMW do ot

dpart ubtativy from th fudamtariht protctd i th Itratioa Cov-

at o Civi ad Poitica Riht (ICCPR)

ad Itratioa Covat o ecoomic,

socia ad Cutura Riht (ICesCR), ad

othr uivra huma riht trati, but it

do articuat th riht i way which

tak ito accout th particuar ituatio of

mirat workr ad thir famii. It k

to tabih baic pricip for thir trat-mt ad to tabih orm which wi

cotribut to th harmoizatio of stat

attitud toward miratio throuh

accptac of th baic pricip. It

ao rquir actio by stat to prvt

ad imiat cadti movmt ad

trafcki, ad to imiat th mpoy-

mt of irruar mirat by mpoyr.

Th ICRMW rt t out th riht to b

joyd by a mirat workr, rard

of thir immiratio tatu. It tat xpic-

ity that th joymt of th riht do

ot impy ay riht to ruarizatio of th

ituatio of udocumtd mirat.

Th protctd riht icud: th riht to

av ay coutry ad to rtur to o

coutry of orii; th riht to if; prohibi-

tio of tortur; prohibitio of ihuma or

dradi tratmt; prohibitio of av-

ry ad forcd abour; frdom of opi-

io ad xprio; frdom of thouht,

cocic ad riio; riht to joi a

trad uio; prohibitio of arbitrary oruawfu itrfrc with privacy, hom,


36/144


corrpodc ad othr commuica-

tio; prohibitio of arbitrary dprivatio

of proprty; th riht to ibrty ad cu-

rity of pro; afuard aait arbi-trary arrt ad dttio; rcoitio a

a pro bfor th aw; riht to proc-

dura uarat; prohibitio of impri-

omt, dprivatio of authorizatio of

ridc ad/or work prmit ad xpu-

io mry o th roud of faiur to

fu a cotractua obiatio; protctio

from cocatio ad/or dtructio of

idticatio card ad othr documt;protctio aait coctiv xpuio;

riht to rcour to couar or dipomatic

protctio; pricip of quaity of trat-

mt i rpct of rmuratio ad othr

coditio of work, trm of mpoymt

ad ocia curity; riht to rciv urt

mdica car; riht of a chid of a mirat

workr to a am, ritratio of birth adatioaity ad to acc to ducatio o

th bai of quaity of tratmt; rpct

for th cutura idtity of mirat work-

r ad mmbr of thir famii; riht

to trafr to th stat of orii ari,

avi ad proa boi; ad

riht to b iformd o th riht arii

from th Covtio ad dimiatio of

iformatio.

Oft th riht ar articuatd i trm

which rct th pcic circumtac of

mirat. Thu, whr a mirat workr

i dprivd of hi ibrty, th stat mut

pay atttio to th probm that may b

pod to hi famiy. Th Covtio mak

uauthorizd cocatio of documta off, ad iv mirat workr th

riht to iformatio about thir coditio

of admiio.

Th Covtio th provid additioariht to ruar mirat workr: for

xamp, to b tmporariy abt from

th stat of mpoymt without ffct

upo thir authorizatio to tay or work,

to frdom of movmt, ad to quaity

of acc to ducatio, houi, ocia ad

hath rvic. It ao provid for protc-

tio of th uity of th famii of mirat

workr ad for th faciitatio of fam-iy ruicatio ad for a riht to trafr

ari ad avi rmittac to

thir hom coutri.

I it at ubtativ part, th Cov-

tio t out a framwork for promoti

oud, quitab, huma ad awfu

coditio for th maamt of itr-atioa miratio. Thi icud couta-

tio ad coopratio btw stat; po-

icy maki ad xcha of iformatio;

th ordry rtur of mirat at th d

of thir cotract or whr thy ar irru-

ar; coaboratio to prvt ad imiat

ia or cadti movmt, ad th

mpoymt of irruar workr.

Fiay, o-dicrimiatio ad quaity of

tratmt ar corrto of th widy

ratid Itratioa Covat o Civi ad

Poitica Riht (ICCPR) ad Itratioa

Covat o ecoomic, socia ad Cu-

tura Riht (ICesCR). Tothr with itr-

atioa abour tadard, huma riht

orm, i particuar tho cotaid i thICesCR, ao protct mpoymt riht,


37/144


icudi th riht to jut ad favorab

coditio of work, o dicrimiatio, fair

wa, af ad hathy worki codi-

tio, ad raoab worki hour. Workmut b dct work, which rpct th

riht of workr i trm of coditio

of work afty ad rmuratio, ad

provid a icom aowi workr to

upport thmv ad thir famii.116

Artic 14 of th Mirat Workr (supp-

mtary Proviio) Covtio no. 143

provid for th riht of ruar mirat

workr to oraphica mobiity ad forrcoitio of occupatioa quaicatio

acquird outid th trritory of th stat

Party, icudi crticat ad dipoma.

Th IlO Mutiatra Framwork o labour

Miratio117 compri o-bidi pri-

cip ad uidi for a riht-bad

approach to abour miratio. It i a uidfor th formuatio of abour miratio po-

ici that uarat th riht of mirat

workr, riforci thir protctio ad

haci thir cotributio to dvop-

mt. Pricip 8 ad 9 ar ddicatd to

th protctio of mirat workr. Pri-

cip 8 tipuat that th huma riht of

mirat workr, rard of thir ta-

tu, houd b promotd ad protctd.

Thi pricip rfr to th IlO 1998 Dc-

aratio118 ad to th rvat huma riht

itrumt adoptd i th cotxt of th

Uitd natio. Pricip 9 tat that a

itratioa abour tadard appy to

mirat workr, that protctio rquir

a oud a foudatio bad o itr-

atioa aw ad that atioa miratioaw ad poici houd b uidd by

IlO tadard i th ara of mpoy-

mt, abour ipctio, ocia curity,

matrity protctio, protctio of wa,

occupatioa afty ad hath, a w ai uch ctor a aricutur, cotruc-

tio ad hot ad rtaurat. A pa-

rat pricip i ddicatd to prvtio

ad protctio aait abuiv miratio

practic uch a mui ad trafck-

i. Th am pricip ca o ovr-

mt to work toward prvti irru-

ar abour miratio.

4. ProtectionofMigrantWorkersfromAbusesbyPrivateEmployers

stat duti udr itratioa aw ar

ot imitd to rpcti, protcti, ad

fui huma riht throuh th act of

stat ititutio ad ofcia. stat ar

ao obid to protct idividua aaitvioatio by privat pro. Thi i of

rat importac to mirat, ic may

mirat work for privat mpoyr, i

th iforma coomy ad i domtic

work. Th who ar mpoyd i privat

houhod td to b ioatd with o up-

porti twork. Domtic work i oft

udrvaud a iforma work ad ot rc-

oizd udr abour aw or abour cod.

A a rut, mot domtic workr hav

ot b ab to joy th fudamta

riht that thy ar titd to. stat mut

tak poitiv maur to ur that pri-

vat pro or titi do ot, for xamp,

iict cru, ihuma or dradi trat-

mt or puihmt o othr withi thir

powr. Thy mut ao protct idividuafrom dicrimiatio by th privat ctor


38/144


i ratio to work or houi. stat mut

tak maur to protct mirat wom

ad chidr from avry diuid.

a domtic or othr kid of proarvic.119 stat mut ao tak tp to

ruat worki coditio i th iforma

coomy, icudi domtic ad aricu-

tura work, ad mut moitor compiac

by privat ctor mpoyr with iatio

o worki coditio throuh a ffc-

tivy fuctioi abour ipctorat.

E. Refugees

Rfu aw i a itra part of huma

riht. Th Covtio o th statu of Rf-

u wa o of th rt trati actd

aftr th Uivra Dcaratio of Huma

Riht wa adoptd, du to th ctraity

of th rfu probm i th tir co-cpt of itratioa huma riht i th

pot-war priod. At rt iht it houd

m impicit ouh that rfu protc-

tio i fudamtay part of huma riht.

Yt, thi i a ratiohip that i ot w

udrtood. I om quartr, th vry

kihip btw th rfu protctio

rim ad that of huma riht i v

cotdd.

Rfu protctio i huma riht pro-

tctio. Th ititutio of ayum driv

dircty from th riht to k ad joy

ayum t out i Artic 14(1) of th 1948

Uivra Dcaratio of Huma Riht.120

Itratioa rfu aw ad, mor r-

ay, th itratioa rfu protctio y-tm provid for a pcic rim of huma

riht protctio for a pcic catory of

pro: tho who ca o or ry o

thir coutry of atioaity or habitua ri-

dc for rpct, protctio ad fumtof thir huma riht ad fudamta fr-

dom.121 Itratioa rfu aw i thu

mbddd withi huma riht aw.

Ctra to th raizatio of th riht to

k ayum i th pricip of non-refoule-

ment.122 Th pricip of o-rfoumt

mbodid i Artic 33 of th Cov-

tio Rati to th statu of Rfu123compa ay maur attributab

to th stat which coud hav th ffct

of rturi a ayum kr or rfu

to th frotir of trritori whr hi/

hr if or frdom woud b thratd,

or whr h or h i at rik of prcu-

tio, icudi itrcptio, rjctio at

th frotir or idirct rfoumt. Thiprohibit ay form of forcib rmova,

whthr dirct or idirct, to a thrat to if

or frdom124 or to tortur, cru, ihuma

or dradi tratmt or puihmt.125

It icud dportatio, xpuio, xtradi-

tio, rditio ad o-admiio at th

bordr. May ayum-kr ad v

rfu cotiu to b dportd a ia

mirat a part of miratio cotro ma-

ur. Ayum-kr ar particuary vu-

rab to dportatio if dtaid.

Th 1951 Covtio Rati to th sta-

tu of Rfu i th ky a documt

i di who i a rfu, hi/hr riht

ad th a obiatio of stat. Th Pr-

amb to th 1951 Covtio ummarizth objctiv of itratioa protctio:


39/144


to aur rfu th widt poib

xrci offudamta huma riht

ad frdom which a huma bi

[houd] joywithout dicrimiatio ato rac, riio or coutry of orii. Th

cotracti stat ard to trat rfu

withi thir trritori at at a favour-

aby a stat trat thir atioa with

rpct to frdom to practic thir ri-

io ad frdom a rard th riiou

ducatio of thir chidr.126

Th 1967 Protoco Rati to th statu ofRfu127 rmovd oraphica ad tm-

pora rtrictio from th Covtio. By

accio to th Protoco, stat udrtak to

appy th ubtativ proviio of th 1951

Covtio to a rfu covrd by th

ditio of th attr, but without imitatio

of dat. Athouh ratd to th Covtio

i thi way, th Protoco i a idpdtitrumt, accio to which i ot im-

itd to stat Parti to th Covtio. Th

Covtio ad th Protoco ar th prici-

pa itratioa itrumt tabihd for

th protctio of rfu ad thir baic

charactr ha b widy rcoizd itr-

atioay.128 Itratioa protctio i thu

prmid o huma riht pricip. Th

diffrt huma riht itrumt, mcha-

im ad procdur compmt itra-

tioa rfu aw too.

F. Smuggled Migrants andVictims of Trafcking

Th Uitd natio Covtio aaitTraatioa Oraizd Crim129 ad it

Protoco o Trafcki i Pro ad

smui of Mirat130 ar idip-

ab itrumt for th wai of a coor-

diatd ht aait th activiti.

131

Iti tia that th diffrc btw

th mui of mirat ad trafcki

i pro ar udrtood bfor a ffc-

tiv poicy rpo to both crim ca b

dvopd ad impmtd. Whi both

huma trafcki ad mirat mui

pry o th vurabiiti of pop ad

thir dir to mirat, thy ar utimaty

two ditict crim.

Th Un Trafcki Protoco i th rt

itratioa itrumt to idtify traf-

ckd pro a victim of crim. I

doi o, it upport th impmtatio

of atioa maur that rcoi ad

rpod to thir tatu a victim of crim

icudi providi victim with ifor-matio o court procdi, protcti

thir idtity duri th crimia jutic

proc, ad providi acc to protc-

tio ad upport rvic. Th Protoco o

th smui of Mirat by lad, sa

ad Air132 k to prvt ad combat th

mui of mirat.

Athouh thr ha b icrad att-

tio ad actio o th part of may cou-

tri rardi th iu ad rpo to

trafcki i pro ad th mui

of mirat, thr rmai a coidrab

umbr of coutri whr pcic i-

atio o huma trafcki ad mirat

mui i acki, or whr oy cr-

tai mt of th Trafcki ad smu-i Protoco ar bi addrd. May


40/144


stat ack th capacity ad xprti to

impmt iatio i i with th Pro-

toco. Th Trafcki Protoco ha b

ratid by may stat, iai thircommitmt to combat huma trafck-

i udr atioa iatio; howvr it

i oft th ca that th comprhiv

approach to huma trafcki mbodid

by th Protoco i ot fuy impmtd

withi atioa rpo to huma traf-

cki. Th crimiaizatio of huma traf-

cki i oft w dvopd, but uch

crimiaizatio rquir th upport ofmaur for th protctio of trafckd

victim udr atioa iatio i ordr

for it to b mot ffctiv.

Th Itratioa Covtio o th Pro-

tctio of th Riht of A Mirat Workr

ad Mmbr of thir Famii, i it part

VI, ao obi stat to coaborat withth viw to prvti ad imiati i-

a or cadti movmt of mirat,

ad to tak maur to dtct ad radi-

cat uch movmt ad to impo

ffctiv actio o pro, roup or

titi who oraiz uch movmt.133

I 2004, th Uitd natio Commiio

o Huma Riht tabihd th madat

of th spcia Rapportur o Trafcki

i Pro which focu o th huma

riht apct of th victim of trafcki

i pro, pciay wom ad chi-

dr. Th OHCHR Rcommdd Pri-

cip ad guidi o Huma Riht

ad Huma Trafcki provid practica,

riht-bad app

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