IeMRC Annual ConferenceLoughborough

4th July 2008

IINTEGRATED NTEGRATED OOPTICAL ANDPTICAL AND EELECTRONICLECTRONICIINTERCONNECTNTERCONNECT PCB MPCB MANUFACTURINGANUFACTURING (OPCB)(OPCB)IIeeMRC FMRC FLAGSHIP LAGSHIP PPROJECTROJECT

2

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. Enhance fabrication techniques for optical waveguides

2. Integrate optical layers into Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)

3. Develop technology enablers: Connectors, CAD, Design Rules

4. Deploy Electro‐Optical PCBs into end‐user applications

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

3

Dave MilwardProject Manager

E‐mail: dave_milward@xyratex.com

David SelviahTechnical Lead

E‐mail:  d.selviah@ee.ucl.ac.uk

PARTICIPANTS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

4

Research ObjectivesResearch Objectives

Investigate optical PCB technology

Identify technology challenges

Develop optical PCB and connector technology

Integrate OPCB backplanes into storage systems

Aid commercial proliferation

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

XYRATEX RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT GROUP

5

STORAGE SYSTEM TRENDS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

Data storage systems increasing in complexity, density and speed

Data storage systems increasing in complexity, density and speed

Storage demand increasingStorage demand increasing

Manage more storage

Increased complexity

Disk sizes decreasingDisk sizes decreasing

Increased system density

Data rates increasingData rates increasing

Data access speeds:

3 Gb/s SAS -> 6 Gb/s SAS

10 Gb/s Gigabit Ethernet

12 Gb/s SAS

6

END USER REQUIREMENTS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

Data Storage / processingData Storage / processing

High density, fast

communication within storage

backplanes

Deployment by end‐users of OPCB technology into various applications

Deployment by end‐users of OPCB technology into various applications

MilitaryMilitary

Robust, low EMI, high

speed communication within

military vehicles

SensorsSensors

Flexible optical

sensors for biomedical

applications

7

Signal Frequency

Low loss PCB materials

Low Skew Connector

Via Control Processes

Number of layers per board

EqualisationPre-emphasis

Cos

ts

Copper transmission lineCopper transmission line

Capacitive couplingCapacitive coupling

Inductive couplingInductive coupling

Impedance mismatchImpedance mismatch

Output signalOutput signal

Skin effect @ 10 GHzSkin effect @ 10 GHzSkin effect @ 1 GHzSkin effect @ 1 GHzSkin effect @ 100 MHzSkin effect @ 100 MHzSkin effectSkin effect

COST IMPLICATIONS OF HIGH SPEED COPPER

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

High frequency copper issuesHigh frequency copper issues

Crosstalk

Reflections

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Dielectric Loss / Skin effect

Skew

8

0.25 mm

Core

Cladding

Optical Waveguide

0.25 mm

Optical signal pipelines possible

Send optical data further

Fit more optical channels

Send data faster

No EMI outside the waveguide

Send multiple signals (WDM)

18 optical channels

Cladding

1 electronic channel

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

THE LIGHT ALTERNATIVE

9

MATERIAL SUPPLY AND DEVELOPMENT

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

PolyacrylatesPolyacrylates

Truemode® polymer - Exxelis

New polymer formulations - Heriot Watt U

PolysiloxanePolysiloxane

Polysiloxane formulations – Dow Corning

Two different classes of optical polymer evaluated and compared for waveguide production

Two different classes of optical polymer evaluated and compared for waveguide production

10

OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE FABRICATION 

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

PhotolithographyPhotolithography

Four techniques for fabricating optical waveguides investigated and characterisedFour techniques for fabricating optical 

waveguides investigated and characterised

Laser WritingLaser Writing Laser AblationLaser Ablation Ink Jet PrintingInk Jet Printing

FR4 PCBCladding

Core

FR4 PCBDeposit cladding and

core layers on substrateLaser ablate polymer

FR4 PCBDeposit cladding layer

UV LASER

SIDE VIEW

FR4 PCBCladding

Core

FR4 PCBDeposit cladding and

core layers on substrateLaser ablate polymer

FR4 PCBDeposit cladding layer

UV LASER

SIDE VIEW

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OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DESIGN SERVICES

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

Design Rules and CharacterisationDesign Rules and Characterisation

PCB layout constraints for waveguides:

Minimum bend radius

Separation

Crossing angle

Design services for optical waveguide layout developed

Design services for optical waveguide layout developed

OPCB CAD DesignOPCB CAD Design

Cadence software adapted to layout optical tracks

Software used to design optical backplane

12

ELECTRO‐OPTICAL PCB MANUFACTURE

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

PCB Manufacturer to adapt fabrication techniques toward commercial production of electro‐optical PCBsPCB Manufacturer to adapt fabrication techniques 

toward commercial production of electro‐optical PCBs

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Source: Fraunhofer Institute

Source: Exxelis

POLYMER WAVEGUIDE TECHNOLOGY EXISTS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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Source: IBM Zürich Source: Exxelis Source: Exxelis

OPTICAL LAYOUT ADVANTAGES

SplittersSplitters

1 – many power splitters possible

Depends on loss budget

CrossingsCrossings

Signal crossings on same layer without

shorts

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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OPTICAL LAYOUT ADVANTAGES

Right Angled Bends (InRight Angled Bends (In--plane)plane)

Overcomes bend radius restrictions

Allows higher density routing

Right Angled Bends (OutRight Angled Bends (Out--ofof--plane)plane)

Eases optical signal insertion

Basis for optical vias

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

Reduction in PCB Waste MaterialReduction in PCB Waste Material

All electronic PCB

All electronic PCB

Electro-optical PCB

Electro-optical PCB

Total size reduction:

65%

Reduced Power ConsumptionReduced Power Consumption

Reduce layers by 40%

Reduce area by 25%

Electronic Signal driver

10 Gb/s data stream

10 Gb/s data stream

Drive power reduction: 30%

Optical Signal driver

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MicrocontrollerMicrocontrollerSamtec field array connector

Samtec field array connector

Spring loaded platformSpring loaded platform

Parallel Optical TransceiverParallel Optical Transceiver

Small form factor

10 Gb/s per channel

Microcontroller with I2C interface

Backplane Connector ModuleBackplane Connector Module

Automated connector mechanism

High precision alignment

OPTICAL PCB CONNECTOR

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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Compact PCI slots for line cardsCompact PCI slots for line cards

Optical Connector SitesOptical Connector Sites

Optical WaveguidesOptical Waveguides

Optical LayerOptical Layer

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

ElectroElectro--Optical BackplaneOptical Backplane

Compact PCI architecture

Electrical layers for power

Electrical layers for low speed

Optical layer for 10 Gb/s traffic

4 optical PCB connector sites

Connector slots for line cards

ELECTRO‐OPTICAL BACKPLANE

Compact PCI slot for Single Board Computer

Compact PCI slot for Single Board Computer

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Power Supply Unit

Guide rails for line cards

Guide rail for Single Board Computer

Chassis Housing

Populated BackplanePopulated Backplane

DEMONSTRATION PLATFORM FOR ECOC 2008

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

Optical Backplane

20

Single Board Computer monitor and interface to run control GUI

Single Board Computer monitor and interface to run control GUI

10 GbE pattern generator and traffic capture analysis10 GbE pattern generator and traffic capture analysis

Signal Analyser (supplied by UCL) showing eye diagramsSignal Analyser (supplied by UCL) showing eye diagrams

Bit Error Rate tester (supplied by UCL)Bit Error Rate tester (supplied by UCL)

Demonstration PlatformDemonstration Platform

DEMONSTRATION PLATFORM FOR ECOC 2008

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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• Direct Laser-writing of waveguides

• Increase writing speeds and manufacturability

• Photo-polymer Formulation

• Optimise for faster writing; alternative polymer systems; possible dry

formulation

• Writing over a large areas (400 – 500 mm long)

• Stationary “writing head” with board moved on long translation stage

• Connectors

• Possible use of 45-deg out-of-plane mirrors

• Advanced Optoelectronic Integration

Andy Walker, Aongus McCarthy, Himanshu Suyal

HWU CONTRIBUTION TO OPCB PROJECT

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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• Slotted baseplate mounted vertically over translation,rotation & vertical stages; components held in place with magnets

• By using two opposing 45º beams we minimise theamount of substrate rotation needed

DIRECT LASER‐WRITING SETUP: SCHEMATIC

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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Gaussian Beam Imaged aperture

Images of the resulting waveguide core cross-sections

– flat-top, rectangular laser spot

TEM00

WRITING SHARPLY DEFINED FEATURES

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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SEM images of polymer structures written using imaged 50 µm square

aperture (chrome on glass)

• Writing speed: ~75 µm / s• Optical power: ~100 µW• Flat-top intensity profile• Oil immersion• Single pass

Optical microscope image showing end on view of the 45º surfaces

LASER WRITTEN POLYMER STRUCTURES

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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Out-of-plane coupling, using 45-deg mirror (silver)

Microscope image looking down on mirror

coupling light towards camera

OPTICAL INPUT

WAVEGUIDE TERMINATED WITH 45°MIRROR

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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• Polymer Types: Acrylate (HWU custom & Exxelis) & polysiloxane

systems (Dow Corning)

• Tuning of refractive index and viscosity is possible

• Equivalent to negative photoresist processing

• Compatible with a wide range of substrates

• Mechanical and thermal properties compatible with PCB

processing

• “Wet” format processing; Possibility of a dry film format

formulation

• Low optical loss at 850 nm (>0.1 dB/cm typical)

• Polymer deposition techniques include: Spinning, doctor-blading,

casting, spray coating and ink-jet printing

PHOTO‐POLYMER & PROCESSING

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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Polymer system / formulationWriting speed

New Aerotech stages capable of speeds of up to 2 m/s

Intensity profileGaussianFlat top (imaged aperture)

Optical powerGaussian beam: up to ~10 mWImaged aperture: up to ~1.5 mW

Oil immersionPermits writing of 45º surfacesExcludes oxygen, which inhibits polymerisation process

Number of passesExposure process is non-reciprocalCan obtain better results with multiple fast passes than single slow pass

LASER WRITING PARAMETERS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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Laser-writing Parameters:- Intensity profile: Gaussian

- Optical power: ~8 mW

- Cores written in oil

Polymer: - Custom multifunctional

acrylate photo-polymer

- Fastest “effective” writing speed to date: 50 mm/s

(Substrate: FR4 with polymer undercladding)

CURRENT RESULTS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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INTENSITY PROFILES

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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• 100 µm aperture was de-magnified• Optical power at sample ~0.5 mW• HWU custom photo-polymer

8 mm/s63 x 74 µm

4 mm/s69 x 78 µm

2 mm/s76 x 84 µm

DIRECT LASER WRITTEN WAVEGUIDES USING IMAGED CIRCULAR APERTURE

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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• 600 x 300 mm travel• Requires a minimum of

700 x 1000 mm space on optical bench

• Height: ~250 mm• Mass:

• 300 mm: 21 kg• 600 mm: 33 kg• Vacuum tabletop

• Stationary “writing head” with board moved using Aerotech sub-µm precision stages

• Waveguide trajectories produced using CAD program

LARGE BOARD PROCESSING: WRITING

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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The spiral was fabricated using a Gaussian intensity profile at a writing speed of 2.5 mm/s on a 10 x 10 cm lower clad FR4 substrate. Total length of spiral waveguide is ~1.4 m. The spiral was upper cladded at both ends for cutting.

LARGE BOARD PROCESSING: WRITING

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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Key challenge: Dispensing / applying a uniform layer of liquid photo polymer over a large are FR4 boards.

We plan to experiment with a number of techniques including the use of a roller system (as shown in the CAD drawing on right)- Shims along edge- Mylar sheet

Board Developing: Appropriate container for developing large FR4 boards after UV exposure

LARGE BOARD PROCESSING: POLYMER DISPENSING / DEVELOPING

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

34Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

Inkjet Fabrication of Optical WaveguidesIeMRC, 4th July 2008

John Chappell, David Hutt, Paul Conway

Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University

CONTRIBUTION FROM LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY

35

Advantages- selective deposition of core and clad - less wastage: picolitre volumes- large area printing- low cost

Target core dimensions of 50-100 microns height/width

APPROACHES TO USING INKJET PRINTING

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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Material properties tailored to inkjet head

Optimising ‘waveform’ for each fluid - fluid dynamics

Interaction of material with substrate: wetting, adhesion

Control and stability of liquid structuresTruemode (Exxelis) suitable material core/cladSolvent needed to tailor viscosity

15 20 25 30 35 40 453

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

LBO - Solvent A LBO - Solvent B

Vis

cosi

ty (c

St)

Temperature (deg C)

Core+ solvent A

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

2.2

2.4

0.015 0.025 0.035 0.045 0.055 0.065

1/T

Ln v

isco

sity

ηα

~ AeT

ηα β

~ Ae BeT T+

CHALLENGES OF INKJET DEPOSITION

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

37

Extensive spreading- drop spacing of 70 microns

Controlled spreading- drop spacing of 17.5 microns (4x jetting frequency)

(a) low BP solvent(b) high BP solvent - rate of solvent evaporation affecting line shape

Room temperature substrate

Substrate temperature ~-20oC

INKJETTING CORE ON CLADDING

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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Young’s Equation

Balance of surface tensions acting at the contact linesDifferences in material properties will affect the contact angle of the drop with the surfaceSurface tension (and viscosity) are temperature related - lowering the temperature increases surface tension (and viscosity)

σ σ σAS SW AW= + cosΘ

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

DROP‐SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS

39

Increase contact angle of liquid on substrate to reduce the wetting of liquid coreChange the surface energyChoose a model hydrophobic surface - octadecyltrichlorosilane(OTS) on glassCladding substrate shows water contact angles of ~73o

OTS on glass gives water droplet contact angles >100o

Creates adhesion problems

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

MODIFYING THE SUBSTRATE PROPERTIES

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Drop spacing of 70 micronsRoom temperature (left) and cold substrate (right)Discrete droplets – no splashing: material tailored well to inkjet systemTemperature not the dominant factor in controlling feature shapesPossible demixing of solvent and core material at lower temperature

Room temp. substrate Cold substrate

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

INKJETTING ONTO OTS MODIFIED GLASS SUBSTRATES

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Increasing the material deposited causes periodic features in the line shape - due to a combination of contact angles, viscosity and surface tensionSurface roughness of ‘tracks’ is very low- investigating optical properties of thesestructuresPoor adhesion betweentreated glass and inkjettedmaterialAspect ratio of 5:1 - aiming towards 1:1Investigating ways to confine the line width, increase aspect ratio and increase adhesion

1mm

50μm

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

STABLE FEATURES ON A MODEL OTS SURFACE

4242Copyright © 2008 UCL

UCL CONTRIBUTION

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

Characterisation of Optical WaveguidesIeMRC, 4th July 2008

David Selviah, Kai Wang, Anibal Fernandez, IoannisPapakonstantinou.

Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, UCL

4343Copyright © 2008 UCL

Straight waveguides 480 mm x 70 µm x 70 µmBends with a range of radiiCrossingsSplittersSpiral waveguidesTapered waveguidesBent tapered waveguides

Surface RoughnessLossCrosstalkMisalignment toleranceBit Error Rate, Eye Diagram

WAVEGUIDE COMPONENTS AND MEASUREMENTS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

4444

50 μm × 50 μm waveguide 50 μm × 140 μm waveguide

• Photo-lithographically fabricated by Exxelis• Cut with a dicing saw, unpolished• VCSEL illuminated

Copyright © 2008 UCL

WAVEGUIDE OUTPUT FACE PHOTOGRAPHS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

4545

RMS side wall roughness: 9 nm to 74 nm

RMS polished end surface roughness: 26 nm to 192 nm.

45Copyright © 2008 UCL

SURFACE ROUGHNESS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

4646 46Copyright © 2008 UCL

WAVEGUIDE 90° BEND TEST PATTERN

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

4747

-15 dBm

Integrating sphere photodetector

850 nm VCSEL

150 μm pinhole

nW Power Meter

50/125 μm step index fibre

mode scrambler

R

Index matching fluid

Copyright © 2008 UCL

OPTICAL LOSS MEASUREMENT

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

4848

w

lin

lout

Rs

Rs+ΔR

Rf = Rs + NΔR

A

B

I

Output

Input

O

Schematic diagram of one set of curved waveguides.

Light through a bent waveguide of R= 5.5 mm – 34.5 mm

• Radius R, varied between 5.5 mm < R < 35 mm, ΔR = 1 mm• Light lost due to scattering, transition loss, bend loss, reflection and back-scattering • Illuminated by a MM fibre with a red-laser.

Copyright © 2008 UCL

OPTICAL POWER LOSS IN 90°WAVEGUIDE BENDS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

4949

Width (μm) Minimum Radius (mm) Minimum Loss (dB)50 13.5 0.7475 15.3 0.91100 17.7 1.18

Copyright © 2008 UCL

LOSS OF WAVEGUIDE BENDS

50 µm × 50 µm

70 µm × 50 µm

100 µm × 50 µm

Bend radius (mm)

Power transmission

(dB)

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

5050 50

The input section win = 50 μm, and its length lin = 11.5 mmThe tapered bend transforms the waveguide width from win, to woutThe width of the tapered bends varies linearly along its lengthOutput straight waveguide length lout = 24.5 mm. Output widths wout = 10 μm, 20 μm, 25 μm, 30 μm and 40 μm

Copyright © 2008 UCL

DESIGN RULES FOR TAPERED BENDS

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

5151 51

Dashed lines correspond to the boundaries of the win = 50 μm tapered bend

Dotted lines correspond to the boundaries of the 20 μm bendTapered bend has more misalignment tolerance for a slight loss

penalty

Copyright © 2008 UCL

MISALIGNMENT TOLERANCE OF A TAPERED BEND

Insertion loss (dB)

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

5252 52

Loss of 0.023 dB per 90° crossing consistent with other reportsThe loss per crossing (Lc) depends on crossing angle (θ),

Lc=1.0779 · θ -0.8727.

Copyright © 2008 UCL

DESIGN RULES FOR WAVEGUIDE CROSSINGS

00.020.040.060.08

0.10.120.140.160.18

0 20 40 60 80 100

0.023

Transmitted mean power per crossing

(dB)

Crossing angle (degree)

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

5353

Light launched from VCSEL imaged via a GRIN lens into 50 µm x 150 µm waveguidePhoto-lithographically fabricated chirped with waveguide arrayPhotomosaic with increased camera gain towards left

100 µm 110 µm 120 µm 130 µm 140 µm 150 µm

Copyright © 2008 UCL

CROSSTALK in CHIRPED WIDTH WAVEGUIDE ARRAY

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

5454 54

70 μm × 70 μm waveguide cross sectionsWaveguide end facets diced but unpolished scatters light into claddingIn the cladding power drops linearly at a rate of 0.011 dB/µmCrosstalk reduced to -30 dB for waveguides 1 mm apart

Copyright © 2008 UCL

DESIGN RULES FOR INTER‐WAVEGUIDE CROSS TALK

PD with pinhole

VCSEL x (µm)

Normalized transmitted power (dB)

0th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th-1st

y

xz

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

5555 55

Copyright © 2008 UCL

SYSTEM DEMONSTRATOR

Fully connected waveguide layout using design rules

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

56Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

We haveWe have

••Created basic waveguide design rulesCreated basic waveguide design rules

••Input waveguide designs into Cadence toolInput waveguide designs into Cadence tool

••Established measurement techniquesEstablished measurement techniques

UCL SUMMARY

57

Dave MilwardProject Manager

E‐mail: dave_milward@xyratex.com

David SelviahTechnical Lead

E‐mail:  d.selviah@ee.ucl.ac.uk

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

58Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

Supplemental SlidesSupplemental Slides

59

PUBLICATIONS

Papakonstantinou,I., et al., (2008). Low cost, precision, self-alignment technique for coupling laser and photodiode arrays to waveguide arrays. IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging . ISSN: 1521-3323

Papakonstantinou,I., et al., (2008). Insertion Loss and Source Misalignment Tolerance in Multimode Tapered Waveguide Bends. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 20(12), 1000-1002. ISSN: 1041-1135

Papakonstantinou,I., et al., (2008). Optical 8-Channel, 10 Gb/s MT Pluggable Connector Alignment Technology for Precision Coupling of Laser and Photodiode Arrays to Polymer Waveguide Arrays for Optical Board-to-Board Interconnects. ECTC, May 27-30, Florida, USA,

Selviah,D.R. (2008). Invited Conference Plenary Paper: Integrated Optical and Electronic PCB Manufacturing. IEEE Workshop on Interconnections within High Speed Digital Systems, Santa Fe, USA, 18-21 May 2008, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA:IEEE

Selviah,D.R. (2008), UK Displays and Lighting, Korean Trade Visit, Department of Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, 1.

Selviah,D.R., et al., (2008). Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing. Circuit World 34(2), 21-26. ISSN: 0305-6120

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

60

PUBLICATIONS

Selviah,D.R., (2008). Invited Author: Computational Modeling of Bound and Radiation Mode Optical Electromagnetic Fields in Multimode Dielectric Waveguides. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium PIERS 2008 in Cambridge, USA, 2-6 July, 2008

Selviah,D.R.(2008). 19th IEEE LEOS Workshop on High Speed Interconnections within Digital System, HSD '08, May 18th-21st, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA

Selviah,D.R., et al., (2008). Innovative Optical and Electronic Interconnect Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Research. 2nd Electronics System-Integration Technolgy Conference (ESTC) Greenwich, UK, 1st-4th September 2008,

Wang,K., et al., (2008). Photolithographically Manufactured Acrylate Multimode Optical Waveguide Loss Design Rules. 2nd Electronics System-Integration Technolgy Conference (ESTC) Greenwich, UK, 1st-4th September 2008,

Baghsiahi,H., et al., (2008). Photolithographically Manufactured Acrylate Multimode Optical Waveguide Misalignment Design. 2nd Electronics System-Integration Technolgy Conference (ESTC) Greenwich, UK, 1st-4th September 2008,

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing

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Substrate

Core layer

Upper cladding

Photolithographic mask

Lower cladding

1. Deposit lower cladding

2. Cure

3. Deposit core

4. Align mask

5. Cure waveguides

6. Remove uncured material

7. Deposit upper cladding

8. Cure

Waveguides

UV ExposureUV Exposure

HOW TO MAKE AN OPTICAL PCB

Integrated Optical and Electronic Interconnect PCB Manufacturing