INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS SASI.pptx

8/10/2019 INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS SASI.pptx

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Energy in Buildings Buildings are inherently linked to their usage and

surroundings and hence their indoor environment is theresult of a range of interactions affected by seasonal and dailychanges in climate and by the requirements of occupants

varying in time and space.

The design of buildings in the mid-late twentieth century hassought to eliminate the effect of outdoor daily and seasonalchanges through the use of extensive heating, cooling,

lighting and ventilation equipment, resulting in spiralingenergy consumption and environmental impact.

Intelligent Buildings Technology


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Introduction-Energy Management Energy used in buildings accounts for almost half

of the total amount of energy consumed in theEuropean Community today.

Almost 85% of the energy used in buildings is forlow temperature applications such as space andwater heating.

Appropriate building designs involving clean and

efficient technologies are already available andthere use may help to reduce future energyconsumption as well as to provide a better qualityof life for citizens.



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Introduction-Energy Management With fossil fuels the primary energy source, the building

sector currently produces 22% of total CO2emissions inthe EC. This is more than that produced by the industrialsector.

Intelligently designed buildings are those that involveenvironmentally responsive design taking into accountthe surroundings and building usage and involving theselection of appropriate building services and controlsystems to further enhance building operation with a view

to the reduction of energy consumption andenvironmental impact over its lifetime.



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Energy in Buildings The purpose of energy management in buildings, and

hence the role of the building energy manager, is toidentify the areas in building stock where energy is usedin excess.

Energy consumption in building is required for thefollowing uses:

Heating

Cooling

Ventilation Lighting

Equipment and machinery

Domestic hot water



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Thermal Comfort Comfort is defined as the sensation of complete physical and mental

well being.

Thermal neutrality, where an individual desires neither a warmer nora colder environment, is a necessary condition for thermal comfort.

The factors affecting comfort are divided into personal variables:

activity

Clothing

and environmental variables,

(air temperature,

mean radiant temperature air velocity

air humidity



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Thermal Comfort Energy Balance



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Visual Comfort Visual comfort is the main determinant of lighting

requirements. Good lighting provide a suitable intensity and direction of

illumination on the task area, appropriate colour rendering,

the absence of discomfort and, in addition, a satisfyingvariety in lighting quality and intensity from place to placeand over time.

Peoples lighting preferences vary with age, gender, time andseason. The activity to be performed is critically important.

Various agencies (ASHRAE, CIBSE, etc.) and text books listoptimal illuminances for different activities. These aregenerally based on uniform and constant levels of artificiallight falling on the working plane.



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Visual Comfort Illuminance levels



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Visual ComfortNatural light comes from three

directions:

Direct Sunlight

Diffuse light from the sky,and

Light Reflections from theEnvironment



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Indoor air Quality

During the last three decades, decreased ventilation rates for energyconservation, along with increased use of synthetic (i.e. man-made)materials in buildings have resulted in increased health complaintsfrom building occupants. However, energy efficiency and good indoor

air quality in buildings need not be mutually exclusive.

In fact, in 1986 the WHO (World Health Organisation) reported that"energy-efficient but sick buildings often cost society far more than itgains by energy savings".

The result of the reductions in ventilation rates in buildings have ledto the so called "Sick Building Syndrome" (SBS) and "Building RelatedIllness" (BRI).



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Indoor air Quality Ventilation

There are two types of ventilation: natural and mechanical.

Natural ventilation includes the movement of outdoor airthrough intentional openings such as doors and windows and

through unintentional openings in the building shell scuch ascracks which result in infiltration and exfiltration.

Mechanical or forced ventilation is intentional ventilationsupplied by fans or blowers. These fans are usually part of thebuildings HVAC system which heats, cools, mixes and filters theair being supplied to the building.



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Climate Climate responsive design in buildings takes into account

the following climatic parameters which have directinfluence on indoor thermal comfort and energyconsumption in buildings:

The air temperature, The humidity, The prevailing wind direction and speed, The amount of solar radiation and the solar path. Long wave radiation between other buildings and the

surrounding environment and sky also plays a major role inbuilding performance.



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Climate The outdoor air temperature has a significant effect

on building thermal losses due to conductionthrough the walls and roof of the building, as well asaffecting ventilation and infiltration losses due to

either desirable or undesirable air changes. In warm climates the relative humidity plays an

important role in determining thermal comfort levels,since during warm weather the high pressure of watervapour prevents the evaporation of perspiration fromthe body thereby inhibiting the body from beingmaintained at a comfortable temperature.



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Macroclimate is a term referring to the general climatic character of aregion in terms of temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshineand cloud cover. An appreciation of the overall characterisation of theclimate of a region is a fundamental requirement for climate responsivebuilding design, this affecting the general design principles which shouldbe followed.

Regional climatic factors are strongly affected by the local topography,

vegetation and the nature of the area, resulting in deviations from theregional macroclimate. The effect of such factors results in climaticcharacteristics known as the mesoclimate.Heavily vegetated or denselybuilt-up areas have a significant impact on the climate of a specificlocation.

The conditions of the climatic parameters of a specific site or around a

building are termed the microclimate. Temperature, humidity, windspeed, and solar radiation around a building can be affected by thedeliberate placement of vegetation, landscaping, water and fountains,and positioning of constructions



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Building Climate interaction


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Building Envelope The building envelope responds dynamically to the impact of the

outdoor climate on the envelope exterior and the effect of theoccupancy pattern and building usage on the interior.

However, the performance of the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, artificial lighting, fenestration opening andshading can be harmonized and optimized in response tooccupancy needs and climatic conditions through a buildingenergy management system which allows direct control of thenecessary actuators either manually or automatically.

In this manner the individual components of the building can becontrolled to produce the best possible indoor environment withminimum energy consumption.



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Heat transfer Conduction - C

Radiation - R Convection - C



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Intelligent Construction Limited provides a full spectrumof preconstruction services

As you would expect from one of the leading construction firms.The Intelligent Construction Limited difference lies in our ability to confidently andconsistently interpret and deliver results as only a true builder can do.

Budget Development and Estimating

Intelligent Construction Limited preconstruction teams understand how critical our

early estimates are to your project's success. We practice a continuous process of costcontrol beginning on the day we are selected as part of the project team. From that dayforward, we focus on realistic budgeting, accurate documentation and ongoing reviewof costs to help your maximize your budget dollars.

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