The Gallup Organization Flash EB N o 187 – 2006 Innobarometer on Clusters Analytical Report, page 1 Flash Eurobarometer 217 – The Gallup Organization This survey was requested by Directorate General Education and Culture and coordinated by Directorate General Communication This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission. The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors. Flash Eurobarometer Intercultural dialogue in Europe Analytical Report Fieldwork: November 2007 Report: November 2007 European Commission
Transcript
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 187 – 2006 Innobarometer on Clusters
Analytical Report, page 1
Flas
h E
urob
arom
eter
217
–
The
Gal
lup
Org
aniz
atio
n
This survey was requested by Directorate General Education and Culture and coordinated by Directorate General Communication
This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission. The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors.
Flash Eurobarometer
Intercultural dialogue in Europe Analytical Report Fieldwork: November 2007
Report: November 2007
European Commission
Flash EB Series #217
Intercultural
dialogue in Europe
Conducted by The Gallup Organization
upon the request of DG Education and Culture
Survey coordinated by the Directorate-General Communication
This document does not reflect the views of the
European Commission. The interpretations and opinions contained in it
are solely those of the authors.
THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 3
Introduction
2008 will be the Year of Intercultural Dialogue in the European Union.
This idea was initially put forward by Ján Figel', European Commissioner for
education, training, culture and youth, during his hearing before the European
Parliament in September 2004. The European Year will draw on the wealth and
diversity of a series of specific projects to be implemented during 2008 through
programmes and other Community actions. Culture, education, youth, religion,
minorities, migration, multilingualism, the media and the workplace will be the
main areas concerned.
This Flash Eurobarometer survey on Intercultural Dialogue in Europe (No 217),
commissioned by the European Commission DG Education and Culture, asked
citizens to report their patterns of interaction with people of different cultural
backgrounds, and to inquire about their general attitude towards cultural
diversity and specifically, the upcoming events of the of the Year of
Intercultural Dialogue in the EU.
The survey’s fieldwork was carried out between 13 and 17 of November, 2007.
Over 27,000 randomly selected citizens aged 15 years and above were
interviewed in the twenty-seven Member States of the European Union.
Interviews were predominantly carried out via fixed telephone, approximately
1,000 in each country. Part of the interviews in Finland and Austria were
carried out over mobile telephones. Due to the relatively low fixed telephone
coverage in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland
and Slovakia, we sampled and interviewed 300 persons face to face as well.
To correct for sampling disparities, a post-stratification weighting of the results
was implemented, based on important socio-demographic variables. More
details on survey methodology are included in the Annex of this report.
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 4
Main findings • Day-to-day interaction among people belonging to different cultures is a reality in Europe.
Two-thirds (65%) of respondents in the 27 EU Member States were able to recall any interaction with at least one person either of a different religion, ethnic background or nationality (either EU or non-EU) than their own in the seven days prior to being questioned. Out of the 27 Member States, there were only four countries where less than the half of the citizens reported such interaction with people from different cultures (Bulgaria, Poland, Romania and Estonia).
• Europeans mostly encounter people with a different ethnicity (48%). Interacting with people of a different religion was mentioned by 44%; while almost as many (42%) were aware of having contact with someone from a different EU Member State. About a third of EU citizens (36%) had dealings with someone from a country outside the EU.
• Random encounters in public are most typical. The survey showed that over half (53%) of the intercultural exchanges took place in a public space (e.g. while out walking in the street, while shopping, etc.) After those meetings, most encounters with people from different cultures took place at the respondent workplace (49%). Slightly over a third, 36%, of respondents reported that meetings took place while they were attending some kind of cultural activity or entertainment, and 25% of contacts were at an educational establishment.
• Almost three-quarters of EU citizens believe that people with a different background (ethnic, religious or national) enrich the cultural life of their country; 49% stated that representatives of non-mainstream cultures rather enrich their own country; and 23% indicated that such cultural diversity even highly enriched their country’s cultural life. Irish and the Luxembourgish respondents agreed most that the presence of people from various backgrounds enriched the cultural life of their nation; followed by the French; the German and the Finnish. The highest levels of disagreement with this assumption were found in Malta, Cyprus, Bulgaria and Romania. However, even in those countries, more than half of the citizens think that people with different cultural backgrounds (ranging from 52% to 57%) do bring benefits to everyday life.
• The dominant sentiment in the EU is intercultural dialogue is beneficial, but for many, carrying on the cultural traditions is equally important. A remarkably high number (83%) of EU citizens that agreed about the benefits of intercultural contacts, and two-thirds were of the opinion that family (cultural) traditions should be kept by the young generations. Combining the two, 55% expressed an attitude that suggests a preference towards cultural diversity with a strong preference towards keeping the cultural roots alive as well, while 25% (especially the youngest Europeans) have an attitude where cultural openness does not go hand-in-hand with the need of consciously maintaining one’s own traditions. The rest either do not appreciate the benefits of intercultural contacts, or have no clear opinion in this question.
• European attribute a variety of meanings to the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe” most of these being closely related to the core concept, and positive. Among the meanings frequently expressed by respondents, one finds: “conversation”, “cooperation”, “exchange” and “mutual understanding” across all nations, religions and cultures. In response to the survey's opening question that searched for a reaction to the phrase “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”, a large minority (36%) could not attribute any particular meaning.
• 2008 will be the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue, during which there will be a series of events taking place where people with different cultural, ethnic or religious backgrounds can learn about, and meet, each other. According to the survey, almost two-thirds of the EU-27 citizens have some interest in these events; but only one-fifth (20%) admitted to having a great interest.
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Main findings ....................................................................................................................................4
Table of Contents..............................................................................................................................5
1. Interaction with different cultures ...............................................................................................6 1.1. Interaction with people from different backgrounds..................................................................6 1.2. Interactions with specific groups of people ...............................................................................8 1.3 Exposure to different cultures – how, when and where?...........................................................10
2. Attitudes towards cultural diversity...........................................................................................16 2.1 Enrichment of one’s personal life by interaction with other cultures ........................................16 2.2 Attitudes towards openness and traditions ...............................................................................18
3. European Year of Intercultural Dialogue ..................................................................................22 3.1 Europeans about intercultural dialogue” ..................................................................................22 3.2 Interest in events linked to the “European Year of Intercultural Dialogue”...............................29
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 6
1. Interaction with different cultures
1.1. Interaction with people from different backgrounds Day-to-day interaction among people belonging to different cultures is a reality in Europe. Two-thirds (65%) of respondents in the 27 EU Member States were able to recall any interaction with at least one person either of a different religion, ethnic background or nationality (either EU or non-EU) than their own in the seven days prior to being questioned. That left 35% of respondents that could not recollect any meeting with a person of a different background in the week before. Out of the 27 Member States, there were only four countries where less than the half of the citizens reported such interaction with people from different cultures. The Member States that had the highest ratios of citizens having contacts were found to be: Luxembourg (82%); followed by Ireland (77%); the UK (76%): and Austria (75%). The countries reporting the lowest level of interaction were Estonia (43%) and Romania (44%).
Any interaction with different group of people (% of those who mentioned any interaction)
Q2. Thinking back to the LAST 7 DAYS, did you have any interacti on - either personally or virtually – with the following group of people I will read to you.
%, Base: all respondents
Any interaction65%
No interaction35%
Any interaction with different group of people(EU27)
Q2. Thinking back to the LAST 7 DAYS, did you have any interacti on - either personally or virtually – with the following group of people I will read to you.
%, Base: all respondents
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 7
The survey found a direct relation between interaction with people of different backgrounds and the respondent’s age, level of education and level of urbanization – with the amount of contact increasing with education and size of settlement; and decreasing with age. The young had most contacts¸ while only half of those older than 55 could recall any contact with a person of a different national, ethnic or religious background in the “past week”. Respondents with the highest levels of education; city dwellers; and employees reported the most intercultural encounters. At the opposite end of the respective scales were those with the lowest levels of education, rural inhabitants and those not in employment.
Table 1: Interaction with people from other religions, ethnic groups, country; % of those who have had any interaction by demographical segments (EU-27)
Interaction, %
Interaction, %
EU-27 65 Subjective Urbanization Gender Metropolitan zone 72 Male 68 Other town/urban/centre 65 Female 62 Rural zone 62 Age group Respondents’ occupation 15-24 77 Self-employed 69 25-39 75 Employee 78 40-54 67 Manual worker 60 Over 55 51 Not employed 56 Education (End of) Age 15 44
Attitudes toward openness and traditions
16-20 63 Cosmopolitan 77 Over 20 75 Pro diversity, but keep roots 64 Still in education 79 Not in favour of diversity 52
In order to look deeper than the basic socio-demographic characteristics, we created an additional background variable that examines intercultural openness versus traditional values. Using the respondents’ various insights, it shows whether in their view the young people of their country: (i) does benefit from exposure to different groups (religious, ethnic, national) and (ii) should keep hold of traditional values (see section 2.2 for a detailed analysis of intercultural openness).
Categories of intercultural openness / attitudes toward diversity Young people do benefit from an increase in intercultural dialogue
Young people should retain traditional values
Description Resulting attitude
+ + Young people benefit from intercultural interaction, but family traditions are emphasised at the same time
Pro diversity, but keep roots
+ – Young people benefit from intercultural interaction, and family traditions are not emphasised
Cosmopolitan
– +
– –
Young people do not benefit from intercultural interaction, and family traditions are emphasised OR young people do not benefit from intercultural interaction, and family traditions are not emphasised either
Not in favour of diversity
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 8
Respondents that think young people should be open to meeting their peers from different backgrounds were more likely themselves to have more contact with representatives of other groups (in the week prior to the interview) than those who feel that such contacts are not beneficial. Intercultural interaction was the most frequent among those with a cosmopolitan attitude (see definition in table on the previous page; 77%). Those with an 'isolationist' attitude (not in favour of diversity) had the least amount of contact with people from different cultural backgrounds (52%). Note: in this analysis, beyond the standard socio-economic variables, we are also systematically using the indicator of being in interaction with people of different ethnic, national and religious backgrounds (intercultural contact) as an explanatory variable.
1.2. Interactions with specific groups of people Europeans mostly encountered people with a different ethnicity in the week prior to the interview (48%). Interacting with people of a different religion was mentioned by 44%; while almost as many (42%) were aware of having contact with someone from a different EU Member State. About a third of EU citizens (36%) had dealings with someone from a country outside the EU. Irish and British respondents reported the highest levels of contact with people from another ethnic group (both 64%); followed by citizens in Sweden and Luxemburg (both 63%); Denmark (61%); and France (60%). Polish respondents reported the lowest amount of contact with someone from a different ethnic background (22%). Recognising someone’s religion (e.g. protestant or catholic) is likely to be more difficult than identifying a person’s ethnicity or nationality (often due to language). When talking about contact with a person having a different religious background, one is most likely to be thinking about someone that expresses their religious beliefs through clothing or by actually announcing it. Alternatively, it could be that people attribute someone’s religion based on ethnicity or language. British respondents reported almost as many contacts with someone of a different religious background than with someone having a different ethnic background (63%). More than half of the respondents remembered at least one contact in the past seven days with someone of a different religion in four Member States: Austria (58%); the Netherlands (55%); France (55%); Ireland (54%): and Germany (54%). The least amount of such contact was reported in Estonia (19%); Latvia (23%) and Greece (24%). Almost three-quarters (72%) of Luxembourgish respondents have met someone from another EU Member State in the week prior to the interview¸ closely followed by the Irish (69%); the Austrians (59%); the Swedish (53%); and the British (51%). In Cyprus, as well, over half of the respondents recalled meeting a citizen from another EU country (51%). Such encounters were reported the most rarely in Romania (15%) and Bulgaria (19%).
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48having a differentethnic origin than
yours
having a differentreligion than
yours
from a differentcountry in the EU
from a differentcountry outside
the EU
Interaction with people ... (EU27)
Q2. Th inki ng back to the LAST 7 D AYS, did you have any in teracti on - ei ther p er sonall y or virtuall y – with th e fol lowi ng group of people I will read to you.
% , Base: all respondent s
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 9
Contact with non-EU citizens was mostly reported by: the Irish (50%); Swedish (49%); and Spanish respondents (48%). The lowest numbers were recorded in Romania (7%) and Hungary (9%) . In general, meetings with people from different cultural groups (of all kinds) were most rarely reported among Romanian, Estonian, Lithuanian and Bulgarian respondents.
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Interaction with people ...
Q2. Thinking back to the LAST 7 DAYS, did you have any interacti on - either personally or virtually – with the following group of people I will read to you.%, Base: all respondents, by country
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EU27
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... having a different religion than yours
... having a different ethnic origin than yours
... from a different country in the EU
... from a different country outside the EU
The chart below shows the degree of interaction by EU citizens with people of different backgrounds (ethnic, religious, national), separately for respondents’ having different attitudes towards diversity. Respondents with a cosmopolitan attitude are also the most likely to interact with members of the various groups, while those of a more ‘isolationist’ nature are the least likely to have met with someone from a different background. Socio-demographically, the general trend shows that it is men; younger age groups; those with higher levels of education; city-dwellers; and those who study or work that are most likely to report some contact with someone of a different ethnicity, religion or nationality. Even so, some variations within individual demographic segments can be seen.
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60h av in g a d iff eren t et hn ic
o rig in t h an yo u rs
h av in g a d iff eren t reli gio n
t h an y o urs
f rom a di ffere nt co u nt ry i nth e EU
f rom a dif fere nt co u nt ryo u tsid e t h e EU
Interaction with people from different backgrounds, by inter-cultural openness (EU27)
Q 2. Think i ng back to the LAST 7 D AYS, di d you ha ve any inter ac tion - ei ther per so na ll y o r v ir tua ll y –
w ith the fol low ing gro up o f pe ople I w il l re ad to you. % , Base: al l resp on den ts
Cosmo po litan Pro diversit yNot in fav our of
diversity
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41
35
46
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Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 10
While the youngest (15-24 years of age) – and accordingly, those still studying – were the most likely to report contact with people of a different (religious or ethnic) background, those aged 25-39 had more meetings with citizens of other countries. (See Annex Table 3.b.).
1.3. Exposure to different cultures – how, when and where? When a respondent recalled any contact, during the previous week, with a person of a different religious, ethnic or national background, they were also asked about the circumstances under which this meeting (physical or virtual) took place. Among those, who had any interaction in the previous week, random encounters in public were the ones most often mentioned by respondents. The survey showed that over half (53%) of the intercultural exchanges took place in a public space (e.g. while out walking in the street, while shopping, etc.) After those meetings, most encounters with people from different cultures took place at the respondent workplace (49%). Slightly over a third, 36%, of respondents reported that meetings took place while they were attending some kind of cultural activity or entertainment, and 25% of contacts were at an educational establishment. Intercultural encounters that took place whilst respondents were travelling accounted for a quarter of all answers, while the smallest proportion of contacts was recorded during sports activities (18%). This could indicate a lower level of engagement in this activity compared to others. Virtual encounters with people of different backgrounds – while surfing the Internet for example – were reported by one-fifth of respondents. Twenty-three percent of meetings took place at other venues, which were not listed among the response categories. Looking at the locations where intercultural encounters took place in individual EU Member States, the results reflect the general trends. The table on the next page shows, for each country, the three most frequent places/activities where encounters with people of different ethnic, national or religious backgrounds took place. The most frequent type of encounter at the EU level – a random encounter in a public space – was among the top three in each country; and it was the most frequent type of intercultural encounter in 17 of the 27 Member States. In nine of the other 10 Member States, the workplace was the most frequently mentioned location for such interactions (i.e. in Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, France, Cyprus, Malta, the Netherlands, Finland and Sweden.). Luxemburg was the only country where the main location for such interaction was neither a public area nor the workplace. In the case of the Grand Duchy, encounters mainly took place during leisure time cultural activities. Venues of cultural entertainment were in the top three (ranking either second or third) in 20 other countries. Travelling was mentioned as a frequent opportunity for meeting people of other cultures – ranking in the top three – in Bulgaria, Ireland and Slovakia; while in another three countries, a virtual encounter was second or third, i.e. in Estonia, Lithuania and Finland. (For more details please refer to Annex Table 4.b.)
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in the public space
at my workplace
during my free time while doing cultural activities
at school/ university/ other learning space
while travelling
during my free time while surfing the I nternet
during my free time while doing sport
other
Intercultural exchanges – in which circumstances (EU-27) ?
Q3. When / where do you have these contacts:%, Base: those who had any interactionwith any ofthe groups
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 11
Table 2. The circumstances where intercultural encounters took place - the three most frequent replies by country, (%) BE BG CZ DK
public space 47 workplace 41 public space 56 workplace 58
workplace 45 public space 39 workplace 49 public space 47
cultural activities 40 while travelling 25 cultural activities 27 cultural activities 34
DE EE EL ES
public space 63 workplace 47 public space 45 public space 51
workplace 48 public space 43 workplace 41 workplace 49
cultural activities 41 surfing the Internet 37 cultural activities 22 cultural activities 40
FR IE IT CY
workplace 61 public space 75 public space 49 workplace 59
public space 44 workplace 59 workplace 40 public space 38
cultural activities 40 while travelling 39 cultural activities 35 cultural activities 29
LV LT LU HU
public space 62 public space 44 cultural activities 61 public space 45
workplace 53 workplace 39 public space 61 workplace 40
cultural activities 35 surfing the Internet 30 workplace 47 cultural activities 22
MT NL AT PL
workplace 52 workplace 47 public space 63 public space 37
public space 38 public space 36 workplace 52 cultural activities 32
cultural activities 21 cultural activities 30 cultural activities 41 workplace 31
PT RO SI SK
public space 56 public space 45 public space 51 public space 55
cultural activities 42 cultural activities 21 cultural activities 34 while travelling 39
FI SE UK
workplace 48 workplace 51 public space 69
public space 36 public space 47 workplace 58
surfing the Internet 21 cultural activities 28 cultural activities 35
When we look at the variation in the types of encounters (their location, during which activities, etc.) as a potential indicator of the intensity of contact (on average, how many of the above types of encounters were mentioned) we find Ireland and Luxemburg in the lead. Both those countries have an average of 3.1 types of encounters, where respondents met people with different cultural backgrounds; followed by the British (3.1) and Portuguese (3.0). Romania, Finland and Bulgaria (1.8 in each) were the countries where there was the least variety in the types of intercultural encounter.
Spaces of interaction: number of different kind of spaces mentioned (average)
Q3. When / where do you have these contacts:%, Base: those who had any interaction with any of the groups and indicated at least one of the
potential meeting spaces / opportunities , by country
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 12
The youngest, best educated and city-based respondents had the greatest variety in intercultural encounters. As for employment categories, the most variation in the types of encounters was described by people who were employed, and the least variation by people not working.
Finally, men met people of different cultural backgrounds in a greater variety of circumstances than women. Women had significantly more encounters in schools then men. As for the dimensions of openness and ensuring traditional values, it was those with a cosmopolitan mindset that recalled the most variety of circumstances where intercultural encounters took place; while the least variety was reported by the groups characterised by an attitude of not in favour of diversity.
The more “open” a respondent was, the more likely were they to find themselves in a greater variety of circumstances where they would “stumble upon” people of different cultural backgrounds. From a snapshot of a given week in Europe, it is not possible to draw cause and effect type of conclusions – but it is also true, that – the more interactions our respondents had in the previous week with persons from different cultures, the more likely they told us that a dialogue with those people could be beneficial.
Table 3. Types of interaction – the number of different circumstances where intercultural encounters (e.g. location, activity) took place, by demographical segments, averages
nr. of spaces
nr. of spaces
EU27 2,5 Subjective urbanization Gender Metropolitan zone 2,6 Male 2,5 Other town/urban/centre 2,5 Female 2,4 Rural zone 2,4 Age group Occupation 15-24 2,9 Self-employed 2,6 25-39 2,5 Employees 2,5 40-54 2,5 Manual workers 2,5 55+ 2,1 Not working 2,4 Education (End of) -15 2,1
Attitude toward openness and traditions
16-20 2,4 Cosmopolitan 2,6 20+ 2,6 Pro diversity, but keep roots 2,5 Still in education 2,8 Not in favour of diversity 2,3
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 13
As already indicated, most encounters between people of different cultural backgrounds (i.e. ethnicity, nationality and religion) took place randomly (i.e. while shopping, walking in the street, etc.). Such intercultural meetings, in public spaces, were most frequently mentioned by the Irish (75%), followed by the British (69%), Austrians (63%) and Germans (63%). That type of encounter was most rarely mentioned by the Dutch and Finnish respondents (both 36%). In terms of socio-demographic characteristics: it was the women, the eldest, the least educated and inactive people who mostly encountered people of different cultural backgrounds in public spaces. The youngest, the best educated and city-based respondents were responsible for the lowest proportion of encounters with people from different cultural backgrounds in the public arena. The second most typical venue for EU-27 citizens to meet people from different cultural backgrounds was the workplace. However, looking at respondents who did have such encounters, we see wide variations by country: the highest numbers of workplace encounters were reported in France (61%), Ireland and Cyprus (both 59%); closely followed by the Germans and British (both 58%). The Polish were the least likely to mention their workplace as the venue for an encounter with someone of a different cultural background (31%). The ratio of people meeting people of different backgrounds while being engaged in cultural / entertainment activities also varies largely by country. The largest ratio of such encounters was found in Luxemburg (61%); followed by Portugal (42%); Germany and Austria (both 41%). The Bulgarians were the least likely that is they met someone of a different cultural background then it happened in their leisure time, while attending cultural events or activities (16%).
Educational establishments, as places for intercultural encounters, stand out in the Irish responses (36%); followed by the British (33%), the Germans (30%) and the Polish (30%). The least likely to meet someone of a different cultural background in such circumstances were Latvians (12%), Romanians, Cypriots and Bulgarians (all 14%). Looking at the numbers of intercultural encounters that took place while travelling – one sees the highest rates in Slovakia and Ireland (both 39%) and Luxemburg (37%); with low proportions in
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
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Malta (9%) and Latvia (10%). Meeting people of different cultural backgrounds while travelling was mostly associated with the better educated, city-dwellers and the self-employed; while at the opposite end of the scale (rural dwellers, the least educated/still in school) the numbers of encounters while travelling were low. Gender and age had no impact on the numbers of intercultural encounters reported in educational establishments. Intercultural encounters during sports activities are the least likely according to the survey. As was the case with cultural activities, Luxembourgish respondents led the way (26%), followed by the British and the Irish (both 25%). On the sports field too, the Bulgarians were the least likely to meet someone with a different cultural background (7%). Young people and/or those still in the educational system mentioned the greatest numbers of intercultural encounters in a wide variety of circumstances (all of the options except in the workplace). Those two groups, as opposed to the other socio-demographic ones, reported the highest numbers of encounters in educational, cultural and sports establishments. For the 40-54 year-old age group and for those with the highest levels of educational attainment, most intercultural meetings happened in the workplace. As for gender differences, men tended to meet people from other cultures at their workplace and while pursuing sports; while women had proportionally more such encounters at educational establishments. Results showed that urban dwellers were the most likely to have intercultural encounters; however, workplace encounters were reported in equal numbers by citizens of small settlements and city dwellers.
Q3. When / where do you have these contacts:%, Base: those who had any interaction with any of the groups, b y country
One-fifth of respondents reported a virtual encounter via the Internet. Estonians were the most likely to have this type of meeting (37%), followed by Lithuanians and Portuguese (both 30%). Shunning the virtual meeting place the most were the Italians (9%), the Dutch and the Hungarians (both 12%). The younger, more educated and “more urban” respondents were the more likely to use the Internet as a platform for making contact with people of different cultural backgrounds. As for the groups we identified earlier in terms of their attitudes to diversity (see graph on the right): the “pro diversity” group had the most random (public space) encounters. The widest differences were seen in the workplace and in educational establishments. Leaving aside random encounters, the cosmopolitans were more likely to meet someone from a different cultural background in almost all types of
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in th ep ub li c
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o th er
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Spaces of interactionby a ttitudes towards intercultural dialogue (EU27)
Q3. W he n / whe re do yo u hav e thes e contac ts:% , Base: t hose wh o h ad an y in teract ion wit h an y of t he gro up s, b y ”Open ness t o di versi ty”
Co smopolit an Pro div ersit yNo t in favo ur of
diversity
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The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 15
chosen (non-random) circumstances (except during sports activities). Respondents with anti-diversity attitudes – had the lowest ratio of encounters while travelling, whereas cosmopolitans and pro-diversity respondents reported approximately equal ratios of encounters while on the move. As with all types of physical encounter, meetings over the Internet gave the opportunity for more cosmopolitans (in proportion to the size of their group) to be in contact with people of different cultural backgrounds than for either the pro- or anti-diversity respondents (the former showing somewhat lower proportions than the latter).
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 16
2. Attitudes towards cultural diversity
2.1 Enrichment of one’s personal life by interaction with other cultures Almost three-quarters (72%) of EU citizens believe that people with a different background (ethnic, religious or national) enrich the cultural life of their country; while a quarter (23%) of citizens disagree with that idea. The relative majority of respondents (49%) stated that representatives of non-mainstream cultures rather enrich their own country; and 23% indicated that such cultural diversity highly enriched their country’s cultural life. The smallest group of respondents was those (7%) that reported that such diversity would have no positive effect at all on their own culture. Agreement to this question is dependent to some extent on the number of people with different cultural backgrounds in a given society, the experience of living together with minorities while it also reflects a general attitude towards cultural diversity. Member States where most such contacts have been reported (Luxembourg, Sweden, UK and Ireland), are the ones, where citizens saying with an increased likelihood that such contacts enrich a country’s cultural life. The Irish and the Luxembourgish agreed most that the presence of people from various backgrounds enriched the cultural life of their nation (both 84%); followed by the French (82%); the German (77%); and the Finnish (77%). The highest levels of disagreement with this assumption were found in Malta, Cyprus, Bulgaria and Romania. However, even in those countries, more than half of the citizens think that people with different cultural backgrounds (ranging from 52% to 57%) do bring benefits to everyday life.
Enriched very much Rather enriched Rather not enriched Not enriched at all DK/NA
Diversity’s impact on cultural life
Q4. Would you say that [ COUNTRY]’s cultural life is enriched by people with different cultural bac kground than the majority ?%, Base: all respondents, by country
Cyprus (14%), Malta (13%), Greece (13%) and the UK (13%) are the countries that have the highest percentage of citizens saying that individuals with a different cultural background do not enhance the culture of their country at all.
16
7
49
23
5Enriched very much
Rather enriched
Rather not enriched
Not enriched at all
DK/NA
Diversity’s impact on cultural life (EU27)
Q 4. W ould you s ay that [C OUN TRY ]’s cu ltur al l ife is enriched by people w ith differ ent cultural backgroun d than the maj ority ?
% , Base: all respondent s
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 17
A further confirmation that interaction with different groups increases one’s appreciation of a multicultural society is seen when the amount of such interaction is reviewed; those EU citizens, that had contacts – in the week prior to the interview – with people of different backgrounds are more likely to support intercultural benefits than those who had no such contacts (77% vs. 62%). Those who think that such diversity highly enriches the culture of their own country are far more highly represented among those that have had a “cultural exchange” than among those that have had no such contact (27% vs. 15%). Those with a “cosmopolitan” attitude towards intercultural openness (see section 2) gave the highest approval (81%) to cultural diversity (i.e. they saw benefits to their own country). This approval rate was similarly high (76%) among those favouring cultural diversity while respecting family traditions, but decreased dramatically among those who are less in favour of diversity (43%). Those with a cosmopolitan attitude are three times more likely to feel that interaction with other cultures has a positive impact on cultural life compared to those who are not in favour of diversity. The variations based on socio-economic characteristics are similar to those found in the previous analyses: the youngest, those with the highest levels of education and those living in a city are more likely to think that cultural diversity is an asset to a country’s cultural life. As for employment: the active respondents are most likely to see the benefits of diversity, while the blue-collar workers are the least likely to agree with the concept.
15
50
47
14
19
6
11
3
8
27anyinter ac tion
nointer ac tion
Diversity’s impa ct on cultural life
Q 4. Woul d y ou s ay tha t [ CO UN TRY]’s c ultural li fe is enri ched by peopl e w ith differe nt c ul tur al ba ck ground tha n the ma jori ty ?
%, Base: a ll respon den ts
By interaction wit h reps. o f non-mainstream culture
Enriche d v ery much Rathe r enric hed
Rathe r not e nriched Not enriched at al l
DK/ NA
23
10
5 1
5 3
33
12
14
29
3
5
23
3
4
5
30c os mopol itan
pro dive rsi ty
againstdive rsi ty
By attitudes to inter- cultural openness
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 18
2.2 Attitudes towards openness and traditions Regarding the attractiveness and potential benefits of multicultural dialogue, and in comparison with the preservation of cultural traditions, the survey asked two questions in regard to young people and, hence, impacting future generations. These were - whether or not young people benefit from being in contact with their peers of other origins or beliefs? and whether or not young people should stick to their family traditions?” The two questions are not mutually exclusive; one can agree or disagree with both. The level of agreement was measured on a four-point scale; from very much agree to very much disagree.
103
49
34
4Very much agree
Agree
Disagree
Very much disagree
DK/NA
Openness to diversity (EU27)
Q5. I will now read out opinions that are sometimes heard. Pleas e tell me if you agree very much, agree, disagree, or very much disagree with them.
%, Base: all respondents
24
5
40
27
4
Young people benefit from being in contact with their peers of other origins/ beliefs
Young people should stick to the family traditions
Both questions were answered positively by the vast majority of EU citizens. Overall, however, there was more agreement about the benefits of intercultural contacts than on the need to preserve own cultural traditions. A third of European citizens (34%) agreed very much that young people could benefit from being in contact with people of other cultural backgrounds, and another 49% moderately agreed with that premise. This gave a remarkably high figure (83%) of EU citizens that agreed about the benefits of intercultural contacts (83%). The contrary view was held by 13% of citizens, with just 3% of them disagreeing very much with the statement. Regarding the importance of continuing the family (cultural) traditions, the level of disagreement was significantly higher. A quarter (24%) of Europeans rather disagreed that young people should stick to their family traditions, and 5% completely disagreed. This meant that, to some extent, three in 10 European citizens disagreed that young people should preserve family traditions. However, a very significant majority, exactly two-thirds (67%), were of the opinion that such family traditions should be kept (27% agreed very much and 40% agreed to a lesser extent).
39
25
33
48
51
39
42
8
14
28
1 8
2
4
6
3
2
6
4
3
23
Young people benefit from being in contactwith their peers of other origins/ beliefs
any interac tion
no interac tion
Young people should stick to the familytraditions
any interac tion
no interac tion
Very m uch agree Agree Disagree Very much disagree DK/NA
Openness to diversity (EU27)by inter-cultural contact
Q5. I will now read out opi nions that are sometimes heard. Pleas e tell me if you agree very much, agree, disagree, or very much disagree with the m.
%, Base: all respondents
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 19
Interaction with people of different ethnic, national or religious backgrounds increases the likelihood of seeing the benefit from the young being with contact with peers of different beliefs (87% of those having had such recent contacts having favourable views about such exchanges vs. 76% of those who had no such contact). On the other side, respondents having more frequent contacts are less likely to believe that a family’s culture and traditions should be preserved (62% of those reporting contacts vs. 75% not reporting contact agreeing with the statement).
Very much agree Agree Disagree Very much disagree DK/NA
Intercultural dialogue is beneficial
Q5. I will now read out opinions that are sometimes heard. Pleas e tell me if you agree very much, agree, disagree, or very much disagree with them.
%, Base: all respondents, by country
Young people benefit from being in contact with their peers of other origins/ beliefs
Intercultural dialogue was seen as particularly beneficial (at least for future generations) in Sweden and Denmark (both 91% overall agreement); Ireland (90%); Hungary, Luxembourg and Portugal (all 89%). Outright enthusiasm (expressed by selecting the “very much agree” response category) was the highest in Sweden, and also prominent among the Irish, Austrian (both 45%), German (43%) and Czech (40%) respondents. Even in the countries where the general agreement levels were the lowest, most people agreed that such exchanges could be beneficial for young people (Romania 63%; Malta and Bulgaria: both 70%).
Very much agree Agree Disagree Very much disagree DK/NA
Traditions to be sticked to
Q5. I will now read out opinions that are sometimes heard. Pleas e tell me if you agree very much, agree, disagree, or very much disagree with them.
%, Base: all respondents, by country
Young people should stick to the family traditions
Bulgarian respondents were the most likely to agree, by far, that young people should continue to respect family traditions (74% were in total agreement and another 21% agreed more modestly, 95%
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
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overall). About nine out of 10 respondents in Poland, Cyprus and Lithuania (all 90%) and in Italy (88%) were also keen that young people should keep family traditions. On the other hand, most respondents in the Netherlands (61% overall) and a similar proportion of Danes (60%), together with 53% of Swedes did not agree with this proposition. In every other Member State, those citizens that preferred the new generations to carry on cultural traditions were in the – at least relative – majority.
The relationship between the two opinions is very interesting: the majority of Europeans agree with both propositions (55%), a quarter of those interviewed appreciate the benefits of intercultural dialogue, and do not regard sticking to family
traditions to be that important. Similarly, more than twice as many of those who do not see the benefits of intercultural dialogue consider that keeping one’s own traditions to be important (9%) compared to those that do not even think that is imperative (4%). Those without a clear opinion in any of the two questions are the remaining 7%. In short, 55% expressed an attitude that suggests a preference towards cultural diversity, being open to other cultures but preserving their own as well (“pro diversity”), while 25% have an attitude where cultural openness does not go hand-in-hand with the need of consciously maintaining one’s own traditions (i.e. a cosmopolitan attitude to diversity). By aggregating the two small segments that were not open to intercultural dialogue, we created a third analytical group – referred to as “not in favour of diversity” (comprised of 13% of all EU citizens). The typology that we created on the basis of these two questions is also discussed in Section 1.1. Analysing these attitudes according to socio-demographic parameters of the respondents confirms that at the EU-27 level in each segment, those favouring cultural diversity (considering intercultural dialogue as beneficial, but wanting to preserve their cultural heritage in parallel) is the most widely held attitude. Certainly that is the case among the elderly (over the age of 55, 59%), but even among the youngest respondents (15-24 years of age, 51%) this is by far the most widespread attitude. Cultural isolation is – relatively speaking – mainly the choice of respondents with the lowest levels of education (20% belong to the not in favour of diversity group), and least popular among those with the highest level of educational attainment (with only 8% having such a view). “Cosmopolitan” attitudes increase with the level of educational attainment, mostly at the expense of the isolationist attitude. On the other hand, the younger the respondent the more likely he, or she, (there are no gender differences in this regard) is to present a “cosmopolitan” view, mostly at the
Table 4. Interaction of cultural openness and the respect for own traditions (EU-27, % of total)
Young people should keep the family traditions
Young people benefit from being in contact with their peers of other origins/ beliefs
TOTAL IN AGREEMENT
TOTAL DISAGREEING
TOTAL IN AGREEMENT 55 25 TOTAL DISAGREEING 9 4
25
25
3530
2617
1424
3035
2432
2321
2924
25
1630
55
55
5153
5559
5755
5553
5453
5457
5657
53
5854
14
1 2
101 2
1 31 5
201 5
89
1 59
1 81 4
1013
15
181 0
male
female
age: 15-24age: 25-39
age: 40-54age: 55+
low educationmedium education
high education(stil l in school)
se lf-em ployedem ployee s
manual worke rsnot working
metropol itan z oneother town/urban/centre
rural z one
no intercul tural contact
some intercul tural contact
c osm opolitan pro div ersity not in favour of diversity
Attitudes towards intercultural dialogueby soc io-economic segments (EU27)
% , Base: all resp ond ent s
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 21
expense of the pro diversity attitude. Overall, the youngest respondents (and consequently, those still at school) are the most favourable towards intercultural openness without too much emphasis being placed on cultural and family traditions (35%). Those respondents that reported recent contact with a representative of a non-mainstream culture are twice as likely to express “cosmopolitan” views as those who did not report such a contact (30% vs. 16%). Looking at this attitudinal typology across all EU Member States, we find that the cosmopolitan mindset is more typical of the EU-15 (and especially in: Denmark 56%; Sweden 48%; and the Netherlands 46%). On the other hand, citizens of the new Member States tend to be less cosmopolitan and more pro diversity in their attitudes, this being most characteristic of the Polish (75%), Czech and Cypriot (both 74%) respondents.
Attitudes towards intercultural dialogueby country
%, Base: all respondents, by country
Those who do not see a value in having young people interacting with their peers of differing cultural background and are not in favour of diversity are very high in Belgium (24%), Austria (19%) and in the Netherland (17%) in the old Member States. Similar levels can be found in a number of new Member States as well, where Bulgaria have the highest levels (27%) followed by Romania and Malta (both having 22%, followed by Latvia (19%) and Lithuania (17%). Societies, where a relatively large segment believe that the next generation should be open to the influence of their peer’s different beliefs AND not seeing the benefits of keeping their own family traditions alive comprising about half of the society in Denmark, Sweden and the Netherland. On the other end of the spectrum, less then 10 per cent of the population have the same composition of attitudes. All of these countries, attaching a high value to keeping own traditions alive with the exception of Italy and Greece are new Member States.
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
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3. European Year of Intercultural Dialogue The survey tested respondents’ fundamental interest in the events that will take place in 2008 under the framework of the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue. Respondents were also asked to provide their view on the expression of intercultural dialogue as well, in order to better understand how they relate to the phenomenon as well as the whether the meanings the attribute to the phrase resonate with the fundamental goals of the EU event series.
3.1 Europeans about intercultural dialogue At the beginning of the survey, all respondents were asked to react spontaneously to the phrase “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”. This allowed us to gauge the level of understanding about the concept across the EU.
What does the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe” mean?% don’t know
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”, what FIRST comes to your mind? %, by country
An important finding has been that many EU citizens – irrespective of whether or not they actually interact with people of other backgrounds – are not (yet) familiar with the term that the Commission selected to describe nest year’s campaign. The expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe” cannot be associated with a specific meaning by about a third of EU citizens (34%), and in several Member States, that number was extended to about half of the population: Hungary (54%), Estonia (52%), Romania (50%), Malta, Cyprus (both 47%). On the other hand, the term was less problematic in Slovenia (where only 19% had a problem in answering the question) in Luxembourg and Portugal (both 20%), and in Spain (21%). The ability to make sense of the expression varied according to socio-demographic segments, too. Obviously, those with higher education levels, were the most able to relate to the expression (with a quarter not being able to provide a meaningful response: 23%) and those who left school at or before the age of 15 were the most puzzled as to the meaning of Intercultural dialogue in Europe.
Table 5. No meaning associated with “Intercultural dialogue in Europe” socio-demographic segments, EU-27, % EU-27 34 Age group 15-24 34 25-39 32 40-54 32 Over 55 39 Education (End of) Age 15 49 16-20 38 Over 20 23 Still in education 32 Subjective Urbanization Metropolitan zone 29 Other town/urban/centre 33 Rural zone 39 Intercultural contact No recent intercultural encounter 45 Recent intercultural encounter 29 Attitudes toward openness and traditions Cosmopolitan 30 Pro diversity, but keep roots 32 Not in favour of diversity 48
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 23
Besides the rather obvious differences across socio-demographic segments, one can also see clear patterns according to intercultural exposure and attitudes. Those who have actually engaged in intercultural dialogue (those who recently interacted with people of different cultural backgrounds) were much more familiar with the term (but 29% were still not sure about how to answer the question), compared to those who did not report such encounters (45% not sure). Those with a cosmopolitan or pro diversity attitude were close to the EU average in their ability to make sense of the statement (30% and 32%, respectively), while those who did not see benefits of young people being in contact with other cultures were also much less able to share top-of-mind associations or meanings related to the expression of intercultural dialogue (48%).
3.1.1 The variety of ideas related to intercultural dialogue From the 27,000 respondents, we recorded roughly 17,000 verbatim answers as to what came to people’s minds when hearing the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”. Sixty-six percent of EU citizens could provide the interviewer with a meaningful response to the question. In an iterative process, these answers were categorised, first at a national level (using several hundred different code categories), which were then combined in an EU level category scheme. Overwhelmingly, respondents provided associations that were neutral or positive in their connotation. A very small proportion of the responses could be considered as having negative connotations; with most of those referring to minority / immigration problems. But most of those who referred to ethnic tensions or immigration issues associated the expression with an attempt to improve such relations. Overview of responses At the EU level, we placed all of the spontaneous answers in categories. The graph to the right shows the frequencies of responses in each category for those that gave a meaningful answer to the question. The following sections review each category, starting with the ones people mentioned the most, and finishing with the least frequent ones. The descriptions are supported by illustrations (verbatim) of the type of responses that each category covers.
13
11
10
8
5
4
3
3
1
8
23
9
3
Commu nic ation among different comm unities
Coop eration, exchange, tr ansn ational mobility
Living togeth er, knowing and un der standing different cultures
Cultural events and access to c ultur e
Coexistence and cultural d ivers ity
Shared European c ultur e
Dealing with linguistic d ivers ity
Tolerance, equal r ights
Education, exchange of information and ideas
Dialogue in the sph ere of politics and economics
Immigration/minorities
P reserving traditions
Other
“Intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people (EU27)
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what com es FIRS T to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to th e questi o n, DK /NA excluded
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
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Inter-community communication The most frequently recorded association with the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe” was that it means communication among different communities, “a dialogue” a „discussion” or „debate”, with a focus on the conversational aspect of the communication. Answers belonging to this category were recorded at 23% of those who provided any answer other than don’t know or who did not comment. Answers categorised in this group most often referred to a cultural exchange that occurs via conversations and meetings predominantly between representatives of different nations, ethnic groups and religions. Respondents mentioned “conversations between different groups and different countries”, “communication among nations” and “between cultures” and “discussion among different people from different backgrounds”. The replies often included a European dimension, corresponding to the framing of the expression itself, such as “European exchanges” “communication between the countries of the EU” and “conversation between people from different countries in the EU.” Cooperation, exchange, transnational mobility The second most widespread type of answers, comprised of over one tenth of all meaningful replies received (13%), were those categorised as cooperation, exchange, transnational mobility, with a focus on cooperation and more organised, structured relations between nations / cultures. Respondents mentioned the terms “cultural cooperation” and “cultural exchange” most frequently. Longer responses included “interaction between different people representing different religions or countries”;
“cultural contacts, getting to know ...other cultures”; and “an exchange of cultural values...customs, experiences”. Many respondents mentioned “cooperation among nations”, other answers were more elaborate: “the attempt “to find common ground, common solutions in discussion, not conflict”. This category covers answers that related to free movement across borders and international exchange programmes such as Erasmus: “student exchange programs” “free mobility across boarders” and “travelling throughout Europe” and “tourism” were fairly typical examples. Again, the European focus was very strong in the answers, most respondents stressing such cooperation, especially between countries and nations in Europe, but the most numerous answers referred to cooperation in general. In particular, the travel / freedom of movement aspect had a very strong European (Union) aspect in the replies, such as “cooperation between different EU countries”, “cultural exchange between the states in Europe” and “cooperation of EU citizens in culture”.
- People from different cultures talking
to each other (UK) - Every country has its own cultural
things. It is important that there is more contact between countries about cultural topics. (NL)
- Communication among people from
different countries and comparisons of different cultural traditions (FI)
- Conversation about differences between different European countries, what unites and divides us (PL)
Example of verbatim replies classified as communication among different communities
- Exchange of cultural information, morality and customs among the
member states of the EU. (EL) - Getting acquainted to their cultures,
we get to know each other better and common interests appear. We can learn from each other. (LV)
- As I am a student, firstly I would
target the Erasmus Programme, as I think the exchange of different persons within the EU is very reasonable and because you become aware of the connection/ coherence of the EU. (AT)
Example of verbatim replies classified as cooperation, exchange, transnational mobility
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 25
Living together, knowing and understanding different cultures. The third most typical group of answers, received from about one in 10 respondents (11%), go under the label living together, knowing and understanding different cultures. This is probably the richest category, with a strong focus on (peaceful) living together and the use of dialogue as a catalyst for a better understanding of each other, across nations, religions and races. Learning and understanding are the key aspects in this category: many responses referred to intercultural dialogue as a means of learning about the culture, as well as the way of life, of those coming from different countries or different cultural (e.g. religious) backgrounds. Typical responses included: “getting to know other cultures”, “understanding other peoples’ traditions” and “mutual understanding, coexistence of different nations and people with different religions, culture.” Respondents also mentioned: ”relations among the citizens of other nations”, “international relations, living in peace”, “trying [to] accept other cultures”, and the idea that “we all get along, we are all equal” This category includes the replies probably with the most explicit connotations referring to interpersonal relationships (e.g. friendship): “friendship and communication across borders” and “people are getting on together”. A European focus was less pronounced in this category, with people referring mostly to their local community (e.g. neighbourhood), although a subset of answers within this category explicitly referred to relationships between people in Europe: such as the “meeting of various cultures in Europe”.
Cultural events and access to culture The fourth most frequent type of answers (recorded in 10% of the cases) were categorised under the name cultural events and access to culture. As the name suggests, these are cases when the term Intercultural dialogue in Europe was associated with cultural events and access to those. Respondents provided a very broad spectrum of examples, from artistic events or products to purely entertainment activities that bring cultures closer together. Any answer that invoked culture in an artistic sense (like festivals, dance programmes) was classified in this category.
- Sharing cultures while travelling, discovering cultures customs art traditions and maybe lifestyles education gastronomy. (FR)
- Having contact between different
religions, different cultures meeting one another, having understanding for one another (DE)
- How we meet each other when we come from different parts of the world. Have we got knowledge about
each other? (SE) - Dialogue in order to be civilized,
to love our fellow man. (EL)
Example of verbatim replies classified as, knowing and understanding different cultures and living together
- Different arty things that express feelings / anything from music to fashion or architecture of certain
buildings express certain emotion: like French styles or German styles or even Italian (UK)
- Yes, that has something to do with culture, international culture, that's everything that has to do with artists,
theatre and art (DE) - Various festivals, regional folklore
and international exchange (CZ) - Art exchange, exhibitions
(EE)
Example of verbatim replies classified as cultural events and access to culture
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 26
Coexistence and cultural diversity Nine percent of EU citizens formulated a reply that referred to coexistence of cultures (“every country has its culture”) without emphasising the interaction between them - labelled by us in the category coexistence and cultural diversity. Respondents mentioned the coexistence of “more cultures, more ways of thinking, and more lifestyles”; “different nationalities, cultures, customs”; “different languages”; and “different nationalities, races, different opinions.” A dominant aspect was the emphasis on cultural differences, i.e. in Europe, there are many existing cultures that have to coexist with each other: “cultural differences in different parts of Europe” and the “mixing of cultures.” Responses ranged from those that interpreted this in terms of Europe, their own country, and their own community, i.e. from “the values and traditions of different states”, “diversity in our country”, “multicultural societies” and “communities”, This was most often presented in a neutral, factual way, but there were also responses with positive and negative assessments, such as “European culture is in danger because of Muslims”. The (not too numerous) references to religious diversity – referring that Muslims and Christians have to coexist, or the coexistence of different religions in general, – were also classified in this category.
Shared European values The next most typical category of responses, from a similar sized segment (8%) of EU citizens, runs contrary to the previous one. Responses in this category accentuate the cultural similarities and the need for (stronger) integration across Europe, especially within the framework of the EU. Such answers have been labelled as shared European values. Besides references to cultural similarities (which include references to common civilisation/roots,), this category includes: references made to the EU, European citizenship, EU-level goals and any EU-level legislation that would be necessary to bring people from different cultures closer together (even including references to the euro).
- You should be allowed to bring the culture that you have with you, no matter where in the EU you are. Culture is also to exercise your beliefs and religion no matter where
in the EU you are. (DK) - Mix of peoples and origins, take what
is good from cultures and reject any kind of “integrism”. (FR)
- It is the cultures of all the counties of the European Union. (EL)
- People from all corners of the world. A heterogeneous society. (SE)
Example of verbatim replies classified as coexistence and cultural diversity
- We are a cultural community, not only a monetary union (AT)
- Pillars of the EU, civilisation of EU, for example Christianity (PL)
- Meeting of the European governments to find the common
roots of the civilization of the European states. (EL)
- About improving the cultural situation in our country, to be as in Europe (BG)
- Integration, the right of vote for
foreigners in the next generation, reducing hostility to foreigners, approaching of cultures (DE)
Example of verbatim replies classified as shared European values
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 27
Dealing with linguistic diversity Respondents acknowledged the diversity of European languages. They also see that this is strongly related to the culture as a primary carrier. Five percent of EU citizens referred to a language-related issue (categorised as dealing with linguistic diversity) when asked what came to their mind in relation to Intercultural dialogue in Europe. Some of the replies emphasised that language is part of the culture, and they value its richness that preserves cultural heritage. However, at the same time, other respondents saw linguistic diversity as a barrier, which kept them and their culture apart from others. Some suggested having a common language, in most cases they mentioned English, while for most, learning other languages was the solution.
Tolerance and equal rights Four percent of EU-27 citizens provided an answer that belongs to the tolerance, equal rights category in our analysis. Replies in this category emphasised the respect for, and acceptance of, cultural differences in general, and within Europe. Respondents mentioned the values of tolerance and the acceptance of the basic equality of all individuals, regardless of gender, ethnic, national, religious or racial identity, and between various different cultures. This could best be achieved through “mutual respect” for cultural diversity and an “ongoing dialogue” between different groups. Some mentioned the importance of “education in issues related to tolerance”, others highlighted the need for “respectful communication” and “working hard to get to know other cultures” to heighten understanding and tolerance to create a Europe in which “we live in harmony” and “get along”.
Education, exchange of information and ideas Three percent of those interviewed had ideas concerning the phrase “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”, that referred only in a narrow sense to the exchange of information and ideas between (predominantly EU) nations. Exchange of ideas and information was most often mentioned generally, but sometimes respondents actually referred to such exchanges within the framework of formal education (universities, or schools in general). Also, Internet- (or other communication technology) related associations were categorised in this class of replies
- Right to our own language and customs like other EU members have it. The right to speak our own language (SI)
- I wonder whether there are going to
be 36 languages in Europe, as it already is in France with Basque, Breton etc. (FR)
- Language which have to be understood by everybody, by all the citizens (BE)
- Languages; Irish, it is a native language in Ireland (IE)
Example of verbatim replies classified as dealing with linguistic diversity
- I think about that one shall accept people from different cultures. (SE)
- That we have the same and we are in the EU so we have the same rights (DK)
- Respect for the culture of other people, which has to be mutual as well. I get along fine with Moroccans
and Turks, very pleasant people. One has to give everyone a chance. (BE)
- Acknowledging all the European cultures and languages; acknowledging different religions and respecting others (FR)
Example of verbatim replies classified as tolerance, equal rights
- The culture in the EU, schools, universities, exchange of college students for example (DE)
- Exchange of high school and college students - reciprocal exchange
programmes in the areas of theatre and art (DE)
- Communication of citizens via the Internet (CY)
- People who exchange moral values and different cultures. The students
come to mind first so that we can teach them as European citizens (MT)
Example of verbatim replies classified as education, exchange of information and ideas
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 28
Dialogue in the sphere of politics and economics Three percent of replies received referred to actions at the political or diplomatic level, or in the area of economic cooperation. One of the typical responses in this category was received from a UK respondent: the idea that came to his mind about Intercultural dialogue in Europe was of “politicians sitting in a room and talking”. This category hosts opinions that tend to refer to political and bureaucratic meta-actions in the area. Replies related to globalisation or internationalisation are also included in this category, mostly associated with a negative meaning.
Immigration & minorities Another 3% of replies represented the answers of those Europeans for whom intercultural dialogue is something related to people of different racial backgrounds: “foreigners, immigrants”, “people of different races” and “guest workers”, and they referred explicitly to the issue of minorities and immigrants. The category also contains remarks that called for anti-discriminatory actions that would protect racial or other immigrant minorities, and also for the “defeat of chauvinism.” This category also includes a few explicitly xenophobic reactions and those referring to conflicts between immigrants and host societies, in the sense that immigrants must to adapt to their host country. For example, “generally other people should adapt to our culture when they enter into our country and not vice versa”.
Preserving traditions Preserving traditions is the last type of categorised responses, mentioned by only 1% of EU citizens. Respondents interpreted the statement as referring to the need for the protection and preservation of their nation’s cultural heritage: “our national peculiarities” and “our own identity” within the context of Europe. Similarly, others mentioned the importance of the preservation of “multiculturalism” and the “tolerant preservation of the national peculiarities of each country” within the European community. Several people mentioned the “right of each country” to have its own culture, tradition, individuality, opinions, beliefs and language
- It is about things related to culture.
Cultural ministers discuss issues with each other (HU)
- I suppose that in the parliament in Brussels, well, the MEPs go and meet (UK)
- Dialogue among member states of
the EU for several issues, about trade, economical, political and other (CY)
- Jargon / bureaucracy- government way of describing a way of situation (IE)
- Globalisation (SE)
Example of verbatim replies classified as dialogue in the sphere of politics and economics
- Load of foreigners too many of them and I want they ought to be kicked
out back to where they came from there is not enough facilities for the English people (UK)
- Migration, integration of foreign citizens in the EU, togetherness of the peoples, domestic and foreign
cultures, consideration (DE) - A German and a Turk, it was
obvious, how the intercultural dialogue went and the cars burning in France (EE)
Example of verbatim replies classified as immigration & minorities
- Each country is entitled to their own culture. We have ours in Toivakka and they have theirs in Brussels (FI)
- Every nation has its culture, behaviour, behavioural patterns (EE)
- in the Balkans to exchange culture, to improve relations on questions of history, to preserve our ethnic identity (BG)
- Freedom in own patriotism, culture, science cultivation; no one can impose his or her culture (PL)
Example of verbatim replies classified as preserving traditions
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 29
3.1.2 Prevalence of the various meanings attributed to intercultural dialogue in the EU Communication among different communities – the most frequent category overall – was most popular among Hungarian respondents (33% gave a reply that belongs to this category), followed by the Italians (32%), Greek (30%) and Maltese (28%) citizens. This conversation-oriented category, on the other hand, was least likely to be found among the Austrian (10%), Latvian (11%), Swedish and Slovenian (both 12%) and Finnish (13%) responses. (These are the percentages of those who provided some response other than “don’t know”). Annex Tables 1 and 2 have the detailed breakdowns (variant ‘a’ for the countries and variant ‘b’ for the socio-demographic and attitudinal segments) of each category, with the “don’t know” answers included. Generally, as shown on the above-mentioned tables, the variations according to socio-demographic segments at the EU-27 level are minimal, so we have not systematically covered these in the following analysis.
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Communication among different communities
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the question, DK/NA excluded
In particular, those EU citizens still in the educational system were the most likely to provide such a response (communication among different communities) to the expression, and the prevalence of such an attitude progressively decreased with age. Those who actually had some interaction with people from other groups were also more likely than others to provide a reply belonging to this category.
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Cooperation, exchange, transnational mobility
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the question, DK/NA excluded
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 30
Cooperation, exchange, transnational mobility was the most popular aspect covered by responses in Latvia (34%) and Lithuania (33%), but a quarter of the respondents in Finland and Slovenia (both 26%) also thought of this answer when presented with the phrase “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”. On the other hand, very few in the UK (2%) and Ireland (4%) had such an association, and fewer than one in 10 respondents chose this second most popular category (at the EU-27 level) in Cyprus (5%), Portugal (7%), and in Malta, Spain and Hungary (all 8%).
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Living together, knowing and understanding different cultures
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the question, DK/NA excluded
Living together, knowing and understanding different cultures – a category encompassing a large variety of friendly messages in relation to peaceful coexistence of nations, races and religions through a better understanding of each other – was most often associated with “Intercultural dialogue in Europe” in Hungary (20%), Latvia and Spain (both 19%), Slovakia (17%) and Estonia (16%). This aspect was most rarely emphasised in Greece and Sweden (both 5%) and in Cyprus (6%).
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Cultural events and access to culture
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the question, DK/NA excluded
The very down-to-earth approach of associating the phrase with actual cultural events, and products, (cultural events and access to culture) was most pronounced in the Czech Republic and Lithuania, where 29% of the responses were of this type, but more than one in five respondents also provided such a reply in Cyprus and Romania (both 23%), Greece (22%) and Sweden (20%).
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Coexistence and cultural diversity
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the question, DK/NA excluded
Coexistence and cultural diversity, with the emphasis being on the latter (focusing specifically on the specificities of – primarily one’s own – national culture) was the most widespread spontaneous response in Belgium (22% of answers belonged to this category), Ireland (19%), France (14%), Austria (13%) and Luxembourg (12%). Such references were the least frequently found in Lithuania (1%) and Latvia (2%).
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Shared European culture
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the question, DK/NA excluded
A shared European culture was the reaction primarily in Denmark (16%), Malta (13%) and in Poland (12%). The lowest response rates in this category were recorded in Finland (2%), Bulgaria (3%) and in Hungary (4%).
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Dealing with linguistic diversity
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the questi on, DK/NA excluded
Language-related issues did not show up very frequently among the answers; however they were very prevalent in the UK (with 24% giving a reference of this type, thereby significantly moving up the EU-27 average), and the code “dealing with linguistic diversity” was also seen relatively frequently in Ireland (12%) and Luxembourg (8%) as well.
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Tolerance, equal rights
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the questi on, DK/NA excluded
Tolerance was most frequently referred to in Slovenia (14% of the replies were classified as being related to tolerance, equal rights). However, in the other 26 Member States, there were relatively few responses in this particular category.
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Education, exchange of information and ideas(on a scale of 0-10)
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the questi on, DK/NA excluded
Par excellence, information exchange was relatively the most likely to be attributed with intercultural dialogue in Italy (8% - please note that the scale on the graph is different compared to the previous ones, in order to improve readability), whereas, in all the other Member States this category received 5% of replies or less. Czech respondents were especially unlikely to provide a response in this category.
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Dialogue in the sphere of politics and economics(on a scale of 0-10)
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the questi on, DK/NA excluded
Dialogue in the sphere of politics and economics was again a category with rather atypical answers. Even in Germany, where most replies of this type were identified, only 5% of the responses were categorised in this way. This category was nonexistent in Slovakia, Latvia, the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Belgium.
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 34
9
76 6
5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
10
1 0
IE NL
BE
AT FI
DE
DK
UK
EE SE LU
EU
27 IT ES
SK SI PL
CZ
MT
LV
FR EL
HU
CY
RO
BG PT
LT
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Immigration / minorities(on a scale of 0-10)
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the questi on, DK/NA excluded
Especially in some of the old Member States, intercultural dialogue had connotations that brought up responses related to immigrant (racial or religious) minorities and their difficulties in integrating within the host societies (formulated either supportively or negatively). This was especially the case in Ireland (9%), the Netherlands (7%), Belgium and Austria (both 6%). Such answers were not detected in Latvia, Portugal, Bulgaria, Romania and Cyprus.
43 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
10
1 0
MT
BG EE PL SI LT
LV
EL
HU CZ
NL
CY SK
EU
27 BE
DK FI
RO IE DE
FR ES
LU SE AT
UK IT PT
An "intercultural dialogue in Europe" – what does this mean to people:Preserving traditions(on a scale of 0-10)
Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe ”, what comes FIRST to your mind?%, Base: among those who gave a meaningful answer to the questi on, DK/NA excluded
Finally, across the EU, we found very low numbers with regard to the need to preserve traditions. Relatively speaking, the Maltese (4%), Bulgarians, Estonians and Polish (all 3%) were the most likely to react to the survey question with a reference that expressed cultural “protectionism” or about keeping one’s cultural identity, despite increasing global and European multiculturalism. EU-15 countries were much less likely to provide such answers.
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Analytical Report, page 35
3.2 Interest in events linked to the “European Year of Intercultural Dialogue” 2008 will be the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue, during which there will be a series of events taking place where people with different cultural, ethnic or religious backgrounds can learn about, and meet, each other. According to the survey results, almost two-thirds (63%) of the EU-27 citizens have some interest in these events; but only one-fifth (20%) admitted to having a great interest. Taking a somewhat opposite view, 36% said they had rather no interest and 15% were not interested at all. The proportion of those of those who are rather interested was higher than of those rather not interested throughout the EU except in the Netherlands and in Austria. These two societies are very divided on this issue – with about equal numbers of respondents who are interested and not interested. Austria was the only country where the proportion showing a lack of interest was even marginally higher then the ones who would be interested. (50% vs. 49%). Among the countries, with the highest interest in a 2008 European Year of Intercultural Dialogue – we have found Slovenia, where the population is aware of the Slovenian presidency in the first half of the year. Cyprus and Greece are also among the most supporting. When we want to understand this high level of support we have to recall that in these countries we also had a large number of respondents who understood “intercultural dialogue” in the sense of sharing their rich cultural heritage with others. (This is also supported by the finding on how they interpret the benefits of the having people with differing cultural background on their country’s cultural life. As we will see in the next sections, they are very open and proud on their European culture – but not necessarily seeing that people with other background can benefit their own cultures.
Rather not, or21%
Not interested at all15%
Rather43%
Very much20%
DK/NA1%
Interest in the intercultural events of 2008(EU27)
Q6. Would you say that you would be interested in such events? %, Base: all respondents
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
Very much Rather Rather not, or Not interested at all DK/NA
Interest in the intercultural events of 2008
Q6. Would you say that you would be interested in such events? %, Base: all respondents , by country
The highest interest concerning the Intercultural Dialogue events were seen in Lithuania (80%; “very interested” and “rather interested”), Luxemburg, Slovenia, Greece and Cyprus (78%); with the least “excited” being Austria and the Netherlands (both 49%). When we only look at the proportions of the “very interested” among respondents, then Cyprus came top of the list (44%), followed by Lithuania and Greece (both 40%). The lowest proportions of “very interested” citizens were seen among the Hungarians (13%) and the Finns (14%). A well articulated minority in a number of countries (mostly in the old member countries) have a very outspoken view on the benefits of intercultural dialogue. A totally sceptic viewpoint (i.e. those not interested at all) was provided by 28% of UK respondents; 24% of the Maltese; 22% of the Swedes and 21% of the Dutch. We found that those who had had encounters with representatives of different cultures in the preceding week showed more interest in the idea of the Intercultural Dialogue than those who had had no such encounters in that timeframe. When it comes to openness and respect for traditions, the cosmopolitans and the pro diversity group were rather more interested than those not in favour of diversity – one-third of whom said that they were not at all interested in events linked to the Year of Intercultural Dialogue. But even in that group, 41% expressed some interest in such events. Talking about the classical socio-demographic segments of the societies, women were seen to be generally more interested in such events than men; those between 25-39 years-of-age were the most interested and the eldest (over 55) the least; in terms of education, those with the highest levels of attainment were more interested in such events; in addition, city dwellers showed more enthusiasm than the rural population, as did employees compared to blue-collar workers. But other than the lowest educated (among whom 47% were interested and 51% not) in each segment, the predominant majority was at least somewhat interested in such events; the levels of enthusiasm ranging from 57% (among blue-collar workers) to 75% (those with highest levels of educational attainment). More details are available in Annex Table 8.b.
15
45
39
20
22
12
22
23anyinter ac tion
nointer ac tion
Interest in the intercultural events of 2008
Q6 . Wo uld y ou sa y tha t y ou w o uld be inte rested i n such ev ents? %, B ase: all respon den ts
Have/have no t interaction
Very much Rather Rather not, or
Not interested at all DK/NA
21
11
45
46
30
21
20
25
10
12
33
23c os mopol itan
pr o div er sity,
but ke eproots
not in favourof dive rs ity
Attitudes to ward opennes and traditions
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 37
Flash EB Series #217
Intercultural Dialogue in Europe
Annex Tables and
Survey Details
THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 38
4. Annex tables
Table 1a. Europeans about Intercultural dialogue – part 1, by country........................................39
Table 1b. Europeans about Intercultural dialogue – part 1, by segments .....................................40
Table 2a. Europeans about Intercultural dialogue – part 2, by country........................................41
Table 2b. Europeans about Intercultural dialogue – part 2, by segments .....................................42
Table 3a. Intercultural encounters, by country.............................................................................43
Table 3b. Intercultural encounters, by segments...........................................................................44
Table 4a. Context of intercultural encounters, by country............................................................45
Table 4b. Context of intercultural encounters, by segments .........................................................46
Table 5a. Diversity’s impact on cultural life, by country ..............................................................48
Table 5b. Diversity’s impact on cultural life, by segments ............................................................49
Table 6a. Appreciating intercultural dialogue, by country ...........................................................50
Table 6b. Appreciating intercultural dialogue, by segments.........................................................51
Table 7a. Valuing cultural traditions, by country .........................................................................52
Table 7b. Valuing cultural traditions, by segments .......................................................................53
Table 8a. Interest in the intercultural events of 2008, by country.................................................54
Table 8b. Interest in the intercultural events of 2008, by segments ..............................................55
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 39
Table 1a. Europeans about Intercultural dialogue – part 1, by country
QUESTION: Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”, what FIRST comes to your mind?
Tot
al N
% C
oop
erat
ion
, exc
han
ge,
tran
snat
ion
al m
obil
ity
% C
ult
ura
l act
ivit
ies,
eve
nts
% C
omm
un
icat
ion
s am
ong
dif
fere
nt
grou
ps/
nat
ion
s
% L
ivin
g to
geth
er, k
now
ing
and
un
der
stan
din
g d
iffe
ren
t cu
ltu
res
% I
nte
grat
ion
, hav
ing
a co
mm
on E
U c
ult
ure
% C
oexi
sten
ce o
f cu
ltu
ral
div
ersi
ty
% T
oler
ance
, equ
al
righ
ts/o
pp
ortu
nit
y
EU27 27085 8,3 6,4 15,1 7,4 5,2 5,8 2,6
COUNTRY
Belgium 1002 7,7 4,9 9,9 6,1 2,7 12,9 2,8
Bulgaria 1004 13,3 9,2 16,5 4,6 2 1,9 3,1
Czech Rep. 1004 12,2 18,6 13,5 8,2 4,1 2,1 0,7
Denmark 1002 6,7 5,5 13 3,8 9,4 4,8 1,9
Germany 1002 7,2 8,4 9,6 5,8 6,6 5,4 3,4
Estonia 1001 5,7 6,8 7,4 7,4 3,4 5,2 1,7
Greece 1002 7,3 16,5 22,2 3,5 8,6 2,3 3,3
Spain 1004 6,3 4,4 21 14,7 5,2 8,4 3,3
France 1008 10,6 7,4 16,9 5,5 4,3 10 2,5
Ireland 1000 2,1 1,9 13 5,6 5,4 11 1,8
Italy 1005 11,4 1,1 21,3 9,7 4,1 3,2 3,5
Cyprus 1006 2,7 12,4 14,3 3,4 6 4,8 2,6
Latvia 1001 23,6 9,3 7,6 13,1 5,9 1,3 1
Lithuania 1003 22,5 19,8 10,7 5,8 3,2 1 0,6
Luxembourg 1004 13,6 6,9 15,6 5,7 3,8 9,9 3,3
Hungary 1007 3,8 5,9 15,4 9,4 2 1,6 1,3
Malta 1001 4 9,6 15 4,3 6,9 3,8 1,8
Netherlands 1000 7,3 5 15,6 7,3 6,1 6,4 2,5
Austria 1001 12,1 6,1 6,4 6,3 5,5 7,9 3,1
Poland 1004 11,9 5,5 16,6 10 9,3 6 4,9
Portugal 1006 5,2 8 21,4 9,2 8 8,3 0,5
Romania 1001 9,6 11,6 7,8 4,4 3,4 4,7 0,9
Slovenia 1008 21 12 9,6 7,1 3,9 4,3 11,3
Slovakia 1005 9,2 9,8 13 10,4 3,4 4,5 0,8
Finland 1003 18,8 8 9,7 7,2 1,7 6,2 4,5
Sweden 1000 9,5 10,7 6,4 2,6 5,4 6,1 2,4
United Kingdom 1001 0,9 2 15,7 5,1 3,8 3,8 0,1
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 40
Table 1b. Europeans about Intercultural dialogue – part 1, by segments
QUESTION: Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”, what FIRST comes to your mind?
Tot
al N
% C
oop
erat
ion
, exc
han
ge,
tran
snat
ion
al m
obil
ity
% C
ult
ura
l act
ivit
ies,
eve
nts
% C
omm
un
icat
ion
s am
ong
dif
fere
nt
grou
ps/
nat
ion
s
% L
ivin
g to
geth
er, k
now
ing
and
un
der
stan
din
g d
iffe
ren
t cu
ltu
res
% I
nte
grat
ion
, hav
ing
a co
mm
on E
U c
ult
ure
% C
oexi
sten
ce o
f cu
ltu
ral
div
ersi
ty
% T
oler
ance
, equ
al
righ
ts/o
pp
ortu
nit
y
EU27 27085 8,3 6,4 15,1 7,4 5,2 5,8 2,6
SEX
Male 13065 8,2 5,6 15,8 8 5,7 6 2,6
Female 14020 8,4 7,1 14,6 6,9 4,8 5,6 2,6
AGE
15 - 24 4187 8,5 4,6 19,3 7,8 4,8 6,3 2
25 - 39 6530 7,5 5,7 18,1 8,4 5,4 7,1 1,6
40 - 54 7533 9,4 5,8 15,3 7,7 6,1 6,2 3,4
55 + 8524 7,8 8,3 10,9 6,3 4,6 4,3 2,9
EDUCATION (end of)
Until 15 years of age 3946 4,1 5,5 9,6 5,4 3,8 3,8 2
16 - 20 11250 8,5 6,8 13,9 6,9 5 5,7 2,4
20 + 7829 10 7,3 17,3 9 6,4 6,9 3,3
Still in education 3363 8,9 4 21,3 8,5 5,4 6 2,6
LOCALITY TYPE
Metropolitan area 5747 9,7 6,7 16,1 8,6 5,8 5,9 2,6
Other towns 11158 8,5 6,4 15,7 7,7 5,4 6 3
Rural zones 10014 7,4 6,3 14,1 6,4 4,7 5,5 2,2
OCCUPATION
Self-employed 2607 8,1 5,7 15,5 7,9 4,9 6,5 2,6
Employee 9045 9,2 6,5 17,3 7,8 5,6 6,9 2,9
Manual worker 2030 6,9 5,7 10,2 7,4 4,2 6,6 2,1
Not working 13243 8 6,7 14,5 7 5,2 4,7 2,5
ANY INTERACTION
Yes 17648 9 6,2 16,3 8,5 5,8 6,4 2,8
No 9437 7 6,7 13,1 5,4 4,2 4,6 2,3
ATTITUDES TOWARD
OPENNESS AND
TRADITIONS
Cosmopolitan 6837 8,5 6,4 16,9 8,5 5 7,4 2
Pro diversity, but keep
roots 14940 9,3 6,6 16,1 7,9 5,8 5,4 3,3
Not in favour of diversity 3533 5,5 5,4 9,8 4 4 4,5 1,6
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 41
Table 2a. Europeans about Intercultural dialogue – part 2, by country
QUESTION: Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”, what FIRST comes to your mind?
Tot
al N
% L
angu
age
issu
es
% E
du
cati
on/i
nfo
rmat
ion
ex
chan
ge
% I
mm
igra
tion
/min
orit
ies
% P
rese
rvin
g tr
adit
ion
s
% D
ialo
gue
in t
he
sph
ere
of
pol
itic
s
% O
ther
% N
o an
swer
/don
't kn
ow
EU27 27085 3,5 2,3 1,7 0,5 1,7 5 34,5
COUNTRY
Belgium 1002 1,4 0,7 3,4 0,4 0,3 6,5 40,4
Bulgaria 1004 0,7 3 0,1 2,1 0,6 6,6 36,2
Czech Rep. 1004 1,7 0,2 0,7 0,7 0,1 1,4 35,7
Denmark 1002 0,7 1,4 2,2 0,4 1,4 6,3 42,6
Germany 1002 1,4 2 2,6 0,3 3,2 4,3 39,9
Estonia 1001 1,2 0,8 1,6 1,5 0,7 4,1 52,4
Greece 1002 0,3 3,1 0,6 1,1 2,7 3,1 25,4
Spain 1004 2,7 2,5 1,8 0,3 3,3 5,4 20,7
France 1008 3,4 2,9 0,6 0,4 1 5,2 29,3
Ireland 1000 7,2 0,8 5,5 0,4 1,4 2,6 41,1
Italy 1005 1,7 5,2 1,6 0 0,6 3,3 33,3
Cyprus 1006 0,4 1,5 0,2 0,5 1,7 2,7 46,8
Latvia 1001 0,4 1,7 0,6 1,4 0,1 3,4 30,4
Lithuania 1003 0,8 0,7 0 1,6 0,3 1,8 31,3
Luxembourg 1004 6 3,5 2,2 0,3 0,7 8,5 19,8
Hungary 1007 1,4 2,3 0,3 0,6 0,5 2,2 53,6
Malta 1001 1,1 0,9 0,6 2,2 0,4 2,3 47,1
Netherlands 1000 0,5 1,2 4,6 0,6 1,4 5,3 36,1
Austria 1001 0,9 0,9 3,5 0,1 1,8 6,5 39
Poland 1004 4,1 1 0,9 2 0,9 3,9 23
Portugal 1006 0,3 4,4 0,1 0 2,6 11,7 20,4
Romania 1001 0,2 2,5 0,2 0,4 0,3 3,7 50,2
Slovenia 1008 2,7 1,3 1,1 1,9 1,3 3,8 18,6
Slovakia 1005 0,4 1,7 0,8 0,5 0,1 5,7 39,6
Finland 1003 0,8 1,4 3,6 0,5 1,9 8,4 27,2
Sweden 1000 1,5 1,1 1,8 0,2 1,4 5,3 45,5
United Kingdom 1001 14,5 1 2,2 0,1 2,1 7,9 40,8
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 42
Table 2b. Europeans about Intercultural dialogue – part 2, by segments
QUESTION: Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”, what FIRST comes to your mind?
Tot
al N
% L
angu
age
issu
es
% E
du
cati
on/i
nfo
rmat
ion
ex
chan
ge
% I
mm
igra
tion
/min
orit
ies
% P
rese
rvin
g tr
adit
ion
s
% D
ialo
gue
in t
he
sph
ere
of
pol
itic
s
% O
ther
% N
o an
swer
/don
't kn
ow
EU27 27085 3,5 2,3 1,7 0,5 1,7 5 35
SEX
Male 13065 3,3 2,3 1,8 0,6 1,5 5,5 33
Female 14020 3,6 2,2 1,6 0,4 1,9 4,5 36
AGE
15 - 24 4187 4,6 1,1 1,1 0,5 2,4 2,6 34
25 - 39 6530 3,8 2,8 1,6 0,4 1,8 4 32
40 - 54 7533 3,1 2,3 2 0,5 1,5 5 32
55 + 8524 2,9 2,5 1,8 0,6 1,5 7 39
EDUCATION (end of)
Until 15 years of age 3946 2,9 2,9 2 0,2 1,6 7,6 49
16 - 20 11250 4 2 1,1 0,5 1,5 4 38
20 + 7829 2,8 3,1 2,6 0,6 1,8 6,3 23
Still in education 3363 4,1 1 1,2 0,6 2,2 2,4 32
LOCALITY TYPE
Metropolitan area 5747 3,3 2,7 1,6 0,8 2,1 5,4 29
Other towns 11158 3,7 1,9 1,7 0,4 1,6 4,8 33
Rural zones 10014 3,3 2,5 1,7 0,4 1,6 4,9 39
OCCUPATION
Self-employed 2607 3,2 2,9 1,7 0,3 2,1 8 31
Employee 9045 4 2,4 2 0,5 1,6 4,6 29
Manual worker 2030 3,1 2,1 0,7 0,7 1,1 3,2 46
Not working 13243 3,2 2,1 1,6 0,5 1,7 5 37
ANY INTERACTION
Yes 17648 4,3 2,5 2 0,4 2 5,3 29
No 9437 1,9 2 1,1 0,7 1,2 4,4 45
ATTITUDES TOWARD
OPENNESS AND
TRADITIONS
Cosmopolitan 6837 3,9 2,2 2,2 0,3 2,5 4,5 30
Pro diversity, but keep
roots 14940 3,4 2,5 1,5 0,6 1,5 4,3 32
Not in favour of diversity 3533 3,4 2 1,7 0,7 1,2 8,1 48
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 43
Table 3a. Intercultural encounters, by country
QUESTION: Q2_A-D. Thinking back to the LAST 7 DAYS, did you have any interaction - either personally or virtually - with the following group of people I will read you.
% of “Yes” shown
Total N having a
different
religion than
yours
having a
different
ethnic origin
than yours
from a
different
country in the
EU
from a
different
country
outside the
EU
EU27 27085 44,4 47,6 41,8 35,9
COUNTRY
Belgium 1002 47,1 50,5 46,6 32,8
Bulgaria 1004 29,9 35,7 19,1 10,9
Czech Rep. 1004 36,7 45,5 40 24,5
Denmark 1002 48,8 60,6 44,2 44,7
Germany 1002 53,5 45,8 49 40,1
Estonia 1001 18,6 28,3 21,1 19,8
Greece 1002 24 47 35 38,8
Spain 1004 35,8 48,9 46 48,3
France 1008 55,1 60 43,4 41,7
Ireland 1000 53,9 63,9 68,5 49,9
Italy 1005 35,1 44,2 42,8 38,8
Cyprus 1006 32,4 52,6 50,9 39,8
Latvia 1001 42,6 56,3 23,4 18,7
Lithuania 1003 23,1 41,7 19,7 15,7
Luxembourg 1004 50,4 63 72,3 46,3
Hungary 1007 29,3 36,3 19,8 9,4
Malta 1001 28,4 32,4 39,3 34,9
Netherlands 1000 55,4 55,9 42,9 33,2
Austria 1001 57,7 51,2 59,1 45,7
Poland 1004 26,7 22,4 27,5 16,1
Portugal 1006 28,1 35,7 37 39,6
Romania 1001 26,8 31,1 14,8 7,4
Slovenia 1008 42,8 43,1 37,7 33,6
Slovakia 1005 44,1 38,3 28,4 14
Finland 1003 38,8 39,6 36,9 31,2
Sweden 1000 50 63,1 53,1 48,9
United Kingdom 1001 62,6 63,8 51,3 45,6
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 44
Table 3b. Intercultural encounters, by segments
QUESTION: Q2_A-D. Thinking back to the LAST 7 DAYS, did you have any interaction - either personally or virtually - with the following group of people I will read you. - having a different religion than yours?
% of “Yes” shown
Total N having a
different
religion
than yours
having a
different
ethnic
origin
than yours
from a
different
country in
the EU
from a
different
country
outside
the EU
EU27 27085 44,4 47,6 41,8 35,9
SEX
Male 13065 45,6 50,9 45,7 38,5
Female 14020 43,3 44,7 38,2 33,6
AGE
15 - 24 4187 55,6 58 48,4 40,8
25 - 39 6530 52,1 56,3 49,8 42,6
40 - 54 7533 46,8 51,6 44,8 39,6
55 + 8524 31,3 33 30,3 25,9
EDUCATION (end of)
Until 15 years of age 3946 27,9 28,6 27,1 22,8
16 - 20 11250 42,4 44,2 39,2 32,8
20 + 7829 51,8 58,8 51,3 45,4
Still in education 3363 55,9 59,2 49,4 43
LOCALITY TYPE
Metropolitan area 5747 49,9 55,1 49 45,5
Other towns 11158 44,1 48,1 41 35,5
Rural zones 10014 41,7 42,9 38,7 31
OCCUPATION
Self-employed 2607 46,9 53 49,2 42,7
Employee 9045 56,8 61,8 53,7 47,3
Manual worker 2030 41,6 40,7 36,4 30,5
Not working 13243 35,9 38,1 33,1 27,7
ANY INTERACTION
Yes 17648 68,2 73,1 64,2 55,2
No 9437 0 0 0 0
ATTITUDES TOWARD
OPENNESS AND TRADITIONS
Cosmopolitan 6837 56,3 60,3 49,4 44,7
Pro diversity, but keep roots 14940 42,3 45,8 41,1 34,8
Not in favour of diversity 3533 33 34,5 33,3 26,4
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 45
Table 4a. Context of intercultural encounters, by country
QUESTION: Q3_A-H. When / where did you have these contacts?
% of “Yes” shown
Base: those who had any interaction with any of the groups
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 48
Table 5a. Diversity’s impact on cultural life, by country
QUESTION: Q4. Would you say that [COUNTRY]'s cultural life is enriched by people with different cultural background than the majority?
Total N % Enriched
very much
% Rather
enriched
% Rather
not
enriched
% Not
enriched at
all
% DK/NA
EU27 27085 22,8 49,2 15,6 7,4 4,9
COUNTRY
Belgium 1002 18,4 54 15,5 5,9 6,3
Bulgaria 1004 10,1 45,3 27,1 10,9 6,6
Czech Rep. 1004 18,4 47,7 18,9 6,4 8,6
Denmark 1002 27,6 46,2 16,5 5,5 4,2
Germany 1002 26,2 50,9 16,3 3,4 3,2
Estonia 1001 7,8 60,7 21 2,9 7,6
Greece 1002 17,3 43,3 23,1 13,1 3,2
Spain 1004 28,5 42,3 17,7 6,6 5
France 1008 22,1 59,5 9,9 5 3,6
Ireland 1000 35 48,9 5,8 6,3 4
Italy 1005 25,7 43,6 14,7 12,2 3,6
Cyprus 1006 13 42,3 26,9 13,9 3,9
Latvia 1001 19,3 56 17,6 2,4 4,6
Lithuania 1003 20,7 54,5 12,1 5 7,6
Luxembourg 1004 35,8 47,8 9,9 3,5 3
Hungary 1007 15,7 60,5 13,9 5,9 4
Malta 1001 16 36 18 12,9 17,2
Netherlands 1000 29,7 45,7 11,1 6,5 7
Austria 1001 21,9 39,8 26,3 8,5 3,5
Poland 1004 11,4 58,5 20,7 4,5 4,9
Portugal 1006 23,3 37,9 27,6 7,2 4
Romania 1001 17 39,5 18,7 10,5 14,4
Slovenia 1008 18,1 55,2 15,2 7,2 4,3
Slovakia 1005 14,6 51,9 23,2 4,8 5,5
Finland 1003 13 63,9 15,8 4,6 2,6
Sweden 1000 34,2 38,3 18,9 4,9 3,8
United Kingdom 1001 24,6 47,6 9,1 12,6 6,1
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 49
Table 5b. Diversity’s impact on cultural life, by segments
QUESTION: Q4. Would you say that [COUNTRY]'s cultural life is enriched by people with different cultural background than the majority?
Total N %
Enriched
very
much
% Rather
enriched
% Rather
not
enriched
% Not
enriched
at all
%
DK/NA
EU27 27085 22,8 49,2 15,6 7,4 4,9
SEX
Male 13065 23,2 48,5 15,9 7,6 4,8
Female 14020 22,5 49,9 15,4 7,1 5,1
AGE
15 - 24 4187 23,4 52,9 16 4,9 2,9
25 - 39 6530 26,4 48,5 15,8 6,4 3
40 - 54 7533 23,6 50,1 15 6,5 4,8
55 + 8524 19,5 47,6 15,9 10 7
EDUCATION (end of)
Until 15 years of age 3946 14,7 43,1 19 14,5 8,7
16 - 20 11250 19 51,6 16,6 8 4,8
20 + 7829 30,9 48,9 12,7 4,3 3,2
Still in education 3363 27,1 52 14,9 3,9 2,1
LOCALITY TYPE
Metropolitan area 5747 28,1 47,6 14,6 6,2 3,4
Other towns 11158 22,7 49,5 15,9 7,3 4,7
Rural zones 10014 20,2 50 16 8,1 5,7
OCCUPATION
Self-employed 2607 25,5 45,7 14,8 9,7 4,2
Employee 9045 27 51,4 13,3 5,4 3
Manual worker 2030 16,2 49,3 20,5 7 7
Not working 13243 20,5 48,4 16,8 8,3 6
ANY INTERACTION
Yes 17648 26,8 50,4 13,9 5,6 3,3
No 9437 15,4 46,9 18,9 10,7 8,1
ATTITUDES TOWARD
OPENNESS AND
TRADITIONS
Cosmopolitan 6837 30,3 51,4 12,2 3,2 2,9
Pro diversity, but keep roots 14940 23 53,1 14,5 5,3 4,1
Not in favour of diversity 3533 9,8 32,9 29,2 22,9 5,4
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 50
Table 6a. Appreciating intercultural dialogue, by country
QUESTION: Q5_A. I will now read out opinions that are sometimes heard. Please tell me if you agree very much, agree, disagree, or very much disagree with them. - Young people benefit from being in contact with their peers of other origins/ beliefs
Total N % Very
much agree
% Agree % Disagree % Very
much
disagree
% DK/NA
EU27 27085 34,2 49,1 10,2 3,1 3,5
COUNTRY
Belgium 1002 22,7 47,8 19,7 4,6 5,2
Bulgaria 1004 30,1 40 20,8 5,9 3,3
Czech Rep. 1004 39,5 44,4 8,1 2,3 5,6
Denmark 1002 29,2 61,8 5,4 0,8 2,8
Germany 1002 43,3 43,9 8,3 3,6 0,9
Estonia 1001 33,5 51,5 7,6 2,7 4,7
Greece 1002 33,1 50 12,7 3 1,2
Spain 1004 34,3 51,4 8,3 2,9 3,2
France 1008 31,2 54,2 8,6 1,6 4,4
Ireland 1000 45 44,5 5,9 1,4 3,1
Italy 1005 36,9 44,7 11,7 3,2 3,4
Cyprus 1006 27,9 56,1 13,3 1,2 1,5
Latvia 1001 26,6 51,4 13,9 3,2 4,9
Lithuania 1003 21,3 53,2 14,8 1,6 9,1
Luxembourg 1004 30,6 58,3 5,6 1,3 4,2
Hungary 1007 29,3 59,7 7,2 2,1 1,7
Malta 1001 23,6 45,9 14,6 6 10
Netherlands 1000 15,2 58,5 16,6 3,4 6,4
Austria 1001 45 34,1 14,2 5,3 1,4
Poland 1004 29,5 55,4 10,3 1,7 3,1
Portugal 1006 34,6 54 6,6 1,5 3,3
Romania 1001 15,8 47,2 19,3 3,3 14,4
Slovenia 1008 28,3 57,5 11,3 1,1 1,8
Slovakia 1005 25,5 54,7 14,4 1,4 4
Finland 1003 30,7 56,8 7,7 2,2 2,7
Sweden 1000 48,4 42,6 3,2 3,5 2,4
United Kingdom 1001 37,1 47,9 8,2 4,6 2,2
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 51
Table 6b. Appreciating intercultural dialogue, by segments
QUESTION: Q5_A. I will now read out opinions that are sometimes heard. Please tell me if you agree very much, agree, disagree, or very much disagree with them. - Young people benefit from being in contact with their peers of other origins/ beliefs
Total N % Very
much
agree
% Agree %
Disagree
% Very
much
disagree
%
DK/NA
EU27 27085 34,2 49,1 10,2 3,1 3,5
SEX
Male 13065 33,5 49,4 10,6 3,5 3
Female 14020 34,8 48,7 9,9 2,6 3,9
AGE
15 - 24 4187 36,5 51,4 7,6 2,3 2,1
25 - 39 6530 35,8 49,6 10,5 2 2,2
40 - 54 7533 34,1 49,8 9,9 3,1 3,1
55 + 8524 32,3 47 11,3 4,2 5,2
EDUCATION (end of)
Until 15 years of age 3946 25,8 46,9 14,7 6,3 6,3
16 - 20 11250 29,2 52,4 11,8 3 3,6
20 + 7829 43,5 46 6,8 1,5 2,2
Still in education 3363 40,5 48,9 6,7 2,2 1,8
LOCALITY TYPE
Metropolitan area 5747 41,6 45,8 7,9 2 2,6
Other towns 11158 33,5 50,1 10 3 3,4
Rural zones 10014 30,8 49,8 11,8 3,7 3,9
OCCUPATION
Self-employed 2607 36,7 44,7 11,8 3,3 3,4
Employee 9045 37,7 50,7 7,8 1,7 2,1
Manual worker 2030 24,8 53 14,2 4,1 3,9
Not working 13243 32,8 48,3 11 3,7 4,2
ANY INTERACTION
Yes 17648 39,2 47,9 8,2 2,4 2,3
No 9437 24,8 51,2 14,1 4,2 5,6
ATTITUDES TOWARD
OPENNESS AND
TRADITIONS
Cosmopolitan 6837 42,7 57,3 0 0 0
Pro diversity, but keep roots 14940 39,9 60,1 0 0 0
Not in favour of diversity 3533 0 0 76,9 23,1 0
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 52
Table 7a. Valuing cultural traditions, by country
QUESTION: Q5_B. I will now read out opinions that are sometimes heard. Please tell me if you agree very much, agree, disagree, or very much disagree with them. - Young people should stick to the family traditions
Total N % Very
much agree
% Agree % Disagree % Very
much
disagree
% DK/NA
EU27 27085 26,5 40,3 24,4 5,1 3,7
COUNTRY
Belgium 1002 17,1 37,3 35,6 6,2 3,8
Bulgaria 1004 73,7 20,8 3,7 1 0,8
Czech Rep. 1004 44,2 41,5 10,2 1,3 2,9
Denmark 1002 5,7 31,9 50,6 8,6 3,2
Germany 1002 19,7 44,4 27 5,6 3,3
Estonia 1001 42,7 43,3 9,4 0,2 4,4
Greece 1002 37,9 45,9 12,4 2,6 1,3
Spain 1004 12,1 41,6 34,4 8,1 3,8
France 1008 15,7 39,5 33,9 4,9 6
Ireland 1000 23,2 38,9 27,5 6,5 3,8
Italy 1005 48,3 40,2 8,5 1 2,1
Cyprus 1006 44,7 44,5 9,6 0,7 0,5
Latvia 1001 46 40,9 9,6 1,4 2,2
Lithuania 1003 42,7 46,5 5,6 0,2 5,1
Luxembourg 1004 13,4 51,5 26,9 3,4 4,8
Hungary 1007 27,9 42,5 22 4,7 2,9
Malta 1001 45,3 36,5 12,4 2,4 3,3
Netherlands 1000 5 26,1 51,5 9,4 7,9
Austria 1001 26,5 37,3 26,3 6,8 3
Poland 1004 34,8 55,2 9,1 0,6 0,4
Portugal 1006 32,8 43,1 18,3 3,9 1,9
Romania 1001 17,8 35,5 33 8,5 5,2
Slovenia 1008 27 53,3 16,2 2,1 1,3
Slovakia 1005 23,1 55 17,6 2,1 2,3
Finland 1003 18,4 50,8 24,8 2,7 3,3
Sweden 1000 9,1 34,1 38,5 14,1 4,2
United Kingdom 1001 31,1 29,9 25,1 7,9 6,1
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 53
Table 7b. Valuing cultural traditions, by segments
QUESTION: Q5_B. I will now read out opinions that are sometimes heard. Please tell me if you agree very much, agree, disagree, or very much disagree with them. - Young people should stick to the family traditions
Total N % Very
much
agree
% Agree %
Disagree
% Very
much
disagree
%
DK/NA
EU27 27085 26,5 40,3 24,4 5,1 3,7
SEX
Male 13065 26,6 40,3 23,9 5,6 3,5
Female 14020 26,5 40,3 24,8 4,5 3,9
AGE
15 - 24 4187 19,3 38,3 31,1 9 2,3
25 - 39 6530 21,2 41,4 28,8 5,5 3,1
40 - 54 7533 26,8 39,7 25 4,5 4
55 + 8524 33,8 40,7 17,5 3,4 4,6
EDUCATION (end of)
Until 15 years of age 3946 36 41,7 15 3,4 3,9
16 - 20 11250 28,6 39,8 23,9 4,7 3,1
20 + 7829 21,8 40,9 27,6 4,9 4,8
Still in education 3363 19,7 38,7 30,1 8,7 2,9
LOCALITY TYPE
Metropolitan area 5747 25,6 39,4 26,3 5,2 3,5
Other towns 11158 27,2 40,8 23,3 5 3,7
Rural zones 10014 26,5 40,1 24,6 5,1 3,8
OCCUPATION
Self-employed 2607 28,2 38,6 25,1 3,6 4,5
Employee 9045 20,3 40,1 30,5 5,3 3,8
Manual worker 2030 28,9 39,5 23,7 5,5 2,5
Not working 13243 30,3 40,8 20,2 5,1 3,6
ANY INTERACTION
Yes 17648 23,2 39,2 27,6 6,1 3,9
No 9437 32,9 42,2 18,4 3 3,4
ATTITUDES TOWARD
OPENNESS AND
TRADITIONS
Cosmopolitan 6837 0 0 84,3 15,7 0
Pro diversity, but keep roots 14940 37,3 62,7 0 0 0
Not in favour of diversity 3533 38,4 33,9 20 7,7 0
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 54
Table 8a. Interest in the intercultural events of 2008, by country
QUESTION: Q6. 2008 will be the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue. During this year there will be several events where people who have different cultural, ethnic or religious backgrounds can learn about each other and/or can meet each other. - Would you say that you would be interested in such events?
Total N % Very
much
% Rather % Rather
not, or
% Not
interested
at all
% DK/NA
EU27 27085 19,9 43,1 20,6 15,2 1,2
COUNTRY
Belgium 1002 20 43,5 18,8 17 0,8
Bulgaria 1004 14,7 53,3 20,5 9,6 1,8
Czech Rep. 1004 15,6 38,5 27,1 15,5 3,3
Denmark 1002 21,7 48,1 18,9 9,4 1,9
Germany 1002 19,1 41,4 26,9 11,6 0,9
Estonia 1001 17,7 51,4 20,6 7,3 3,1
Greece 1002 39,6 38,6 9,1 12,3 0,4
Spain 1004 24,3 42,5 19,8 11,5 1,8
France 1008 17,9 55 13,4 13,1 0,7
Ireland 1000 32,7 41,6 10,5 14,4 0,7
Italy 1005 18,8 43,6 17,9 18,5 1,2
Cyprus 1006 43,6 34,3 10,2 11,3 0,5
Latvia 1001 20,7 43,4 24,9 8,6 2,4
Lithuania 1003 39,8 39,8 9,5 7 4
Luxembourg 1004 29,9 48,4 12,4 7,9 1,3
Hungary 1007 12,8 51,7 19,9 14,3 1,3
Malta 1001 20,7 33,2 18,7 23,7 3,8
Netherlands 1000 15,8 33,4 28,5 20,5 1,8
Austria 1001 19,3 29,8 31,3 19 0,7
Poland 1004 21,6 50,9 20,9 5,9 0,7
Portugal 1006 26,8 28,8 26,5 16,3 1,5
Romania 1001 22,3 39,9 18,4 16,1 3,3
Slovenia 1008 32,7 45,5 13 8,2 0,5
Slovakia 1005 17,6 49,1 21 11 1,3
Finland 1003 14,1 53,9 15,8 15,7 0,5
Sweden 1000 17,3 33,6 25,5 22,2 1,3
United Kingdom 1001 15,7 35 21 27,5 0,8
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 55
Table 8b. Interest in the intercultural events of 2008, by segments
QUESTION: Q6. 2008 will be the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue. During this year there will be several events where people who have different cultural, ethnic or religious backgrounds can learn about each other and/or can meet each other. - Would you say that you would be interested in such events?
Total N % Very
much
% Rather % Rather
not, or
% Not
interested
at all
%
DK/NA
EU27 27085 19,9 43,1 20,6 15,2 1,2
SEX
Male 13065 17,3 42,9 22,5 16,5 0,8
Female 14020 22,2 43,3 18,9 14 1,6
AGE
15 - 24 4187 19,9 45 24,5 9,9 0,7
25 - 39 6530 20 47,7 19,6 11,6 1,2
40 - 54 7533 20,4 43,6 20,2 14,9 0,9
55 + 8524 19,5 38,5 19,9 20,4 1,7
EDUCATION (end of)
Until 15 years of age 3946 14,5 32 21,4 29,7 2,4
16 - 20 11250 17 42,2 23,2 16,6 1
20 + 7829 25,6 49,6 16 8,1 0,7
Still in education 3363 22,4 45,8 22,6 8,3 1
LOCALITY TYPE
Metropolitan area 5747 24 44,5 19,7 10,6 1,2
Other towns 11158 20,2 44,5 19,9 14,5 0,9
Rural zones 10014 17,2 40,9 22 18,4 1,4
OCCUPATION
Self-employed 2607 22,9 43,3 18,6 14,8 0,3
Employee 9045 22,4 47,4 18,8 10,8 0,7
Manual worker 2030 14,8 41,7 24,2 17,8 1,5
Not working 13243 18,3 40,5 21,7 17,9 1,6
ANY INTERACTION
Yes 17648 22,5 45,2 19,8 11,6 0,9
No 9437 15 39 22,3 21,8 1,8
ATTITUDES TOWARD
OPENNESS AND
TRADITIONS
Cosmopolitan 6837 22,7 45,2 21,2 10,1 0,9
Pro diversity, but keep roots 14940 21,3 46 19,7 12,1 0,9
Not in favour of diversity 3533 10,7 30,4 24,7 33,3 1
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
page 56
5. Survey details
This survey on the General population survey on “Intercultural dialogue” was conducted for the European Commission, Directorate-General EAC C-1. Telephone interviews were conducted in each country between the 13/11/2007 and the 17/011/2007 by these Institutes: Belgium BE Gallup Europe (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Czech Republic CZ Focus Agency (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Denmark DK Hermelin (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Germany DE IFAK (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Estonia EE Saar Poll (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Greece EL Metroanalysis (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Spain ES Gallup Spain (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/16/2007) France FR Efficience3 (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/16/2007) Ireland IE Gallup UK (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/16/2007) Italy IT Demoskopea (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Cyprus CY CYMAR (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Latvia LV Latvian Facts (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Lithuania LT Baltic Survey (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Luxembourg LU Gallup Europe (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Hungary HU Gallup Hungary (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Malta MT MISCO (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Netherlands NL Telder (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Austria AT Spectra (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Poland PL Gallup Poland (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/16/2007) Portugal PT Consulmark (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Slovenia SI Cati d.o.o (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/16/2007) Slovakia SK Focus Agency (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Finland FI Hermelin (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Sweden SE Hermelin (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) United Kingdom UK Gallup UK (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/16/2007) Bulgaria BG Vitosha (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/17/2007) Romania RO Gallup Romania (Interviews : 11/13/2007 - 11/16/2007) Representativeness of the results Each national sample is representative of the population aged 15 years and above. Sizes of the sample In most EU countries the target sample size was 1000 respondents. The below table shows the achieved sample size by country
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 57
A weighting factor was applied to the national results in order to compute a marginal total where each country contributes to the European Union result in proportion to its population. The table below presents, for each of the countries: (1) the number of interviews actually carried out in each country (2) the population-weighted total number of interviews for each country TOTAL INTERVIEWS
Total Interviews Conducted % of Total EU27
Weighted % on Total (weighted)
Total 27085 100 27085 100 BE 1002 3.7 575 2.1 BG 1004 3.7 447 1.7 CZ 1004 3.7 581 2.1 DK 1002 3.7 291 1.1 DE 1002 3.7 4748 17.5 EE 1001 3.7 76 0.3 EL 1002 3.7 622 2.3 ES 1004 3.7 2334 8.6 FR 1008 3.7 3213 11.9 IE 1000 3.7 213 0.8 IT 1005 3.7 3322 12.3 CY 1006 3.7 40 0.1 LV 1001 3.7 131 0.5 LT 1003 3.7 190 0.7 LU 1004 3.7 24 0.1 HU 1007 3.7 560 2.1 MT 1001 3.7 22 0.1 NL 1000 3.7 887 3.3 AT 1001 3.7 446 1.6 PL 1004 3.7 2126 7.8 PT 1006 3.7 582 2.1 RO 1001 3.7 1194 4.4 SI 1008 3.7 115 0.4 SK 1005 3.7 299 1.1 FI 1003 3.7 289 1.1 SE 1000 3.7 497 1.8 UK 1001 3.7 3263 12.0
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Questionnaires 1. The questionnaire prepared for this survey is reproduced at the end of this results volume, in
English (see hereafter). 2. The institutes listed above translated the questionnaire in their respective national language(s). 3. One copy of each national questionnaire is annexed to the data tables results volumes. Tables of results VOLUME A: COUNTRY BY COUNTRY The VOLUME A presents the European Union results country by country. VOLUME B: RESPONDENTS’ DEMOGRAPHICS The VOLUME B presents the European Union results with the following socio-demographic characteristics of respondents as breakdowns:
- Sex (Male, Female) - Age (15-24, 25-39, 40-54, 55 +) - Education (15&-, 16-20, 21&+, Still in full time education) - Subjective urbanisation (Metropolitan zone, Other town/urban centre, Rural zone) - Occupation (Self-employed, Employee, Manual worker, Not working) - Interaction with people from other religion, ethnic groups, country (any interaction, no
interaction) - Inter-cultural openness (cosmopolitan, pro diversity, not in favour of diversity)
Sampling error The results in a survey are valid only between the limits of a statistical margin caused by the sampling process. This margin varies with three factors: 1. The sample size (or the size of the analysed part in the sample): the greater the number of
respondents is, the smaller the statistical margin will be; 2. The result in itself: the closer the result approaches 50%, the wider the statistical margin will be; 3. The desired degree of confidence: the more "strict" we are, the wider the statistical margin will be. As an example, examine this illustrative case: 1. One question has been answered by 500 people; 2. The analysed result is around 50%; 3. At a confidence level of 95 % (it is the level most often used by survey statisticians, and it is the
one chosen for the Table hereafter); In this illustrative case the statistical margin is: (+/- 4.4%) around the observed 50%. And as a conclusion: the result for the whole population lies between 45.6% and 54.4 %. Hereafter, the statistical margins computed for various observed results are shown, on various sample sizes, at the 95% significance level.
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 59
STATISTICAL MARGINS DUE TO THE SAMPLING PROCESS (AT THE 95 % LEVEL OF CONFIDENCE) Various sample sizes are in rows; Various observed results are in columns:
Flash EB No 217 – ICD in Member States The Gallup Organization
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6. Survey questionnaire Eurobarometer Flash Survey on Intercultural Dialogue for the launch event of the 2008 European Year communication campaign Final version- 30.10.2007 Q1. When you hear the expression “Intercultural dialogue in Europe”, what does FIRST come
to your mind?
Response: …………..……………… Q2 Thinking back to the LAST 7 DAYS, did you have any interaction - either personally or
virtually – with the following group of people I will read to you.
a) having a different religion than yours?.............................................. 1 2 9 b) having a different ethnic origin than yours? ...................................... 1 2 9 c) from a different country in the EU?................................................... 1 2 9 d) from a different country outside the EU? .......................................... 1 2 9
[If the answer is “YES “to any of the items in Q1] Q3. When / where do you have these contacts:
a) at school/ university/ other learning space..................................... 1 2 8 9 b) at my workplace............................................................................ 1 2 8 9 c) during my free time while doing cultural activities (e.g. going
to a concert, theatre, film, visiting a museum, etc.) ........................ 1 2 8 9 d) during my free time while doing sport............................................ 1 2 8 9 e) during my free time while surfing the Internet................................ 1 2 8 9 f) in the public space, e.g. in the neighbourhood, while
shopping etc. ............................................................................... 1 2 8 9 g) while travelling ............................................................................. 1 2 8 9
Q4. Would you say that [COUNTRY]’s cultural life is enriched by people with different cultural
background than the majority ?
- Enriched very much .................................................................................. 1 - Rather enriched ......................................................................................... 2 - Rather not enriched ................................................................................... 3 - Not enriched at all ...................................................................................... 4 - [DK/NA] ..................................................................................................... 9
The Gallup Organization Flash EB No 217 – Intercultural dialogue in Europe
Annex, page 61
Q5. I will now read out opinions that are sometimes heard. Please tell me if you agree very much, agree, disagree, or very much disagree with them.
- Very much agree.......................................1 - Agree........................................................2 - Disagree ...................................................3 - Very much disagree ..................................4 - [DK/NA].....................................................9
a) Young people benefit from being in contact with their peers of
other origins/ beliefs....................................................................1 2 3 4 9 b) Young people should stick to the family traditions........................1 2 3 4 9
2008 will be the European Year of Intercultural dialogue. During this year there will be several events where people who have different cultural, ethnic or religious backgrounds can learn about each other and/or can meet each other. Q6. Would you say that you would be interested in such events?
- Very much ................................................................................................ 1 - Rather ....................................................................................................... 2 - Rather not or.............................................................................................. 3 - Not interested at all .................................................................................... 4 - [DK/NA] ..................................................................................................... 9
