01 This Report not to be cited without prior reference to the Council* International Council for the Exploration of the Sea C.M. 1990/F:14 Mariculture Committee REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS OF MARINE ORGANISMS Halifax, Canada, June 6 - June 8, 1990 This document is areport of a Working Group of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the view of the Council. Therefore, it should not be quoted without consultation from the General Secretary. * General Secretary ICES Palaegade 2-4, DK-1261, Copenhagen K DENMARK
Transcript
01This Report not to be cited without prior reference to the Council*
International Councilfor the Explorationof the Sea
C.M. 1990/F:14Mariculture Committee
REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS
OF MARINE ORGANISMS
Halifax, Canada, June 6 - June 8, 1990
This document is areport of a Working Group of theInternational Council for the Exploration of the Seaand does not necessarily represent the view of theCouncil. Therefore, it should not be quoted withoutconsultation from the General Secretary.
•NATIONAL SUMMARIES OF INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERSLaws and Procedures1.0 Relevant laws and regulations ••.•••• ~ .••••••.••••......• ~ .2.0 other Procedures.~..••. ~ ~ ••.••...•••••••... ~ •••••.•.Deliberate lntroductions: FlSH3.1.1 Fishery enhancement •....•·.....••.•...•••.•••• ~ .......•••.•3 • 1. 2 Mariculture ~ ~ ~ .3.1.4 Recreational purposes~ ~ ~; ~ ..............•3 • 1. 6 Research purposes .Deliberate lntroductions: INVERTEBRATES3.2.1 Fishery enhancement. o
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o
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3 • 2 • 2 . Mariculture ~ .3.2.3 Live storage prior to sale •••• ~ ••••••.•••••.•.•.•..•• ~ ••. ~
3.2.4 Improvement of food supplies for other species ..... ~; .•.. ~
3.2.5 Research purposes •• ,••• ~ ••••••••••••••..••••••••••••••• ; ••.Deliberate lntroductions: PLANTS .3 ~ 3 •••••••••• ; ••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Accidental lntroductiöns ,4.0 Species introduced with deliberate introductions ....••••••5.0 Completely accidental introductions ••.•.•••••......•••••••Hatchery lntroductions6~2 stock relaid in small quaritities under cöntrolled
conditions .6.3 .Stock supplied in larger quantity to industry .• ; ....•• ; •..Planned lntroductions7.0 Planned introductions •••••••••••• ~ ••••••••.•••••....•••.. ~
Live Exports8~0 Live exports for consumption ••••••••••••. ~ ••..•.••••.••••.9.0 Live exports for other than direct consumption ••••••.••••.
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578a
810111112
12
1213
1717
17
1818
CURRENT STATUS OF PROPOSED OR ACTUAL INTRODUCTIONS ••.••...•.•...• 19Eel nematode Anguillicola crassaSalmon parasite Gyrodactylus salarisSalmonid Fish Movements Among ICES Member CountriesJapanese Brown Alga Undaria in FranceJapanese Brown Alga Sargassum in Europe .The Manila (Japanese) cockle Tapes philippinarumThe Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis in Europe
Consideration of Irish Proposal to Introduce Patinopecten •••• 21- i -
Consideration of Transgenic and other Genetically EngineeredSpecies as Introduced Species, and Future NecessaryModifications in the ICES Code of Practice ••.••••••••••.•.••.•.•.
Ballast Water Transport of Living Aquatic Organisms: GrowingInternational Cancern .
Revisions to the ICES Code of Practice •••..••••••••.•.••••••••.••
Revision of WG statement of Purpose (1984) •••••••••••••.•••..••..
~990 Summary of Intro~uctions and Transfers of Marine Organisms1n leES Member Countr1es .
0.
Summary of Laws and Regulations Pertaining to Introductions andTransfers of Marine organisms in ICES Member Countries .•••.•..•••
24
25
26
27
28
29
Errata and Addenda to Cooperative Research Reports •••••••••..•••• 29
special Acknowledgement to Chairman Sindermann.................. 33
Re f erences ..••..•.•......•.•...••......•.......•••...•.•..•.•.•.. 34
APPENDIX I. Agenda of the Meeting•..••..•.••.•.•••••....•..•.... 36
APPENDIX II. Submitted documents on the Japanese scallop ..••••.•• 38* Report on the quarantine arrangements, pathological
examination and certification of Japanese scallops(E. yessoensis) imported into Ireland.
* Importation of live Japanese scallops (E. yessoensis)to Ireland.
* Introduction of the"Japanese scallop to Irish waters.
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*
SUMMARY~. and
1990 HIGHLIGHTS OF IMPORTANT ADVISORY INFORMATION ON INTRODUCTIONS
* workinqGroup Offers Final Advice on Introduction of Japanese scaliopsto IrelandThe Working Group formulated advice on the introduction of the Japanesescallop t~ IRELAND. The W~ does not ,oppose the continued development ofJapanese scallop cUlture, 1n the form of field trials that would assesssurvival, growth, and gametogenesis in operi waters; finds that .establishment of wild populations is very likely; urges the monitoringof wild pop~lations if such become established, .and ecologicialrelationships, if any, with native biota (particularly native scallops)
» See pages 21-23 arid 31~32
Growinq International concern of the Introduction of Exotic species byBallast WaterThe Working Groupreviewed the mounting eviderice ,that world-wideinvasions ar~ inc~easing aS,a resultof b~llast-water ~eleases fromocean-going vessels•. CANADA and.AUSTRALIA have issued internationaladvisories and guidelines,for ballast .water control; legislati6n ispending in the UNITED STATES. The invasion of the zeb~a musselDreissena in North Ame~ica is a major biological alteration of NorthAmerica. Red-tide dinoflagellates f~om Japan have invaded Australia;American jelly-fish have invaded the Black Sea; Chinese clams haveinvaded California's San Franciscio Bay, amorig scores of cases .. The WGproposes the formation ,of a Study Group to examine this issue andformulate advicie for lCES member countries. '
» See pages 24-25 and 32
* A 1990 Revised Code of practice ,An interim revised code was formulated (at this time without referencieto transgenicspecies) to accomodate.much needed changes in advice onbrood stock and quarantine management~
» See pages 26-27, 32; arid Document F:37
* Chair Retires ••• ~Dr. Carl J; Sindermann anriounced that he is resigningas Chairman of.the WorkingGroup, after 12. years in this position, ,upon the occasion of his retirement from the National Marine Fisheriesservice.
.,» See pages 1 and 33 , .
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WORKXNG GROOP ON XNTRODOCTXONS AND TRANSFERS OF HÄRXNE ORGANXSMSReport of ci meeting, held June 6 - June 8 1990 at Halifax, Canada
INTRODUCTION
The 1990 meeting of the ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfersof Marine Organisms (hereafter, WG) was held at the Halifax Laboratory ofFisheries and Oceans Canada from June 6 to June 8. Fifteen participantsrepresenting 7 member countries were present:
C~ Sindermann Uriited States of Anterica (Chairman)J. Carlton United States of America (Rapportemr)M• ccimpbell Canada.R. Cutting Canadae R. Porter CanadaR. Sauriders CanadaH. Grizel FranceJ~ Doyle, IrelaridJ. McArdle IrelandD. Minchin IrelandS. Tilseth NorwayB. Holmherg SwedenL Walleritinus SwedenA. Munro UK (Scotland)s. Utting UK (England arid Wales)
Present during parts of the meeting, and representing Fisheries and OceansCanada, were J~ Ritter, M. Sinclair and D~ Scarratt. Dr~ Porter is also aNASCO member, and Dr. Saunders is also a member of the lCES GeneticsWorking Group. Both ware present to participate in the WG's discussion ongenetically erigineered organisms~ '
The members of the WGwere welcomed by Dr.David,scarratt; Director,of theHalifax Laboratory ~ ,The chairman thanked Fisheries arid Oceans Canada for,'coordinating and hosting the meeting arid forproviding its facilities. TheChair then reviewed,the goals of theWG's 1990 meeting; the Agenda for themeeting was considered and with revisions approved (Appendix I).
During the meeting Dr. sindermann arinounced that upon the occasion of hisupcomingretirement from the National Marine Fisheries service, he wouldalso be steppingdown asChairman of the WorkingGroup, after serving 12years in this position. The Group unanimously expressed their regrets atDr. sindermann's departure, and wished hirn the best of luck in his futureendeavors. .
After the meeting, represeritativesofthe WG toured the Mouritairi lslandShellfish Hatchery, Blandford, Lunenburg County, on the sheres of MahoneBay. Dr. M. Helm hosted the Grotip~ The hatcherycurrently produces theAmerican oyster Crassostrea virginica, the Europeän (Belon) oyster Ostreaedulis, the bay scallop Argopecten irradians, and the American hard shellc1am (quahog) Merceriaria mercenaria.
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STATUS OF WORKTNG GROUP RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 1989
The Chairman reviewed. the status of recommendations formulated atthe lastmeeting of the WG in DUblin, ,Treland in May 1989 (1989 Report, C.M.1989/F:16i pp; 21-22) and submitted for consideration at the StatutoryMeet~ng of TCES in Copenhagen in October 1989:
Recommendation iThat a study group be formed to review, consolidate, and report on thecurrent status of.techniques tO,detect genetic changes.in Atlantic salmonstocks which could be caused through hybridization of wild and culturedpopulations: the proposed group to report to this WG and to the GeneticsWorking Group~
> c.~e~: 19ä9/2~35: A "Study Group ori the Genetic Risks to AtlanticSalmon stocks" will be established,to work by corre~pondence iri1990 and meet in 1991, arid report progress to the MaricultureCommittee at the 1990 stätutory Meeting
Recommendation 2 .' . . '.That an updated status report on introductions and transfers in TCES meIDbercountries be prepared for pUblication as a Cooperative Research Report
> C. Res; 1989/1:1: The report will be published following reviewby the Mariculture Cornmittee
Recommendation 3, . , ,That the laws and regulatioris concerning iritroductions arid transfers ofmarine organisms in TCES member countries be prepäred as a summary volumeand deposited at TCES headqUarters
> C; Res. 1989/2:36c: That .this be undertaken as part of the WG's1990 meeting [ref also: C. Res. 1988/2:46d]
Recommendation 4That the General secretary of TCES should query meIi'lber, countries relativeto their actioris arid experience with the Japanese scallop Patinopectenyessoensis
> c. Res. 1989/4:5: Such action to be undertaken, and that such summariesbe provided by May 1990 (E. Anderson sent such queries on February2, 1990).
Recommendation 5That the WG supports further work and collaboraticiri to define potentiallYgrowing problems (relative to possible adverse effects and environmentalimpacts) of genetic transfers and manipulations in marine organisms
> C; Res. 1989/2:36e: That this be undertakem as part of theWG's1.990, meeting, aS,a review of the ,Code of Practice,concerninggenetically modified organisms, with a view to developing anextension of the Code
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Recommendaeion 6 ,That the WG meet in Halifax, Canada, in June 1990 to continue the workbefore it (and so listed)
> C~ Res. 1989/2:36: so indicated
ADDITIONAL 1989 COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS RELATIVE TO WORKING GROUPCONSIDERATIONS
In addition to.the Resolutions noted above, the following Resolutions werepassed at the 1989 statutory Meeting:
> C. Res. 1989/4:4: On advise ~o member countries relative t~ theintroduction of .the Japanese brown a1ga Undaria pinnatifida[ref: previous WG reports, including C. M. 1989/F:16: pp. 18-19]
> C~ Res. 1989/4:14, as folIows:;' 1 "
"The Couricil will bring to the attention cif the EC the.experience of the Working Group on Introductioris and Transfersof Marine organisms."
HANDBOOK FOR THE WORKING GROUP
Ttie Rapporteu~ distiibuted copiesofa. "Üandbook" (54 pp~) for. th~ WorkingGroup. The .Handbook summarizes the history of..the Working Group since1969, the meetings of theworking"Group (four meetings from 1970 to 1974under. the Chair of H~ A. Cole, and twelve meetings from 1979 to 1990 underthe Chair of C. J. Sindermann), the WG's statement of Purpose (1984), thedetailed history cf the Code of Practice, copiesof the Revised Code in.English and French,. a list of Publications of .the WG with Errata forCooperative Research Report130, achecklist and synopsis of CouncilResolutions pertaining to the WG f~om 1969 to1989, and four appendices.It was proposed by theWG that the Handbookbe revised äs necessary for the1991 meeting, and be s~bmitted for review bi.the WG for consideration forsubmission to ICES as an F: document of the Maricu1ture Ccmmittee.
NATIONAL SUMHARIES OF INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS
1.0 Relevant lava and requlations
CanadaCanada's'Fish HealthprotectionRegulations came irito force in 1977. Theseimpact the movement cf saljonids between provincesarid importatioris to . .Canada. Currently .the FHPR are being opened for their first major reviewand opportunity for adjustments, although minor prior adjustment ofschedules has occurred. Interest exists for expanding ~egulations toaffect all finfish, among other changes.
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In 1990, the provlnce of Ontario will be reviewing regulations (Game andFish Act) regarding the (intraprovincial) possession and movement of livebait fishes.
Norway ,The Fish oiseases Act has been amended in 1990 arid iricludes marineorganisms,in addition to salmonid fishes. The laws concerningintroductions and transfers are under the control of three differentministries, Agricu1ture (for disease, for example), Environment (for wildsalmonid stocks, for example), and Yisheries, making overall coordinationdifficult at times.
Sweden. .' .... ,. .According to ,Fisheries ordillance (SFS ~982:126) fish maynot.be releasedaor transferred from one water body to another without permission. , " ..Regulations andguidelines in effectas of 1989 state that live fish forstocking or,farming can on1y be transferred if thefish is free fromdiseases and the fish farm is under Fish Health Control.
Stocking of fish will, not be permitted if "vclluable" fish populations canbe damaged, ,so releasing of salmon in a river system is only permitted ifthe fish originates from that strain.
United Kingdom ,As of 25 Oecember 1989, the importation ofdead; ungutted salmon and troutfrom NOrWay was prohibited., This was in order to safeguard British salmonstocks against the introductionof, infexious Laxanaemia; ahighlyinfectious [viral?] disease which has caused heavy mortalities in semeNorwegian farms and for which there is no known effective treatment.
United StatesLegislation is now before both the united States Senate and the House ofRepresentatives that calls for the regulationof ballast waterdischarge onthe Atlantic.and Pacific coasts and in the Great Lakes. This proposed •legislationis coupled with proposals tO,control and study zebra musselinvasions. in North America. ,The legislation calls for incoming vessels toexchange their original ballast water in the open ocean, before arriving incoastal or Lakes waters.
2.0 ether procedures concerninq introduced species
Canada ... ,The North American Commission (NASCO) is developing a set cif protocolsaddressing fish health, genetic and ecological effects,on Atlantic,salmonresulting from intreductions and transfers of salmonids. A draft discussiondocument has been prepared and it is now being reviewed by responsiblepolitical entities in eastern Canada and the USA.
In Prince Edward Isiand (PEI), a Federai-provlncial rntroductions andTransfers Cemmittee has been established. The Committee reviews all:requests to introduce finfish, shellfish, ,or marine plants to PEI and allrequests for transfers within the province.
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A draft. npolicy for Introduet:ions and Transfers of Salmonids in theProvinc~ of Newfoundlarid-Labrador" hcis b~en prepar~d witti e~pe6tation ofimplementation in 1990.
The.Canadian Coast Guard tiasdeveloped the "Voluntary Guidelines for theControl of Ballast Water ~ischarges from.Ships Proceeding via the st.Lawrence Seaway to the Great Lakes."Theseguidelines were developed toprevent the further introduction.of non-native freshwater and brackishwater invertebrates, fish, and algae in the Great Lakes as a result ofballast water discharges.
Experimentation and testing have continued in order to determine theappropriatequarantine period for Atlantic salmori eggs, and sUbsequentjuvenile fish, when eggs are taReri from broodfish in marine cages arid aredestined for other provinces.
United StatesThe Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commissiori issued its FisheriesManagement Report No. 13 in October, 1989, erititled "A procedural plan tocontrol interjurisdictional transfers arid introductions of shellfish". .This plari addresses problems concerned with iritroductions and transfers cfshellfish (mo1lusks and crustaceans) on the east coast of North Americ~.
The plan focuses on disease c~mponerits and secondarily on ecological andgenetic issues~ At present, severe epizootics are occurring in oysters andclams in parts of their east coast range. "The proposed plan includes areview of the disease status of important east coast shellfish, an'examination cif existing management jurisdictions and regulations,recommendations for management of transfers of shellfish cimongjurisdictions, a proposed organizationäl structure, arid pioposed mechanismsfor communication and interaction."
3.0 Deliberately intreduced animal er plant species,..,
3.1 FlSB
The scientific names of the species referred to below are as follows:
3.1.1. FisherY Enhancement (establishment of new breedinq populations)
canada.All imported salmonid eggs eriter ontario via a quarantine system:
•
(4)
(5)
"e(3)
( 1)
(2)
(1)
( 1)
NotesQuantity
Green eggs
Green eggs, eyedeggs/2 shipments
70,000 eggs
60,000 eyedeggs. .
New Brunswick lakes
Lakeontario
ont"ario
Georgian Bay,Lake Huron
New Brunswicksurface coalmine ponds
New Brunswick lakes
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Maine
LaHaveRiver,N.S.
New Prince EdwardBrunswick Island
IntroducedFrom To
Indiana
for establishment of recreational fisheriesas year 3 of a 5-year plan to establish a breeding population forrecreational purposes in two Lake ontario tributariesto evaluate the feasibility of establishing self-sustaining populationsfor stock enhancement programsfor stocking at yearling stage to improve the nearshore summer fishingand to establish "runs" of Skamania steelhead (and eggs for hatcheryrearing)
( 1)(2)
(3)(4)(5)
Atlantic salmon
Arctic char
Species
Tiger trout(brown trout xbrook trout hybrids)
Rainbow trout(Skamaniastrain)
NorwayA research and development program has been proposed by the Ministry ofFisheries on stock enhancment of Atlantic cod, Atlantic salmon, and Arcticchar. Establishment of breeding populations is under study.
united Kingdom
Rainbow trout ova are imported into Scotland.
united States
Massachusetts released both chinook arid coho salmon in the fall of 1989.As of January 1 1990, however, Masssachusetts has closed down its chinooksalmon program. A combination of bUdget considerations and poor returns(three paar years af returns (anly 19 fish reported caught last fall in theIndian River» lead to this decision. "
New Hampshire has elosed down its eaho salmon release program. They report
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that adequate supplies ofhatchery fish are no longer available. The Statecontinues its chinook salmon program (see table, next page).
New Jersey's Pacific salmonid program remains "on hold", as it has since1988. "Environniental impact" reports on proposed releases are still beingprepared. The stäte has no plans to.release fish at this time.
species
eoho salmon
chinook salmon
stock from
New York State.and New Hampshirehatcheries
New York State
New York State
NUmbers Release AgencyReleased Point (seeand Date footnotes)
34,856 parr :i:neiicin Head' .
MASS:Fall 1989 River' MF
Massachusetts
200,295 Lamprey River NH:FGFall 1989 New Hamps~ire
631,000 Lamprey River NH:FGparr New HampshireFall 1989 ...400,000 Lamprey IÜver NH:FGplanned for New HampshireFall 1990
New York state 76,880 parr Indian Headlate Nov/ '·Massachusettsearly Dec1989
MASS:MF
MASS = Massachusetts; NH = New HampshireMF = Marine Fisheries:'FG= Fish andGameNew York state hatchery.is the Salmon Fallshatchery is located at Milford, NH. IndianNorth River in Massachusetts;
3;1.2 Har!culture (qrowth and fatteninq)
(DEmartments)Hatchery. The NewHampshireHead River is a tributary of
Canada . '.Eggs and fingerlingsöf Atlantic salmon,"rainbow trout; and Arctic char aremoved between the provinces of Newfoundland, New Brunswick, ,Nova Scotia,Manitoba, PrinceEdward Island, and ontario [data available]. Rainbowtraut eggs are imported from Washington to Nova Scotia. In 1989 and 1990;eyed eggs öf Arctic char of Northwest Territories and Labrador stocks wereimported from the federal Rockwood Hatchery in,Manitoba for a six-monthquarantine atthe University of Guelph for intended release to.the .aquaculture industry for developmentöf hatchery,broodstock.Eyed eggs.oflandlocked Atlantic salmon were imported form Maine with the same procedurefor the same purpose.
have been imported fromQuarantine regulations are
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France250,000 smolts of Atlantie salmon were imported from NorWay. One-halfmillion eggs of coho salmon were imported from the U.S.A.
IrelandIn 1989 licenses were issued for the importation of approximately ninemillion salmonid ova for fish farming purposes. The bulk of· the ova weresalmon and originated from.Seotland~ Rainbow trout ova were mainlyimparted fram Narthern Ireland and ta a lesser extent fram Denmark.
Narway '.' .Dieentrarehus labrax were imparted fram Denmark in 1988. The fish arereared eommereially in elosed l~ndloeked seawater reeirculating systems.
SwedenCod fry are transferred within Sweden. ElversEngland (Severn) for stocking and aquaculture~
followed.
United Kingdom .A total of 47.375 million rainbow trout eggs were importedi under lieense,mainly from South Afriea, Denmark, and Northern Ireland. Smallerimportations (included in the total) were imported from the U.S.A.,Australia, and the 1sle of Man.
3.1.4. Recreational purposes
Canada .35K eggs of landlocked Atlantic'salmon were imported from Maine to NewBrunswick in support of recreational fisheriesi particularly in the borderst. Croix River basin. About 250,OOOK eyed eggs of rainbow trout wereimported from West virginia to Nova Scotia for rearing and stocking forrecreational fisheries enhancement~. 50,000Keggs of landlocked Atlantiesalmon were imported from Maine to Nova scotia for similar purposes. 4t3.1.6. Research Purposes
CanadaAtlantic salmon, eoho salman, Aretie ehar and rainbow trout were moved forresearch purposes between certain Canadian provinces (data.available)~
In addition, Atlantie salmon eggs .were imported to Prince Edward Island(PEI) from Seotland and Norway. Charinel catfish fingerlings and eggs wereimported fram the U~S.A. to PEI. Importations are into approved quarantineunits under Fish Health Protection Regulations.
3.2 INVERTEBRATES
3~2.1. Fishery Enhancement
IrelandAdults and larvae of the Japanese scallop,patinopecten yessoensis, wereimported in April 1990 under quarantine. The importation of this species
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ineo Ireland is considered in deeai1 in anoeher section of this Report.
Ormer (abalone) importations eo Ireland have been as fellows:
ln.1974-5 the case was arguedand accepted that the aba10ne,or ormer(Ha1iotis) was missing from the Irish fauna on1y as a resu1t of the glacia1and post-glacial history of western Europe. As the ice sheet"retreatedduring the post-glacial warm~up, the risingsea level cut off first Irelandand later Britain, from the continental land mass. Haliotis had notrecolonized before thishappened, and its short larVal life prevented iefrom doing so once Ireland and Britain became islands. Here~ iesecological niche is occupied by genera such as ehe sea urchin Echinus andthe snail (gastropod) Gibbula.. .The European abalone Haliotis tuberculata was introduced to Ireland in 1976from Guernsey, Channel Islands and put straight into quarantine. Thisaba10ne feeds best on green algae (especially Ulva) but also on red algae(particulary Palmaria). lt grows to minimum marketable size (62 mrn) inabout four years. Following quarantine, progeny of the original H.tuberculata have been in enclosed cultivation in the sea since about 1979.No evidence of independent,wild colonies has yet been fourid. Thecultivated abalone are easily recognizable because ofthe distinctive "green/red bands on,the shel1. Thisis used,as a biological marker and isachieved by feeding them on green and red algae alternatively.
The Japanese abalone Hallotis discus hannai were introduced to Ireland,in1985 from Japan, and put straight into quarantine (leES WG Report for1985,C.M~ 1985/F:60; page 13). "This.,abalorie feeds 0l? the kelp Laminaria; it.grows to minimum marketable size in two to three years~ Thirty certifieddisease-free adults were imported and, successfully spawned. The F1generation has been screened regularly for parasites and diseases andhasbeen found to be clear. About 3;000 are nöw in an open circulation systemin the Shellfish Research Laboratory and the iritention is to move them tocontainers in the,opensea for planting ,out foron-growing studies duringthe summer of 1990; they are un1ikely to spawn before 1992.
Both the European abalone and the Japanese abalone will probably spawn,inIreland, but for reasons explained above it has been accepted that thiswill not have any negative ecological impact~ In the evaluation of .prospective candidates for possible importation to qUarantine,as a fastergrowingand cheaper alternative to Haliotis tuberculata, about,15 species ,"were considered before deciding on the Japanese species. Scientists in theUnited Kingdom, especia11y David Alderman, gaveextensive and ,veryhelpfuladvice during this process. The UK imported the red,abalone Ha1iotisrufescens from California around 1982, arid had a1ready imported H~ "tuberculata.
Norway . ,A research arid development program has been proposed by the Ministry ofFisheries on stock enhancement of European lobster~ Establishment ofbreeding populations is under study;
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united states
Giant clams (Tridacna) Reported Growing in Florida (and caribbean):Of increasing concern is the intentional introduction of the giant clamTridacna for aquaculture (mariculture) purposes to the Caribbean andFlorida, USA. Dr. Ernest H. Williams (Department of Marine Sciences,University of Puerte Rico) reperts that living giant clams have beenshipped fro~ Palau (Micrones~a) and are now,in cultivation in Bonaire(Netherlarids Antilles), Guadeloupe, and in south Florida.
The immediate concern is that these clams have appareritlY, not been screenedfor diseases or parasites~ "We hope to cooperate with the culture projectsarid with clam experts ,in the Pacific te preverit any diseases or parasitesfrom being trarismitted into tbe"Caribbean ••• Webelieve there is urgentne,'to avoid introducing pathogens which may harm the conduct and reputationaqüaculture or damage caribbean fisheries" (E. H; Williams).
There is a rapidly growing interest,in tridacnld clam marlculture iri muchof the tropical world. Heslinga and Fitt (1987) reviewed,the ,"domestication" and "farmirig" ofgiant clams. Munro and Nash (1985)reviewed the literature on Tridacna, in particular relative to maricultureconsideratioris.
CanadaBay scallops (Argopecteri irradians), European oysters (ostrea edulis), seascallops (Placopecten magellanicus), and Ieeland cockles (Clinocardiumciliatum) are moved between certain Canadian provinces (data available)~
Movements are for rearing, for growth and marketing, and in the case of thecockles (Magdaleri Islands to Nova scotia) to begin assessmerit offeasibility as an aquaculture species.
France ~Experiments with the JapaneSe scallep patinopecteri yessoensis did not giv~promising results at the Mediterrariean study. sites.(Port-Vendres)~ Aftertwo years of rearing, survival was between 15 arid 20 percent (40,000individualsiriitially) and the average lengthwas 70mm. For the sameperiod of growth in Japan,scallops are 5 cm larger. A breod stock has beerikept to raise an F2 generation under improved zootechnical conditions andto test growth at ether sites.
Ireland " .84M spat of the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas.and 16M ,spat of theManila clam Taues philippinarum were imported from England and Guernsey,Channel Islands.
Norway ,Broodstocks cif crassostrea gigas and Tapes philippinarumwere imported framthe UK in 1988. F1 progeny have been established according tö the Code ofPractice. Spat production is commercialized.
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United KingdomAll introductions were made from areas certifled as disease-free, andlicensed under the Control of Deposit Order.
Imports of, iridigenous species were made to supplement shortfalls in naturalrecruitment. 1,180 mt of the mussel Mytilus edulis ranging iri size from 12to 60 mm were obtained from,Ireland (North andSouth) and Scotland andplanted at Poole; 7mt of the oyster Ostrea edulis, from 12 to 80 g, werebrought in from Northern Ireland and Spain~
Of non-indigenous,species; lS mt"of crassostrea 9igäs,(6S'to 90 g) wereobtained from Scotland and Jersey. 3 million ~~ gigas seed (2 to 2S mm)arid 3~3 million Tapes philippiriarum seed (S t6 10 mm) ware imported fromGuernsey. Crassostrea gigas are also irnpoited fröm the Channel Islarids toScotland~
3.2.3. Live storage prior to sale
Canadaup to 100,000 lbs, of blue mussels,(Mytilus edulis) have been approvad formovement during 1990 from the Magdalen Islands, Quebec, to Prince EdwardIsland.
France , 'Flatoysters (Ostrea edulis) were imported in,1989 from the Netherlands,Italy, U.K., Ireland, and spain; Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) wereimported from the Netherlands, U.K., Ireland, Spain, Gabon, and NewZealand.
Mussels (Mytilus edulis) were imported from Belgium-Luxembourg, theNetherlands, Federal Republic ofGermariy, U.K., Irelarid, Derimark, Spain,Sweden, Turkey, Canada, and South Korea. Scallops are imported fromBelgium-Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Italy, U.K., Ireland, Denmark, Spain,Tunisia, U.S.A., Canada, and Chile.
Sweden ,Lobsters (HomarUs americanus) are imported from U.S.A. and Canada. oystersare imported from France.
United Kingdom ,615 mt live lobsters were imported for corisumptiori. 856 rot of crabs, 479,mtof oysters, arid 343 mt cf scallops were also imported for consumption butthe proportion of live animals is unknown.'
3.2.4. Improvements of food supplies tor other species
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Largequan~itiesof liv~, polyc~aete worms (Nereis virens and Arenicolamarina) are imported from Holland both as food for fish species and for,angling. Imports of live "ragworm" (speciesunknown) have also been madefrom Korea.
3.2.5~ Research Purposes
united Kingdom "Small numbers of oyster (ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gi9as) seed (2cm)were brought in from Scotland for experimental field trials.
Small quantities cif the bivalves perna,perna, Brachiclcintes emarginatus,Barbatia obliqUata, Saccostrea spp~; Meretrix casta; and M~ lusoria fromsri Lanka; Mytilus galloprovihc!alis from the French Medit~rranean coast,4tMytilus edulis from Holland, and Pinctada radiata from Bahrain wereintroduced into quarantine and then destroyed at the end of the researchperiod., .3.3. Plants
FrariceThe experimental culture of the Japanese brown alga Undaria pinnatifidahasbeen extended to the iles de Sein. In January 1990, production at Ouessantwas 120 tons and at Sein, 5 tons~ The production atouessant.is 60T/ha,all of whichwas based upon ,gametophytes raised in the lahoratory~ Thereare no new data on potential competition between iridigenous algae and theintroduced species~
SwedenSmall arnourits of the brown alga Hormosira banksii from,southern Australiahave beenbraught to the Kristineberg Marine Biological statiori forphysiological research; They are kept under strict quarantine laboratoryconditions, ,the water being discharged into the urbcin discharge, ."(chlorinated freshwater) passing through the sewage treatment plant. 4tSmall amounts of the North,Atlantic algaepeivetiacanaliculata,Himantlialia elongata, arid Alaria esculerita have,been brought from Norwayfor research purposes also; they are keptin runriirig seawater in thelaboratory. The species,do not,oeeur in Sweden as attaehed p1ants, hut eanbe found in drift (especially Himanthalia, which is often founddrifting inmasses orl tlie Swedish coast) ~ In addition, a large number Cf other marinealgae (mostly small red algae of the order Ceramiales) i fram NarwaYi theU.S.A. Pacific coast, theMediterranean; southernAustralia, and,southKorea, are keptunder strict laboratory conditiciris in the Department ofMarine Bcitany; University ofGoteborg; Thay are in vials with culturemedia which when changed is discharged irito the urban sewage system.
4.0 species Introdüced with Deliberate Introductons
United KingdomSurveys continued by MAFF to monitor the occurrence of the American oyster
drill Urosalpinx cinerea;
- 13 -, '
There has been no further spread.
United states .The Hawaiian-based,~oceanic Institute reports that a disease-free populationof, the,shrimp Penaeus vannamei has been developed in their hatcheries onOahu, Hawaii. The Institute's program, incooperation with Dr. DonaldLightner (University of Arizona), was in response to global concerns overthe spr7ad.o~ IHH~V (infect~o~s,hyp~dermaland hematopoietic virus) andBaculov1rus penae1. The or1g1nal d1sease-free stock came from southernMexico~
5.0 Completely Accidental Introductions
Canada . < ." •
capture atthe Mact:aquacDam fish collection facility on the Saint JohnRiver co.nf~rmed the i~troduction of the muskellunge, Esox masguinongy, toNew Brunsw1ck. Thef1sh arose fromthe introduction of the species to aSaint John River headwater lake in Quebec by that province several yearsago.
The European rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalamus, was found in 1989 in Lakeontario. Source of the introduction mayhavebeen the Hudson River area ofNew York where these cyprinids are used as bait for striped bass, or fromballast water;
The tube-nosed goby, Proterorhinus marmoratus, was found in the st. ClairRiver, GreatLakes. The species is native to the Caspian and Black Seas.It is believed to have been introduced by ballast water.
The "volunteer" poptiiations of coho salmon in the Cornwallis River have notbeen.seen for twoyears; they thus may have died out. One hypothesis fortheir demise is that the springs are tao warm in the summer for thejuveniles in the Maritimes. ~ research report bya postdactoralinvestigator has been completed on this population.
NorwayThe alga sargassum muticum hasestablished itself along the south coast ofNorway as far west as County Vest-Agder in 1988 (Rueness, 1989).
Sweden
.,
10_
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N
KATTECATT
~
100 KM
Sargassun muIicUm In Sweden
• Drift reccrds
•
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During 1989 it occurred on a total of 38 sites in the,East Skagerrak,ranging, from one.plant u~ tO,much.more than 5,o.OO·(notcounted if above)plants per local~ty. Dr~ft mater~al was frequently found in the whole areafrom,March to September. ~he winte: of 19~9/90 ,was.again~ildwithhighwater temperatures and no ~ce~ Dur~ng spr~ng the plants have beenfrequently found in many parts in the previously reported area (see 1989r~port). It does not occur in moresheltered positions, but iri moreexposed areas"and freque~tly enough to turn up in randomized divingtransects; The maximum depth encountered has been about 8 meters; In thetwo archipelag~s of Koster, and, Fjallbacka, the East Skagerraki the speciesalso has colon~zed open bays and basins. Altogether 65 localities areknown from the Swedish west coast.
O~h~~ alg~i species: .....During ~p~ing.1990 unusually high ,abundances',of the introdueed Paeifie algaColpomenia peregrina have been found in the Koster area, north Swedish westeoast. The plantswere up to about 20 cm in diameter and mainly attachedto musseis (J. Karisson). '
Invertebrates:The Americari razor clain Ensis directus has been found in,Bohuslan, and EastSkagerrak, indensities of 5-10 individuals per square meter on sandy andsilt sediments from 0 to about 10-15 mdepth. It is supposed to havearrived,in 1981 or 1982 and probably'the species is commonlyspread alongthe Swedish west coast (Lundalv, 1989). It was originally first reportedin Europe f~om Germany; to where it is believed to have been introdueed byballast water.
United Kingdom ,A second specimen ofthe shrimp Penaeus japonicus was caught in February1990 at a depth of 70 m off the coast of Cornwall by a loeal trawler~ Itwas 100-130 em in lengthand was sent to Franee forpositiveidentifieation. The first speeimen, cf similar length, was caught inJanuary 1989 at 50 m again off the corriish coast. It is thought that bothmay have eseaped from a culture site in France.
United States
VHS Re-appears in Salmonid Fishes in State of Washington:In Deeember 1989 viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) was re~diseovered incoho salmon in the State of Washington (see attached newspaper article of16 January.,1990, from Seattle Times) •. ". Over two a~d o~e-half mi~lion eohosalmon eggs weredestroyed in a hatchery after th~s d~scovery:~t,maybepossible to recover from this 10ss by obtaining eggs from other hatcheries.
The meehanism by whieh VHS, arrlved on the Pacifie ~oast o~.North Ameriearemains a heated issue between native Indians, fishery biologists,aquaculture officials and shipping industry. officials. Some workers
.believe that imported salmon eggs, from Europe. introdueed the" virus.However it i8 believed that sterilization, quarantine, and pathogen testing
·programs in placeare (were)sufficient to make.this, an unlikely transportmechanism. Others believe that the virus may have been re1eased in the
,- 14.\ -
Oletrlch.taff reporter
Lummi Indian tribe hasdt ·d 2.7 million eoho salmoReF ~ er the rediscovery in thissr.::.. . a deadly. Europeen fisbvir .lled VHS. , '0,0" •
...t is a horrible thing." wasthe I ~.letion of Arthur Whiteley, aprofessor emeritus of zoology atthe ,University of Washington, tonews that the virus has resurfaeedhere.
. Viral, hemorrhagic septicemia,deadly to. trout and carried, bysalmon. was first identified a yearago at the Makah hatchery on theOlympic Peninsula and at thestate's Glenwood Springs Hatch-,
... ::. ' ;,~. ,,' elj' on OrcaS island. .. ,.'~~~~~~!: Same' 3.8 million salmon eggs,,~;;.~~,1- . were de$lroyed then in an attempt
,."~'*i,''i to contain the virus. '"The virus has kilIed up to 90percent of the fish at trout fanns inEurope. Last year, was the liesttime it had been detected in NorthAmerica. .' ", 0'
Authorities hoped ',' they hadVHS contained after tests on thou:sands of fish around the state didnot turn up any. more virus. Butscientists such as Whiteley haddoubts all a1ong. , ,"
"We were predicting It wouldappear egain tbis time this year.".
.The Lummis found the vinIs inovarian fluid taken Dec. 11. injustOM of 15 groups of tested sabDon
.at their hatchery near BeWngham.As a precaution. an" remainingcoho stocks at the Lummi Bay andSkookum Creek hatcheries weredestroyed over the past 0 week toprevent release of young salmon
~:'~~fesented SaImonworth $2.5 million in 1993. whenthey were expected to return asadutts. said Chuck Bendd, spokesman ,for the Northwest IndianF1shtries Commission.
..!t's deflnitely a blow:' , Bendel. sald. "U amounts to 45 percenl of
the bille's coho produetion. Butbetter safe than SOrlj'.... "
, The Makah lribe manag~d tomake up much of its loss byobtaining f'ggS from olher hatcher~1"4;\ R""r1I-l «::'1'1" ~,,,rt ...... '"P\'''''''
may be able iö do the same. water itself. or fish sucl0i into an'dAlthough the virus has lleen pumped out of holds. are trans
detected. no Washington fish have porting the disease., ,' . 0 •
~ been diseased. and no fish Rollert Levine. senior marinehave died. , I ,architect for Arco, said such a
, Diseased fish will not harrn 'source is theoretica11y possible. Inhumans , wbo eat, them. But a the case of tankers, he said. ballastwidespread VHS outbreak could water is sucked through a I-by-3·disrupt hatchery production. pro- Inch mesh. "I've personaUy neverduce a, quarantine on. expert of . seen fish in bal1aSt tanks. but l'veWashington salmon or trout eggs, seen crab c and marine lUe:~,heand pocentially devastate traut and said. Other erewmen have seensteelhead fishing. smaU fish in double-bottomed
The source of the virus is a tankers. he said. ' . 0,"
rnystery. with authorities differingWe~ against, that theory.on whether the most Iikely origin Levine cautioned. is that live fishis visiting sbips or import,ed"At1an- might be pulverized by pumps ontic salmen. '", o' d~arge. And he couId think of"Tbe virus lives in diseased fish no lnstance ,?f an empty oU tankerand is shed on the SUlface of fish coming straight from Europe toeggs or fee:es. 0 .... • Puget Sound. although grain ships •
=l3e<:ause lhe outbreaks have might make that trip. " .',been near shipping lanes, Bendel "WhiteJe,Y. bowever. sakt he be·said, tribes and stare officials sus- Jieves a shipplng source is improbpect that "this virus Li somehow able. citing studies that show lhebeing lransfelTed from European virus is unlikely to survive by itselfwaters by tankers and other ship. in water. or on boots or similarping.",. '... gear.. , , , '., ,
Empty ships sometimes take on He and other aquacu1ture crit-ballast water to keep themselves ics remain suspicious that Atlanticlow cnough I:l the water to opemtc salmon eg~s imponed fron' Eu·.• ,·;, ,1 .. "1·,. .h.,~_. :. .l..... • .•.•. 0 •••• f c· ". f' ,.
fm are t~ virus souree. . .:.__State fisheries offlcials lastye.
discounted aquacu1ture _ vm:source, notinJ that eggs•.steril·ized with iodIOe andquarantined.
But Whiteley said." 'We can'tclose down the concept of '. fishfarming as the contaminatlngsource•. Somehow. a moratoriumon these things bas to be Institut·ed. Maybe jt's already too laie.""
He SaJd Ute $late's three-mont:quarant1ne of im{lOrted~eggs may be inadeqt.late. bec:ltuathe virus an remain dormant'01an egg up to 18 months. -'1 ,"l
. "Jnvestigators concluded I th• source is unlikeJx to be the Iqw
culture industry. responded.lOhForster. president of the WqbqtOD F1sh Cirowers Assodation. ~Afanns were tested alld saD1pIointensive!y (m 1989) and no vini"was found.", , . " ., .
More recently, he, said, Iocafanns tested their brood stock thlwinter and again found no VH:"irus., ,. '" ,,' ",
The Lummis said they will Ia·an etfon 10 establish a researclractlitv 10 fi~re out where VHS i.. .
, " ..., '.
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", ",.t
as a riew and "unknown" element in the overall ecosystem andtrophodynamics of the Great Lakes.
ballast water of Sh1PS coming from western Europe to puget Sound. However,1itt1e is known,about this latter mechanism as.a transport mode for fishviruses. , somedäta appear to indicate that the virus cannot live "byits~lf" in wat~r~
Introduction of the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha to theunited states and CanadaWhat will undoubtedlybe recognized as one of the most striking invasionsof North Alilerica, rankingwith the starling (bird) .and gypsy moth (irisect)introductions on ~and,.has now,occurred. As brief~y noted in last year'sreport, the European ~ebra mussei; Dreissena polymorpha; was discoverd inLake st~ Clair, between Lake Huron and Lake Erie, in the summer of 1988.Now; in the summer of 1990, there are uncountable huridreds of millions ofzebra musseis in the Great Lakes.
It is believed that the zebra mussei, alorig wlth other organisms, wasintroduced to North America as veliger larvae.in the ballast water ofoceari~going vessels arriving from Europe. While ether ballast-waterintrcductions were known prior to the arrival of the zebra mussei, theintroduction of this bivalve has.been sufficiently disturbing thatlegislation has, for the first time, been introduced,to congress to controlfurther releases of exotic species by discharged ballast water. Ballastwater is also an issue of concern for other governments; for example,Australia has issued a ballast water advisory (see attached example).
The nature cf the impact of the zebra mussei in North America, as noted inthe attached newspaper stories (there has to date beeri only one publishedNorth American article, by Hebert et al.,· 1989), revolves around a numberof major concerns which focus on the role of the zebra mussel,
(1) as a fouling organism, .(2) as a consumer of phytoplankton,(3) as a competitor for space; "(4) as a ririisance organism ori public beaches
and(5)
The zebra mussei blocks water pipes to the extemt that,water flow isdrastically comprised (tothe point ofbeirig completely prevented in somecases). The mussei attaches with marine mussel-like byssal threads. It ,consumes an unknown ameuntof phytoplankton in the water column, convertingthis plankton to energy arid to pseudofeces detritus deposited on,thebottom, and sufficiient to, cause many people familiar with Lake Erie watersto remark on the (now) remarkable clarity of the water! Of immediateconcern is that this food.(phytoplankton) also appears to be the basis cflarval fish diets in the Great Lakes.
The zebra mussei now covers vastareas of previously unoccupied space onthe,lake floor, including once~bare rocks, as weIl as on artificialpilings, docks, buoys, etc. Some of these spaces were (and in some casesstill are) utilized by the more abundant fish for egg deposition.
II.i
II
·1
I
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SpruölllC of Drelsaent. polymorph. (PIlllAS) to Northern Am.rieL
In September 1988, I recelvad a mesS'4e troa OAvtD a. MACN!I~~. Sea Gr~nt ?ro~rca,
Orookport N. T., that .n "exot!e ~olluak" Ore1sscna polymo~?na ~a. ld.ntlrie~ in L.~.
Erle in June 1988. Acoordln~ to Or. PAUL ~~~3E~T. Unlver31ty ot ~ln~sor. Cntar~e, ~hia·
rrcsnwater ~pecl•• was 1ntro1ue.~ a. a r~sult or balla.t d~~oln~ rrom rrel'.hters ~r~vel
rutur.. or Drt:hnna t.'lat .uppo..~d lu ,oru':!ln; cver the ""~l., ot Euro"t are U·~.,~h., rUll')nUlll. r"..tr~l.bleD In d..lnKln~ wo~tr ond no~.pot.blt wattr W~ ..Ks: 'lrD~, a~"tl. arrl. ty moan, of b~"uI t~rt.oj, ;noll kinds or ~.rd sub.trata•• atona., roe~D. baats, ntt•• tut 01'0 on conerett a~e InOlie valla of p~r".
~ooeo a 'Ivare problee tor drtnkt~& water rlelllttt, l~ !ure~e.
S~re.dins of Drol •• lnl voutd ~••~ n,v.r be.~ ao sue~e~~ful witho~t th~ ~r~c,sl ef e~t~o:hl;.~lon, novhlihar .t,IO eone.ntrltlona ~.tnl ava1l.bl~ then :u••'ll ~I"te~,~ct r.q~lr'l. S~.r~!~ ~r~~ a ~.t\et z;~, eIn tht Aralo-Klaplln r'llon, wnero 1t hld erlvn llaek ~Jrt"5 !,llOlll ~ertoeo, ~r,l••ena '.ron~ed 1n thl rtrftthalf oe \ho l.s~ o.ntury over ,r•• t part. or Mlddl. a~d M•• t.rn !urop., t~. :aruOl.n r~~l~n an1 C~•• t !ri-tal". :hla WI. ~,d. ~aILbL' ~, oD.nlft~ oe"el. ro~ ynl'DlftC ~rattle. 'o~.r o11~trop~\o I~d 1.elat.~ p~~.
el~I". lake. end \'~'I aoutn Or tnt Alpa we~o flrlt lr.t.a~a~ Lft • aee~n~ It.p er t.~~oion I' ll:e a. ~h~
60100 of thi. c.ntury. Crovtn or tOuri~~ .nd tranarer of ~ouri.t ~.t. f~ lewo to lakt Ir. r.$~n,!bl.
tor the r,vlvil et apre.dlft' • ,nd ~u••,l. found C~~ e~"dltlon. ln 9Utrorhleated l.~t•• A ramarKabte r.~'r·
tlon 11 Balkan Lake Oft~ld ••"ol~ t.ctonio llkt (al ~~ke e.1~ll). whtre Drells.~a ht. been ":lbllsh~4 ,1no.~lrlllr tlme•• Due to o~h.r ~rpholo~iell L~d b!01cC1eol ehlraot.rl.tle. lt see--s to hlve evolY~~ tnothtr,peola., not polymer?n••
~ce\lrenoe Or Drel,stna In Northern AmOrlca showS that ,prea11~1 h.!~'t e~ae tn ~n ~r.d.
!n.tpie, or the raot that .x~e~sion 15 hllht, suppor:e~ ~7 ~a~, ~ne ha, "0 pr~etie.l ~O$.
,lbl1ltie~ to dereat 1t under th~ ~r.sent lee~~11:1ell eond1tlons. On. ean nnly '~~~~rt
some natural eneCl10s Hk. vater blrc1~ and invut in teehnlc:al installations t u(~ oh!~ri
natlon or tap-wattr. But t~ will n~ver b, ~os.lble to Iradleate lt. IOQllr.tn~, ~,u.!ly
show a mass devtlopment or in~lvlc1ualS. In ~~s~ or Drtl••en. invaslon 1. '.tnp~ed afttr altw yaars by ~roll(erat!on cr vattr blrds ell~in.tlni all blSto~ =~sstl. (> 1 ~eer) downto 5m dtpth tVtry wlnter. aut ther~ 12 ne ~oubt Orei~.tna .111 ~eco~. In ~'tabllshl~
mtmbtr or w~ter (nuna in Northlrn Am.riea. a! tht ~mertean Elo~~1 eanads~sls did in t~.
watar rlora 1n Europe 1n tht list cer.tury. Or,133enl .s a la~t E~rop.an "re1tnCt"?
Finally, the zebra mussel, as a now extraordinarily abundant species, iscovering rocks and leaving shells and shell fragments in recreationalareas, resultin~ i~ (pre~iously poptilar)bathing beaches now havingconsiderable populations of live mollusks and shell debris.
The full role of the zebra mussel, as predator(of plarikton), as prey (ofdiving ducks, for example), as acompetitor and disturbor, cannot as yet bedetermined; In ecoriomic terms the federal united States Fish and WildlifeService has,estimated that.the current costs of, the zebra mussel (in termsofits fouling capabilities and in potentially reducing firifish stocks in~he lakes) may b~ approximately $400,000,000 (four hundred million dollars)eachyear for the next 10 years. This figure will increase greatly as itinvades the rest of North America.'. '.'.,
Since their discovery in Lake Erie in 1988, the zebra mussels have riowspread to Lake ontario and Lake Michigan; it is predicted that it will bein all five of the Great Lakei;; bY,the erid,of 1990~ Physiological, .consideratioris indicate that the zebra,mussel has the capability to invadeand be successftil in, two-thirds of North America~ Major corridors includethe Mississippi and Missouri Ri~er systems~ Over fifteen differenttransport mechanisms may now be available to the zebra musselto affect itsspread rapidly across North America (J. T. Carlton, unpublishedmanuscript).
Other Introduced Äguatic Species in the Great LakesTheEuropean ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernua; continues to spread relativEÜyslowly (compared to the zebra mussel) across Lake Superior. The populationis now,estimated,to be in excess cif over 1,000,000 '(one million) fish. Theecological impacts of this invasion are not known; ,However, state ofWisconsin fishery officials are stifficiently alarmed about the rtiffe that amajor predatory-fish (walleye) stockinq program in the Duluth Harbor, Lakesuperior, area is planned; The European water-flea (cladoceran) .Bythotrephes cederstroemi, iS,now found in all five Great Lakes; The roleof this water, flea in the Lakes'trophodynamics is under considerabledebate. ,Both the water-flea arid the ruffe are ballast water ,iritroductions. Asirigle specimen of the Mediterranean tUbe-nosedgoby,Proterorhinus marmoratus, was discovered in 1990 in st. Clair River (seeCanadian report).
Asian Crab in New Jersey , 'A specimen of the common Japanese crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus was collectedin septeInber,1988,in marine watersof a small,inlet in southern New Jersey(Williams andMcDermott, 1990) •. The crab, "over.,3;S cm in"width,was an ','ovigerous female. Its native range is from Sakhalin, Korea and north Chinato Hong Kong, and all,of,the,Jeipanese coast. Interocean~cshipping.is
suspected as the probable agent of dispersal. Ballast water release bycargo vessels fram Korea, China, Russia, or Japan, inbound to United statesports, arid with entrained crab zoea or megalops, may be the primarymechanism.
Introduced Tunicates (Sea Squirts)on the USA At1antic CoastThe two introduced tunicates (ascidians), the European-Asian stalked
oI"~. ,{,:
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- CF' photo
.. !:'drinkiog water because 01 blooms land lakes witbin a decade. .~in anlOUDtI of Lake St. Clair al- But LePage says he bas some ..igae, whieb Hebert calls a side eI- advic.e .Ior . eoping .. witb tb~se".feet 01 the c1am's presenee. . aquati<: unmlgrants: lt loo~ like .. ~
llut tbe worst is yet to come tbere 15 no way to get rld 01 . \'5Y researehers, who predict tbe' them. W~'re ~oing to ~ave to "clams will probably trav&n learn 10 live Wltb tbem, lIke tbey ...boCAt bulls to infest Ontario~n- do in Europe. "
The invading zebra clams are smothering native freshwater clams
"You ean't even see tbe bigelams anymore. They are justeovered witb a mau 01 tbeseereatures. In terms 01 native speeiea being wiped out, it's kind 01tragie."
And he& the elams may'alsohe a1tnnrlbe taste 01 Windsor's
WINDSOR, Ont. (CP) - A ÜByEuropean mollUIC ia reproducin,10 rapidJy in Lake St. CIair It iacloUing water pipes, affecÜllIdriDkiDI watel' aod tbreateDiDI toclwlee OIe~ of __ OD-tario 1akeI, reaearcben I&Y.
It'. oo1y beeD ODe year liDce &ebra claml wen tound breecliDllaLake St CIair, but h1010pta IIY
, tbey bave formed a patchy liriDIcarpet GD the boUom 01 tbe Iake,DeItIed betweea Lake HUI'OD udLake Erie wben tbe creatare8haft al80 beeD lound.
There were nooe 01 tbe blacltud-wbite Itriped creatures in tbelakea in leiS. TbiJ .ummer about160,000 per Iquare metre havebeeD 10UDd in SOlDe areu.
"Tbe lltUe critten Are takiDeover tbe world," aa)'l. Wilfred LePaae, wbo nma a waw treatmentplaDt in Mooroe. Mich., 16 tiJoIbetrea iDIaDd from a Lake Erieintate.
Tbe clalDl bave invaded the.y.tem'. water Une., cuttiolpumpiDc capacity by 25 per c:eat,
Tb clam. ban allo beeDI blamed 'Ior killiol freabw.ter
claml ud c:aUIiDI problem. wlthdriDkialwater in Windlor.
Tbe zebra clam, a native 01 tbeCaIpiaD Se&, 11 be1ieved 10 haveentered the Great LUes in thebaUut 01 a Europeaa lreigbter.
"ltl abuDdaDCe ha. increuedbeyODd aaythiDg we thougbt couldbe poI81ble," aa15 Paul Hebert, di·rector 01 the Great Lakes Insti·tute at the UDivenity 01 Wiodsor.
And tbey Are wipin& out lresh·water clama, Hebert 1a}'I.
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1989 Poge A·7
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Although :the companies. wert :known 10 charge the deducti~ .on~ Ford had botn challenged incourt. said Abcams spokeswom.anNancy CoClndl. Sbe saidbe.bopesahe 4\.....r ,...,.. ....... - •• ' •••
rnated it would cost the company. years or 1&,000 mües.up to $5.3 million. . Ford', wananty offercd fnie re-
Tbc decision could also affect pairs durine tbe vcbicJe's first yearowners of General Mo~ors and' or )2.,000 miles, whicbever cameCbrysJer.cars, Abrams said. TbO$C first. Fot~ bc)'OGd Jhat termCC:l::1es also wrJed tbe de- &Dd up co tbe l..aDoD La.,'• .-d betwcen 19&3. wheo the· . -I ............ , • ., •__L. .-Ir_ -~
Br MICHAEL LEVYNtws StaU' Rtporur
Br DAVlD BAUDER..AIIOd«t4 PraI
ALBANY'- 1lIe Ford MotorCo•. viobud i tbe.state'. LemonLaw for aew c:ars by charIin& c;oo;JUmC:n a SIOO deductiblc for re-~~~~~ aleockd
Tiny musse1threatens' industry Giß Lakes'
,State,courtrules,.agains~ FordJin~~on' Eaw: case
Aniving in water ballast from European ager Wilfred LePaige said. . "freighters, the tiny shellfish spread rapidly, ..) thought, after 35 years in the water-sul)-building thick oolonics on anything 10 which ply business l'd lived through every pestilence. I"
ROCHESTER .- Induslry, power, oompa-. they can attach;" possible. I was wrong." ,~
nies a~ municipal waler plants a~ bracing for LaSI summer: mussel oolonics affccted man- " Tbe plant c1eansed itself by pretrealing alJ'thhc ~ng of the zebhra mussel
d, afi tlRY shellfiSsh ufacturing plants, "ruined scientitic instru- incoming warer wilh heavy doses of chlorine to
t a~ Iß two yea~ as sprea rom Lake L" ments, sank' marker' buoys and choked. the kill the animals,aalr neu Detrolt· to: Port Weller on Lake, raw-water intake lines at municipal water treat- • . ,, Ontario, causing costly damage along its route. ment plants," Griffis said. ' "!hat caused adeluge of dead mu~se! 115-
Over tbe next', JO years the U S Fish & "0 .. sue, a gooey mess lhat had to be stra.ned.W 'ldl't Se' '. J h ." h llfi h ne sman town near, Wtndsor (OnI.) will Truckloads ofshells were bailed oul by hand in
I he rvlce eSllmates, t e uny s e 15 , ' . 'could cut tbe value of oommercial and sport buckets,; LePa,ge sald. ~e spenl at least,fisheries in half - and could oost taxpayers, '11 thought, a'''te'r 35 year.'S ••• I'd lived S50.000 In parts aod rcpa.rs, aod has not )'el,ratepayers and' consumers an additional $2.3!J' calculaled the labor costs.billion in construetion and mainlenance oosts. through every pestilence possible. r A' oomplete pipeline cleaning will rost the,
Some 200 scientists and engineers are end- oommunit~ $72,000 aod the oosts of its ....ew .ing a two-day international conference today' was wrong.".' raw-water Intake - planned for oonstructlon; .that was orpnized by Sea Grant. Conference anyway· - may be doubl~ by, a permanent·participants are sharing experiences and ideas . W1lfred LePafg. prelrealmcnt scheme, LePalge saldo(ar ooping with this recently inlroduced men- Water plant manager Tbe Detroit Edison plant nearby saw a JS.ce to tbe Great lakes.. percent reduetion in generating :capacity , be-
"lt'NU firstspotted in June of 1988 in Lake' .. . • • . ' ' cause of mussel-clogged lines. "That meant aSI. Clair,OO said biologist Ronald Griffis of the . spend $3 mllbon to rebulld a water plant that loss of $500.000 in power sales,.. plant manag- .Ootario Ministry of Natural Resources, "and serves 8,000 people," he added: er William 'Kovalak said.last.~k reached Lake Ontario. Jt is ooming to . Tbc Mo~roe, ~ich.~ water plant sa~. its , Today, the conference will hear (rom speak-' .a pipeline near you.OO . . ;. Intake capaclty shonk ~~ half. from 18 mJlbon ers experienctd in shellfish control, including
Jn September, the muuel was discovered 10 &allons per day 10 9 mJlbon over three months Henk A. Jenner. of Holland's KEMA, the re-. the in1akes of the Niapra Mohawle: generadIll !Ist summer; . search arm of that counU'y's power industry.
plant &t Dunkirt. .Tbe Dunkirk municipal wa- "We almostlost the plant - pumps sucki~ Europeans have dealt with this fast-colonizing .\er plant fears its Jines., 100, may be infested." air, c:avitating, pressure droppin&o~ plant man-· pest for more \han a century.'
The costs will be borne by buslnesses, inebanglng inlake pipes to keep the musseis •out and In cleaning pipes already clogged;by shlp owners and boat owners, In clean- .ing their hulls, and by the commerclaltishing, sports fIshing and tourist indus·trles,ln lower catches.
'Wone Than tbe Oll SplU In Alaska'"Thls is a 'very serlous problem:' she', •
salel "We say it is worse than the oll spillin Alaska because these exotic introduc>tions are permanent end spreadlng. Theycan't be cleaned up llke the oU spill. In a ....
. \:ontinuedon POle'BI!'
'i.i.J:LülaÖd~..tl"" T·t· .'
. :~: ~. RlCb. ä~ij. hdd lamDy·run firm;'.! fourfi~on $17 mJllJon lt owes .~·l&tl·cIlY p~ ~tax.paymeau; It may bave.. ; .;1IeoI platJp4.'lOme of lu properties if pa)'. ~-;~ ~~a~.~~byMaY31. _~.•. .'.~d last maqth, the cash-bungry company ...;. ':cedthat It bad jolned w1th Olle of the -t
Da n'.'1ugeIt reaI-estate c:oncerna, the,. -:...\, JMB Realty Corporadon 01 O1Icago, in wbat "'""".appears to be a meraer or a parUaI aale. bUt • ~
: . whieb offictals at Rieb will only caU "a pre- .. ~.Umlnary, non·bincling agreement concem-. V>ing the recapltaUzation and reorpnlzatlon •01 F. D. Rich." ,
Offlcials 01 F. D. Rieb end JMB refuae\1.any further discussion of thelr deal, whleb'must be approved by the company'. lend-"ers, or 01 other aspecu of the companles. ' "
"Thls is one of the risks of being a large- c:-
scale developer," sald Charles T. Lee, chalr· • ~man of, the c1ty's. Urban' Redevelopment. . r- •
" Commlsslon. "You have to sink 10 mueb up' . ?lront It's hard to hold on lang enough to get. . (your return, and you're terribly wlnerabfe --to market downtums." . ,.
The cOmpany" troubles are typlcal of the-financial struggles now lacing many com·· 7mercial developers In New England and.': .--other parts of the Northeast. "1be real-es: - _- p.
Coniinued on Page B2 ' . .-t.
the Nlagara Power Project on the Nlag-·ara River just north of Nlagara Falls, and .
. at some Canadlan .projects on Lake Ontarjo es, weil' as ~ IOme midwestern'states, ' .
Its- economlc; Impact on industry. and .commercial and recreatlonal fishing willbe sub.stantlal, said Rohert Lange, supervisor of the Great Lakes flsherles program for 1he New York' Depanment ofEnvironmental ConJervatlon.
"We estimate that It will cost $4 billionin the next 10 years in the Great Lak~.area alone," aald. Maraaret Dochoda,~ .biologist for the Great Lakes. FisheitCommllslon In AM Arbar, MIch.
fast·swlmmlng larvae have spread fromLake St. Clalr, near Detrolt, west IntoLake Mieblgan and east into Lakes Erleand OnUl,rlo In western New York,
:U BIWoo In the Nut 10 Yeara.Already a major envIronmental prob
lem, the "SmaU Inedible shellflsh,' whiebreprodiJces proliflcally, II dangerous Intwo. way.: It· clog. the pipes of powerplant" end It devourl mlcroscoplc planu ,at the bottom of the food chain eaten bynative fresb-water f1~
SO lar It MI been ·Iound in the Intake'pipes of ~ power-aeneratlng .tatlons atDunklrk on the east end 01· Lak~ Erle, at
.. -. -......
DUIl Praa/lblNew v....Tl....
"A lot of people don't expect the job to 'be 10 hard," aaid Virginia Pei. a c:enlua coun·ter in Chinatown. She put a Cenlua form under the door of a Mott Street resident. .
ALBANY, May 10 -1be zebra mussel,an aquatic Invader from Eu~, II rap-
'Idly. advanclng i into New Vork State,threatenin& to become a major peat In theHudson,. Delaware- and· SUlquehannaRlvera, ~rIne biolo&laUIlY. . .
It Is movln& Into New York by a c:ircu1.touI route, from the west rather than~eut, after MVin& beeil depoalted in ~Great Lakes In baUut w.ters of oce}U1IoIn& ahipl trave11ng up the SL LawrenceRlver lrom EUropeaJl porti.
. In onIy three yean, the muuel and lta
Continued~ POle B7 .
ADcIID me WJlII·m~-=uuu ua D''-Iyn, an elderly woman UIbered Mlguel Barreto, a ceoIUI worter, Into her apartment, .bot not before keeplna' h1m kDOckln& lor'mmu~ . '.
"I almost didn't' aet up,u she ..lel "Ithought lt wu tbe Jebovah'l WltDeUes.u
·AForceol ...... i '
SO goes the day lor the censu. counters, a,lorce of more than 200,000 temporary workera wbo Are comblDg apartment buUdlngl'and boUJet tbrouIhout Ne. York City andaaUonwlde to elldt information lrom bouseboldl that laUed to retum quettkXlnalrea bylast month'. dead11De. • '.
1be count la c:ruc1al for. areas wIth low,maU-bac:k rates lIte New York City, nc)t onIy j
in eleterminlDg accurate popuIatkln numbers but also lnfluendDg the 1oca1 sha~ 01 'Federal akI and> repreaentatlon' In ·.taleIegislatureS and Congreaa.. •
But despJte IU Importanee,' the Job IIIraught wltb lrustratlon and tedium, and a 'tumover rate of up to 100 percent." For uebcounter hlrecl; the bureau keeps at· lealtBeven replacemenu ready to take over, re- .crulted mostly j from "the nelghborhoodswhere they are needed. Thll cancliclate poolstands at IOme 89,000 people in New Yon: ~
. .Tirly Sheiiiish Cö;iild' Cause Huge., Probleiiis
- ". . - .,'
Coftitnue,d Fra'" P";'e BI. 'caUSIn'I" IOm~ :.....'the···,;.. In" • _..:.,:"~~ "- lIc hearing Ön UM! thmt cil the zebn ...... •• ......~ .....hurld~ years. they will be all over muuel for May 24 In Nlagara Falls. and SL Clalr to wear footgear to pre-Amerlca, whlle the oll spill will have ~'What makes these guys bad 11 that vent cuts, accordlnl to a recent rePorL :'
they have an arrlnlty for pipes. whJch . Adult zebra mussell arow to an facb" .•been eleaned up....... . . . aUects munlcipal watet plants, power to an Inch and a half. Colonies can poW,:7
To monitor the spread of the musseis plants and Industry," Mr. LaDle sald. quiCklY.fro,m 30,000 to 40,000 m~.a .Into .New .Yorlt, a research program rd. '"'- fbeg80 last month to find out how far "Tbey prollferate to the point where square~ ".....y.pre er. :theyhavepenetrat.A Intothestate. . they aum up the worb. even ltopplnl water, eh 11 why they are IQ:~
~ thenowofthewater." gerous In Industrl&l. water 1n!M-..... Twenty monJtortnlltatlonl were set ", ' .. ,.,. . blologlsts.aay. '. , '. '.; ',
up In the Erle eanal and the Hudson, Zebra ml,lssels, 10 named beCaUse of .,.,.Delaware and Susquehanna Rlven by dark brown strlpel on thelt 1IIbt tan. lItudytn. War- 01e-tl"ll :n~: '.. 'Acres International CorporatIon under nlab shens, are native to the Black end " By ~Ietlnl the nsb rOdet.~>.contract w1th the Empire State Elec- casplan Se....Wlthout 80y natural zebra m\1sse1 could cause a c:teClfrie'In·trlc Eoergy Research CorporaUon, an- predaton to hampet thelr lrowtb and the ImpOrtant walleye fishlnl.::arm of the state's electrlc Indusiry. expansion. they found a oe'" and eon- of ~e Erle, iJ\ the majOr -;Tbe results are not yet knoWn.' . genial home bete. ~:.. ":'" flshery' of. Lake superior 'liid;'" le., Another slgn of mountlnl cancern Is Tbey attached themsefVes to navtga- reaches the Mlsslulppt RJve~ itrk.that Maurlce D•. Hlnchey, an Ulster "onal buoys,. dockt arid ladden end edlblel muael lnduIuy; .. ftb .. Iil~"Cou.nty Democrat and chairman of the even plastlc bottle. In addition to water otherffIh~ the bIokllilU Ufd. "~,4'::.State Assembly's Envlronmental Con. Intake pipes. The ahelll of dead mu.a- . In theIt native habitat. iebri:~ser:vauon Commlttee, has called a pub- sell.have, already pl!ed up.C!'bea~ tel_ are kept under 'eOntrOl bV~.====:===========-======================-==1 duck&, b)'~1Üt1e~6!d~of watet 'system. wtui hliatecl, ,~
seasquirt styela clava, and the Californian orange compound seasquirtBotrylloides diegensis, continue to spread and become very abundant membersof fouling and benthic communities. ,Of concern is the presence of both irilarge numbers around, on, and amorigst commercial ayster grawing facilities.The stalked seasquirt reaches 15 or more centimeters in lerigthi the orange,gelatinous seasquirt can reach tens of centimeters in diameter.. '
styela was first detecited on the Atlantic,coast in the early 1970sand isbelieved ta have been introduced as a foulingorganism on boat bottoms (arpossibly as tadpole larvae in ballast water). from,western Europe (thespecies is originally native toAsia)~ Botrylloides was first fourid tohave become established on the Atlantic coast in the mid71970S; it isbelieved to have been released by an experimental biologist. . ,
New records for styela includ~ ~nlets in southern New'Jersey, POSsiblyaS~early as 1986; but with confirmed records in 1988 and 1989 (John McDerffiott,Franklin arid,Marshall College, Lancaster PA, personal community April1990). This is a substantial southern range exparision~
'6.0 specieslntroducedfor ,Hatchery ,Rearinq -'. ' '. "6.2 stock Relaid in Small Quantities Under Controlled conditions
United Kingdom . ,Field trials with the clam Tapes philippinarum cantinue and includetriploid animals.
6.3 stock supplied in iärqer quantities to industry
Canada" ,'" , ".' ", '..Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, and Arctic char were imported as eggs orjuveniles from Ontario,'New Brunswick,Manitoba, and Washington, intoPrince Edward, Island. Quebec introduced stocks for rearing of rainbowtrout, broak traut, and Arctic char.
Unit~d Kingd6i. , ..,,' ,,' 'Interest by industry in the culture of Tapes philippinarum is slowlyincreasing. One million seed were transferred to Poole Harbour from theWhitstable,hatchery for an.:..growing. 1. 3 million Crassastrea gigas seedwere also transferred within England and Wales for on-growing.
7.0 Planned IntroductionsCanada ,ontario is cancerned about introduction activityin adjacent jurisdictions,including planned introductions of thegrass carp'into southern Alberta andthe zander (stizostedion luciorierca) into North Dakota, USA; arid rumor ofTilapia spp. introductions into Saskatchewan~
United states: .
proposed Introduction of Japanese oystersto Atiant!c coast: .A matter of considerable debate in the mid-Atlantic region (New Jersey,Delaware, Maryland, Virginia) is the propased re-vitilization of the waning
- 18 -
Atlantic oyster industries (once largelybased upon Crassostrea virginica)by the introduction of the .Japanese (Pacific) oyster Crassostrea gigas.
Native oyster populations have been reduced by over~harvesting for manydecades and by severe disease problems (Hargis and Haven, 1988). Becausedisease-resistance (to MSX) by the Pacifi<:. oyster.(in Chesapeake Bay, forexample) is not known, crassostrea gigas experiments were proposed in theffeld (open waters). MSX, or "Delaware BayDisease", iso caused by theprotozoan Haplosporidium costale;it is highly infectious, but the methodof transmission is unknown, and thus it has not.been possible to test forthe disease-resistance of Pacific oysters solely in the laboratory.
some fisheries biologists, environmentalists; and oystermeri were coricerned.that open release of the Pacific oyster in Chesapeake Bay waters might leadto the oyster's reproduction änd establishment on the Atlantic coast, withunknown ramifications for the ecosystem and for the competitive survival ofthe native Atlantic oyster. (Crassostrea gigas has been planted (released)a number of times since the 1940s and 1950s on the Atlantic and Gulf coastsof the united States, but there are no records of reproduction). Othersbelieve that introduction of a non-native oyster may be the only hope forsaving the oyster industries ofthe Atlantic coast. Other issues concernthe economic, social, and political implications of the potentialestablishment of a non-native oyster.
In Äpril 1990 the Virginia Marine Resources Committee rejected a proposalfor open field testing of Japanese oysters in Virginian waters. Decisionsby other states (Maryland and Delaware) may be forthcoming. No officialreleases of Japanese oysters have yet been approved.
8.0 Live Exports for consUmption
NorwayLobsters are exported to Europe.
SwedenMusseIs (Mytilus edulis) are exported to Holland and France~
United KinsIdom4,245 mt of live Mytilus, 662 mt of oysters (Ostrea andCrassostrea) and4,811 rot of scallops (Pecten maximus, Chlamys opercularis) were exported,but it is riot clear from the data how much of this was alive. Inaddition~ 2,096 mt of live squid and cuttlefish, 11, 026 mt of live.lobsters, and 11,866 mt of crabs were exported (but proportion of live forthe latter 1s n~t known).
9.0 Live Exports tor purposes other than Direct consUmption.. ...Norway. . '.' . ,
'Several million Tapes philippinarum spat were exported to Europe; spats ofboth Crassostrea and Ostrea were also exported to Europe. 240,000 turbotjuvenileswere exported to southern Europe; several million Atlantic salmonova were exported world-wide.
- 19 -
SwedenSalmon eggs are serit to Denmark, Chile arid Japan; Elvers from England areexported to Finland after quarantine.
United Kingdom ,0.4 million crassostrea seed (from Guernsey and CUmbria) i tested and foundpathogen- and disease-freei were exported to South Africa arid 0~272 millionseed were exported to Southern Ireland far mariculture.
ApproximatelY 15mt (45 million individuals) of wild-caughtelvers wereexported to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, and,Eastern Eurapearicountries. These were mainly for farming although same were used forrestocking.
Spider crabs were sent from s60tland to Spain. Also expörted from Scotla~were 250,000 turbot juveniles (to a number cf southern Eurepean countriesas weIl as Chile), and several million Atlantic salmen ova are shippedworldwide.
,... ;, , .CURRENT STATUS OF PROPOSED OR ACTUAL INTRODUCTIONS
Eäi nematode Anquillicola cra9sa ,This "swimbladder nematode" is now wf.despread in riortliern Eurcipe andremains of great concern, in the,eel fisheries~ While it continues,tospread in the southern UK,it is not yet in Ireland. It is in,Sweden onwest coast as far up as Goteborg,and on the east caast southof Stcckholrnin the Baltic; Swedish biologists are lcoking tö see if it has spread intofreshwater lakes as a result of inland'plantings; [See WG 1988 Repcirt,C.M. 1988/F:20, pp. 12-14]
Salmon parasite GyrodactYlus salaris , "Sweden (B. Holmberg) reports that a 1988-1989 studY,on both wildpopulations and hatchery populations of, salmoriids has fciund that .Gyrodactylus is spread all over,Sweden but in very low numbers. It occurs~in at least ,two fish, farms and in one wild population in the middle cif ..Sweden, as weIl as in fish in a river on the Swedish west cciast nearGoteborg. Studies enGyrodactylus will be appearing in a special issue ofAguaculture. It isnotclear why thisparasiteis so dangercius teNorwegian salmon bU~,not,to ether salmon populatioris; genetic differencesin salmon populations may play a role.
saimonid Flsh MovementSAmonq lCES Me~er Countries , 'The transfers arid iritroductions cif salmonid fishes(Arctic char,Salvelinus alpinus; Brock trout, Salvelinus fontiriälis; Atlantic salmonSalmo salar; Rainbow,trout (steelhead)", Oncorhynchus mykiss ( = Salmogairdneri), Coho salmori, oncorhynchus kisutch, and Chinook salmen,Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are reviewed above in the National Reports.
In addition, it was noted arid recorded that the movement of salmonid eggscontinues in certain patterns that may still permit the unintentiona1transfer arid introduction of salmonid diseases~ For example, rainbow troutare moved from Finland to Maine, and Scottish eggs of Atlantic salmon are
- 20 -
brought to Maine~ Rainhowtrout from the' west eoast of the U.S.A. arestill,moved byp~i~ate eompanies to Maine;NASCO.woUld like to see thi~praetieed,stopped imrnediately beeause ,of the presenee of VHS (viralhemorraghie septieemia) on the Paeifie eoast of the U.S.A. The InlandFisheries Department of Mairiepermits salmonid eggs to enter the state, andthe Marine Division then permits thern to he out-plarited in the oeean.
The eoho population established in the Cornwallis River in Nova seotia as aresult ,of releases initially in the united States (see lCES WG report for1985, C;M. 1985jF:60, pages 23-25) appears to have disappeared.
The pink salmon populations reported in NOrWay as a result of releasesinitially iri the U.S.S.R. appear to tiave disappeared,also. It wassuggested that pink salmon ma~ still be'present in the wtiite Sea, however.
Japanese Brown A1ga undaria in France ,The status of the on-going eulture of this speeies is reviewed under theNational Reports, above (seetion 3~3). H. Grize1 summarized,his earlierstatement by ncting that two sites in Brittany are urider,produetion, atOuessant and Sein; interest in eommereial produetiori in Franee eontinues tobe strong. Gametophyte~ are raised only in the laboratory; these are thenout-planted forgrowth. No ecologieal effeets cf the introduetiori ofUndaria have been noted to date. As noted ,in the WG's 1989 report, and inC. Res. 1989j4:4d, a summary report is to be p~esented tci ICES in 1994~
I. Wallentinus (Sweden) noted that in 1989 Undaria was reported in theMediterranean as cinly 10 km from the Spanish border, and queried whether ornot it had yet entered Spain. No new information appears to be available.
Japanese Brown A1ga sargassum in Europe, "New populatioris of Sargassum are reported above (section 5.0) by Norway, .(see also Rueness, 1989) ,and by Swederi. I~ Wallentinus (Sweden) believedthere may he reports iri Spain at this time. S. Utting (UK) rioted that iteoritinues to spread slowly in Britain.
TheManlia (Japanese) cockle Tapes philippinarUm , ' ,Ttiis elam eontinues to be widely used in Europe and North Ameriea andintere~t in inereased marieulture and out-planting is growing. H. Grizel(Frariee) reports there do appear ,to be natural hybrids between Tapes ,philippinarum and the native eoekle Tapes deeussata in Franee, but.,there isno formal study looking at this; S. Utting (UK) reports that Tapesphilippinarum is not reprodueing in the U.K.
The Japanese scaliop patinopecten yessoensis in Europe
~~:n~:etion 3.2; 2 urider Naticinai Reports, above. The WG1989 reportindieated that 10,000 spat were plaeed at st. Aririe du Portzee (Brest Road)on the Freneh Atlantie eoast. However, these were not plaeed,in the openseai ttiey are in eontrolled quarantine conditions at the st. Anneinstallation (H; Grizel)~
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Ireland
The introduction of the Japanese scallop to Ireland was discussed at 1engthin the 1989 WG meeting (C.M~ 1989/F:16, pp. 19-20), and preliminary adviceformulatad at that time. This advice, summarized, was that,
( 1)
(5)
(4)
(2)(3)
The dominant issue was one of natural reproduction, in' Europeanwaters and sUbsequent ecological impact as a result of competitionwith native species,Significant effort is required.toprevent disease introductions,If a broodstock is to be developed, adult,scallops should be heldin quarantirie following the Codeof Practice, and all scallops,including the F1, be held in, qitarantine pending definitive advice, ,"",T~~ iritrodu~:tion of eyed"scall?p larvae is not ,supported unless 4tt~~~1 are or. f for use as broodstock and held in quarantine,The Secreta y General of ICES should query all" member countriesrelative tc their experience in the past, preserit, and futurewith Japanese scallops, such information and summaries to beprovided by May 1990~
At the presentmeeting, 0. Minchin; J~ F~ McArdle, and J~ Doyle; of theFisheries Research centre; Dubliri, presented a detailed report before theWG on the importation of Japanese scallops to Ireland; on the quarantinearrangements; pathological examinatiori, arid certification,of thesescallops, and on,the ecology and biology of this mollusk in,Japan arid onits probable ecologicalarid reproductiveadaptations in Ireland. Theirpreseritation arid,documents addressed those concerns discussed in 1989; asweIl as other matters~
The following documents were tabled,
* Report on,the quarantine arrangements, pathological examinatioriand certification of Japanese scallops (g~ yessoensis) importedinto Ireland. J. F. McArdle.
* Importation of live Japanese scallops (g; yessoensis) to ireland~
* Introduction of the Japanese scallop to Irish waters. D~ Minchin.
* The introduction of patincipecten yessoensis to Irish waters.D. Minchiri.
The first three of these are here reproduced as Appendix II. The fourth, alonger document on the culture of scallops in Japan, on the gerietic risk ofintroduction of Japanese scallops relative to native European scallops, oncompetition withJapanese and European species, arid physiological (spawriingand growth) expectations in Irish waters, is available from the FisheriesResearch Centre~
. "
D. Minchiri presented a ,detai1ed color slide presentatiön of Japanesescallop commercial production~ J. Doyle presented comments noting that theCode of Practice does not specify where the cited quarantine facility is,
~---
I
-------------- --------------------" .
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or should be, located, thus openlng up the potential for ambiguities in theintent of the Code. In addition; the Code refers specifically only to fisheggs and larvae~
Responses bY other countries, as calied for in the preliminary Advice, andas sought by the Secretary General, were reviewed~ ,France continuesexperimentalwork on the, Mediterranean coa~t (see NATIONAL REPORTS, section3~·2~2). Canada has no current plans to work with this species in EasternCanada, but there is an ongoing,program in British Columbia, on the Pacificcoast (work by N. Bourne and,colleagues). A commercial company is,developing a hatchery there for,Fl l s and for outplanting~ Some outplanting of earlier experimental stocks took place~ The species is notknown to have become naturally established in British Columbia because ofthese earlier releases.
D~~in~ the cou~se of these reviews, ,it, was noted,that private,companies inDenmark (i~e., not a governmental activity) had also experimented earlier,with Patinopecten yessoensis~ The WGls Reports for 1985 (F:60, ,p. 11) andfor 1986 (F:51i p. 26) refer to the outplanting of Japanese scallops inDanish waters. For example, the 1985 report reads,
" •.. a commercial firm imported 5,000 Patinopecten yessoensisby air from wild stocks in Japan and immediately (within fivehours from arrival) placed theshipmerit iri the sea at theisland of Laeso in the Kattegat. A few days later allexcept400 were dead, and it has not been possible to get exactinformation as to the fate of the dead animals."
At the time, Danish law only controlled the importation of oysters.
considerable discussion followed throughout the morn!ng. Deliberationsfocused on disease control (such as Rickettsia), ecological considerations,particularly competition, the reproductive biology of Japanese scallops inAsia and potentially in Europe, and the potential for wild populations todevelop. .
Based upon these discussions and opinions, advice was formulated, reviewedby the entire WG, and revised.
This actvise is as follows:
(1) _.. " " ., . .On the basis,of considerations by the Working Group on the introduct10n ofJapanese scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis) by the Department of Marine,Ireland (wherein the Working Group has found that the steps,outlined in theICES Revised Code.of Practice have been followed meticulously), membercountries are advised that,
a) the Working Group does not oppose the continued development of Japanesescallop culture in Ireland, in the form of field trials that wouldassess survival"growth, and gametogenesis in open,waters (in particularin comparison with the native species Pecten maximus), sUbject to
- 23 -
verification of pathogen-free hatchery stock (Fl progeny) including thestock destined for open release;
b) the Working Group finds that upon careful examination of availablescientific evidence assembled by Ireland, commercial-scale developmentof Patinopecten yessoensis populations in the open sea will very likelylead to the establishment of natural (wild) populations and possiblytheir eventual (albeit slow) spread;
c) the Working Group urges that Ireland provide to the Council annualrecords of release sites, dates, and numbers as part of their nationalreport, and carefully monitor the health of the releases; also theoccurrence, extent, and microhabitats of wild populations if suchbecome established, and thair concomitant ecological relationships, if~.
any, with native biota (with a particular focus on any competitive ~
interactions with native scallops);
d) the Working Group asks that other countries in which introductions ofPatinopecten yessoensis have occurred or will occur provide any newecological or biological information as those experimental or commercialprojects develop.
,--------- - - --- - -- - -
- 24 -
CONSIDERATION OF TRANSGENIC AND OTHER,GENETICALLY ENGINEERED SPECIES ASINTRODUCED SPECIES, AND FUTURE NECESSARY MODIFICATIONS IN THE ICES CODE OFPRACTICE
.,
- 25 -, ,.,,,' . ' 1
hybridization, (the combination of many genes, very difficult to control),and intregression~ Additional discussion focused,ori recommendationsthatreleased transgenic species should be sterile (e~g., monosex triploids).
It was concluded that it was urgently necessary that the Working Group oriIntroductioris and Transfers meet with the Working Group on Genetics for ajoint one-day meeting, to consider those matters that are relevarit to bothgroups, ,and to consider those revisions that may be necessary to modify theICES Code of Practice in light of the genetic developmerits of the 1980s.
" , ' , , ,
BALLAST WATER TRANSPORT OF LIVING AQUATIC ORGANISMS: GROWING INTERNATIONALCONCERN . .;~
Throughout the course of ,the National Reports, and during the rest of th~WG meeting, the increased international concern for the growing riumber ofaccidental introductions of marine and freshwatere organisms; apparently asa result of the release of ballast (not bilge) water, was noted.
It was noted for example that in the 1980S alone,
* That,fish, crustaceans; and moilusks from Europe have invaded thethe North American Great Lakes, having beeri released by ballastwater in ocean-goirig freighters; these iriclude the ruffeGyIDnocephalus and the zebra mussel Dreissena. As a result, theCanadian government has instituted voluntary guidelines relativeto the control of dischargeof ballast water from Europe into theGreat Lakes, arid calling for the exchange of ballast water on thehigh seas before entering the st~ Lawrence River system,
* That the Amerlcan Atlantic razor clam Erisls; orlginallY iritroducedin ballast water to Germariy; continues to spread on the Europeancoasts, . ..
* That the American Atlantic comb 'jeliy fish Mnemiopsis has been __introduced by ballast water to the Black Sea, where it is nowextraordinarily abundarit,
* That red-tide causing dinoflagellates were introduced from Japan toAustralia, causing great impact upori coastal, shellfisheries incertain" areas, and leading the Australiangovernment to instituteregUlations regardirig the release of ballast water from etherpations,
* That San Franc:f.sco Bay" caiifori'lia; has been invaded bY the ,Chinesebrackish-water clam Potamocorbula amurensis, where, having'firstappeared in 1986, it now occupies large areas of the Bay, indensities of tens of thousands per square meter.
It was rioted,that there are,in fact a great many ether cases ofintreductions, cf dineflagellates, algae, invertebrates; and fish; aroundthe world, that riow appear to have been mediated by ballast water
•
Contact Numbers for Further Information..;,~ ror the Chiei QUJrantine In:-peclor IGt:nef,lllIH Rl'~ionaJ(o-urdill,lIor on Ihe iollowlng~llJllll )t.'ro;;
Q Commor.weJllh 01 Auslr311a : ~~i)PlJbiiS:1ed tor !t:e Äus:rJI'3:l Cl.o.1'J:l:,ne and Irspectcn Service.Co:nmcnwea:th Departmer.t of P"Tary IMuSlnes ar.t1 E~ergy
oy tr.e A"stral,an Governmer.t Pwc.lshlr.g Serv.ce. Car.t:erra 1990.
89,21911 Cat No. 89 22151
,o.!) .!i 14-1a,03) h~l)J J;"b
Oi12238738Dal.!37'7'00.3
.IlH'Jl(l! 1211·U'J14 J04113ll,OU2' .!()5jU'J
;)..m ini'l.'rth11"Il,Ht
S',dnl'\'.\ \l'!b()urr~e3ri..,bJne.\lk'I,lide
Future ActionAQIS welcomes the conlinuing co-operalionoi ~hlps' m,hlers in t'n~uring lhe ~LJ(ce~~ oi lheahO\ e guiddint'~. Their die(tiveness, .1OdcomplialKe with them, will he munlloreu byAQIS ~tJii Jod the re~uhs will iniluen(eiUlure action.
The propmdls concentr,lte mainly on controllingthe di~charge oj ~euirnent.However, ballast wateril..eli has inlroduced rn,my new marine speciesworldwide. AQIS will be rese,1rching the type ,lnunumher oj exotic ~pecies and lhe Ijkelihoou andirt>quency oi thel( introduction to delermine whatIhl' ri~l...s ,1Ie Jnd whether addilional wntrob onh.lll,bt water nt.'ftlto he inlrodun·d. Theelit'( ti\'ene~s oi lhe current conlrol~, ,1Od theplhSlbility oi ,llidilional or rt>vi"ed lOnlrol..PfJro.ll hp,. i, ,Ibo heim,: rt'~e,lr( Iwd.
bt'(oming inlre.hingl\' concernecl.lt the.b!ooCl.lled d.ln~t'r~ ior human heahh .•1CJu.lCulturt'
.lncl tne t'11\ Hllnml'nl.
The Australian SituationT.l~manl.ln .Iulhorllle.. h.1\'e been lorl t'd tuimplement e\pen..i\ e moniloring commis, .lnd toc1o~e oown ,hdlii,h h.lrve~ling in the Huon Rl\el
Scienll~to. oi the (ommonwe.llth SClt'nlliie ,lndJndu~lri.ll Re~t'<lr(hOrg.lni..ation h.l\e Imkedinlroduetion oi the or~.lnism tn b.lll,l~1 \\',ller .mo~dimentdi..ch.lrj:!ed irom oversea~ "es..el... Simil.lr
harmiul or~.lni~ms h.we been iound in VictoriJand Sl)uth AU~Ir.lli.l. \\'hile the org.lni ..mmtrodu('ed in:o T,hln,lniJ ha.. onl" alimiled
\olunlM\ l:U1dt'III1t', Im ..illp, ('nlt'r1n~AU'lr.lIIJnw.llt'r~. Tht- arr.lIlgl:'ment' Mt'lm .ldoplion l>v"E'~ ..el~ !rom .111 O\·er~e .... porb. The empha~j, intht>guicl!>lmt" i, to mll1imhf- Iht' d...chargt' oiwater .lm! ..t'dll1lt'n:. whi( h could he inll"led \\'Ith{'\oll(' oq~.lnl,m~. ir0111 b.lll.1~1 I.ln\..' ami h(}ld,
u,ed lu (.111\ b.lll.1~I:·
The gUlodme~ art'
mea~Ufe~al the ball.blmg port. includlng acertlilCJle irom a rele\ant authorit~· thai\\ oller and hOllom ~edlment in the areJ biret' irom \(lxi( CHg.lnhm~ (Shelli,~h
The conlrol !!uideline!> and oplions Me COVefl'O In
m0rl' de:all In a NOIlce i!o'ut'd h\' AQIS Mol..:'''' uiall ve~"l'l, t'nlering Au,lrJllillI lt'rrJlor~' shoulllbee ome i.,mihar wlth the pro\'i~lon)oi tht' f".,ol 11 t'.
r -
•
- 26 -
transport. Carlton (1990)'pro~ides a' re~iew of some of tbeseintroductions.
A need was expressed bY the WG to inform all ICES member countries of thegrowing and potential risk of the release of exotic ballast water by ships,and the organisms therein, and alert member countries as to the reasons forconcern. The concerns in the North Atlantic, arid lessons learned fromother countries in tbeworld, should be of special focus. It was proposedthat a Study Group be formed, tO,assess the risks of introduction of nonindigenous species by ballast" with Dr. J; T. Ca~lton as Chair,and withmember nations to designate representatives to the Group,to discuss themagnitude, scale, and implicatioris of this problem, in ICES rnember ,countries, to review laws, regulations, and control measures,available inICES and other couritries, to tormulate advice and recommendations, arid toreport to tbe Working Group.
REVISIONS TO THE ICES CODE OF PRACTICE
Discussion ensued throughout the three ctays of tbe meeting relative tomodifications and revisions to tbe ICES Revised Code of Practice. Whilenoting that afuture Code will reflect considerations relative togenetically modified organisms, it was felt,that there were, revisions thatwere sUfficieritly, important that necessitated the productionof a newrevision at this time. In addition, small modifications inwording havebeen added to the,Code over tbe past decade, resulting in the existence ofslightly different vers ions having been published ~n different contexts.
WG discussion focused on clarification andexpansion of Section 11,relative, to recommended actions if, adecision is taken to proceed with anintroduction. A good deal of,deliberation was devoted to where and howdiseaseand parasite review should be undertaken and where quarantinestations should exist -- that is, in the country of origin or the countryof receipt;
As a result of these discussions, the following six changes were proposed:
(1). "The title be ch~nged to, "The Revised 1990 Code of ·Practice ••• "
(2)section 11 (a) be changed to read as follows,
"
" (a) A brood stock should be established in a quarantine situationapproved by the country of receipt, in sUfficient time to allowadequate evaluation of its health statu~; ,The first ,generationprogeny of, the introduced species.can be ~r~nsplanted.to ~he
natural environment if no diseases or paras1tes become,ev1dentin the Fl progeny, but notthe original import., In the case offish, brood stock should be developed from stocks imported aseggs or juveniles, to a1low sufficient time for observation inquarantine."
•
- 27 -
(3)A new paragraph (b) be added to section II to read as follows,
"(b) The F1 progeny should be placed on a limited scale into openwaters to assess potential ecological interactions with nativespecies."
(4)Old paragraph (b) of section II becomes paragraph (c), with the words "inrecipient countries" to be added, so that it reads as follows,
"(c) " ... for quarantine purposes in recipient countries.;."
(5)Old paragraph (c) of section II becomes paragraph (d)
(6)The final paragraph, beginning, "It is ap~reciated that c6untries ••. " wouldbecome a new Section V.
It was decided that it be proposed that a document be prepared, entitled"Proposed Revisions to the ICES Code·of Practice", and submitted forconsideration as an F: document of the Mariculture Committee at theStatutory Meeting in October 1991~ [This is now document F:37]
REVISION OF WG STATEMENT OF PURPOSE (1984)
In 1984, based upon'preliminary discussions and Council resolutions, the WGwrote a "Statement of Purpose" that has served to guide the Group'sdeliberations and discussions over the past seven years. At each meetingof the WG the Statement of Purpose is often discussed, and certainmodifications proposed.
The Chair proposed that, in the 1990s, the WG assume an expandedperspective on matters relative to introductions and transfers of marineorganisms in ICES member countries, and that the WG assume a greaterinitiative to ensure that scientific participation and oversight are partof the transfers and introductions process.
At the conclusion of the meeting, the WG unanimously agreed that statements12 and 13 be changed to read as follows:
Former versions:
(12) The WG will not initiate proposals, hut will study proposalssubmitted to the council, and offer scientific opinions basedupon the best available data.
(13) The WG may, as perceivednecessary, iriitiate special studies oftopical problems concerned with introductions and transfers ofmarine organisms
- 28 -
Revised versions:
(12)
(13)
The WG.wiil study proposals submitted to the Council, and offerscientific opinions based upon the best available data.
The w,G will, as perceived necessary, initiate special studies oftopical problems concerned with introductions and transfers ofmarine organisms.
1990 SUMMARY OF .INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS OF MARINE ORGANISMS IN ICESMEMBER COUNTRIES
As reviewed inthe ,WG's report "last year, and as directed by C. Res.1989/1:1, the WG is proceeding,to gather together the extensivedocumentatiori on the introductions and transfers cf,maririe (and somefreshwater) organisms in ICES membercountries for a major summary andpublicationas aCooperative Research Report. Two nationaIreports havebeen completed:documents were submitted by Great Britain (by S. Utting)and by Ireland (by D. Minchin). Other national reports were stated tc bein progress.
The format of the 1990 Summary was discussed at length. ,Discussion focusedon whether data on introduced species should be presented by category (forexample, "Accidental Introductions", as in the National Reports),geographically bycountry (with sectional subdivisions in each), byspecies; or by, some other arrangement. It was decided that,the finaldecision on how the submitted data were tO,be presented would be made whenall cf the national reports have been submittedand the amount and qualityof thedata assessed.
Itwas requested thateach member country submita brief (two or threepage, single-space) statement summarizing the current status,ofintroductions and transfers of exotic species in their country, andincorporatingoverviews of major events and phencmena~ The actual datashould be submitted in tabular form as much as possible.
Placing ail of the submitted information on a computerized data base that.would permitrapid sortirig by country, by species, and by other designatedcategories wasdiscussed.
Dr~ A. Munro (Scotland) ,was se1ected to become Editor of this report, withassistance from other WG members. The editorial committee will include Dr.S. utting (Wales) for invertebrates, Dr. I. Wallentinus (Sweden) for,plants, and Dr. D. Scarratt (Canada) for looking into computerization of .the data base~ , The group will work by correspondence in 1990 and 1991, andhave a draftdocument ready for the WG meeting iri the spring or earlysummer cif 1991~ The target sUbmission/completion data is the October 1991statutcry Meeting.
----------------- -----
- 29 -, ,
SUMMARY OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS PERTAINING,TO INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERSOF MARINE ORGANISMS IN ICES MEMBER COUNTRIES
The last summary of pertirient laws arid regulations relative to theintroduction and transfer of non-native organisms within and between ICESmember, couritries was.in 1981~ New,laws/regulations have been submittedover.the past tenyears at WG meet1ngs. In 1988 the WG elected to preparea documententitled, "National Laws and Regulations of ICES MemberCountries concerning Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms"(noted in c. Res. 1988/2:46d as a proposed pUblication in the ICESCooperative Research Report series). A goal,of ,the,present (1990) meetingwas "to review; select, and assemble national summaries of laws andregulations concerning introductions of ciarine organism~," ~ith such ~ .'document "to be deposi~ed as a -bound ,volume at I~ES He~dquarters" ,(C. ReSe1989/2:36c). The ear11er summary was also depos1ted as abound volume atICES Headquarters in 1982.
The ~.K. submitted~document.entitled,"Legi~lation ciont~olling theIntroduction and Transfer of Marine, organi~m~ in Great Britain" (authoredby Dr. S. Utting), as a model.document uponwhichto base the, proposednational summaries. The WG decided that this contribution by the U.K.should be used a a guide for the remaining national summaries, and that.thelatter should be completed and sent to the Rapporteur'before the time ofthe 1991 WG meeting. .
In line with earlier discusslons by the WG, and with the iciES C. Res. of1988, it was conc~uded that the broadest possible ,use of these nationalsummaries would be aChieved.if they were,presented as an edited volume forpUblication in the Cooperative Research Report series, either as aseparatedocument, or to be incorporated as.an Appendix in the 1990 Summary ofIntroductions and Transfers, the latter also proposed for the CRR series.
Errata and addenda to CRR 159 have been noted by WG members. A particular
•
- 30 -
and i~portant change is nec~s~~~y ,on page.25, ,section 2.2, subsection (d),where~n the phrase '~at spec~al ~solated s~tes" should be replaced with, "inquarantine situations only", such that it would properly read,
"(d) After spawning arid successful production of an F1 ge~eration,the broodstock should be destroyed or utilized to studyinteractions with indigenous species iri quarantine situationsonly. '! '
It was decided that an errata sheet should be p~~pared arid sUbmittedby theRapporteur to ICES for insertion in the remainingcopies as distributionproceeds, and, if possible, be made available to those who already havecopies.
Addition of Revised 1990 Code of Practice to CRR 130 arid CRR 159
Itwas also decided that the Rapporteur should submit to ICES the Revised1990 ,Code of Practice, to be inserted as possible into copies of CRR 130and CRR 159 as they are now distributed, and thus be available forimmediate arid widespread dissemination.
. . . ,
STATUS OF 1988 MINISYMPOSIUM ON INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS OF MARINEORGANISMS (held at statutory Meeting)
Papers presented at this sYmposium are now inpreparation for pUblicationin the Journal du Conseil (R. Beverton, editor).
STATUS OF 1990 WORLD SYMPOSIUM: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTRODUCTIONSAND TRANSFERS (to be held in Halifax, Jurie 10-14 1990)
A two day symposium, the "Iriternatiorial SYmposium onthe Effects ofIntroductions and Transfers of Aquatic species on Resources and Ecosystems"iS,planned för.the upcoming World Aquaculture Society (WAS) meetings inHalifax, immediately followirig the present WG meeting. This symposium isco~sponsored by ICES (co-chair, C. Siridermann), FAOjEIFAC (co-chair; B.Steinmetz), andWASjAquaculture Association of Canada (co-chair, W~
Hershberger). Over twenty papers are scheduled for preseritation.
In addition, the Keynote Address of the meeting, presented by Professor K.chew (University of Washington), is on "Global Bivalve ShellfishIntroductions ~- Implications for Sustaining a Fishery or Strong Potentialfor Econonlic Gains?" ("Introductions d'Especes de Coquillages Bivalves al'Echelle Mondiale -- Implications pour soutenir une Pechere ou FortPotentiel Economique?").
OTHER SYMPOSIA ON INTRODUCED SPECIES
Anumber of meetings arid symposia have been held in the tinited states in1989 on biological invasions (iritroduced species). These include,
- 31 -
Introductions and Transfers öf Mollusks: Risk Considerations and
.Im~;~~~~;~n:hellfisheriesAssociation Annual Meeting, williamsburg,Virginia (symposium on April 4 1990)
Introduced Marine orqanisms in the Northeast Pacific OceanWestern,Societyof NaturalistsAnriual Meeting, Tacoma,Washington (sympösium ori Decemher 29 1989)
Human, Influences ön,the,Dispersal of Livinq orqanisms and GeneticMaterials into Aquatic Ecosystems ,
Aquaculture '89, Los Angeles california (symposium on Fehruary15~16 1989)
In addition, there have been many meetings and symposia on the Zebra MUssJI'Invasion of North America, arid on ballast water as a means of iritroductionof exotic species.
.\',
RECOMMENDATIONS
During the course ofthe meeting, recommendations tothe parent committeewer formulated by the Working Group. These recommedations are,
(1).. ".That on the basis of considerations by the workirig Group on theintroduction of Japanese scallops (patinopecten yessoensis) by theDepartment of Marine, Ireland (wherein the Working Group has found that thesteps outlined in the lCES Revised Code of Practice have been followedmeticulously), memher countries are advised that,
a) the wo~king Group does n~t oppose the continued development ofJapanes~scallop culture in Ireland, in the formof field trials that would ..assess survival, growth, and gametogenesis in operiwaters (in,particularin comparison with the native species Pecteri maximus), sUbject toverification of pathogen-free hatchery stock (F1 progeny) including thestock destined for open release;
b) the workirig Group flnds that upon careful examination of availablescientific evidence assemhled by Ireland, commercial-scaledevelopmentof Patinopecten yessoensis populations in,the open sea will very likelylead to the establishment of natural (wild) populations and possiblytheir eventual (albeit slow) spread;
c) the Workirig Group urges that Ireland provide to the.Councii anriüa1records of release sites, dates, and numbers as part of their nationalreport, arid carefully monitorthe health of the releases: also theoccurrence,extent, arid microhabitats,of,wild populations,if. such,become established, and their concomitant ecological relationships, ifan~"with nativebiota. (with a particular focus on any cojpetitiveinteractions with native scallops);
d) the Work~ng Group asks that other countriesin.which introductions ofPatinopecten yessoensis have occurred or will occur provide any newecological or biological information as those experimental or commercialprojects develop.
(2) ,That.the amendments to the Revised Code of Practice discussed at the 1990meeting of the Working Group be incorporated into ttie original code andpublished as an,F: document to the Mariculture Committee, and be presentedto the council. for adoption as an interim updated Code of Practice(entitled the "REVISED 1990 CODE OF PRACTICE") pendirig the plannedexten~ion aridrevisiori of the Code in accordance with C. Res. 1989/2:36e(to review the Code of practice. concerning genetically modified organisms).
(3)That research universities arid colleges irivolved in the experimentation,holding, and/or release of rion-native marine orgariisms should make everyeffort to acquairit community members of their responsibilities under theICES Code of Practice.
(4)o' •
That in accordarice with C. Res. 1971/2:7 (wherein the Working Group takesresponsibility for advising the council·on,all questions relating to .theintroduction of new species), arid C• .Res. 1986/2:35 (wherein the WorkingGroup assumes the long-term responsibility for producing.continuing adviceto the Council on all matters relating to introductions and transfers), theWorkirig Group should take a greater role iri bringirig tothe attention'ofICES proposed or actual introductions and in erisuring that the ICES Code ofPrac~ice is part of the intioduction process.
(5) ,.0 .' , • • .' , ., •
That a "Study Group to Assess the R1Sks of Introduct10n ofNon-Ind1genousSpecies by Ballast" be formed (with Dr. ,J.T. Carlton as Chair arid withmember nation~ to designate representatives to the Group) to discuss themagnitude, scale; and,implications,of this problem in ICES membercountries; to review laws, regUlations, arid control measures available inICES and other. countries, to formulate advice and recommeridations, and toreport t6 the Working Group.
(6) , . ' . . ' , ., ' "0' ,
That the Working Group on,Introductions and Transfers,of Marine organisrnsshould meat in Tvarminne station, Finland, for three days in 1991, to:
a) meet jointly for.one day with the working .GrOUpon Genetics tO,considerthe matter of transgenic and other genetically modified species, inorder todevelop an ICES position on the recognition of such species asintroduced organisms, and to incorporate this position into a revi~edCode of Practice as called for in C. Res. 1989/2:36e,
b) complete its consideration of the laws and regulationsgoverningintroductions and transfers of marine species iri ICES membercountries, and the preparation of a document summariiing these;
- 33 -
for inclusion in the CRR noted in (c), below, or for pUblicationas aseparate CRR,
c) complete a Cooperative Research Report on the 1990 summary oflntroductions and Transfers in lCES Member Countries (Dr. A~ Munro,Editor),
d) receive the report of the Study Gr6up on ballast water, and to reviewits implications for lCES member countries,
e) to actively encourage particiipation arid to open closer relationshipswith Baltic countries, and to assess the current status ofintroductions and transfers in these countries,
f) continue the review of the status of salmonid fish, algal, shellfish, ..and other introductions in and between lCES member countries.
Acknowledgments
The Working Group extends his sincerest thanks to Director D. Scarratt andhis staff of the Halifax Laboratory, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, for theirextensive logistical support before, during, and.immediatelyafter theGroup's meeting. Dr. R. cutting arranged for theGroup's visit and saw tomany administrative arid housing details. We thank Drs. Saunders and Porterfor their willingness to participate in genetic discussioris with the WG.Dr. M•. Helm kiridly led the Group on a tour of a mariculture facility southof Halifax.
A Special Acknowledgment to Chairman sindermann
The Group took special note at the erid of the meeting to acknowledge Dr...Carl Sindermann's twelve years of work and guidance. Carlchaired the ..first re-vitalized meeting of the Groupin 1979 in Conwy, Wales, andoversaw through the decade to follow the entire modern~day growth andevolution of the Group's international role and activities on theintroductions and transfers of marine organisms. lt is Carl's spirit,.foresight, leadership, diplomacy, and good humor that carried scores of WGmembers through the 1980s and through many complex and difficultdeliberations. The Group was unanimous in their dismay at Carl's decisionto resign from the chairmanship, and wished hirn the best of luck in hisfuture endeavors.
- 34 -
REFERENCES
Carlton, J. T.1989: Man's role in changing the face of"the ocean: biological
invasions and implications for conservation of near-shoreenvironments. Conservation Biology 3: 265-273.
Ferguson, M. M.1989: The genetic impact of introdu~ed fishes on native species.Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 1053-1057.
Gjedrem, T.1990: Genetics in Aquaculture.III. proceedings of the ThirdInternational Symposium on Gsnetics in Aquaculture, held atTrondheim, Norway, 20-24 June 1988. Aquaculture, vol. 85,Reprinted Elsevier science, Amersterdam, 350 pp.
Hallerman, E. M. and A. R. Kapuscinski1990: Transgenic fish and public policy: regulatory concerns.
Fisheries 15: 12-20.
Hallerman, E. M. and A. R. Kapuscinski1990: Transgenic fish and public policy: patenting of transgenic
fish. Fisheries 15: 21-24.
Hargis, W. J. and D. S. Haven1988: Rehabilitation of the troubled oyster industry of the lower
Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Shellfish Research 7: 271-279.
Hebert, P.D.N., et al.1989: Ecological and genetic studies on Dreissena polymorpha
(Pallas): a new mollusc in the Great Lakes •. Canadian Journal ofFisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 1587-1591.
Heslinga, G. A. and W. K. Fitt1987: The domestication of reef-dwelling clams. BioScience 37:
332-
Kapuscinski, A. R. and E. M. Hallerman1990: Transgenic fish and public policy: anticipating enviromental
impacts of transgenic fish. Fisheries 15: 2-11.
Lundalv, T.1989: Smakligt nytillskott till svensk marin fauna. Vasterhavet
March 1989, 2 pp.
Munro, J. L. and W. J. Nash1985: A bibliography of the giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae).
ICLARM Bib1iographies 5: 1 - 26.
- 35 -
Rueness, J.1989: Sargassum muticum and other introduced Japanese macroalgae:
biological pollution of European coasts. Marine PollutionBUlletin 20(4): 173-176.
Williams, A. B. and J. J. McDermott1990: An Eastern United States record for the Western Indo-Pacificcrab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Grapsidae).Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103: 108-109.
· I
·.- 36 -
Appendix I
AGENDA
lCES Working Group on lntroductions and Transfers of Marine OrganismsHalifax, Canada, June 6 - June 8 1990
6 June 1990Wednesday9:00 AM
12:00 Noon
1:30 - 5:00 PM
• 5:00 PM
7:00 - 8:00 PM
7 June 1990Thursday9:00 AM
12:00 Noon
Opening Session of Working Group MeetingComments by representatives of Fisheries and Oceans CanadaComments by WG Chairmanlntroduction of participantslntroduction of Handbook for WGReview of propased AgendaStatus of recommendations from 1989 meeting and from
previous meetingsStatus of 1988 Minisymposium papersStatus of 1990 World Symposium on lntroductions and
Transfers of Aquatic organismsNational Reports
Lunch
Reconvenecontinue National ReportsStatus of: Japanese brown alga Undaria pinnatifida
Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigasJapanese brown alga Sargassum muticumCoho and other Pacific salmonEel nematodesGyrodactylus in Baltic salmon
Adjourn
WG Reception (hosted by Fisheries & Oceans Canada)
ReconveneCo11ate and review national material for CooperativeResearch Report on status (1990) of lntroductions
Begin consideration of request from Ireland concerningintroduction of the Japanese sca110p Patinopectenyessoensis* Presentation from Ireland* Review preliminary WG advice* Examine statement from lCES member countries* Discussion of options and risks* Develop draft recommendations to the Council
Lunch
1:30 - 5:00 PM
7:00 PM
8 June 1990Friday9:00 AM
. I.
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Appendix I (continued)
Reconvenestatus of Study Group on Genetic Risks to At1antic Salmonstocks
Discussion of the role of the WG in considerations ofgenetica11y engineered organisms .* Information from the WG on Genetics* position statement by other organizations* Discussion of options and risks* Develop draft position statement and possible addendum
to ICES Code of PracticeDiscussion of decision procedures for introductions andtransfers .. e
New WG initiativesReview WG statement of Purpose
Reception and Dinner
ReconvenePrepare final draft of recommendations to the Council onJapanese scallop introductions
Assignment of editing responsibilities for CooperativeResearch Report on status of Introductions (1990)
Collate and review national updates of laws andregulations for reference volume to be deposited at ICESheadquarters
12:00 Noon
1:30 - ·5:00 PM
5:00 PM
9 June 1990Saturday
Lunch
,Discussion of recommendations to parent committeePrincipal agenda items for 1991 WG meetingTime and place by 1991 WG meetingConcluding remarks by WG chairman
Adjourn
Field trip to Mountain Island Shellfish Hatchery,Blandford
•
11 June 1990Monday
12-13 June 1990TuesdayWednesday
14 June 1990Thursday
Opening session of the WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY Meeting
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EFFECTS OF INTRODUCTIONS ANDTRANSFERS OF AQUATIC SPECIESsymposium jointly sponsored by lCES, EIFAC, and WAS
WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY Meeting concludes
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APPENDIX 11
Submitted documents on the Japanese scallop in Ireland
* Report on the quarantine arrangements, pathologicalexamination and certifibation of Japanese scallops(E. yessoensis) imported into Ireland
* Importation of live Japanese scallops CE. yessoensis)to Ireland
* Introduction of the Japanese scallop to Irish waters
.: 39 -
ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of MarineOrganisms. Halifax, Canada, June 1990
Heport onthe,guarantinearrangements, pathologicalexaminationand certification ofJapanese scallops(P~yessoensis) imported into Ireland
., John F. McArdleFisheries Research Centre
Abbotstown, castleknockDublin 15, Irelarid
Quarantine
Water supply:
The quarantine was established on the east coast at,Carne about·10 miles from Wexford (see map). Thequarantine building iscloseto the shorewhich consistsof ~ r~mote.rocky beach~The quarantine consists of a hatchery part and a ,laboratory/algal culture unit;Thelaboratory is wellequipped; The wat~r supply is obtained by pumping,from the seathrough a pipe passing under the beach and extending 40 metresfrom the shore into the sea. The pipe lies at ci minimum depthof 3m at the lowest spring tide. The system is capable ofpumping of 20 gallons/minüte into the hatch~rY but the routineoPerational pumping rate'is 5 gallons/minute. The intake wateri5 first pump~d into aseries of 20u, 10u and 5u, sandfiltersbefore being sterilised by UV radiation. All waste water framthe hatchery, laboratoryand from two footbaths drain into,onesingle 4 inch pipe which takes it to the pre-chlorination 600gallon tank.
Chlor!nation system:, ,
Chlorination is achieved using a liquidchlorination systembased on the usa of a solution of sodium hypochlorite. Whenthe volume of waste water in the pre~chlorination tanks reaches300 gallons a mercury tilt switch activatesa water pump setto deliver" 32 gallons/min and a hypochlorite pump set todeliver 0.074 gallons/minute; These two liquids are then mixedbya T-piece into the same pipe which flows into tank 2., Atthese proportions the free chlorine in tank 2 is approximately250mg/litre. This remains coristant provided that the flows arenot adjustedOr.the,concentration öf available chlorine (1415%) in the sOdium hypochlorite solution i5 not changed; , Giventhat the volume of effluent water will reach a maximum of 8gals/minute the system will have no problem in dealing withsuch vohimes. Oüring, chlorination the level in tarik 1 drops toapproximately 100 gallons at which the mercury tilt switch cutsoff the two pumps Le; the residualvolume in tank 1. (untreatedeffluent) is 100 gallons. From tank 2 (600 gals) th~chlorinated effluent flows into a 2 500 gallon tank (tank 3)and finally into ci 5 000 gallon tank (tank 4);' Tank 4 has itsoutlet half way down its side, giving it an effective capacity
. .
•
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of 2 500 gallons.
The residence time within the chlorination system is asfollows:
At 5 gallons/minute"10 " ""20 " "
- 19 hours9 hours5 hours
Attached to the outlet valve of tank 4 is an automatie shutdo~n yalve which is activated by.a number of po~sible emergencycauses s~ch as failure of the chlorination system, flooding ,inthe hatcherYi power failures etc. When this valve is closed itgives the system an extra. 2 500 gallons storage capacity whichi5 adequate to store all the water in the hatchery. In thecase of a flood from.the hatchery a second tilt switch in tankI is activated when the level reaches 500 gallons. This.shutsdown the intake pump tci.the hatchery and,the automatie outlet .valve in tank 4; If this switch should fail the level in tank1 will continue. to rise to 550 gallons andthen start to flowthrough a 4 inch pipe into tank 2. In thiscase, as theeffluent water is bypassing the chlorinati6n system, .thisconnecting 4 inch pipe has a switch which when wet will alsoshut down the intake pump and close the outlet valve; In thecase of power failure the generator starts up after 15 secondswhich trips the safety switches which then have tC.be resetmanually;
The quarantine is surrounded by a bund with a capacity öf 500gallons to contain any water which may leak from thequarantine;' .Sufficient sodium hypochlorite i5 available atall times to chlorinate any water in the bund. The wholequarantine building is surrounded by a wire fence.
Operation of the guarantine;
The operational procedures laid down are those in the ICESmanual with some mödifications. The operation of the quarantineis under the control cif an officer, of the Department of theMarine. This person is based in the quarantine on.a full timebasis arid reports directly tO,an offleer at,the Department'sFisheries Research Centre in Dublin. The officer in charge ofthe quarantine has access tö all parts öf the quarantineatall times. This officer Writes a,daily report on all theactivities of the quarantine and is in regular contact with thedesignated officer in Dublin; Access to the quarantine i5 .strictly limited with only certain named persons being allowedin.
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Quarantine requirements and procedures for JaPanese scallops
The following conditions were applied prior to importation;
1. All materials in contact with the imported larvaeduring shipment should be,destroyed or sterilised andnot allowed into the holding area of the quarantineunit. .
2. Intake and effluent water is sterilised in.an'approved manner~ For intake water sand filtrationand U/V treatment is used~ For effluent waterchlorination is used. Effectiveness of theprocedures is regularly monitored by the Department.
3. The quarantine unit shallbe designed to provide ..environmental conditions similar to those found inthe area where the imported stock will be stocked onrelease~.
4. Water quality inthe holding facilitiesof thequarantine unit shall be.monitored at regularintervals~ Environmental factors that should bemonitored are temperature, salinity,pH, oxygeri,total a~moniaandriit~ite.Other,water quality.criteria can be checked if considered appropriate;Monitoring will ensure that water quality standardsare kept within the optimum range for the species.
5. Records ofoperational procedures and cionditions,shall be kept and made available for inspection byDepartment personnelan request.
6. Any suspended solids or dead specimens removed from ,the quarantine unit shall be disinfected and disposedof by burial iri lime.
7~ No equipment shail enter or ieave the quarantinewithout disinfectiori. If more thanone species arekept inquarantine separate equipment must beav.ailable foi each group.
8; personnei operating the quarantine unit shall ~sUPervised bystaff qualified toensureallbiological and operating concerns are appropriatelytaken care of.
9. Personnel shall enter and leave the quarantine üriitthrough a disinfection station which.sh6uld beregularly serviced to guarantee continuedef fect i veness.
10. Outer clothing arid boots. roust be provided for eachperson workirig in the quarantine"facility and willremain in the quarantine at all times, except whenbeing clearied. .
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11~ The quarantine~shall have adjacent but physicallyisolated laboratory facilities for inspection andpreparation of material for pathology tests;
12. shouldthe quarantlne unit experience a diseaseoutbreak the Department of Mariri~ shall beimmediately notified and diseased stocks destroyed if·requested.
Certification
certif1cation was provided by Prof~ssor Tokuo Sano of theTokyo Fisheries University. Professor Sano is one of ·the mosteminent fish pathologi~ts working in~apan and has taught manyof the personnel of the regional prefecture laboratories andisvery familiar with the current disease status of most speciesbeing cultivated in Japan. Visits to Japan by officials of theIrish Department of the Marine were made to the slte of originof the imported scallops anddiscussions,were held .with Prof.Sano re,diseaseproblems in Japanese scallops. Discussionsrevealed that there was no history cif disease in scallops fromthe area of origin.
To validateth~s information it,was a further requirement that ,approximately 150 adultscallops from the area of origin beexamined prior to importation both macroscopically andmicroscoplcally for the presence·of disease~ This examinationwas carried~out monthly at the Tokyo ,Fisherieslaboratory byProf~ Seino from October 1989to March 1990. The organismsspecifically examined for were as follows:
Other potential pathogens were also looked for on thehistological examlnatlon.
In,the case of PolYdora a gross examination was carried out,and the,for Pectinophilus ornatus both agross and histologicalexamlnation was made. Fordetection of the other pathogenshistological examination was carried,out supplemented in thecase of Chlamydia detection with culture uslng McCoy cells.The scallops examined were intenslvely cultured animalscultured by the hanging methOd from derived natural settlementof,scallop.. spat in the area of origin; The animals ranged inslze from 9.6 cms to 11 ~8crris wlth an average of 10.6cms"in.shell length. On macroscoplc examlnatlon of these animals allappeared healthy.
Foilowlng gross exam1nation and examination of wet mountpreparations, tissues were fixed in 10% formalin for.histologlcal examlnätiori~ Sectlons were stäined with Hand Eand Toluidene blue and examlned~
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Attempted .isolatiori of Chlamydia was carrie~out by inoculationof fresh .digestive diverticula tissue on to McCoy cells andincubated at 35 C for 72 hours.
,The pathölogy results ·showed that one kind of macroparasite,pectinophilus ornatus was consistently found on the gills ofthe Japanese scallop with a prevalence ranging from .20-50% inNovember and February. No other microparasites (such asMicrosporea and Stellatoporea) were found in.the digestivediverticula or. gills of all fish examined. Attempts atisolation of Chlamydia proved nega tive •. The polychaetepolydora was found in one sample in October at a prevalence of15%.
Importation of Japanese scallops
The impörted scallops were obta1ned from Miyagi,prefecture atutatsu'bay (see map). Two consignments of D-veliger larvaespawned in sterile conditions were irnported and twoconsignments cf adults. The larval consignments consisted of 1million and 250 000 larVae in.each consignment and,wereimported on the 9/4/90 arid 14/4/90 respectively. 2consignments of adults were also received consisting of 102(72 F + 30M) ,in,the first consignment received on 9/4/90 and 75(55F + 20m) in the second received on the 24/4/90~ Bothconsigriments of larvae died~ The first batch died within 24hours due to excessive residual levels of chlorine in therearing bins following treatment by the hatchery staff. Thecause of mortality in the second group is not clear; but itsacuteness and totality would suggest adverse,environmentalconditions~ Bearing in mind that this secorid batch of larvaehad been stored at low temperatures in Japan for some days,andhad then spent 35 hours in transit to Ireland, it is likelythat the transportation of such organisms for a prolongedperiod ata critical stage of their development is more thanthey can withstarid. .
Procedures following importation of Japanesescallops
The adult scallops were removed from,their packing, theirshells,brushed and cleaned and placed in,the quarantinefacility. All packing material was burned outside thequarantine.
The larvae ware checked for viability under the microscope.Those examined were free-swimming D-veligers.
Inthe immediate post introduction period 75 (66F, 9m) of the102 adult scallops im~orted in the first_consignment died~
These animals ware fixed and examined histologically. Out ofthese mortalities one animal showed the presence ofa very fewsmall bodies in the interstitial tissue of the digestive glandwhich, appeared to resemble pr~tozoan para.~i~es. Slides were.sent to Dr. Susan Bower, Fisheries and Oceans Dept., Canada foran opinion and results are awaited; In the secondconsignment51 (36F,15M) out of the 75 animals died and were fixed and
1-
- 44 -
examined histologically. Results were negative.
A further 25 animals surplus to breeding requirements weresacrificed and fixed for histological examination. Examinationof this group has revealed evidence of the presence ofRickettsia - like organisms on the gills of some animals.Slides have been submitted to IFREMER for confirmation.
Four spawnings have been carried out in quarantine,three ofwhich have been successful. Spat settlement has taken place.Because of their small size as yet pathological exarnination hasnot been carried out on this F1 generation.
--- --------·-----------------------------;1
Chlorination system at Carne Quarantine Co.Wexford.
, ICESWorking groups onIntroductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms
Halifax, Canada; June 1990
Importation of live Japanese scallops (P.yessoensis) to Ireland
1. Quarantine
1~1 The quarantine was established at Carne, Co. Wexford(see map). The quarantine building consists of aconverted building a few pundred metres from a rockybeach about 10 miles from Wexford town.
1.2 The incoming water is drawn from a pipe geing fromthe,quarantine uode~ the beach arid extendiog 40yards from the shore at the lowest spring tide. Thepipe lies on theseabed at a miriimum depth of 3m atlowest spring tide~ Pumping ef, up to 20 gals/minuteinto the hatchery is possible but it is estimatedthat about 8 gals/minute would be the maximum seawater requirement. The pumped water 1s sand filteredthrough aseries of 20um, 10um and 5um sand filtersand uv treated prior to e~try ioto the quarantine.
1.3 All effluent water used in the,hatchery quarantine issterilised by liquid chlorination using a solution ofsQdiumhypochorite. The effluent water pumped from aninitial 600 gal collecting tank to the chlorinationsystem and the chlorinated waste water flows into 2further tanks of 2 500'and 5 000 gallon capacity.The final tank has a number of automatie shut downvalve activatect by a number of possible emergencycauses such as failure' of chlorination system,flooding in the hatchery, power fa1lures etc.
1.4 The quaranttne has a surrounding bunds to contain anywater which may leak from the hatchery with acapacity of 500 gallons~ Sufficient sodiumhypochlorite is available to chlorinate any water inthe bunds~
, .1.5 The quarantine building 1s surrounded by a wire
fence~
2. Operationof guarantine
2~1 The quarantine is operated according to therecommendations laid down by leES.
2.2 The operation of thequarantine, i5 ,ünder the controlofan employeeof the Department who is based fulltime in the installation.
2.3 A daily report is maintained of the activities ofthe hatchery
2.4 Only riamed personnel are allowed admittance to the
1
3.
3 ~ 1
3.2
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quarantine.
Importation of Japanese'scallops
Japanese scallops were obtained from the Miyagiprefecture of Japan (see map). ..~
, '. , ' '. (../OJ.., +?$'.J2 batches of . adult scallopsiobtained from han~ing
rope cul ture ,a t Miyagi prefect'are were imported' .~ndtwo batehes 1m and 300 000 respeciti~ely D stagelarvae were also imported. All paeking etc. wasdestroyed by burning before admittanee into thehatchery.
,e3.3 Certifieation was provided by Dr. Sano, Tokyo
Fisheries Univers±ty and based on a 2 year diseasefree history of shellfish diseases in the area oforigin together with a monthly pathologiealexamination of scallop samples from the area oforigin for six months prior to importation. Theimported larvae were spawned froma,small number ofparents held in filtered and sterilised water at theMiyagi Prefecture Fisheries laboratory~ Followingspawning the parerits were sacrifieed arid examinedpathologieally; The only pathogen deteeted inexamination of adult seallops from Miyagi wasPeetinophilussp. whieh is readily deteetable on .seallops in Japan being a large maeroseopie parasiteof the gills. ,However there is no e~idenee of seriouslösses oeeurring due to this parasite. A Departmentof the,Marine Fish Pathologist visited Japan,inspected seallops at the plaee of origin, visitedthe loeal fisheries laboratory and had detaileddiseussions with Dr. Sano prior to the importation.
3.4 80th eonsignments of scallop'larvae died shortlyafter arrival. The first eonsignment died beeause ofexeessive chorinatiori of holding tanks. The eause ofmortality in the seeond eonsignment is not . ,absolutely elear but its aeuteneses and seale wouldsuggest some adverse environmental parameters. Thetransportation of these animals for proloriged periodsat a eritieal stage is their development may also oean important faetor in their demise.
3~5 Sueeessfül spawriirig of the adult scallops has beenaehieved and the F1 generation are growing wellup t6this time; Pathologieal examination is being carriedout on the broodstoek.
3.6 Scailops are being fed onalgal cultures obtainedfrom existing hateheries in Irelarid supplementedwith commercially prOduced älgal cultures from the UK.
