International Institute For

Security and Cooperation

Rodolfo PeikovMember of the Advisory Board

IISC2011

E.U. AND SCHENGEN

•This presentation is intended only to furnish a basic knowledge of the European Union and its laws, treaties, etc., and could be a starting point for further and more detailed study.

•It is not to be taken as a complete or detailed work but, rather, as an introduction to an interesting but very complex and dynamic subject.

•It gives a minimum essential background knowledge required to properly analyze the European Union and its place in today’s society.

E.U. AND SCHENGEN

 Sources: Europa.eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

E.U. AND SCHENGENWhere in the world is the EU?

*Countries shaded grey arecandidates for EU membership:CroatiaFYROMIcelandMontenegroTurkey

 Sources: Europa.eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

E.U. AND SCHENGEN500 million people-27 countries

 Sources: Europa.eu

E.U. AND SCHENGEN

500,441,000

1,341,932,000

126,536,000 142,958,000

310,384,000

EU China Japan Russia United States

E.U. AND SCHENGENEU Population in the World

 Sources: Europa.eu Open sources

Surface area, 1 000 km²EU China Japan Russia United States

17,075,200

9,596,960 9,372,614

4,326,253

377,835

 Sources: Europa.eu Open sources

E.U. AND SCHENGENArea of the EU compared with the rest of the World

Surface area in km²

E.U. AND SCHENGENSize of the EU countries

Surface area in 1 000 km²

Fra

nce

Sp

ain

Sw

eden

Ger

man

y

Pol

and

Fin

lan

d

Ital

y

Un

ited

Kin

gdom

Rom

ania

Gre

ece

Bu

lgar

ia

Hu

nga

ry

Por

tuga

l

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch R

epu

bli

c

Irel

and

Lit

hu

ania

Lat

via

Slo

vak

ia

Est

onia

Den

mar

k

Net

her

lan

ds

Bel

giu

m

Slo

ven

ia

Cyp

rus

Lu

xem

bu

rg

Mal

ta

54

4

50

6

41

0

35

7

31

3

30

5

29

5

24

4

23

0

13

1

11

1

93

92

83

77

68

63

62

49

43

43

34

30

20

9 3

0.3

 Sources: Europa.eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

Population in millions,

500 million total in 2009

82

.1

64

.4

61

.6

60

.1

45

.8

38

.1

21

.5

16

.5

11

.3

10

.6

10

.8

10

.5

10

.0

9.3

8.4 7.6

5.5

5.4

5.3

4.5

3.3

2.3

2.0

1.3

0.8

0.5 0.4

Fra

nce

Sp

ain

Sw

eden

Pol

and

Fin

lan

d

Ital

y

Un

ited

Kin

gdom

Rom

ania

Gre

ece

Bu

lgar

ia

Hu

nga

ry

Por

tuga

l

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch R

epu

bli

c

Irel

and

Lit

hu

ania

Lat

via

Slo

vak

ia

Est

onia

Den

mar

k

Net

her

lan

ds

Bel

giu

m

Slo

ven

ia

Cyp

rus

Lu

xem

bu

rg

Mal

ta

Ger

man

y

 Sources: Europa.eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

E.U. AND SCHENGENPopulation of the EU countries

Европейски съюз (Bulgarian)Evropská unie (Czech)Den Europæiske Union (Danish)Europese Unie (Dutch)Euroopa Liit (Estonian)Euroopan unioni (Finnish)Union européenne (French)Europäische Union (German)Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (Greek)Európai Unió (Hungarian)An tAontas Eorpach (Irish)

Unione europea (Italian)Eiropas Savienība (Latvian)Europos Sąjunga (Lithuanian)Unjoni Ewropea (Maltese)Unia Europejska (Polish)União Europeia (Portuguese)Uniunea Europeană (Romanian)Európska únia (Slovak)Evropska unija (Slovene)Unión Europea (Spanish)Europeiska unionen (Swedish)

E.U. AND SCHENGENEuropean Union

 Sources: Open Sources

E.U. AND SCHENGEN 23 Official Languages

 Sources: Europa.eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

E.U. AND SCHENGENA brief history

From six to 27 countries

 Sources: Europa.eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

Signed: 1948 1951 1957 1965 1985 1986 1992 1997 2001 2007In force: 1952 1958 1967 1987 1993 1999 2003 2009

Document: Brussels Paris Rome Merger Schengen Single Maastricht Amsterdam Nice Lisbon Treaty Treaty Treaty Treaty Agreement European Treaty Treaty Treaty Treaty

Mutual Defense Act European Coal and Steel Community (CECA) – expired 2002

European Atomic Energy Community (CEEA) or (EURATOM) European Economic Community (CEE)

Single Commission and Single Council Internal Market

European Community (EC) Justice and Home Affairs (JHA)

Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters (PJCC)

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)

Schengen Rules

European Union (EU)

 Sources: Open Sources

E.U. AND SCHENGENTreaties and Institutions

TREATY OF BRUSSELS 1948

The Treaty of Brussels was signed on March 17, 1948 between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands and the United Kingdom, as an expansion to the preceding year's defence pledge, the Dunkirk Treaty signed between Britain and France. As the Treaty of Brussels contained a mutual defence clause, it provided a basis upon which the 1954 Paris Conference established the Western European Union (WEU).

TREATY OF PARIS 1951-1952

The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was signed on April 18, 1951 in Paris, entered into force on July 23, 1952 and expired on July 23, 2002. It was signed by France, West Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg.

E.U. AND SCHENGENTREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS

 Sources: Europa

E.U. AND SCHENGENTREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS

TREATY OF ROME 1957-1958

The Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (EEC), signed in Rome on March 25, 1957, entered into force on January 1, 1958. On the same date the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) was signed and the two are therefore jointly known as the Treaties of Rome.

MERGER TREATY 1965-1967

The Merger Treaty, signed in Brussels on April 8, 1965, in force on July 1, 1967, which provided for a Single Commission and a Single Council of the then three European Communities.

 Sources: Europa

 Sources: Europa

SCHENGEN AGREEMENT 1985

The Schengen Agreement is a treaty signed on 14 June 1985 on the boat Princess Astrid on the Mosel river near the town of Schengen in Luxembourg between five of the ten member states of the European Economic Community. It was supplemented by the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement 5 years later. Together these treaties created Europe's borderless Schengen, which operates very much like a single state for international travel with external border controls for travellers travelling in and out of the area, but with no internal border controls.The Schengen Agreement and the rules adopted under them were, for the EU members of the Agreement, entirely separate from the EU structures until the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty, which incorporated them into the mainstream of European Union Law. The borderless zone created by the Schengen Agreement, the Schengen Area, covers a population of over 492 million people and an area of 4,326,253 square kilometers.

SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT (SEA) 1986-1987

The Single European Act (SEA), signed in Luxembourg and the Hague, and entered into force on 1 July 1, 1987, provided for the adaptations required for the achievement of the Internal Market.

E.U. AND SCHENGENTREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS

 Sources: Europa

E.U. AND SCHENGENTREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS

MAASTRICHT TREATY 1992-1993Also known as the Treaty on European Union, was signed in Maastricht on February 7, 1992, entered into force on November 1, 1993. The Maastricht Treaty changed the name of the European Economic Community to simply "the European Community". It also introduced new forms of co-operation between the Member State governments - for example on defence, and in the area of "justice and home affairs". By adding this inter-governmental co-operation to the existing "Community" system, the Maastricht Treaty created a new structure with three "pillars" which is political as well economic. This is the European Union (EU). 1. The European Communities pillar handled economic, social and environmentalpolicies. It was the only pillar with a legal personality, consisting of the European Community (EC), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC, until its expiry in 2002), and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM).2. The Common Foreign and Security Police (CFSP) pillar took care of foreign policy and military matters.3. Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC) brought together co-operation in the fight against crime. This pillar was originally named Justice and Home Affairs (JHA).

E.U. AND SCHENGENTREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS

TREATY OF AMSTERDAM 1997-1999

The Treaty of Amsterdam, signed on October 2, 1997, entered into force on May 1, 1999. It amended and renumbered the EU and EC Treaties. Consolidated versions of the EU and EC Treaties are attached to it. The Treaty of Amsterdam changed the articles of the Treaty on European Union, identified by letters A to S, into numerical form.

TREATY OF NICE 2001-2003

The Treaty of Nice was signed by European leaders on February 26, 2001 and came into force on February 1, 2003. It amended the Maastricht treaty (or the Treaty on European Union) and the Treaty of Rome (or the Treaty establishing the European Community). The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion, a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty, but failed to be addressed at the time.The entrance into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time, after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001. This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later. Sources: Europa

E.U. AND SCHENGENTREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS

 Sources: Europa

TREATY OF LISBON 2007-2009The Treaty of Lisbon was signed on December 13, 2007. Its main objectives are to make the EU more democratic, meeting the European citizens expectations for high standards of accountability, openness, transparency and participation; and to make the EU more efficient and able to tackle today's global challenges such as climate change, security and sustainable development.

The agreement on the Treaty of Lisbon followed the discussion about a constitution. A "Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe" was adopted by the Heads of State and Government at the Brussels European Council on June 17-18, 2004 and signed in Rome on 29 October 2004, but it was never ratified.

The Acquis Communautaire or Community Acquis (pronunciation: AKI), sometimes called the EU Acquis, and often shortened to Acquis, is the accumulated legislation, legal acts, court decisions which constitute the body of European Union Law. Acquis is a French word meaning “acquired” and in general sense "that which has been agreed upon".

E.U. AND SCHENGENACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE

(COMMUNITY ACQUIS)

During the process of the enlargement of the European Union, the Acquis was divided into 31 chapters for the purpose of negotiation between the EU and the candidate member states for the fifth enlargement (the ten that joined in 2004 plus Bulgaria and Romania which joined in 2007). Following are these chapters.

For negotiations with Croatia and Turkey, the Acquis is split up into 35 chapters, with the purpose of better balancing between the chapters: dividing the most difficult ones into separate chapters for easier negotiation, uniting some easier chapters, moving some policies between chapters, as well as renaming a few of them in the process.

 Sources: Open Sources

1.Free movement of goods2.Free movement of persons3.Freedom to provide services4.Free movement of capital5.Company law6.Competition policy7.Agriculture8.Fisheries9.Transport policy10.Taxation11.Economic and Monetary Union12.Statistics13.Social policy and employment14.Energy15.Industrial policy16.Small and medium-sized enterprises

17.Science and research18.Education and training19.Telecommunication and information technologies20.Culture and audio-visual policy21.Regional policy and coordination of structural instruments22.Environment23.Consumers and health protection24.Cooperation in the field of Justice and Home Affairs25.Customs union26.External relations27.Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)28.Financial control29.Financial and budgetary provisions30.Institutions31.Others

E.U. AND SCHENGENACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE

(COMMUNITY ACQUIS)

 Sources: Open Sources

E.U. AND SCHENGEN

 Sources: Open Sources Europe Euler Diagram

E.U. AND SCHENGENEuropean Union Member States

States Entered European Union

  Belgium

July 23, 1952 (CECA)January 1, 1958European EconomicCommunity (CEE)

France

  Germany

Italy

  Luxemburg

  Netherlands

  Denmark

January 1, 1973  Ireland

  United Kingdom

  Greece January 1, 1981

  PortugalJanuary 1, 1986

  Spain

  Austria

January 1, 1995  Finland

  Sweden

  Cyprus

May 1, 2004

  Estonia

  Latvia

  Lithuania

  Malta

  Poland

  Czech Republic

  Slovakia

  Slovenia

  Hungary

  BulgariaJanuary 1, 2007

  Romania

 Sources: Open Sources

Austria

E.U. AND SCHENGENMember States of the European Union

Germany

Belgium

Bulgaria

Estonia

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Portugal

Poland

Romania

Slovenia

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

United Kingodom

Croatia

FYROMFormer YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia

Iceland

Montenegro

Turkey

Candidate States

 Sources: Open Sources

Flag: State: Costitutional name(s): Joined: Population: km²: Currency: Capital: Languages:

yes Austria Republik Österreich 1995 8,372,930 83,871 Euro Vienna German

yes Belgium Koninkrijk België Founder 1957 10,827,519 30,528 Euro Brussels Dutch Royaume de Belgique French

Königreich Belgien German

no Bulgaria Република България 2007 7,576,751 110,910 Lev Sofia Bulgarian

no Cyprus Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία 2004 801,851 9,251 Euro Nicosia Greek Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Turkish

Schengen

yes Czech Česká republika 2004 10,512,397 78,866 Czech Prague Czech Republik Koruna

yes Denmark Kongeriget Danmark 1973 5,547,088 43,094 Danish Copenhagen Krone Danish

yes Estonia Eesti Vabariik 2004 1,340,274 17,908 Euro Tallin Estonian

yes Finland Suomen tasavalta 1995 5,350,475 33,555 Euro Helsinki Finnish Republiken Finland Swedish

 Sources: Open Sources

E.U. AND SCHENGENEuropean Union Member States

yes France République Founder 1957 64,709,480 674,843 Euro Paris French française

yes Hungary Magyar Köztársaság 2004 10,013,628 93,030 Hungarian Budapest Hungarian Forint

Schengen

 Sources: Open Sources

no Ireland Éire 1973 4,581,269 70,273 Euro Dublin Irish Ireland English

yes Italy Repubblica italiana Founder 1957 60,397,353 301,318 Euro Rome Italian

yes Latvia Latvijas Republika 2004 2,248,961 64,589 Latvian lats Riga Latvian

yes Lithuania Lietuvos Respublika 2004 3,329,227 65,303 Lithuanian Vilnius Lithuanian litas

yes Luxembourg Grand-Duché de Founder 1957 502,207 2,586 Euro Luxembourg French Luxembourg German Großherzogtum Luxemburg Luxembourgish

Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg yes Malta Repubblika ta' Malta 2004 416,333 316 Euro Valletta Maltese

Republic of Malta English

Flag: State: Costitutional name(s): Joined: Population: km²: Currency: Capital: Languages:

yes Greece Ελληνική 1981 11,125,179 131,990 Euro Athens Greek Δημοκρατία

yes Germany Bundesrepublik Founder 1957 81,757,595 357,050 Euro Berlin German Deutschland

E.U. AND SCHENGENEuropean Union Member States

yes Netherlands Koninkrijk der Founder 1957 16,576,800 41,526 Euro Amsterdam Dutch

Nederlanden Frisian

yes Poland Rzeczpospolita Polska 2004 38,163,895 312,683 Polish zloty Warsaw Polish

yes Portugal República Portuguesa 1986 11,317,192 92,391 Euro Lisbon Portuguese

Flag: State: Costitutional name(s): Joined: Population: km²: Currency: Capital: Languages:

 Sources: Open Sources

yes Spain Reino de España 1986 47,150,819 506,030 Euro Madrid Spanish

yes Sweden Konungariket Sverige 1993 9,347,899 449,964 Swedish krona Stockolm Swedish

no United Kingdom United Kingdom of 1973 62,041,708 244,820 Pound sterling London English Great Britain and Northern Ireland

no Romania România 2007 21,466,174 238,391 Romanian leu Bucarest Romanian

yes Slovakia Slovenská republika 2004 5,424,057 49,037 Euro Bratislava Slovak

yes Slovenia Republika Slovenija 2004 2,054,119 20,273 Euro Ljubljana Slovenian

E.U. AND SCHENGENEuropean Union Member States

Schengen

E.U. AND SCHENGEN The Euro

17 European Union member States use Euro currency.10 are still using their old currency.

 Sources: Europa.eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

EU coins have a common front and nation-specific designs on the reverse.

E.U. AND SCHENGEN The Euro

 Sources: Europa.eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

  Belgium

  France

 Germany Luxemburg Netherlands

 Monaco

 4 June 1985 26 March 1995 Monaco has open border with France

EU member

 Portugal Spain

25 June 1992 26 March 1995

  Italy 27 November 1990 26 October 1997San Marino and Vatican City have open borders with Italy.Both have right to mint Euro. Both are no EU member

Vatican City: controls incoming – Schengen outgoing

 Austria

  Greece

28 April 1995 1 April 1998

  6 November 1992 26 March 2000

 Sources: Open Sources

E.U. AND SCHENGEN

  San Marino  Vatican City

 Schengen States: Member from: Effective from:

 Denmark

 Finland

Sweden

 Iceland

 Norway

 Schengen States: Member from: Effective from:

 19 December 1996 25 March 2001

SloveniaEstonia Latvia  Lithuania Poland Czech Republic SlovakiaHungary

 Malta

 1 May 2004 21 December 2007(land and maritime borders)

30 March 2008 (airports)

 Sources: Open Sources

Iceland and Norway are not part of the EU, but together with Denmark, Finland and Norway they are members of the Nordic Passport Union (in effect since 1958) who joined EU in 1996.

E.U. AND SCHENGEN

 Sources: Open Sources

 Schengen States: Member from: Effective from:

 16 October 2004 12 December 2008 Currency: Swiss Franc (land and maritime borders) No EU member 29 March 2009

(airports)

 Liechtenstein 28 February 2008 1 November 2009 Currency: Swiss Franc Open border with Austria and Switzerland No EU member

 1 January 2007 Undetermined Bulgaria

 Romania

 Cyprus  1 May 2004 Undetermined

Switzwerland

E.U. AND SCHENGEN

E.U. AND SCHENGENEuropean microstates bordered by the

European Union

 Andorra

 Liechtenstein

 Monaco

 San Marino

 Vatican City

EuroCustoms Agreement

No Schengen

Swiss FrancCustoms Agreement

Schengen EuroCustoms Agreement

Schengen Euro

Customs Agreement

Schengen EuroCustoms AgreementSchengen outgoing

Controls incoming

 Sources: Open Sources

E.U. AND SCHENGENEU Overseas

 Sources: Open Sources

E.U. AND SCHENGENEU Overseas

Flag: Country: Territories: Austria -

Belgium - Bulgaria - Cyprus excludes:

Northern Cyprus UN Buffer Zone UK Sovereign Base Areas (Akrotiri and Dhekelia)

Czech Republic - Denmark excludes:

Faroe Islands Greenland

Estonia - Finland includes:

Åland Islands

 Sources: Open Sources

E.U. AND SCHENGENEU Overseas

Flag: Country: Territories: France includes:

French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Rèunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin excludes: New Caledonia Mayotte French Polinesia Saint-Pierre and Miquelon TAAF Terres Australe Antartique FR Wallis and Futura

 Sources: Open Sources

E.U. AND SCHENGENEU Overseas

Flag: Country: Territories: Germany -

Greece - Hungary - Ireland - Italy - Latvia - Lithuania - Luxembourg - Malta - Netherlands excludes:

Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten Bonaire Sint Eustatius Saba

 Sources: Open Sources

Flag: Country: Territories: Poland -

Portugal includes: Azores Madeira

Romania - Slovakia - Slovenia - Spain includes:

Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de Soberania (Spanish North Africa)

Sweden -

 Sources: Open Sources

E.U. AND SCHENGENEU Overseas

 Sources: Open Sources

Flag: Country: Territories: United Kingdom excludes:

Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Cyprus) Anguilla British Antarctic Territory Bermuda Cayman Islands Falkland Island British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Islands) Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Island

Turks and Caicos Islands British Virgin Islands

E.U. AND SCHENGENEU Overseas

The '80s marked the beginning of a debate on the concept of "free circulation of persons, goods, capital and services", initiated by a "White Paper" of the European Commission. For some of the member States, free movement was to apply only to European citizens, which required to maintain border controls to distinguish Europeans from those of third countries.

 Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation” Bonanno Editore, Catania 2011

Schengen, Luxembourg

E.U. AND SCHENGEN

Others advocated, instead, free circulation for all, with consequent abolition of checks at internal borders of member countries.

Given the impossibility of reaching an agreement in the EU, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands decided to create a territory without borders, the so-called "Schengen area" after the small town in Luxembourg where the first agreement was signed (June 14, 1985)…

 Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation” Bonanno Editore, Catania 2011

Open borders:Tui, PortugalPontevedra, Spain

E.U. AND SCHENGEN

…After the first agreement between the five founding countries, on June 19, 1990, the Schengen Convention was signed, convention entered into force 1995, which enabled the abolition of controls at the internal borders of the signatory States in order to create a single external border along which controls at the entrance in the Schengen area are carried out according to identical procedures. Common rules have been on visas, asylum and external border controls, to allow the free circulation of persons within the member countries… Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation” Bonanno Editore, Catania 2011

Open borders:GermanyAustria

Signatures on the Schengen Agreement,June 14, 1985

E.U. AND SCHENGEN

E.U. AND SCHENGENSchengen Borders Code

Internal borders Irrespective of nationality, any person may cross the internal borders at any crossing-point without checks being carried out. The police may exercise their powers in border zones in the same fashion as elsewhere in their territory, provided that this is not equivalent to the exercise of border checks.

EU countries must remove all obstacles to fluid traffic flow at road crossing-points at internal borders.

Where there is a serious threat to public policy or internal security, an EU country may exceptionally reintroduce border controls at its internal borders for, in principle, a limited period of no more than thirty days. If such controls are to be reintroduced, the other EU countries and the Commission should be informed as soon as possible. The European Parliament should also be informed.

 Sources: Europa.eu

E.U. AND SCHENGENSchengen Borders Code

 Sources: Europa.eu

External borders External borders may be crossed only at border crossing-points and during the fixed opening hours.

When crossing an external border, European Union (EU) citizens and other persons enjoying the right of free movement within the EU (such as the family members of an EU citizen) undergo a minimum check. This minimum check is carried out to establish their identity on the basis of their travel documents and consists of a rapid and straightforward verification of the validity of the documents and a check for signs of falsification or counterfeiting. Non-EU country nationals are subject to thorough checks.For stays not exceeding three months per a six-month period, a non-EU country national must:possess a valid travel document;possess a valid visa, if required;justify the purpose of his/her intended stay and have sufficient means of subsistence;not have an alert issued for him/her in the Schengen Information System (SIS) for the purpose of refusing entry;not be considered a threat to public policy, internal security, public health or the international relations of EU countries.

E.U. AND SCHENGENWHAT HAPPENS WHEN A COUNTRY JOINS

THE SCHENGEN AREA.

 Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation” Bonanno Editore, Catania 2011 (in print)

1. Gradually controls at the land borders with other Schengen state are abolished, both passports (police, immigration) and goods (customs). There are possibilities to conduct spot checks. And controls could be reinstated in particular cases (e.g. public order etc.) after notification to all other Schengen partners.

2. The usual border controls in ports and aeroports stay for passengers coming from no Schengen areas who will be, mandatorily, divided from passengers coming from Schengen areas.

3. Mandatorily the checks at the external borders will be reinforced using common standards, to avoid the entering in the Schengen area to citizens of countries who are not Schengen.

4. The country will enter an integrated system for the issuance of visas which will be issued from any consular office of any member State, the visa should be presented at any Schengen entry point. To visa issuance should follow directives from the “Manual of Common Consular Instructions on visas for the diplomatic missions and consular posts”.

E.U. AND SCHENGENWHAT HAPPENS WHEN A COUNTRY JOINS

THE SCHENGEN AREA.

 Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation” Bonanno Editore, Catania 2011 (in print)

5. Police, Consulate and other competent authorities have access to the Schengen Information System (SIS) which contains information and data on individuals, vehicles, objects, false, stolen or lost documents, so that necessary steps required by the State who entered those information, can be taken. To facilitate the execution of such steps there is an informatic network connection between police, justice, customs and consular authorities called Supplementary Information Request at the National Entry (SIRENE).

6. In agreement with the bordering Schengen State, it should be established a buffer zone at the borders (usually 20 km.) which police vehicles from both States can trespass to chase vehicles that avoided controls or might have on board perpetrators of serious crimes in flagrante delicto. In this case, the use of weapons by the chasing car will not be allowed unless in self-defense, nor can they carry out executive acts (arrest, seizure) which are supposed to be carried out by the police of the State where the chase ended. In addition the guest police chasing the car will desist from the chase when a local police car takes over the chase.

E.U. AND SCHENGENWHAT HAPPENS WHEN A COUNTRY JOINS

THE SCHENGEN AREA.

 Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation” Bonanno Editore, Catania 2011 (in print)

7. To facilitate relations among law enforcement and as a “compensatory measure” to the abolition of internal borders controls, new police and customs cooperation centers could be created, with bilateral agreements, in place of the old border crossings. Similarly mixed police groups could be established to conduct controls and/or patrol the border area.

8. Soon to be applied is a simplified and accelerated form to execute extraditions. The entry into force of the European arrest warrant will substitute the old extradition system with a very simple “delivery”.

First anti-EU protests in Bulgaria (January 2007)

Issue: sales tax on home-made liquor

Graffiti:

We don’t want Europe

We don’t want money

We want Rakia at the old prices. Sources: Gary Marks Introduction to the EU, 2008

THE STATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

According to the pessimistic

Europe united tackles the crisis