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Academia and Society Volume 2 Number 1 ISSN: 2393-9419 eISSN : 2393-8919 1

. . . International Journal of Education and Society

Print: ISSN 2393-9419

Online: eISSN 2393-8919

Volume 2 Number 1 October 2015


Publisher’s Detail

Publisher:

Rev. Dr. Rosy Antony, President, CSDA (Claudine Society for Development and Action)

Palani 1, India. For CSDA: www.claudinesociety.weebly.com

Publication details

Academia and Society Print: ISSN 2393-9419

Online: eISSN 2393-8919

Run by

Come alive centre

Holy Cross College Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 002.

(A branch of "Claudine Society for Development and Action" Societies Act No. XXI of 1860/S.No.2,

1999), Palani 1, India

For journal: www.academiaandsocietyjournal.com

Frequency: Bi-annual

# Started in the year 2014

Printed at : Come alive, Tiruchirappalli # 99947 32026

Editorial Members

Chief Editor :

Sr.Saghayamary, A

Director, Come alive Centre

Holy Cross College Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 002.

Editors :

Dr.Lilly Rosari. S

Associate Professor of Commerce

Holy Cross College (A), Tiruchirappalli 620 002.

Dr.Turin Martina. A

Associate Professor of Rehabilitation Science

Holy Cross College (A), Tiruchirappalli 620 002.

Dr.Vasanthi. S

Associate Professor of Commerce

Holy Cross College (A), Tiruchirappalli 620 002, India.

Editorial Advisory Board :

1. Dr. Sr. Jeusin Francis, Principal, Holy Cross College (A), Tiruchirappalli

2. Dr. Nirmala, Principal, Holy Cross College of Education, Tiruchirappalli

3. Ms. Beatrice Vanaja, Director, NEWLIFE, NGO, Tiruchirappalli

4. Dr. Doss A.S, CEO, CAGER, Bengaluru

The publishers and Editorial Board do not endorse the views, data, facts and references of the

contributors.

The journal abides to online open access policy.


Dravidian costumes and household articles Dr. A.Sagayadoss 3

The effect of implant age on communication related quality of life in

Children with cochlear implants

Ann Vinu Varghese and Dr.A.Turin Martina 4

Healing the Family Tree: A case Study

A.Saghayamary 7

Error patterns in computation of children with Visual Impairment

E.Nila Ethel and Dr.P.Nagalakshmi 11

Analysis of hardening effect on Aluminum Alloys through P/M route

Dr.K.Raji and Dr.S.Alfred Cecil Raj 15

Stress in Families of Children with Mental Retardation

Dr.Sheila Christopher 18

India’s Export of services during Pre and Post reform periods

Dr.P.Maria Sophiya 23

Non Formal Education – A Quality initiative for children with special needs

L.D.Jody Bascarane and Dr.P. Swarna Kumari 26

Factors influencing impulse buying behavior among college students

towards apparels in Tiruchirappalli Town.

M.Sumetha and Dr.S.Vasanthi 33

Body quotient with special reference to Siddhars of Tamilnadu.

A. Saghayamary and A.Suganthi 37

A study on consumer behavior towards Television Brands

S.A.Nivethitha and Dr.S.Vasanthi 41

Hidden secrets of Dravidian Culture

Dr.A.Sagayadoss 45

A study on the impact of Television Advertisements on Branded cosmetics

In Tiruchirappalli Town.

P.Yoga Priya and Dr.S.Vasanthi 48 Hybridity and its complexities in Caryl Phillips’s final passage and crossing the River

J.Nancy Pearlin 56

Research Trends: With special reference to the “Journal of internet services and

applications”

A.Elezabeth Dyana and S.Anita 59

A Study on consumer Behaviour towards green products in Tiruchirappalli Town

S.Hemapriyadharshini and Dr.S.Vasanthi 61

Digital India program and its challenges

P.Anita 68

Muthulakshmi Reddy: A social Reformer

Dr.M.Viji 72

Attitudes of normal children towards peers with Down syndrome

In an inclusive Education setting in Tiruchirappalli District

G.Sasikala and Dr.P.Swarnakumari 77

Mandalas as a tool for healing in psychotherapy and in Religious beliefs

A.Saghayamary 83

Contents


Dravidian costumes and household

articles

Dr.A.Sagayadoss,

Director

Council of Agri Geo Environmental Research

Bengaluru

Abstract

This paper focuses on the ancient Dravidians, their

costumers, arts, crafts, language and culture. The

author mainly infers references from Indus valley

Harappa, epigraphic findings and other geographical

discussions for his research.

Key words: Dravidian costumes, Metals, Ornaments,

culture

Introduction: The Indus Valley writing was in

Tamil a Dravidian language. The Dravidians

originated in Africa, and were associated with the C-

Group culture if Nubia.19

The Dravidians were Proto

Saharan People 20

. The ProtoSaharans were the

ancestors of the Dravidian, Elamite and Sumerian

people.20,21

The Dravidians had their own tradition of

writing1. It would appear that they introduced writing

to the Indus Valley2–6

and later punch-marked coins.

This is supported by the discovery of writing in South

India2 dating back to before 600 BC.

This paper focuses on the Ancient Dravidian

costumes, arts, crafts, language and culture.

Srinivasan et al.1argue that the Indus Valley writing

was a syllabic multilingual writing system. Although

this is their opinion, it appears that the writing system

used in the Indus Valley was also employed in South

India and that the language of the Indus Valley script

was Tamil2–4

Discussion : The epigraphic finding and others make

it clear that the history of writing in India must be re-

written. The epigraphic evidence from South India

indicates that the Indian writing has a continuous

history spanning from the Indus Valley times down to

South Indian pottery and later Tamil writing.2

The Tamil culture is remarkable on many counts, not

least because Tamil is the oldest of India's modern

languages it has been cited as "perhaps the only

example of an ancient classical tongue which has

survived for more than 2,500 years with its basic

structure intact". In addition to Tamil Nadu, where it

is the State language, Tamil is also spoken by an

estimated four million people who live in Sri Lanka,

Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Socialist Republic of

Vietnam, parts of East and South Africa, Guyana, and

islands in the Indian Ocean, the South Pacific and the

Caribbean.22

The Ancient Dravidian’s were the direct ancestors of

the Tamils, Malayalees, Telugus, Canarese, and other

tribes now occupying the greater part of South India.

The fact is that several Dravidian dialects such as

Brahui, Villi, and Santal are found stranded in the

midst of other tongues in Baluchistan, Rajaputana and

Central India.23

The use of gold, silver, platinum,

glass, wood etc. in jewellery, other fibers, cotton,

wool, etc. in dresses and daily use materials in

cooking, warfare and other costumes for celebrations

are typical for Dravidians.22

The usual dress of both men and women consisted of

two pieces of cloth; one the upper garment and the

other lower garment, the latter resembling modern

dhoti. Beads were worn by men and women alike who

had long hair. Women loved jewallery and wore

bangles, bracelets, necklaces, fillets, girdles, anklets,

ear-rings and finger-rings. These ornaments were

made of gold, silver, copper, bronze and precious

stones and semi-precious stones like carnelian,

steatite, agate, chalcedony, jasper, materials and cases

for keeping them which were made of ivory, metal,

pottery and stone prove that the ladies at Mohenjo-

Daro knew very well the art of cosmetics and even

used collyrium, face paints and lipsticks. These were

special toilet tables designed for women.24

Various household articles made of pottery, stone

shell, ivory and metal, have been found at Mohenjo-

Daro. Pottery consisted of bowls, saucers, dishes,

goblets, storage jar; chairs, bedsteads, stools, lamps of

copper, shell and pottery; a pottery candlestick

indicating the use of candle; spindles and spindle

whirl; needles and combs, axes, saws, sickles, knives,

fish-hooks, chisels made of bronze and copper were

used by the Indus People. Children’s toys included,

among other things, little clay carts, the earliest

representatives of wheeled vehicles; Marbles, balls

and dice were used for games.24

Fishing was a regular occupation and hunting and bull

fighting were other pastimes. Bullock carts were the

chief means of conveyance. A charming copper-

model of a cart found at Harappa, looks like an

“ekka” of the present day with a canopy. There were

numerous specimens of weapons of war which

included axes, spear heads, daggers, bows, arrows,

made of copper, bronze and maces. The Indus people


had devised a saw with undulating teeth which was

unknown among other peoples of antiquity.24

Conclusion:

Different costumes were used for Gods, animals,

human beings, house hold materials, royal buildings,

kings and queens costume, etc. by ancient Dravidians.

So there is an urgent need of research to investigate,

amalgamate the costumes and fashion coupled with

spirituality and culture practiced by ancient

Dravidians.

Bibliography

Aravanan, K. P., Dravidians and Africans, Tamil

Kottam, Madras, 1979.

Aravanan, K. P., J. Tamil Stud., 1976, 10, 23–27.

Aravanan, K. P., J. Tamil Stud., 1980, 14, 20–45.

Lal, B. B., Ancient India, 1954–1955, 10, 5.

Lal, B. B., Ancient India, 1960, 16, 3.

Lal, B. B., The only Asian expedition in

threatened Nubia: Work by an Indian Mission at

Afyeh and Tumas. The Illustrated Times, 20 April

1963.

Sailendra Nath Sen, “Ancient Indian History and

Civilization”, Second Edition, 1999, New Age

International (P) Ltd. ISBN: 81-224-1198-3.

Sergent, B., Genèse de L’Inde, Paris, Payot, 1992.

Sesha Iyengar, T.R., Dravidian India, Asian

Educational Publishers, ISBN: 81-206-0135-1;

First Published – 1925.

Srinivasan, S., Joseph, J. V. M. and Harikumar, P.,

Curr. Sci., 2012, 103, 147– 157.

Unesco Courier, A window open on the world,

MARCH, 1984, 37th YEAR, 40 pages.

Upadhyaya, P. and Upadhyaya, S. P., Bull.

L’IFAN, 1976, t36 Ser B1, 127– 157.

Upadhyaya, P. and Upadhyaya, S. P., Bull.

L’IFAN, 1979, t39 Ser B1, 100– 132.

Winters, C. A., In Proceedings of the Sixth

International Society for Asian Studies

Conference, 1984, Asian Research Service, Hong

Kong, 1985, pp. 1413–1425.

Winters, C., 2007; http://www.scribd.

com/doc/2565099/Unofficial-History-of Tamil-

Writing

Winters, C., 2008;

http://www.krepublishers.com/02-

Journals/IJHG/IJHG-08-0- 000-000-2008-

Web/IJHG-08-4-317-368- 2008-Abst-PDF/IJHG-

08-4-325-08-362- Winder-C/IJHG-08-4-325-08-

362- Winder-C-Tt.pdf

Winters, C., BioEssays, 2007, 27, 497– 498.

Winters, C., Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 2010, 2, 229–

231.

Winters, C., Int. J. Genet. Mol. Biol., 2010, 2,

030–033.

Winters, C., J. Tamil Stud., 1984, 25, 50–64.

Winters, C., J. Tamil Stud., 1994, 41, 1– 21.

Winters, C., J. Tamil Stud., 1995, 42, 1– 23.

Winters, C., J. Tamil Stud., 1995, 43–44, 59–130.

Winters, C., Tamil Civilization, 1985, 3, 1–9.

The effect of implant age on

communication related quality of life in

Children with cochlear implants

Ann Vinu Varghese Research Scholar

Department of Rehabilitation Science

Dr.A. Turin Martina Associate Professor


Holy Cross College (Autonomous)

Tiruchirappalli – 620 002

Abstract

Background: Cochlear implant is the most wonderful

invention of the 20th

century. Studies in the past years

have shown that the cochlear implant is an effective

management for profound hearing loss in children.

Quality of life in implantees has to be evaluated to

state the efficacy of implantation.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect

of implant age on communication related Quality of

Life in children with cochlear implants.

Methods: A questionnaire consisting of 12 questions

which reflect the communication related quality of

life was constructed. A pilot test was carried out and

the reliability and validity was analyzed using

Spearman- Brown Prophecy Formula. The

questionnaire was then administered to the study

population. A total of 60 parents whose children were

between the age ranges of 0-10 years, participated in

the study. The participants were divided into two

Groups based on their implant age . The data was

entered and, statistical procedures were carried out in

SPSS software.

Results and Conclusion: The results showed that the

communication related quality of life of children with

cochlear implants varied depending on the duration of

implant. Overall comparison of Performance between

parents of both the groups showed that the quality of

life increases as a function of implant age.


Keywords: Children with Cochlear Implants, Quality

of life, Cochlear Implants, Communication related

quality of life.

_________________________________________

Introduction

Hearing impairment has an impact on many aspects of

daily life. In case of children, hearing is most vital

because the ability to develop and use verbal language

is closely related to the ability to process speech

through hearing. If the hearing impairment is

identified soon after birth and given proper

rehabilitation, the individual can have a normal

development of speech, language, social, intellectual

and emotional development and thus can improve the

quality of life. The rehabilitation process includes the

fitting of a hearing aid and speech and language

therapy. But most of the time, in the case of profound

hearing impairment, the hearing aids fail to provide

adequate input for the development of speech and

language. When hearing aids are incapable of serving

these purposes cochlear implants are introduced.

Since the mid-1980s, the cochlear implant has been

used for children who have a profound hearing loss.

With cochlear implant surgery done immediately and

with adequate language intervention given, the child

can acquire normal or near normal speech and

language skills and thus the quality of life can be

improved.

In the light of the general consensus suggesting these

devices’ effectiveness, researchers have begun

investigating the broader effects of cochlear implant

use on children’s social and emotional development.

One important type of outcome measure is the

measurement of quality of life.

The term quality of life (QOL) references the

general well-being of individuals and societies.

Quality of life questionnaires allow a comprehensive

insight into patients’ daily life and activities and QOL

measurements are an essential addition to speech

perception tests to quantify the outcome after

implantation.

Aim of the study

To study the effect of implant age on quality of life of

children with cochlear implants.

Methods

Participants: The participants included in the current

study were parents of 60 Malayalam speaking

children within the age range of 0-10 years who

underwent cochlear implantation. The subjects were

selected based on their implant age and were divided

into 2 groups depending on the implant age as

follows:

Group A - 0-2 years (n=30)

Group B – 2 years and above (n=30)

Inclusionary Criteria

Subjected to early identification prior to their

chronological age of 6 months

Amplification was provided for a minimum of 6

months time period

Undergoing regular intervention such as auditory

verbal therapy.

Exclusionary Criteria

Children with other known medical disabilities,

cognitive impairment.

Children who are bilaterally implanted.

The following table shows the details of

participants included in the study.

Table Demographic data of the participants

No. of

partici

pants

(n)

Mean

Chrono

logical Age

(months)

Mean Implant

Age (months)

Mode of

Interv

ention

Group A 30 42.6 11.6 AVT –

76.6%

SLT –

23.4%

Group B 30 59.6 27.9 AVT -

66.6%

SLT -

33.3%

AVT – Auditory Verbal Therapy

SLT – Speech Language Therapy

Procedure

The study proceeded in four phases.

Questionnaire construction

Pilot study of the questionnaire

Data collection

Statistical Analysis.

Questionnaire construction

A multiple choice questionnaire consisting of

12 questions, which reflect the communication related

quality of life was constructed in Malayalam

language. A likert scale of 3 point was used as the

response scale, which includes,

2- the reponse is present always

1- the response is present sometimes

0-the response is completely absent.

Pilot study: A pilot study of the questionnaire was

carried out to check on the reliability and validity of

the questionnaire. For this purpose the questionnaire

was administered to 20 participants, 10 from each

group.


The results obtained were analyzed for reliability by

means of Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula using

SPSS software version 16.0. The reliability coefficient

obtained was 0.895 which means the test is highly

reliable. As the test is highly reliable with coefficient

greater than 0.81, it is also valid.

Data Collection

The parents were informed about the purpose

of the study, the interview questions and information

regarding confidentiality. The questionnaire was

administered by the researcher. For each participant,

time for completion of the questionnaire lasted

approximately for 10-15 minutes.

Statistical Analysis

The two groups were compared to evaluate for

any significant differences. Statistical procedures such

as Mean, Standard deviation, p–value (using Mann

Whitney U test) were calculated in SPSS software.

Results and discussion

The results are discussed under the following

headings.

1) Overall comparison of performance between

parents of Group A and Group B

2) Comparison of the performance of the two

groups in each question.

Overall comparison of Performance between Group A

and Group B.

Table Comparison of overall performance between

Group A and Group B on communication related

quality of life.

Communication

related QOL N Mean sd p

Group A 30 31.3 1.24 0.000

Group B 30 36 0.00

From the above table it is clear that, the mean values

for Group B is higher than that of group A and also

the p value obtained is 0.00 which suggests that, there

exists a significant difference between the two groups.

The results suggest that, age of implant has a

significant role in the communication related quality

of life.

The following table describes the performance of

Group A and B on each question.

Table Performance of each group on each question.

In question numbers C3, C5, C7, C10, C11 and C12

the mean value is not varied. And the p value obtained

for questions C5, C7 and C10 is 1.00 and that of C11

and C12 is 0.317. In question number C2, the mean

value is slightly varied, but the difference is not

statistically significant. That is there exist no

significant difference between the groups in these

skills like clarity of speech, communication at home,

learning of new words after the implant and

communication without lip reading. But in question

numbers C1, C4, C6, C8 and C9 there is a significant

difference between the means of the groups and the p

value obtained here is less than 0.05. So in these

questions, the two groups differ significantly. That is,

the skills like initiation of conversation, use of spoken

language, ability to understand stories and the ability

to follow instructions are better in Group B when

compared to Group A.

This is supported by the study done by

Baumgartner(2002); Conner (2000), Nikolopoulos,

&Archbold, (2000), which stated that, Younger age

implantation clearly provides the child with greater

N Mean sd p

C1- Initiation of

conversation

Group A 30 2.8 0.4 0.010

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C2- Improved

clarity of speech

Group A 30 2.9 0.3 0.154

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C3- Speaking

without seeing the

speaker’s face.

Group A 30 3.0 0.0 1.000

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C4- Use of

spoken language

Group A 30 1.9 0.7 0.000

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C5- Ability to

communicate

easily at home

Group A 30 3.0 0.0 1.000

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C6- Ability to

understand

others’ speech

Group A 30 1.7 0.5 0.000

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C7- Learning of

new words after

the implant

Group A 30 3.0 0.0 1.000

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C8- Ability to

understand

stories

Group A 30 1.3 0.4 0.000

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C9- Ability to

follow instructions

Group A 30 2.7 0.5 0.001

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C10- Engaging in a

group conversation

Group A 30 3.0 0.0 1.000

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C11-

Communication

without lip reading.

Group A 30 3.0 0.2 0.317

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

C12-Ability to

communicate

Group A 30 3.0 0.2 0.317

Group B 30 3.0 0.0

http://jdsde.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/4/383.full#ref-8





opportunity to develop speech perception and spoken

language.

Ali,W(2007) stated that implantation at a younger age

improves the effectiveness of cochlear implantation in

terms of Audiological performance and

communication outcomes.

Sach and Whyes (2005) reported that many parents

(41%) felt that the cochlear implant had improved

their child's ability to communicate with and relate to

other people. This finding supports the current study.

Summary and Conclusion

Hearing is a critical sense that is necessary for the

development of communication skills and it is a

critical factor which contributes to the quality of life

of an individual. People who are deaf or hard of

hearing will have poor communication skills and it

will be reflected in their quality of life.

The objective of the present study was to study the


cochlear implants. A total of 60 parents whose

children were between the age range of 0-10 years,

participated in the study. The participants were

divided into two Groups based on their implant age. A

questionnaire consisting of questions was

administered through direct interview method.

The results showed that the quality of life of children

with cochlear implants varied depending on the

duration of implant. The following conclusions can be

drawn:

The mean scores of Group B were higher when

compared to the scores at of Group A.

The communication related quality of life is better

in children whose implant age is greater than 2 years

when compared to the children with implant age less

than 2 years

Clinical Implications

The present study provides information on how the


cochlear implants undergoes change as the age and

duration of implantation increases. In conducting

such studies an idea on parental satisfaction with the

Improvement of the Child’s language after Cochlear

Implantation can be obtained.

Bibliography

Archbold,S., Lutman, M., Gregory, S., O’Neil, C.,

&Nikolpous, T. P. (2002) Parents and their deaf

child: Three years after cochlear implantation.

Deafness and Education Interational,4,12-40.

Bat-Chava, Y. (2000). Diversity of deaf identities.

American Annals of the Deaf,145(4),416-424.

DesJardin, J. L. (2004). Maternal self-efficacy and

involvement: Supporting language development in

young deaf children with cochlear implants.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of

California, Los Angeles.

Ladd, G.W., &Golter, B.S. (1988). Parents’

management of preschooler’s peer relations: Is it

related to children’s social competence?

Developmental Psychology 14,109–117.

Sach, T. H., &Whynes, D. K. (2005). Pediatric

cochlear implantation: The views of parents.

International Journal of Audiology, 44, 400-407.

Yoshinaga-Itano, C. (2003). From screening to early

identification and intervention: Discovering

predictors to successful outcomes for children with

significant hearing losses. Journal of Deaf Studies

and Deaf Education, 8(1), 11–30.

Healing the Family Tree: A case Study

A.Saghayamary

Associate Professor and Librarian


Tiruchirappalli – 620 002.

Abstract

This paper attempts to answer the reason for

occurrence of the series of accidents, deaths, unhappy

events in a particular family. Family tree is the

methodology followed, based on the theories of

Carl.G.Jung and Sigmund Freud. The eight family

trees were intertwined in a single family tree of three

generations and were analyzed. There was murder,

drowned death, mental retardation being passed on

from one generation to the next. So the author

concludes, the unresolved issues are passing from one

generation to the next.

Keywords: family tree healing, psychotherapy,

healing ancestral bondage crime.

Introduction and background of the study

Healing the family tree is a recent development in the

field of psychotherapy. There are questions that arise

in our minds, of psychotherapists when we listen to

the woes of the people, why do they suffer so much?

is the thought that arises in our hearts and minds?

Why do these misfortunes happen in this family?

Why is the disaster after the death of a particular

individual? Why is this family meeting with such

crisis in this generation? Is there any scientific reason

for all these happenings? These are the basic


questions that came in to the author’s mind whenever

she had faced such situation. This paper is an attempt

to answer these questions with the methodology

called analysis of the family tree.

The psychologists Carl Jung as well as Sigmund

Freud’s theories are taken for more light to analyze

the case studies. Eight cases are intertwined in single

family tree of three generations. This particular

family tree (Authentic), is being taken for the

analysis. Hypothesis are formed and verified and

results are listed out in this paper.

Methodology and materials

Family tree is the methodology that the author has

adopted. Drawing a family tree means drawing with

symbols the genogram of three generations of both

living and dead, from which the analysis is done

seeking out the significant events and recurring

patterns.

Hypothesis

1. The unresolved issues are not carried to the next

generation.

2. There is no other reason than the irrational belief

that unhappy events occurs to a family.

3. Injustice and crime of the dead ones are not

repeated in the next generation by default

4. There is no ancestral bondage, everything depends

on the efforts only

Family tree and its variables

Family tree is drawn for three generations, the present

and previous two generations. The born, unborn,

aborted, adopted, living persons and dead ones are all

taken into account. The independent variables are not

considered in this case history as the cases deal with

persons from birth to death with siblings as well as

those who are living and dead.

Dependent variables

DEATH: It includes, least mourned deaths, death in

exile, in accident, suicide, bitterness in death bed,

unhappy death, by alcohol, sudden death, body never

found after the death of a person, no religious burial,

pattern of similar death in consecutive generations,

miscarriage, abortion, still born death, all were

sought out in the family tree.

ADDICTION: Anyone in the family tree had

gambling, alcoholic, eating disorder, sexual deviation,

aggressive patterns, occult involvement and any other

addiction were sought out if any.

SICKNESS; This variable includes poverty,

malnutrition, heridity diseases, psychiatric illness,

mental retardation, restless being forced to move,

wandering etc.

UNHAPPY: Unhappy in marriage, childless, forced

marriage, violence, crime record, sexual assault,

injustice in earlier generation, land property dispute,

unresolved grief, pattern of setback, over reaction to

injustice and keeping up to the family secret.

ANCESTRAL BELIEF OF BONDAGE: Recurring

injustice, sadness, despondency, wandering, dreams

of dead ones, identification with ancestor, poverty

consciousness, bad luck, problem after death, and

patterns recurring are some of the symptoms of

bondage.

Concept borrowed for analysis:

Traumas and unhappiness don’t just die, with

those who were the original victims. They remain

to reverberate down through the family tree says

Dr.Ken McALL.

Ancestral healing also known as healing the

family tree, is an opportunity to recognize and

bring healing to family influences from the past in

a way which has implications for the future says

Dr.Ken McALL.

Carl G Jung once said that unresolved personal

issues which we refuse to face and instead regress

into our unconscious would keep reappearing

throughout our lives as Fate.

Healing the family tree is just once aspect of the

journey towards wholeness, and is not penance for

all ills. Fr.Jim Cogley

Summary of the first, second and third

generation and the corresponding codes

Great Grand Father and grandfather- A and

A11: I Generation: AIIIa, AIIIb, AIIIc,

AIIId, AIIIe, AIIIf, AIIIg, AIIIh, AIIIBI

II Generation: AIIIB2, AIIIB3, AIIIB4,

AIIIB5, AIIIE1, AIIIE2, AIIIE3, AIIIG1,

AIIIG2, AIIIH1, AIIIH2, AIIIH3, AIIIH4,

AIIIH5, AIIIH6

III Generation: AIIIB3 -1, AIIIb3 -2,

AIIIB3 -3, AIIIB3 -4, AIIIB3 -5, AIIIB3 -6,

AIIIB3 -7, AIIIB3 -8, AIIIB3 -9,

AIIIB4-1, AIIIB4 -2, AIIIB4 -3;

AIIIG2 -1, AIIIG2 -2, AIIIG2 -3, AIIIG2 -4;

AIIIH4 -1, AIIIH4 -2, AIIIH5 -1


ANALYSIS

MURDER: 4 PERSONS (A, A111B4, A111G2

HUSBAND, A111B3-1)

The great grandfather in this family tree was the

victim of murder at the age of 22, when the wife was

pregnant with the first born. The son was immediately

born after the death of the father carried this victim to

murder script in him which was passed on to the

second generation. The fourth child in the second

generation and the husband of the second child were

murdered. Again the script was passed on to the next

generation i.e. third generation, the son of the third

child of second generation was murdered.

Similarity of the murder:

a. All the three cases that have been murdered had

one or more children. Murdered between 20-45

years of age.

b. Bodies were murdered and found, with no

evidence of the murder.

c. None of them had the crime record or potential

quarrel for murder

DROWNED : 5persons (A111B1, A111G1,

A111B4-2, A111B4-3, A111G2-2)

a) Third generation A3B1 coded boy in the family

tree drowned and died at the age of 15 years who

had frequent epilepsy.

b) Second generation a boy 8 years old was drowned

when he went to play in the lake water (Coded as

A2G1)

c) Third generation two girls drowned at the age of

15 and 14 respectively in the well from the same

family. (coded in the family tree as A3B4 and

A3B5)

d) Third generation a girl 8 years old drowned in a

lake while playing and her mother was bathing in

the same lake. (Coded as A3G2-2)

Similarity of death is

o Drowned.

o They died when young

o Unexpected and sudden death

o Accidental in nature

o Even while members of the same family

were present when the drowning had taken place

it was even noticed

INFANT DEATHS: 7 infants (A111A, A111C,

A111D, A111F, A111H5, A111B3-4, A111B3-5)

o First generation: first child was killed by the cat

and was mutilated; third child of the same family

died in the water; fourth child and the sixth child

died of vomiting.

o Second generation: fifth infant died, still born

o Third generation: two children from the same

family died before the age of five, due to sudden

sickness.

Similarity: This family tree has many infant deaths

by accident or out of sickness (Sudden)

1. Altogether seven infants died in three generations.

2. Infant death was very significant in this family.

SINGLE MOTHER: 2 families (A, A111E3)

This family tree starts with the single mother; also in

the third generation single mother bringing up a single

son is repeated here. It was seen that the

subconscious brings forth the history to repeat in the

third generation. Similarity is seen in both cases.

EXTRA MARITAL AFFAIR:

There is a trace of extra marital affair in all the three

generations in this family tree.

o There was an extra marital affair in the first

generation, had a son outside wedlock, that son

was abandoned to the mother and she brought him

up alone without the father.

o In the second generation, there was an extra

marital without children outside wed lock.

o In the third generation, there is an extra marital

affair without having children outside wedlock.

Similarity: There is a similarity of extra marital affair

outside wedlock.

MENTAL RETARDATION/ MENTAL ILLNESS

5 PERSONS (A111B1, A111B2, A111H6,

A111B3-3, A111H6)

o Second generation has four cases of mental

retardation and epilepsy. They were severe

retardations.

o Third generation has one severe Mentally

Retarded child.

Type of issue & no. Coded names of the cases in the

family tree

Murder - 4 persons A, A111B4, A111G2 HUSBAND,

A111B3-1

Infant died – 7 persons A111A, A111C, A111D, A111F, A111H5,

A111B3-4, A111B3-5

Single mother -2 families A, A111E3

Mentally retarded/

Mentally ill, handicapped- 5

persons

A111B1, A111B2, A111H6, A111B3-3,

A111H6

Divorce – 2 persons A111G2-1, A111H-2

Drowned – 5 persons A111B1, A111G1, A111B4-2, A111B4-3,

A111G2-2

Suicide – one person A111E3


DIVORCE: (A111G2-1, A111H-2)

o Second generation has a divorced person and they

have no children

o Third generation has a divorced male and has no

child.

DEATH : DROWNED/ACCIDENT/

MURDER/INFANT ) ON THE WHOLE: 17 PERSONS

o This family tree started with the sudden death of

the male encountering murder. The body was not

found and there was no burial given to this person.

It was on the talk of the town that this person was

murdered and was buried under the water source

of a lake which could not be investigated as the

lake had water throughout the season and it was

the only source of water for the village. So they

were not ready to disturb the whole village

disturbing the water in the lake.

o First generation had four children died in a sudden

manner, either killed by animal or drowned in the

water or by mysterious illness.

o Second generation had seven deaths from drowned

in the water, murdered, accident, and suicide.

o Third generation had seven deaths, from murder,

sickness, drowned in the water

Interpretations

Recurring events that is passing through the

generations. There are unhealed history that

tends to repeat itself often in some disguised

form. The following are observed in this

family tree.

There was no problem associated with a

particular name or names

Particular place in the family always

associated with major difficulty. i.e the first

born sons in all four families of the first

generation have difficulty like murdered,

drowned and divorced

There is someone in each family like a black

sheep, vulnerable, like a scapegoat carrying

the disowned shadow of other family

members like roaming without job, drug

addicts or being single parent.

There is a trace of a troubled individual born

close to the death of a troubled ancestor in

the first generation who was murdered. This

victim script is being passed on to the

following generations.

There is a clear onset of troubles, loss of life

coinciding with the murdered grand-

grandfather of the family tree.

There is a hereditary disease like Asthma and

arthritis in all the three generations.

There is a pattern of alcohol in all three

generations of males.

There were sudden death in all families of

three generations

There is a pattern of drowning of children in

the water even where the family lived in

metropolitan city; they were brought to the

water to be drowned it appears.

There is childless marriage in all three

generations.

There is a pattern of victimhood to murder,

by unknown source, without involving in

potential crime

Injustice in the earlier generation causing

sense of victimization in the members of the

generations, despite their academic

qualifications (PhD, M.Phil., B.E.) they are

not placed in decent jobs. A sense of

victimhood i.e. liable to fall prey to injustice

is being carried out in all the members of the

generations

There is unresolved grief being passed on the

generations as this family tree has too many

deaths to be grieved enough.

There is mental retardation or mental illness

in all the three generations. It is genetically

passed on to generations it appears.

There is recurring pattern of children

drowned in the water in all the three

generations. The range of age and manner of

drowning is similar in these cases.

Living in exile is seen in all four families of

the first generation. Lost and found, absence

of existence for long time, living alone being

cut off from the rest of the family is seen in

the offspring of the first generation.

In the family tree some part does not seem to

belong to overall picture. The following are

sought out from the above mentioned family

tree.

The least mourned deaths are prevalent in the

family

One single person is seen to be a disgrace in

the family, least spoken off especially the

single mothers and unemployed first born

boys.

There is death of the members evident who

died in un-reconciled manner, died alone in

certain posture, asking for water etc.

Persons died in bitterness, unfinished

business are there in the family tree.

There are cases who died of suicide, unhappy

death, not in peace with oneself when they

died.


Persons who are murdered in the family tree

passed on the victim script to the next generation;

in turn they carry exploding anger.

There are persons who lacked Christian burial in

the family tree is the probable reason the

unreconciled unconscious is being passed on to

the next generation.

The patterns of dreams of dead ones appearing to

the individuals are reported in the same manner

resembling the great grandfather of the family in

the angry manner.

Therapeutic techniques administered/ suggested to

live through.

1. Offered forgiveness to the unreconciled ones

who were already dead, through grief therapy

2. Healed that part of the person(victim of murder)

in the living members through personification

method

3. Ceremonies were arranged as a family get-

together going to the native land and to those

graves, to ease the burden within.

4. Religious practices to remember the dead were

practised.

5. Speaking out the secrets of the dead ones which

were never acknowledged before, were done

with compassion and acceptance.

6. The very seeking out from the family tree is

home coming for the rest of the generation.

Because there is acknowledging and recognition,

reconciliation takes place as one goes through

them intentionally.

7. Acknowledgement was done to the less mourned

member in the family and the still born infants

and infants who died young. Their names were

included in the family tree.

8. Apology was made in the family gathering with

public forgiveness sought from the dead ones,

which inturn heals those who are living.

9. Family stone was setup with the names engraved

of all who died in the family, adding the infants,

suicides, and drowned dead ones.

10. Prayers and rituals are the powerful means of

helping the infected family tree, because

acknowledgement takes place to the lost part of

oneself was suggested.

11. Standing proxy (Said by Fr.Jim Cogley) for

healing the inter- generational healing was

suggested to them.

Hypothesis proved

The unresolved is carried to the next generation.

It is false to believe that there is no other reason

than the irrational belief that unhappy events

happen to a family. The unconscious, unresolved

is being passed onto the next generations; as the

body is being formed the unconscious too is

formed; as the genetic characters are passed on

the unconscious mind is also being passed on to

the next generation.

Injustice and crime of the dead ones are repeated

in the generation by default as the victim script

is being passed on to the next generation.

There is ancestral bondage, and everything does

not depend on the efforts only.

Conclusion and suggestions for further study

Speaking out, owning the victimized, wronged

individuals, showing understanding, offering greater

comfort through loving words, mourning the un-

mourned deaths, opening and speaking of family

secrets, the deeper wounds that need understanding

and acknowledgement for healing need therapeutic

interventions. As the therapeutic techniques for the

living persons are administered for the unfinished

business, reconciliation, seeking forgiveness, can

also be done with the dead using two chair method or

standing proxy, or personification.

Bibliography

* Memories, dreams, reflections by Carl G.Jung

Vintage books 1989

* Would you believe it; Volume 3; by Jim Cogle;

2013

Error patterns in computation of children

with Visual Impairment

E.Nila Ethel Research scholar


Dr. P. Nagalakshmi Associate professor



Tiruchirappalli

Abstract

Mathematics is intimately involved in every moment

of everyone’s life. A common man can get on quite

well without learning how to read and write, but he

can never manage without learning how to count and

calculate. There is a definite need of mathematics in

anybody’s lifelong planning and day-to-day planning.

Therefore there is no escape for any individual from

mathematics in his livelihood. Many disabled students

are at a significant disadvantage in mathematics.

Some of the handicapping conditions have a higher

probability of interfering with mathematics


achievement than others. Students handicapped by

mental retardation, learning disabilities and sensory

losses (visual and auditory) are likely to need

adaptations in the mathematics curriculum to achieve

maximum gains. The purpose of this study was to

seek objective information regarding the common

errors made by children with visual impairment in

computation. Twenty four students with visual

impairment of standards IV and V in three integrated

schools and one residential programme were assessed

for diagnosing their errors in the four areas of

computation, namely addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division. It is a diagnostic study of

errors made by visually impaired students in

computation in whole numbers. Each type of error is

different and requires a different approach to

correction. Therefore, this research would benefit the

teachers of the students with visual impairment by

gaining new information to plan individualized

education for their students.

keywords: Visual Impairment; Integrated Education;

Error Analysis; Residential programme

Introduction

The study of arithmetic develops the growth of a

whole child. As adults, we use arithmetic in our

everyday life. If we have limitations in doing

arithmetic we would be handicapped in many

situations. Most of the daily situations require to do

arithmetic mentally. To learn to compute mentally and

efficiently an individual needs to know the basic facts.

Ignorance of mathematics in the masses is an obstacle

in the way of a country’s progress.

Studies have shown that visually impaired students

are low achievers in Mathematics. Area of

mathematics is a persisting and frustrating problem in

academic work for visually impaired students.

However, arithmetic skills can be developed if proper

instruction and tools are given to them.

Developmentally challenged students are also

disadvantaged in doing mathematics due to many

reasons. They need certain adaptations in the

curriculum and the teachers should be capable in

selecting the appropriate teaching method for each

student. Experiences necessary for conceptual

development is often a critical factor for achievement.

Systematic instruction based on individual needs,

provides the framework for a mathematics

programme.

The identification and interpretation of a

child’s errors is the basis for developing an

appropriate instructional programme. The teacher

should be proficient in the analysis of errors. It is a

powerful informal assessment tool to determine the

skills critically needed by the pupil and the content

necessary to maximize learning. Once the errors are

identified, the teacher can develop the students

individualized education plan.

Need for the study:

Studies have shown that though the performance of

visually impaired students in literary subjects is at the

same level as students with sight , their performance

in basic arithmetic is below average. Therefore, to

make them perform at par with the sighted students,

there is a need to find out the areas of computational

difficulty of visually impaired students. For this, error

analysis is essential to programme individualized

education for each student. The present study was

undertaken to throw light upon the common

computational errors of each student to help them

overcome the problem and compete with their sighted

peers and reduce the lag between them.

Also, Second Survey of Research in Education in

India has found that no similar study has been done in

this country. So there is a clear need for doing this

research.

Review of literature

According to Bluhm, the study of arithmetic

contributes to the growth of the whole child.

Napoleon has stated that the progress and the

improvement of mathematics are linked to the

prosperity of the state. Individual sources add up to

form national sources. Budgeting for an individual,

family, society and state is necessary to avoid loss and

wastage.

According to Ferrell et al., 2006; McDonnall et al

2009. the need for effective instruction for blind

students is particularly clear in the area of

mathematics learning. Although there have been

relatively few studies of math learning by students

who are blind, there is general recognition that these

students face significant challenges in learning

mathematics.

Students with visual impairments may be performing

poorly because they have not been taught by a teacher

who is familiar with the special adaptations needed

for visually impaired learners.

DeSimone, &Parmar, 2006; Smith, 2008 say that few

general education mathematics teachers receive any

training in how to help students who are visually

impaired.

The ability to solve word problems has been

identified as a central component of mathematics

proficiency (Kintsch&Greeno, 1985; Koedinger&

Nathan, 2004; National Council of Teachers of

Mathematics, 2000).


Low achievement in mathematics can be a barrier

that impedes students without functional vision from

full participation in science and engineering fields,

and closes out students who are blind from a range of

careers with salaries in the higher ranges.(National

Science Board, 2003; National Science Foundation,

2004).

J. Martin Giesen et al., are of the opinion that higher

levels of academic supports in the school have the

most influence on mathematics achievement for

students who are visually impaired and who do not

have a cognitive disability.

Studies have shown that blind students do not perform

as well as average students with sight in basic

arithmetic, although their work in literary subjects is

at about the same level. Therefore, it is necessary to

find out the areas of computational difficulty of blind

students.

Methods

An experimental study was adopted in order to

identify the pattern of errors made by students with

visual impairment of standards IV and V in integrated

and residential programmes. Data were obtained by

testing the students in the four areas of computation in

whole numbers.

Objectives

To determine,

Relationship between error scores of students

with visual impairment in the four areas of

computation namely addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division.

Difference in error scores of boys and girls who

are visually impaired.

Error score difference between students of

residential and integrated programme.

Difference in error score of visually impaired

students in standard IV and V.

Whether experience in integrated programme

has any effect on the error score

The influence of academic achievement in the

error score.

Whether age has any impact on error score

The effect of failure strategies in computational

achievement.

Universe and sampling

Madurai city was selected to conduct the research as it

has both residential and integrated programme for the

visually impaired. Three schools having integrated

programme at primary level were randomly selected

and cluster sampling method was adopted. Visually

impaired students of standards IV and V of both the

sexes in the three schools who satisfy the criteria for

selection were twelve in number. The sample size of

the visually impaired students in residential

programme was also twelve in number.

Tools

An inventory prepared by the researcher which has

problems on addition, subtraction, multiplication and

division. The tool consisted of 60 sums to be done by

the students in all the four areas of computation,

having 15 sums in each area. Each area consisted of

sums ranging from one digit problems to four digit

problems. The tool also had some questions for

getting information such as age, sex and number of

years of experience in integrated programme and

achievement of students in other academic subjects.

This tool, compiled by the researcher, was approved

by an expert in the field of students with visual

impairment. A pilot study was conducted to find out

the reliability of the tool. The reliability was 0.84.

Methods of data collection

The data were collected by administering the

inventory to the students and allowing a consistent

length of time for them to finish the sixty problems.

Additional information regarding their achievement in

other subjects, age, sex and experience in the

programme was got from their teachers.

Results and discussions

1. The error scores of visually impaired students

were less in addition and high in multiplication.

Their error scores in subtraction and division were

average. This implies that students with visually

impairment have difficulty in multiplication than

in addition.

2. In computation, error scores of boys were higher

than that of girls. This shows that girls score better

in computation than boys.

3. In addition, there was no difference in the error

scores of students of residential and integrated

programmes. But, in subtraction, multiplication

and division, the error scores of students of

integrated programme were less when compared

to those students in residential programme. This

indicates that students in the integrated

programme perform better in subtraction,

multiplication and division than the students of

residential programme.

4. There is no significant difference between the

error scores of visually impaired students in

standards IV and V. This points out that the

performance of students of IV and V are the same.

5. The students with three years of experience in the

integrated programme made fewer error scores

than those with one year experience in the


integrated programme. This implies that

experience in the integrated programme does

increase the achievement rate.

6. The error scores of high achievers in academic

subjects is less than the error scores of low

achievers in academic subjects. This denotes that

high achievers have less difficulty in computation

than low achievers in academics.

7. There is no difference between students of age

group ten and thirteen years in their error scores.

This shows that age does not have any influence in

their computational achievement.

8. The most common error pattern of visually

impaired students was computational error. They

had error scores in other areas also such as wrong

operation, carelessness, random response and

defective algorithm. This suggests that visually

impaired students have difficulty in understanding

the basic facts in computation.

Suggestions

a. Regular assessment should be made to ascertain

the mathematical ability of visually impaired

students to find out their present mathematical

levels.

b. When error patterns are identified by the teacher,

individualized remediation should follow

immediately for each student.

c. Drill is recommended for blind students to

understand concepts, principles and process.

d. The visually impaired students in residential

programmes should be motivated to work harder

and should be given opportunities to compete with

sighted students.

e. The visually impaired students who have less

years of experience in integrated programme

should be given more opportunities to give them

experience in understanding concepts through

tactile materials.

f. Basic facts in computation should be taught to

visually impaired students to enhance their

achievement in computation.

Conclusion

The objective of this study was to ascertain the error

scores of visually impaired students in the four areas

of computation namely addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division, the relationship between

the four areas, the difference existing between boys

and girls, students of integrated and residential

programme, students of standards IV and V, students

with an experience of one year and three years in

integrated programmes, students of age group ten and

thirteen years, and high achievers and low achievers

in academic performance and their error scores. This

study also identified the common error patterns of

visually impaired students in computation in whole

numbers.

The result of this study indicate that sex, academic

achievement, type of programme, experience in

integrated programme and high achievement in other

academic subjects have a greater influence in their

performance in mathematics. The error scores of boys

were higher than that of girls in computation. Though

age and standard of students in school does not make

much difference, it may be attributed to the

insignificant difference in age and standard of

students in sample taken by the researcher. The

educational programme also plays a great role in

determining the performance of visually impaired

students in Mathematics. Students with three years of

experience in integrated programme made fewer error

scores than students with one year of experience.The

error scores of visually impaired students were less in

addition and more in multiplication. In subtraction

and division, the error scores were average. The most

common error pattern of visually impaired students

was computational error. In other areas such as,

wrong operation, carelessness, random response and

defective algorithm their error scores are

comparatively less. This shows that the visually

impaired students have difficulty in understanding the

basic facts in computation. The visually impaired

students can do well in mathematics if their errors in

different aspects of mathematics are identified and

individualized remedial programmes are followed for

each student.

Bibliography

Academic supports, cognitive disability

andmathematics acheivement for visually

imparied youth:a multilevel modeling approach.

International Journal of Special Education,

Vol.27, No: 1 2012

DeSimone, J. R., &Parmar, R. S. (2006). Issues

and challenges for mathematics teachers in

inclusion classrooms. School Science and

Mathematics, 106, 338-348.

Ferrell, K. A., Buettel, M., Sebald, A. M., &

Pearson, R. (2006). Mathematics research

analysis.Louisville KY: American Printing

House for the Blind.

Kintsch, W., &Greeno, J. G. (1985).

Understanding and solving word arithmetic

problems.Psychological Review, 92, 109-129.

Martin Giesen J., Brenda S. Cavenaugh,

Michele Capella McDonnall.Mississippi State

University

McDonnall, M., Geisen, J. M., &Cavenaugh, B.

(2009, June). School climate, support and

mathematics achievement for students with


visual impairments. Poster presented at the

annual Institute of Education Sciences Research

Conference, Washington DC.

Sidhu,K.S.(1987). The teaching of

mathematics.New Delhi: Sterling Publishers

PrivateLimited.

Analysis of hardening effect on Aluminum

Alloys through P/M route

Dr.K.Raji Associate professor

Department of Physics


Tiruchirappalli

Dr.Alfred Cecil Raj.S Associate professor

St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous)

Tiruchirappalli

Abstract

The strong point of powder metallurgy aluminium

parts are probably the wide variety of alloy

compositions which can be prepared, offering in

principle the possibility of achieving a desired

combination of properties. A lot of these alloys are

currently still under investigation. It is known that

aluminium has hundreds of alloys and tempers,

making it useful for a very wide variety of

applications from aircraft, aerospace, automotive,

shipbuilding to household products including pots,

pans and cooking utensils. Newer applications, such

as drive shafts, radiators, cylinder heads and

suspension systems have proven to be the most

advantageous when dealing with various

combinations of parameters such as weight, strength

and cost considerations. Keeping the above points in

mind the investigation is carried out and described in

the following study.

Key words: aluminum alloys, powder metallurgy

Introduction

The fact that Aluminium has 59 % of the specific

conductivity of copper means that it is a better

conductor of electricity. Aluminium is capable of

being a superconductor with a superconducting

critical temperature of 1.2 Kelvin and a critical field

of about 10 milli teslas [1]. Copper is one of the most

important additions to Aluminium. It has appreciable

solubility and substantial strengthening effect through

the age hardening characteristics it imparts to

Aluminium [2]. Many alloys contain copper either as

major addition 2XXX or 2XX.X series or as an

additional alloying element, in concentration of 10 %

[3]. But Aluminium weighs one third of the weight of

Copper. This is also one of the reasons to carry out the

present investigation by adding minimum amount of

copper with maximum amount of aluminium.

Formulation of the problem

The new trend in the automotive and aerospace

industries to produce more fuel-efficient vehicles has

resulted in the increased use of aluminium alloys.

Demand is more for the quality and weight reduction

products and that paved the way for the development

of new processing technologies, resulting in an

increased interest in sintering and hot extrusion

process. Hot extrusion experiments at different

temperatures are carried out on sintered aluminium

and aluminium with finely distributed copper oxide

particles of powder preforms. Optimum extrusion

temperatures and orifice geometry were selected after

analyzing the preliminary extrusion parameters. The

sintering and extrusion process has various benefits

[4] for the product properties. Hence the investigation

carried on these processes and related various

parameters are studied.

Experimental details

Materials required are i ) Aluminium powder ( -

180 μ ) ii ) a ) Alloying elements - Copper and b )

Composites of Aluminium - Copper Oxide iii)

Lubricants: (Graphite + acetone) paste iv) Lubricants

used during compaction a) Zinc Stearate and b)

Molybdenum di Sulphide v) Fabrication of suitable

die design and punch for Powder compaction vi)

Fabrication of suitable cylindrical and wedge shaped

dies for extrusion.

Among the many powder metallurgical processes that

have been employed in order to convert the metal

powders into useful solid products, the hot extrusion

process [5] is relatively a recent development. It

offers a large [6] reduction in a single operation

coupled with a high level of densification. In

conventional metal casting operations, alloys possess

a wide freezing range and segregate. This situation

creates a problem in hot working and the net result is

the poor yield. Such intricate problems can be

overcome by adopting the extrusion of sintered

powder preforms. Normally difficulties encountered

during sintering of aluminium base products due to

oxide films surrounding the metal powder particles

create hindrance in diffusion processes and thus

adversely affect the densification and also the


possibility of strong bond formation across the

collapsing pore surfaces.

This difficulty is effectively eliminated to a greater

extent by a hot extrusion where the oxide film is

effectively broken down under heavy shear plastic

deformation, thereby accelerating sintering as well as

densification during hot extrusion. These phenomena

results in a very fine distribution of oxide particles

into the matrix which in turn enhances the mechanical

properties. Compacts of known height to diameter

ratio prepared are sintered at the pre selected

temperature and then the sintered preforms are

transferred to preheated die set for extrusion at known

temperatures of 3500

C. From the extruded rods,

tensile specimens of standard size were machined off.

The tension test results were compiled and discussed.

The critical comments are made on the extrudate

regarding micro structural details reflecting the

soundness of the product with respect to various

parameters.

Sintering: Sintering plays a key role in Powder

Metallurgy because it is at this stage that the powder

compact acquires its microstructure and reaches the

required mechanical properties. Heat treatment is used

to change the mechanical properties of metal by

suitable alteration of its metallurgical structure [7-8].

The primary purpose of heat treatment is to increase

the strength of metal while retaining some toughness

or ductility. But heat treatment is also employed to

soften a metal to facilitate machining to allow easier

forming or for other purposes.

Sintering effect on specimen

Composite materials have received significant

attention because of their unique properties [9 -11]

and behaviour displayed by this group of engineering

materials. This is particularly true in structural

applications requiring high strength and light weight,

as also in the field of high temperature applications.

These materials have been highly useful in areas such

as the aerospace industry, transportation, recreational

equipment, military equipment and in industrial

applications. In other words the properties of

aluminium and the properties of oxidized copper are

combined in order to produce a third material which

has unique properties when compared to the

monolithic material’s properties. [12]

Properties of the sintered compact

The complexity and alloying compositions are too

numerous in engineering materials. The developments

are so vast that mechanical properties that are

important to a design engineer differ from those that

are of interest to the manufacturing engineer [13]. In

design the mechanical properties such as yield point

and yield strength are important in order to resist

permanent deformation under applied stresses. So the

focus is on the plastic properties. In manufacturing,

the goal is to apply stresses that exceed the yield

strength [14] of the material so as to deform it to the

required shape. Thus the focus is on the plastic

properties.

Correlation between true stress and engineering

stress by using fracture strength

The effect of hardening, effect of annealing and the

effect of temperature on the plastic deformation is

shown in the following tables 1 to 3. The strength at

fracture point is calculated using the ratio of the force

at fracture point to the area of cross section of the

specimen at fracture, σ T = F / A f - - -( Equation 1)

Engineering stress and True stress are calculated and

the values are recorded in the Tables. The related

stress- strain graphs are drawn and they are shown in

Graphs.

Table 1 : The stress – strain curve on sintered

specimen at 350 ° C using 12 mm diameter

Graph 1 : The stress –strain curve on sintered


0

50

100

150

200

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

Strain

Strain - Stress

Com

po

sit

ion

σ f M

Pa

A O

mm 2

Fracture

strength

F

M Pa

True

stress

σ T

M Pa

A f

mm 2

Maxim

um

Load σ

M Pa

Strain

€

σ T =

σ(

1+€)

M Pa

3% 105.08 16.83 1768.49 119.57 14.79 105.08 0.0247 107.67

5% 172.81 15.13 2614.61 198.07 13.20 172.81 0.0743 185.64

7% 141.49 14.58 2062.92 161.04 12.81 141.49 0.1195 158.39

9% 108.84 15.13 1646.74 110.30 14.93 108.84 0.1035 120.10

11% 130.47 15.06 1964.87 137.88 14.25 130.47 0.0779 140.63

13% 99.36 15.48 1538.09 99.81 15.41 99.36 0.0785 107.15

15% 115.66 15.69 1814.70 119.94 15.13 115.66 0.1575 133.87

17% 83.45 14.93 1245.90 84.23 14.79 83.45 0.1123 92.82


Table 2 : The stress –strain curve on sintered


Table 3 : The stress –strain curve on sintered


Com

p

Osi

tion

σ f M

Pa

A O

mm 2

Fractur

e

strengt

h F M Pa

True

stress

σ T

M Pa

A f

mm 2

Maximu

m Load σ

M Pa

Strai

n

€

σ T =

σ(

1+€)

M Pa

3% 136.31 16.61 2264.10 149.64 15.13 136.31 0.0739 146.38

5% 154.44 16.18 2450.29 167.25 14.65 151.44 0.1435 173.17

7% 157.98 13.92 2199.08 175.08 12.56 157.98 0.1485 181.44

9% 143.42 15.06 2159.90 150.20 14.38 143.42 0.1282 161.80

11% 154.72 15.41 2384.23 178.86 13.33 154.72 0.1718 181.30

13% 145.06 15.20 2204.91 156.26 14.11 145.06 0.1636 168.79

15% 120.70 14.58 1759.80 120.70 13.98 120.70 0.1089 133.84

17% 115.65 15.20 1757.88 122.75 14.32 115.65 0.0992 127.12

It is understood from the above tables and graphs that

the plastic deformation below certain temperatures

gives directional properties where the tensile strength

and hardness increases. It is evident from the results

obtained which are efficient enough as the composite

are hard and have increased strength. This increase is

possibly due to the unstable equilibrium which

brought about the distortion in the space lattice.

Oxides of aluminium, magnesium, thorium and the

rare earths such as yttrium are generally preferred [15]

as dispersion phases since they are hard and stable at

high temperatures. Therefore it is discovered that the

results obtained satisfy the objectives of the present

work. It again reminds one that to be in the

competitive world, the challenge is to produce large

quantity of parts / components with minimum

expenditure. Good tooling is a key element in a part

well made at a minimum of expense. The present

Powder Metallurgy process similar to other

fabrication methods has its own set of design

guidelines for producing well – engineered,

economical products.

Discussion

The Graphs 1 to 3 give a vivid picture of a mechanical

simulation of tensile specimen. From the practical

observation of stress, parameters like strain, fracture

strength, true stress, maximum load, engineering

strain and engineering stress are calculated and related

stress – strain graphs are drawn. The graphs drawn

appear like simulation graphs obtained using

tensometer. It is found that the fracture strength is

higher at lower temperature and it increases with a

decrease in die diameter. The elastic limit is neat in

appearance and the plastic region establishes the

ductility of the composite. Moreover it is known that,

materials like aluminium, copper and wrought Iron

during ductile extension show a certain degree of

elasticity together with a considerable amount of

plasticity.

Conclusion

Materials are deep seated in our life than most of us

realize. That is, the materials which are used in our

every day like transportation, housing, clothing,

communication, recreation, food and medicine.

Virtually every segment of our everyday life is

influenced either in one or many percentage by those

types of materials. From a functional perspective, the

role of material engineer is to create new products, or

systems using existing materials, and also to develop

techniques for processing materials. Hence there is a

development of new product having good hardening

effect on deformation with a process using Powder

Metallurgy route. Powder Metallurgy parts offer

components with exceptional mechanical and fatigue

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 Strain

Strain - Stress

0

50

100

150

200

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

Strain

Strain - Stress

Com

Posi

tion

σ f M

Pa

A O

mm 2

Fracture

strength

F

M Pa

True

stress

σ T

M Pa

A f

mm 2

Maximum

Load σ

M Pa

Strain

€

σ T =

σ(

1+€)

M Pa

3% 147.90 16.54 2446.26 165.4 14.79 147.90 0.166 172.45

5% 154.23 15.97 2463.05 166.53 14.79 154.23 0.0356 159.72

7% 153.73 15.41 2368.97 172.66 13.72 153.73 0.1441 175.88

9% 143.84 16.69 2400.68 160.15 14.99 143.84 0.1470 164.98

11% 112.03 15.90 1781.27 114.03 15.62 112.03 0.1072 124.03

13% 130.20 15.76 2051.95 141.31 14.52 130.20 0.1627 151.38

15% 134.16 16.74 2245.83 151.84 14.79 134.16 0.1074 148.56

17% 120.52 15.13 1823.46 125.58 14.52 120.52 0.0707 129.04

Graph 2 : The stress –strain curve on sintered specimen at 350 ° C

using 8 mm diameter

The stress –strain curve on

sintered specimen at 350 ° C

using 6 mm diameter


properties, low density, corrosion resistance, high

thermal and electrical conductivity, excellent

machinability good response to a variety of finishing

processes. While in service use, all materials are

exposed to external stimuli that evoke different types

of response. Therefore, the response is analysed in

terms of parameters during the process and excellent

result is obtained.

Bibliography

K. Sinha, Powder Metallurgy, Dhanpat Rai and

Sons Revised edition (1987) P2- 15

Ahmad K.R., S.B.Jamaludin, L.B.Hussain, Z.A.

Ahmad, The effect of reinforcement Particle size on

the microstructure and Hardness of (Al/Al 2O 3) p

Composite via P/M route, (2003) P400.

C.Sinka, Modelling Powder Compaction, KONA,

Hosokava Powder Technology Foundation, Japan,

Invited Review Paper, 25 ( 2007) 4-22

J.Zhou , A.T.Druzdzel , , The effect of extrusion

parameters on the fretting wear resistance of Al-

based composites produced via powder metallurgy,

Journal of Material Science, 34( 1999) 5089-97

Jure Leskovec, Jon Kleinberg, Christos Faloutsos,

Densification Laws, Shrinking diameters and

possible Explanations, Journal KDD, (2005) 17-

26 Donald G White, Application of P/ M,

International Journal of P / M, 28(3) (1992) 229-

231

Kanfman.S.M. and S. Mocarski, The effect of small

amounts of residual porosity on the mechanical

properties of P/M forgings , Journal of automobiles

P/M , 831032 O SAE Technical paper series, ( 1983

)9

M.K.Surappa,& E.Blank , Effect of macro porosity

on the strength and ductility of cast Al-Si- 0.3

Mgalloy, Scripta Metallurgica, 20 (1986) 1281

P.Guyot, and E. Ruedl, Deformation Mechanisms of

Metals Hardened by Dispersed, Incoherent,

Second phase, Journal of Material Science, 2

(1967) 221-232

P.Guyot, On the mechanisms of Plastics

deformation of SAP – Type alloys, Journal of DOE,

2(6) (1975) 226

S. Venetski, Silver from Clay, Metallurgy, 13 (7)

(1969)P 451

S.P.Naval , Sintering Practice , Engineering

Metallurgy , Chapter 16 , (1966) 333-335 Colin

Bradshaw, Metallurgy for schools, Mills Boon Ltd,

London, (1976) 61 and 150-151

S.Shima and M.Oyane, Effect of friction between

powder and mandrel on densification of powders,

International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 118

(1976) 285-291.

Sridhar and N.A.Fleck, Yield behaviour of cold

compacted composite powders, Acta Metallurgica

Inc., 48 ( 2000 ) 3341-3352

Stress in Families of Children With

Mental Retardation

Dr. Sheila Christopher

Associate Professor



Tiruchirappalli – 620 002

Abstract

There are many times when the raising of children is

absolutely exasperating particularly with a special

child. This research highlights the importance of the

family system in promoting positive development of

children with developmental disabilities and their

parents. The delicate balance of family relationships

can be strengthened or broken by the impact of stress

felt by the parents of these special children. This

ultimately leads to burden within the family, problems

in marital adjustment and family interaction and

finally dysfunction within the family. But social

support provided through friends, relatives and

professionals does aid in alleviating stress and its

repercussions on the family. The findings of the study

could be of immense value to therapists and

rehabilitation professionals in developing and

strengthening innovative psychosocial models of

treatment, like special education and rehabilitation

that would benefit the disabled children and their

families.

Key Words: Mental Retardation, Stress, Social

Support, Family Relationship

Introduction: The institution of family is considered

essential for the existence of society. Family serves

as a shock absorber in times of crisis and stress.

Having a child with disability in a family is not the

same as having a child without a disability. Presence

of a mentally retarded person in a family is known to

impact families in varied ways generating special

needs not only for the mentally retarded person but

also for the different members of the special family

including mother, father, brother, sister and

grandparents.

Past research has focused much on the mother and

child. We know less about fathers and their role in

families with children with disabilities. Mothers are

frequently the spokesperson for the family, and hence

we do not truly have an individualized family opinion

or feeling. Hence fathers need to be specifically

included in order to obtain a holistic picture about the

experiences of the family (Seligman and Darling,

1989). Parents of Mentally Retarded children from 7


special schools for children with mental retardation in

the urban limits of Trichy District were chosen for the

study. This study intends to portray the

characteristics of families with children with mental

retardation. The various forms of stress experienced

by these families and their expectations, experiences

and limitations are described during the course of the

study. Most researchers have found that having a

child with a disability increases family stress.

(Beckman-Bell, 1981). A comprehensive picture of

stress experienced or perceived by families caring for

children with mental retardation and certain key

coping resources available for the family which are

likely to modify the perceived stress have been

studied as part of this research.

Minnes (2014) in a study on predictors of distress

and well-being in parents of young children with

developmental delays and disabilities: the importance

of parent perceptions found that moving from family-

centered to child-centered models of service delivery

can be stressful for parents as their

young children with developmental delays and

disabilities transition into school. The results of this

study highlight not only the importance of including

positive as well as negative outcomes in research

with parents but also the importance of including

parent characteristics such as coping strategies (e.g.

reframing and empowerment/self-efficacy) as

potential predictors of outcome in such studies.

Poorer emotional well-being contributed to

higher stress and was more frequent among mothers,

single parents and those whose children had

behaviour problems. Having other dependents living

at home and more sources of informal support

improved the emotional wellbeing of parents but not

their stress or family functioning. Samadi et.al.

(2014). The findings by Willingham-Storr (2014)

identified that parenting a child with an intellectual

disability is not always a negative role; it is a role

that parents find both rewarding and empowering. Yet

high levels of parent stress, illness, anxiety, and

depression are apparent as found out by Dykens

(2015).

Fernández-Alcántara et.al., (2015) studied the

feelings of loss in parents of children with infantile

cerebral palsy in order to identify how feelings of loss

are structured in fathers and mothers

of children diagnosed with infantile cerebral palsy.

These parents experience feelings of loss of the ideal

child, which are more complex in the first stage of the

diagnosis and when the severity of the cerebral palsy

is greater. Emotional intervention on the part of health

care providers is needed to aid parents in facing the

various obstacles encountered throughout their child's

up-bringing.

A study of this kind will enable counselors who work

with the parents of mentally retarded children

understand the variety of emotional reactions

experienced by parents due to their inability to face

problems and enable them to cope with them. This

study will ultimately help towards a better

understanding of parent’s unique concerns, problems

and feelings. It also focuses on the stimulation and

encouragement that can be given to parents for

acquiring, developing and utilizing skills to resolve

their problems and or concerns. The findings of the

study could be of immense value to therapists and

rehabilitation professionals in developing and

strengthening innovative psychosocial models of

treatment, like special education and rehabilitation

that would benefit the disabled children and their

families.

Method: Families with mentally retarded children

were chosen as the universe for this study. This study

was conducted on all the 7 Special Schools for

Children with Mental Retardation located within the

Trichy city limits a town in the state of Tamil Nadu,

South India. The sample includes families of children

with mental retardation. The sample consists of

mothers and fathers. Due to the limited size of the

sample all the families (500), which include 500

mothers and 500 fathers, taken for the study, the

census method has been adopted.

Tools for Data Collection

The initial data collection was done with a self

prepared Socio-Demographic Schedule. .Family

Interview for Stress and Coping in Mental Retardation

(FISC -- MR) : This tool is a semi-structured

interview schedule developed by Dr. Sathish Chandra

Girimaji et.al., 1999 at NIMAHNS, Bangalore to

evaluate stress and its mediators in the families of

children with Mental Retardation. It attempts to

systematically elicit and quantify (i) the stress

experience (perceived) by families caring for a child

with mental retardation and (ii) certain key coping

strategies specific to disability employed by the

families that are likely to modify the perceived stress

(mediators). Scoring: FISC-MR has 2 major sections:

Section-I has 4 areas and a total of 11 sub-scales,

whereas Section-II has 5 areas and a total of 9 sub-

scales.

Data collection: The tool was administered to the

sample of 1000 respondents (500 mothers and 500

fathers). The respondents from each special school

were called for a parents meeting by the schools.

These respondents were briefed about the aim of the

study and the answering mode. They were then

administered the questionnaires. Item wise

explanation was given in the vernacular. The


responses to the scales were scored with the help of

the standardized scoring key to obtain an overall

index for all the scales. The data thus collected was

analyzed using the SPSS package. Simple tables were

prepared for the demographic data. Statistical analysis

was done to analyze the hypotheses and objectives of

the study.

Results and Discussion

Fathers and mothers perception of stress remains

almost the same with a high of 50.6% and 48%. There

is also no particular difference between the other

dimensions of stress between fathers and mothers.

There is a significant difference between mothers and

fathers in the dimension of family care, social stress

and overall stress. Mothers experience more stress in

family care than fathers. Beckman (1991) compared

mother and father’s perception of the effect of young

children with and without disabilities and mothers

reported more stress than did fathers. The burden of

child care generally falls on the shoulders of the

mother who happens to spend more time with the

special child. Krauss (1993) designed a study to

determine whether there are significant differences

between mothers and fathers of young children with

disabilities in the amount of child related and

parenting stress. Fathers reported more stress related

to their child’s temperament and their relationship to

their child. Mothers reported more stress from the

personal consequences of parenting. Fathers were

more sensitive to the effects of the family

environment whereas mothers were more affected by

their personal support networks.

There is significant difference between nuclear and

joint families with regard to the various dimensions of

stress like family care, social stress and overall stress.

A large family or a small family does not make much

of a difference when it comes to stress experienced by

parents of children with mental retardation. Yet it is

found that nuclear families experience a little more

stress than joint families. Dyson in (1993) studied

parental stress and family functioning over time in

families of children with disabilities. Results showed

a higher level of stability in parental stress and a

modest degree of consistency over time in family

functioning in families of children with disabilities.

Peshawaria et al (1995) reported that parents living in

joint or extended families face greater extra demands,

career adjustments, mental worries, emotional

reactions and strained relationships.

It was also seen that there is a significant difference

between stress and the area of residence. Parents from

urban families seem to experience more stress than

parents from rural families. This could be because of

the more busy style of living and more challenges

faced by parents in urban areas than rural areas.

Peshawaria et al (1995) reported that the area of

residence indicated that parents residing in urban

cities experienced significantly greater emotional

reactions than parents living in non-urban areas.

Urban parents experience more social and financial

stress than rural parents. This could be because of the

greater awareness of the condition of mental

retardation among urban parents and the social stigma

attached thereof.

Whether the child is a boy or a girl, there is no

significant difference in terms of stress experienced

by parents. This finding is aptly supported by the

finding by Shanmugavelagutham (1999). Results

showed that family stress was not affected by the sex

of the mentally retarded child. Beckman’s (1983)

focus of study was to examine the relationship

between child characteristics and stress reported by

mothers. There was no significant difference between

amount of stress reported by mothers of boys and

girls.

The degree of impact, frustration, or disappointment

does not correlate with directly with the degree of

deficiency. Parents of severely retarded children find

it easier to acknowledge their problem than parents of

mildly retarded children related stress. In this study it

is found that there is no significance between the level

of retardation and stress. The study by Gosch (2001)

assessed the quantity of stress in mothers of children

with mental retardation of different etiologies .The

degree of the children's mental retardation as well as

conspicuous behavior correlated positively with

maternal stress. In the study by Shanmugavelagutham

(1999) the data indicated that there was a positive

relation between the level of disability and the total

family stress and its components. But in most studies,

the severity and nature of the child’s intellectual as

against physical impairments on behavior problems

seem to be unrelated to reported levels of stress

(Wikler et al.1981).

Several researchers have compared stress in parents of

children with disabilities to that reported by other

parents. Studies have been fairly consistent in finding

normative levels of levels of stress reported during the

infancy period (Shonkof, et al.,1992), followed by

increasing stress levels during early childhood

(Innocenti, et al.,1992), and high stress levels during

middle childhood (Warfield, et al ., 1999). Middle

childhood appears to be a particularly vulnerable time

for parents of children with disabilities; stress levels

are higher than at any other childhood phase (Orr, et

al.,1993). Middle childhood may be a particularly

vulnerable period for parents because they expect


children’s behaviors to be better regulated than in

earlier years.

The Table clearly indicates that there is a negative

correlation between income and social stress and

family size and social stress for fathers. When there is

more income social stress decreases. When the size of

the family increases social stress decreases. But when

the age of the child increases financial stress also

increases. As children grow older, the demand for

caring also increases. Therefore as the age of the child

increases financial stress also increases. There is also

a negative correlation between income and family

care, the age of the mother and age of the child with

regard to social and financial stress.

Karl Pearson’s correlation between dimensions of stress and

demographic variables

Dimensions of Stress

Age Income Family Size Age of Child

Father Mother Father Mother Father Mother Father Mother

Family

Care

-0.20 0.083 0.064 -0.154** -

0.029

-0.111** 0.000 -

0.0

65

Family

Emotional

Stress

-0.016 -

0.067

0.049 -0.005 0.050 -

0.196**

0.003 -

0.071

Social

Stress

-0.047 -

0.120*

*

-0.149** -0.048 -

0.101*

-

0.271**

-0.024 -

0.220

** Finance

Stress

0.058 -

0.161*

*

0.046 -0.046 -

0.073

-

0.190**

0.097

*

-

0.18

5**

Overall

Stress

-0.025 0.011 0.034 -0.119** -0.061 -

0.292**

0.022 -

0.184*

Hauser-Cram et al. (2001) reported that although both

mothers and fathers had increasing levels of stress

related to their child with a disability from the early

through middle childhood years, fathers showed

greater increases in stress than mothers during the

early childhood period. Further, trajectories of both

maternal and paternal stress were predicted by

children’s self-regulatory behaviours, especially

behavior problems. In addition, increasing patterns of

stress were found for mothers with less helpful social

support networks and for fathers with fewer problem-

focused coping skills.

Leyser and Dekel (1990) studied eighty- two (82)

Israeli families. Results indicated that when the

number of children in the family was smaller, they

reported being more stressed by the child’s disability.

With regard to mothers, there is a negative correlation

between the family size and the various dimensions of

stress. It is evident that when the family size increases

the overall stress decreases. This could be because,

the more the members in the family, there are greater

chances for sharing the care of the house hold,

resulting in reducing stress.

The inter correlation was done to find out the

relationship between the various dimensions of stress

for both parents. The inter correlation matrix between

the various dimensions of stress clearly indicates a

significant positive and negative correlation between

the parameters and overall effect of stress. There is a

significant positive correlation between social stress,

and overall stress for mothers. But there is a

significant negative correlation between family

emotional stress and financial stress. Fathers

experience a significant positive correlation between

family care and family emotional stress and overall

stress. It is evident that both fathers and mothers feel

that when family cares increase family emotional

stress and social stress, also increase.

Inter correlation matrix between various

dimensions of stress for both parents

**P < 0.01 * P < 0.05

There are many times when the raising of children is

absolutely exasperating particularly with a special

child. This research clearly points to the importance

of the family system in promoting positive

development of children with developmental

disabilities, their mothers and fathers. The delicate

balance of family relationships can be strengthened or

broken by the impact of stress felt by the parents of

these special children. This ultimately leads to burden

within the family, problems in marital adjustment and

family interaction and finally dysfunction within the

family.

But social support provided through friends, relatives

and professionals does aid in alleviating stress and its

repercussions on the family. It is therefore essential

that such investigations be undertaken because

families of children with developmental disabilities,

like all families, deserve to be nurtured in ways that

will optimize their functioning and ultimately help

special children lead meaningful lives.


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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Garc%C3%ADa-Caro%20MP%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25096631

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=P%C3%A9rez-Marfil%20MN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25096631

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India’s Export of services during Pre and

Post reform periods

Dr.P.Maria Sophiya

Assistant professor

Department of Economics


Tiruchirappalli

Abstract

One of the key consequences of the advance in

science and technology has been the growth in

services across borders. The progress made in the

field of transportation, communication and the recent

ascent of the internet has opened a Pandora’s Box for

firms seeking to expand their businesses. International

trade in goods and services has largely benefited

countries across the globe. The services like banking

and insurance are more in demand. On the basis of

growth pattern, service activities are being grouped

into fast growers which include IT, communication

services, financial services, hotels and restaurants,

community services, trade and distribution services,

and trend growers which include real estate, legal

services, travel, transportation, storage, personal

services, and public administration and defence.

Indian economy has made rapid strides in the process

of globalization which is increasing the integration of

national markets and the interdependence of countries

for a wide range of worldwide services. Several

factors have engendered the transition including the

liberalization of tariffs and other barriers to exports.

The performance of India export during 1968-69 to

2013-14 is laudable. There is structural change in

India’s export after the introduction of New Economic

Policy.

Key words: Liberalization, Globalization, Tariffs,

Engendered, Structural change.

Introduction

One of the key consequences of the advance in

science and technology has been the growth in trade

across borders. The progress made in the field of

transportation, communication and the recent ascent

of the internet has opened a Pandora’s Box for firms

seeking to expand their businesses. The easing of the

regulatory framework in conjunction with liberal

policies adopted by countries across the globe has

made the world a local market place. International

trade in goods as well as services has largely

benefited from this trend. However, trade in “goods”

is different from trade in “services”. The difference

lies in the inherent nature of the two. Services are

characterized by intangibility, invisibility, transience

and non-storability, thus making them different from

“goods”. Of course, all these characteristics

mentioned above may not apply simultaneously to a

service. Moreover, “service” is a process, while

“goods” is an object. Hence, they can neither be easily

defined, nor measured. For example, tariffs and

quotas are a reflection of the barriers in merchandise

trade. However, impediments to trade in services are

much more difficult to define and quantify. The

quality of a “service” cannot be identified before it is

purchased, thus these are referred to as “experience

goods”. So also, for a service to be rendered, often,

the supplier and the consumer need to be in close

proximity. These differences between the two make

trade in services different from that in goods.

The conventional concept of trade in services hovered

around those services that could be transferred across

borders. This involved a separation of the producer

and the consumer, as in the case of computer

software. However, later the concept was broadened

to incorporate non-separated services as well, where

the consumer may travel to the country of the service-

provider or vice-versa. According to the traditional

view of economists services are perishable and non-

tradable. Therefore, there were neither any theories to

address the possible problems of trade in services nor

any framework for the measurement of their trade.

Initially some economists like Baumol made valuable

contributions to the study of “services”. His “Cost

Disease Theory” discusses the rising costs associated

with service industries. Hill’s concept of services was

similar to the classical economists. He stated that

services cannot be accumulated and thus need

provider and user to be in close proximity. Bhagwati

analyzed trade in services and focused attention on the

supply side effect on the growth of the service sector;

and called the supply side specialization “splintering”.

According to him, there are two groups of services,

first one is that require the physical proximity of

the user and the provider, and second group is of

those services which are not essentially dependent

on the physical proximity because of technical

advancement. The second type of services like

banking and insurance is more in demand. Gordon

and Gupta along with supply side have also

discussed demand side factors which were

responsible for the growth of the service sector in

the 1990s. On the basis of their growth pattern,

service activities are being grouped into fast


growers which include IT, communication services,

financial services, hotels and restaurants,

community services, trade and distribution

services, and trend growers which include real

estate, legal services, travel, transportation, storage,

personal services, and public administration and

defense (PAD).

Objectives Of The Study

1. To analyze the trend and growth rate of

service exports of India during pre-reform and

post-reform periods.

2. To identify the structural changes of service

exports of India during pre-reform and post-

reform periods.

Hypothesis

H0: There are no structural changes in India’s

services exports between the pre-reform period

and post-reform period.

H1: There are structural changes in India’s

services export between the pre-reform period

and post-reform period.

Period of The Study

The period of the study taken up for the analysis

is a period of forty six years, from the year 1968-

69 to that of the year 2013-14. The main reason

for choosing this period is to know about the

impact of New Economic Policy on India’s

service export. The whole study period had been

equally divided into two sub-periods; the pre-

reform period (1968-69 to 1990-91) and the post-

reform period (1991-92 to 2013-14)

Sources of Data

The author had used only the secondary data for

analytical purpose. The data were collected from

various sources such as the various issues of

Monthly Statistics of Foreign Trade of India,

Foreign Trade Statistics of India, International

Trade Statistics and UNCTAD.

Statistical Tools Used In This Study

Statistical tools had been used to analyze the

collected data and to interpret the findings of the

study. The following statistical tools had been

used. Linear, Semi-log and the Chow test. The

study was done by using Excel and SPSS version

21. Its share to the exports had also increased

from -6.22 per cent to 5 per cent, and its share

enormously rose to 19.35 per cent and it had

increased to 29.71 per cent during the

corresponding years stated above. Exports of

services had enlarged from the level of `2466

crores in 1981-82 to `4098 crores in the year

1984-85, further fell down to` 4051 crores in

1985-86 and again increased to` 8169 crores in

the year 1990-91. Its share to the exports had

also increased from 11.3 per cent to 21.0 per

cent, and its share had badly decreased to -1.1

per cent and it had increased to 15.5 per cent

during the corresponding years. The rate of

services exports had rapidly dwindled from the

level of 51.1 per cent in the year 1991-92 to the

level of 7.3 per cent in the year 1996-97, and

then there was some improvement in the rate of

increase of services exports which was 32.1 per

cent in 1997-98 and it had fallen to the level of

22.7 per cent in 1999-2000.

After that, India’s services exports earnings had

steadily enhanced from the level of `81739

crores in 2001-02 to `100419 crores in 2002-03

and further, to the level of `193711 crores in

2004-05. The rate of total services exports had

dwindled from the level of 31.9 per cent in the

year 2005-06 to the level of 8.9 per cent in 2007-

08. Due to the global economic crisis, most of

the services sector experienced a decline in the

growth rate of exports in 2008–09, except for the

financial services, which experienced a rise in its

export growth. Travel, insurance, business

services, and communication services all

experienced a negative export growth. Total

services exports decreased to the level of -7.1 per

cent in the year 2009-10 due to the world

recession. The rate of services exports had

decreased from the level of 24.79 per cent in the

year 2010-11 to the level of 20.64 per cent in the

year 2011-12, and then there was in the rate

decrease of services exports which was 15.79 per

cent in 2012-13 and it had fallen to the level of

15.73 per cent in 2013-14.

Results and Discussion: The table expresses the

services exports in India during the years 1968-69

to 2013-14. Exports of services had enlarged from

the level of `241 crores in 1968-69 to `756 crores in

the year 1975-76, further risen to `1042 crores in

1977-78 and again increased to `1567 crores in the


TABLE : INDIA’S SERVICE EXPORTS

TREND AND GROWTH RATES OF SERVICE

EXPORTS IN INDIA

Period Linear Model

b Standard

Error t R2

Pre Reform

Period 324.067 26.505

12.226*

* 87.7

Post Reform

Period

37060.50

7 3728.387

9.940*

* 82.5

Whole Period 12673.585 1736.769 7.297** 54.8

Semi-log Model CG

R b Standard Error t R2

Pre Reform

Period 18.2 0.007 26.311** 97.1 19.9

Post Reform

Period 20.9 0.004

48.686

** 99.1

23.

2

Whole Period 19.3 0.002

86.124*

* 99.4 21.3

Source: Author’s own calculation.

** Significant at one per cent level

The table demonstrates the total services exports in

India during the years 1968-69 to 2013-14. The

annual average growth rate was found to be

accelerated from 18.2 per cent per annum during the

pre-reform period to 20.9 per cent per during the post-

reform period. During the overall study period, the

growth rate achieved by total services exports was

19.3 per cent per year. In absolute term or in money

term on an average, India’s services exports

augmented from ` 324.067 crores per year during the

pre-reform period to ` 37060.507 crores per year

during the post-reform period. Total services exports

recorded a growth of ` 12673.585 crores per annum

during the whole study period. As far as the

compound growth rate of total services exports was

concerned, it rose from 13.1 per cent per annum

during the pre-reform period to 24.4 per cent per

annum during the post-reform period and during the

whole study period it was 22.1 per cent per annum.

The values of ‘t’ were found to be statistically

significant at one per cent level for all periods. The R2

values were found to be satisfactory for all periods.

From the above results, it is important to note that the

annual average growth of India’s total services

exports had increased by more than 25 times during

the post-reform period than that in the pre-reform

period.

Pre Reform Period Post Reform Period

Year Exports Year Exports

1968-1969 241 (-6.22) 1991-1992 12347

(51.14)

1969-1970 223 (-7.46) 1992-1993 13721

(11.12)

1970-1971 218 (-2.24) 1993-1994 16510

(20.32)

1971-1972 235 (7.79) 1994-1995 19260

(16.65)

1972-1973 254 (8.05) 1995-1996 24748

(28.49)

1973-1974 312 (22.83) 1996-1997 26565

(7.34)

1974-1975 504 (61.53) 1997-1998 35102

(32.13)

1975-1976 756 (5.00) 1998-1999 55527

(58.18)

1976-1977 873 (15.47) 1999-2000 68137

(22.70)

1977-1978 1042 (19.35) 2000-2001 74555

(9.41)

1978-1979 1208 (15.93) 2001-2002 81739

(9.63)

1979-1980 1567 (29.71) 2002-2003 100419

(22.8)5

1980-1981 2215 (41.35) 2003-2004 123175

(22.6)6

1981-1982 2466 (11.33) 2004-2005 193711

(57.2)6

1982-1983 2780 (12.73) 2005-2006 255668

(31.9)8

1983-1984 3384 (21.72) 2006-2007 333093

(30.2)8

1984-1985 4098 (21.09) 2007-2008 363000

(8.97)

1985-1986 4051 (-1.14) 2008-2009 488012

(34.43)

1986-1987 4114 (1.55) 2009-2010 454580 (-

6.85)

1987-1988 4633 (12.61) 2010-2011 567273

(24.79)

1988-1989 5726 (23.59) 2011-2012 684365

(20.64)

1989-1990 7071 (23.48) 2012-2013 792488

(15.79)

1990-1991 8169 (15.52) 2013-2014 917180

(15.73)


Structural Changes of India’s Services Exports

Before and After the Period of Economic Reforms

GROWTH RATES OF INDIA’S

SERVICES EXPORTS PRE AND POST REFORM

PERIODS

H0: There are no structural changes in India’s services

exports between the pre-reform period and post-

reform periods.

H1: There are structural changes in India’s

services exports between the pre-reform period and

post-reform periods.

Substituting the values we get

F = )2/(

/

214

5

KNNS

kS

F = 5.862

At five per cent level, F (2, 42) = 3.15

The theoretical value of ‘F’ at the 95 per cent level of

significance with V1= 2, V2 = 42, degrees of freedom

was found to be 3.15. The computed ‘F’ value was

found to be greater than the critical ‘F’ value, and

hence the null hypothesis was rejected and the Chow

test therefore seemed to support that there had been a

structural change in respect of the services exports of

India over the period 1968-69 to 2013-14. In other

words, the regression had shown that the intercept as

well as the slope co-efficients had not remained the

same over study period 1968-69 to 2013-14.

Conclusion

Indian economy has made rapid strides in the process

of globalization which is increasing the integration of

national markets and the

interdependence of countries for a wide range of

worldwide services. Several factors have engendered

such a transition including the liberalization of tariffs

and other barriers to exports; autonomous unilateral

structural reforms; technological innovations in

transport and communications; international

development cooperation; and the strategic use of

policies, experimentation and innovation. The

performance of India export during 1968-69 to 2013-

14 is laudable. There is structural change in India’s

export after the introduction of New Economic Policy.

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Competitiveness in Liberalization: Impact on the

Indian Economy”, Macmillan India Ltd., 1993.

Economic Survey, 2013-14.

Gordon and Gupta, “Understanding India’s Services

Revolution”, International Monetary Fund, NCAER

Conference on ‘A Tale of Two Giants: India’s and

China’s Experience with Reforms’, Nov.2003.

Jaya Prabakaran P., “India’s Manufactured Goods

Exports in the Pre-reform and Post-reform periods”,

Indian Journal of International Business and Finance,

Vol.1, Nos.1-2, Jan-Dec, 2011.

Paramjit Nanda, “Performance of Indian Exports:

Policies and Prospects”, Deep and Deep Publications,

1998.

Ramakrishnan, “An Empirical Analysis of the Impact

of Trade Liberalization on Economic Growth of

India”, Indian Journal of Economics and Business,

Vol.2, No.1, June. 2003.

Satheeshkumar, P, “Growth and Structure of Exports

in India during 1981-2010”, Unpublished Thesis,

2014.

Zafar Ahmad Sultan and Arvind Kumar, “Structural

Change in India’s Exports: An Analysis”, Southern

Economist, Vol.47, No.16, Dec. 2008.

Nonformal Education: A Quality initiative

for children with special needs

L.D.Jody Bascarane

Research Scholar


Dr.P. Swarnakumari

Associate Professor & Research Guide


Holy Cross College (Autonomous),

Tiruchirappalli-620002

Abstract

Education is a powerful instrument of social change,

and often initiates upward movement in the social

structure thereby, helping to bridge the gap between

the different sections of society. However schools

Period R2 F t ESS Decis

ion Pre Reform Period

97.1 892.262 26.311 1.012 Rejected Null Hypothesis

Post Reform Period

99. 1 2370.358 48.686 0.392

Whole Period 99.4 7417.344 86.124

1.796

Source: Monthly Statistics of Foreign Trade of India.

Figures in brackets indicate percentage change.


alone cannot provide quality basic education for ‘all’.

The global progress made towards Education for All

(EFA) since the World Education Forum in 2000 has

arguably been significant, particularly with regard to

enrolment and gender parity at primary level. Yet,

there were more than 57 million out-of-school

children of primary age worldwide in 2011 . At least

another 69 million young adolescents were not

attending primary or secondary school, due to the

multiple and often inter-connected disadvantages

they face, such as poverty, rural location, gender bias,

disability and social discrimination. .

The educational scene in the country has undergone

major change over the years, resulting in better

provision of education and better educational practice

for the disabled. There are over 70 million disabled

people in India. This is about 6 percent of its

population. The population of the mentally disabled –

comprising mental retardation, cerebral palsy and

multiple disabilities – is estimated at 17 percent of the

disabled population and 0.32 percent of the total

population. The mentally retarded constitute 5.37

percent of the disabled population while those with

cerebral palsy and multiple disabilities account for

1.48 percent and 10.63 percent respectively. Overall,

more males are disabled than females.. The proportion

of disabled children in developing countries is

generally higher than developed countries. Disability

is a physical or mental impairment that interferes with

the performance of activities expected of an

individual of a certain age. Many disabled people

have demonstrated the capacity to excel in

professional courses, but their employment percentage

in comparison is still as dismal as 0.4 percent. There

is an urgent need to assimilate them in the work force

to enable them to live a life with dignity and

contribute to the GNP. Disability needs to be taken as

an issue of social and economic development.

This paper explores the avenues for providing

education to the Children with Special Needs

( CWSN) through varied non formal approaches.

Keywords: Non formal education; special children;

interventions

Introduction

It is increasingly recognized that school alone cannot

provide quality basic education for ‘all’. The global

progress made towards Education for All (EFA) since

the World Education Forum in 2000 has arguably

been significant, particularly with regard to enrolment

and gender parity at primary level. Yet, there were

more than 57 million out-of-school children of

primary age worldwide in 20111 . At least another 69

million young adolescents were not attending primary

or secondary school, due to the multiple and often

inter-connected disadvantages they face, such as

poverty, rural location, gender bias, disability and

social discrimination. Moreover, the current structure

of formal education in many countries in itself

excludes specific groups of children. To uphold the

right to education of those who are not enrolled in

schools, diverse forms of provision through different

learning pathways are required. Non-formal education

is one such pathway. Characterized by a high degree

of flexibility and openness to change and innovation

in its organization, pedagogy and delivery modes,

non-formal education caters to diverse and context-

specific learning needs of children, young people and

adults worldwide. It thereby involves a wide range of

stakeholders, including educational establishments,

the private sector, non-governmental organizations

and public institutions (UNICEF/UIS, 2014). Non-

formal education has evolved over past decades and

regained currency in recent years in the light of

changing educational and developmental landscapes

(Council of Europe, 2003; Rogers, 2004; Hoppers,

2006, 2007b; Rose, 2009; UNESCO Bangkok, 2012;

UNESCO and UNICEF, 2013). The notion, if not its

practice, of non-formal education emerged in the

global education discourse in the late 1960s, out of a

recognition that formal education was in a state of

disarray (Coombs, 1968). The concept of lifelong

learning put forward by the ‘Faure Report’

(UNESCO, 1972) expanded the understanding of

traditional education which until then had been

limited to formal schooling. Since the early 1970s,

many typologies of education or learning have

assumed three forms of education, of which non-

formal education is one, together with formal and

informal education (Coombs & Ahmed, 1973;

European Commission, 2001; UIS, 2012). ‘A massive

outburst of interest’ emerged regarding non-formal

education during the 1970s and the 1980s (King,

1982; Rogers, 2004). However, this has significantly

diminished since the late 1980s, when the

international community increased its focus on

schooling as a dominant means of learning. In

parallel, less positive characteristics of non-formal

education have been highlighted. Non-formal

education tends to comprise small-scale, short-term

programmes with limited funding, which sometimes

limits its impact and sustainability and raises the

question of quality and effectiveness. Non-formal

programmes may not always be aligned with broader

national education and development policies, or

demands from the world of work, and quite often they

do not induce learners to continue their education

formally. Thus, non-formal education tends to be

perceived as somewhat inferior to formal education.


In today’s increasingly inter-connected, globalised,

and technologically advanced societies within which

lifelong learning takes place, internationally agreed

goals, notably the EFA goals and the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs), have provided new

contexts for non-formal education. Non-formal

education has become a policy focus of the

international community, mainly due to the following

recognition.

Multiple types of non-formal education exist which

can be adapted for specific learning needs of

individuals and populations in different conditions.

Particularly, in the context of achieving the EFA goals

and the MDGs, non-formal education’s elastic, and

context specific approaches are appropriate and useful

in fulfilling the right to education of the marginalized

and those populations with special learning needs.

While schooling remains an important means for

providing basic education, non-formal education can

reach learners who lack access to formal education or

cannot complete full cycle of basic education.

Along with formal and informal learning, non-formal

education constitutes an integral part of lifelong

learning towards which many countries are shifting

their policy focus. This recognition has been

accompanied by national efforts to explore potential

roles of non formal education in their education

systems and the way in which non-formal education

can be related to formal education

The innovative nature of non-formal education to

develop human capabilities, improve social cohesion

and to create responsible future citizens has

increasingly been recognized. With reforms to

improve school curricula taking place across the

world, non formal education has proven to be

effective for critical pedagogy and innovative

approaches, going beyond the two pillars of learning,

‘learning to know’ and ‘learning to do,’ that used to

be the main focus of formal education in the past, to

also include the other two pillars - ‘learning to be’ and

‘learning to live together’ (Delors, 1996)

.There have emerged heightened individual and

societal expectations of the positive impact of non-

formal education on economic productivity. Providing

learning opportunities for those who partially or

completely missed formal basic education could

potentially lead to higher social productivity and thus

greater economic growth. It is in this context that this

paper intends to explore the potential of non-formal

education to meet learning needs of out-of-school

children and adolescents, based on country and

regional reports produced by the UNICEF-UIS Global

Initiative on Out-of-School Children.

Need For Non Formal Education In India

The right to basic education is a widely considered

fundamental human right and it is an essential pre-

condition for the progress of the nation. The

existing formal education system has not been able

to cater to the needs of the Indian population. The

Constitution of India, in Article 45, mentions

compulsory primary education for all children upto

fourteen years of age. This has not been possible

even after 52 years of independence. This has

created the need for a new revised educational

system concentrated mainly on the rural poor who

are outside the mainstream of formal education.

The new system is known as Non-Formal

Education; it is outside the formal education

programmes. It imparts continuous education to the

participants irrespective of their age, sex and

educational background. NFE has varied contents-

socio-economic, political and cultural factors and

all are closely connected.

The scope of NFE covers activities ranging from

simple memorization to the learning of

complicated technologies. It covers all areas of

formal education including rural development,

nutrition, health, family planning and agriculture.'

It enriches the learning received through formal

education. It exploits the available time and interest

of the individual in bringing out the inherent

knowledge, so that the individual can improve his

or her conditions of living.

The methods followed by NFE are mainly learner-

oriented and based on dialogue between learner and

educator. Non-Formal Education has certain

differences from informal education. The

International Council for Educational Development

(ICED) has drawn the following valuable

distinction between Non-Formal Education and

informal learning: By informal education we mean

the truly, life-long process whereby every

individual acquires attitudes, values, skills and

knowledge from daily experience and the educative

influences and resources in his or her environment-

from family and neighbours, from work and play,

from the market place, the library and the mass

media. .

We define Non-Formal Education as any

organized educational activity outside the

established formal system-whether operating

separately or as an important feature of some

broader activity-that is intended to serve


identifiable learning clienteles and learning

objectives.

Non-Formal Education covers all the important

educational objectives of imparting knowledge and

skills.

The history of NFE in India shows that Non-Formal

Education was used in the early Vedic period without

using the name. The present nomenclature and

concept came to India in early seventies when at the

UNESCO-sponsored seminar, the out-of-school

education was stressed as a strategy of ever-eluding

objective of Universal Elementary Education.~ At the

seminar, the term 'Informal Education' was proposed.

But the participants rejected it because it had the

connotation of incidental educative purpose.

Therefore, a new term Non-Formal Education was

proposed and accepted. Thirty years after the seminar,

it bears wider meaning and its area spread from the

least extreme of literacy to the last stage of media

education. The classic definition of NFE developed in

1973 by P. H. Coombs and A. Ahmed is "any

organised activities outside the established formal

system-whether operating separately or an important

feature of some broader activity-that is intended to

serve identifiable learning clienteles and learning

objectives."" Then later a number of Indian as well as

foreign educationists defined the term with necessary

alterations.

In 1974 the report of Ministry of Education, India,

clarifies that: Non-Formal Education is meant to

cover various educational needs of non-school going

children or 'drop-outs', these programmes are

supposed to be differentiated based on conditions

prevailing in various environments, oriented to help

children to improve their work, earnings, health,

family life, understanding of the natural and social

surroundings etc. In 1978, the document of UNESCO

Regional Office at Bangkok mentions the following

general objectives of Non-Formal Education

programmes:

(a) To promote awareness through pre-literacy

education and acceptance of learning as a means to

individual and national development;

(b) To provide equal educational opportunities for all,

and through them more equitable distributions of

gains and employment avenues;

(c) To establish national infrastructural needs and

provide manpower;

(d) To make communities self-reliant through

improved management skills involving them in

planning, organization and implementation of the

programme;

(e) To effect transfer of technology to more need-

based area of activity;

(f) To mobilize existing unpotential local resources

in the community;

(g) To promote programmes for Non-Formal

Education directly linked to productive skill and

tangible gains.'

The concept of NFE was developed in relation to less

developed countries. The villages in India suffer from

inadequate education facilities and so the rural masses

are systematically discriminated with the benefit of

development. Indian educationists and economists

think about the practicability of it. According to

Malcom S. Adiseshaiah , the NFE is wide ranging

because it comprehends all learning outside the

formal system, and has no parameters of time and

space. It can be classified for pre-school, non-school

and under school children in the age group 1-15, and

for youth and adults, unschooled under schooled

needing new additional skills in the age group 15-60.

Non-formal learning can be classified by the learning

content involved into these organized activities where

the major emphasis is on general education, and also

those where the content is mainly vocational.

According to Aravind Chandra et al., "education is

imparted in a free atmosphere, without the rigidity of

rules and regulations associated with school or college

education, it is termed as Non-Formal Education.".

The academic objectives of NFE are clustered around

dropouts from formal education, functional illiterates,

unemployed and underemployed youths and adults.

There are a number of educational activities and

programmes that can be termed as NFE including

literacy, adult education, distance education, open

university, extension activities, including those of

agriculture, health, population education etc. Thus the

process of education provided to the child or adult or

any group, which is structured but outside the formal

education is normally called Non-Formal Education.

As for the objectives of Non-Formal Education, Dr.

Shirur says, "the objectives of Non-Formal Education

are to provide basic knowledge and skills, practice

and attitudes necessary for each group to become

conscious of their needs and problems and to learn to

achieve their individual and social goals."" The above

descriptions prove that Non-Formal Education has

become a medium for social change as the knowledge

and skills are needed urgently. Thus the process of

education provided to the child or adult or any group,

which is structured but outside the formal education is

normally called Non-Formal Education.

Various Intervention Services through Non-

Formal Approach For Cwsn


Special education intervention services through non-

formal approach:-

As per the United Nation Millennium developmental

goal-the goal of education for all, using this goal

every child should get education, but children with

disabilities need to be provided education whether in

formal or non formal approach, and mostly children

with severe disabilities are unable to get proper

education services because of the health condition and

socio economic status of their family. Most of the

children with severe disabilities are not able to get

education intervention in early stages which may

leads to drop out, learning difficulties, and due to poor

health condition, lack of knowledge and awareness.

For such children with special need, education can

be provided through non formal approach through

distances education with support of National open

school, Open University, home based special

education services, bridge school for various type of

disabilities.

Providing special education will be healthier rather

than normal education. Hence there is the need of

special education through non formal approach for

children with severe disabilities to cope with normal

children. And most of the children with severe

disabilities are unable to go to a normal school and

hence drop out, It can be implemented by National

open schooling, bridge school, home based

educational intervention through C.B.R approach

using ABA, TEACH, PECS, Calendar system.

The special educator helps the children with severe

disabilities to learn the ADL, Academic, social,

recreational skills through special education

intervention service through Non-formal approach.

Type of education intervention through non

formal approach:-

Home Based Education (HBE)

The education of children with severe

intellectual/physical disabilities can be in the

combination of home-based and alternate educational

settings to enable them to achieve independent living

skills. “Although, no evaluation/impact assessment

studies are available to gauge the efficacy of HBE

programmes, research highlights the following

advantages...”, the document lists these as “parents

become effective teachers”, “progress in overall

development” etc. However, the ‘research’ evidence

this document draws upon is not stated.

The justification put forth for HBE argues that

children attending these provisions will never respond

to the demands of an academic curriculum and require

alternatives, and they also need the support of a peer

group that is more like they are. “school preparedness

and preparation for life”. These inherent

contradictions remain overlooked in the rationale and

aims of the home based programme.Additionally, it is

unclear how parents, especially from low income

families, with little or no education and with other

pressing concerns of income generation will be

equipped to take on the role of parent-teachers.

Open and Distance Learning (ODL) intervention

through non formal approach:-

In other words, ODL democratizes education,

offers need based academic programmes, promotes

and takes quality education to people’s doorsteps.

Besides providing opportunities for relaxed entry and

exit regulations it offers flexibilities in selection of

courses, place of study and examination with full

freedom to pursue the courses at a self-determined

pace. Demographic, socio-economic, technology

dominated approach and cost- effectiveness are the

reasons for the fast growth and success of the system.

School education is an important segment of the

total educational system contributing significantly to

the individual as well as national development

process. So far, formal schooling has been playing a

major role in educating the children in the age group

6-18 years. However, due to rigidities of the formal

schooling system, quite a large number of school-

going-age children drop out at various stages of

school education. Moreover, due to socio-economic

and other reasons, many children belonging to

disadvantaged section of the society are not able to

take advantage of the formal schooling system. Today

the major challenges that India faces in the

educational arena are:

To provide a “safety net” to school drop-outs so

that they do not lapse into illiteracy and;

To provide education to those who cannot attend

conventional schools for a variety of socio-

economic reasons, as well as to those who missed

opportunities to complete school and

developmental education.

Home based model

Home based model made for children with

disabilities who cannot come or take a service from

hospital or institution or NGO’s. Who are very far

from the place where services are going on for the

disabilities, in this the service professional will go to

home and they will do survey for identifying the

disabilities and after finding disabilities they will

provide service with local resources.

Who needs such services?


Any child with impairment in remote village.

Children with long term illness.

Any child with impairment who cannot attend

school for reasons of migration of parents.

Any child who desire to continue life long

education

Home based physiotherapy intervention through non

formal approach:- Home based intervention given by

the professional physiotherapists

Mobile unit intervention services through non formal

approach for CWSN:- In mobile unit counseling session will be given and Special education services also will be provided through non formal way for rural and urban areas.

Early intervention services through non formal

approach for CWSN through CBR programme:-

Early intervention is a system of coordinated

services that promotes the child's growth and

development and supports families during the critical

early years. Intervention services for children with

special need through non-formal approach delivered

within the context of the family can:

Improve both developmental, social, and

educational gains;

Reduce the future costs of special education,

rehabilitation and health care needs;

Reduce feelings of isolation, stress and

frustration that families may experience;

Help alleviate and reduce behaviors by using

positive behavior strategies and interventions;

Help children with disabilities grow up to

become productive, independent individuals.

Family training - services provided by qualified

personnel to assist the family in understanding

the special needs of the child and in promoting

the child’s development.

Medical services - only for diagnostic or

evaluation purposes.

Nursing services - assessment of health status of

the child for the purpose of providing nursing

care, and provision of nursing care to prevent

health problems, restore and improve

functioning, and promote optimal health and

development. This may include administering

medications, treatments, and other procedures

prescribed by licensed physician.

Nutrition services - services that help address the

nutritional needs of children that include

identifying feeding skills, feeding problems,

food habits, and food preferences.

Occupational therapy - services that relate to

self-help skills, adaptive behavior and play, and

sensory, motor, and postural development.

Physical therapy - services to prevent or lessen

movement’s difficulties and related functional

problems.

Psychological services - administering and

interpreting psychological tests and information

about a child’s behavior and child and family

conditions related to learning, mental health and

development as well as planning services

including counseling, consultation, parent

training, and education programs.

Service coordination - someone who works in

partnership with the family by providing

assistance and services that help the family to

coordinate and obtain their rights under the Early

Intervention Program and services agreed upon

in the IFSP.

Social work services - preparing an assessment

of the social and emotional strengths and needs

of a child and family, and providing individual

or group services such as counseling or family

training.

Special instruction - includes designing learning

environments and activities that promote the

child’s development, providing families with

information, skills, and support to enhance the

child’s development.

Speech-language pathology - services for

children with delay in communication skills or

with motor skills such as weakness of muscles

around the mouth or swallowing.

Vision services - identification of children with

visual disorders or delays and providing services

and training to those children.

The benefits of Early Intervention: Many

participants emphasized the benefits of early

intervention, and considered these to include:

reduced public expenditure on the lifetime

costs of care and support for people with

disability

reduced public expenditure on welfare,

health services and other programs outside of

the disability services sector

greater independence for the individual with

disability

improved quality of life

improved health outcomes

reduced impairment, secondary disablement

and risk of injury

improved rehabilitation outcomes

improved school or educational performance


better employment outcomes, such as higher

employment and skill levels

greater community participation, reduced

community exclusion and reduced loss of

established networks

Lower criminality rates, reduced child abuse

and neglect notifications.

Reduced breakdown in family relationship.

The main components of the children with

Special Needs (CWSN) through non formal

approach.

Early Intervention

b. Preschool Special Education

c. Physically Handicapped Children

d. Children with Special Health Care

Needs

nursing services

nutrition services

social work services

vision services

assistive technology devices and

services

Preschool Special Education

This system serves children aged three to five

who are approved by their individual school

district’s Committee on Preschool Special

Education

If child received early intervention services as

an infant or toddler up to age three, and may still

need special education services, If preschool-age

child (3-5 years old) did not receive early

intervention services, but has some delays or lags

in development such as difficulty in talking,

moving around, thinking, or learning or is facing

physical or behavioral challenges professionals

who know your child, may make a referral to the

chairperson of school district's Committee on

Preschool Special Education (CPSE) who will

assist in completing the referral process.

The Committee must include: the parent of the

child, a regular education teacher (if the child is or

may be participating in the regular education

environment), a special education teacher or related

service provider, a representative of the local

school district who serves as the chairperson of the

CPSE, an individual who can interpret evaluation

results, other individuals who have knowledge or

special expertise about the child, an additional

parent member (unless the parent(s) of the child

request that this person not participate), and a

licensed or certified professional from the

Department of Health’s Early Intervention

Program.

Children with Special Health Care Needs

The Children with Special Health Care Needs

Program (CSHCN) is a statewide public health

program that provides information and referral

services for health and related areas for families of

SHCN. This program is a referral linkage system to

provide for those children from birth to 21 years of

age, who have or are suspected of having, a serious

or chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or

emotional condition and who require a health or

related service of a type or amount beyond what is

required by children generally.

The NYS Department of Health is committed to

achieving a statewide system of care for CSHCN

and their families that links them to appropriate

health and related services, identifies gaps and

barriers and assists in their resolution, and assures

access to quality health care. Eligibility is

determined by the county health units.

Intervention services for children with visual

impairment through Non-Formal approach:-

Education is the basic requirement and most

effective instrument of social empowerment.

Access to information is major problem for the

disabled in India. The Non formal system of

education is a viable solution to address the issue

of drop outs. The visually impaired person in

India till today depends on two primary sources

for their information. One is Braille books and

the other is support from peers. Intervention

services for drop out children with visual

impairment can be given with support of

community based organization and by C.B.R

Approach. The various services need for

children who are visually impaired are

mentioned below:

1. Distribution Braille materials

2. Mobility training.

Conclusion


The success of any education experience of a

person with disabilities depends mainly on

functional academic, pre-vocation and social

skills developed. However, for children with

special needs, this takes longer to actualize;

hence, more time is needed at home before

school enrolment. However, these children keep

growing out of school which creates a challenge

for eventual enrolment. Hence non formal

approaches could be advantageously used to fill

the gap in their journey through education and

thereby envisage a better quality of life for

children with special needs.

Bibliography

Abidi. J. (1999) Current status of employment

of disabled people in Indian industries. Asia

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resource / apdrj /z13j o0400/ z13 jo04 10.html

Bhola, H. (1983). Non-formal education in

perspective. Prospects. 13(1), 45-53

Brennan, B. (1997). Reconceptualizing non-

formal education. International Journal of

Lifelong Education. Vol 16, No.3 (May-June

1997), pp.185-200. London: Routledge

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it?; Paris: UNESCO.

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process of empowerment and social

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home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/cice/maz3-1.pdf.

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(2000) Literacy Watch Bulletin, 15, April.

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base/literacy/nrc_nfe/eng_bul/ BUL15.Pdf.

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education: a major educational force in the

postmodern era. Cambridge Journal of

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Winter,25,1. Retrieved from

http://www.dsqSdS.org/article/view/524/701.

FACTORS INFLUENCING IMPULSE

BUYING BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE

STUDENTS TOWARDS APPARELS IN

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI TOWN

M. Sumetha Research Scholar in Commerce

Dr.S. Vasanthi Associate Professor

Department of Commerce


Tiruchirappalli -2.

Abstract

Marketing practices keep on changing everyday as the

tastes and preferences of the consumers change

rapidly. Impulse buying is the spontaneous purchase

decision of consumers which is often made due

emotional instincts. Visual merchandising plays a

vital role in impulse buying behavior of consumer.

This study focuses on the motivational factors

influencing impulse buying and on the various display

methods used to attract the consumers. This study will

help the retailers to focus on attractive display

methods and promotional signage

http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/cice/maz3-1.pdf

http://www.dsqsds.org/article/view/524/701


Key Words: Impulse buying, display, emotional

reaction

Introduction

Marketing is the process which creates,

communicates, delivers the value to the customers and

maintains the relationship with customers. It is used to

identify the customer and keep the customer.

Marketing has become extremely competitive due to

globalization and the availability of more alternatives

to marketing practices which witnesses a significant

shift over the years. Well-defined marketing models

do not work anymore today. Marketing is increasingly

becoming complex as the economy grows and due to

consequent transformation that is taking place in the

outlook of the society. Such changing desires, needs

and wants are to be met and converted into

opportunities as far as a firm is concerned. Careful

planning is required for this: analysis of markets,

prediction of future demands, product planning,

choosing appropriate pricing policies, effective

distribution and creation of demand for products. This

can be undertaken only by performing certain

functions and adopting apt policies. Creation of

customers and their retention is possible only through

a related process of recognition, anticipation, creation,

stimulation and satisfaction of consumer demands.

Marketing itself has been changing considerably as

consumer’s tastes and preference are changing

rapidly. There are many innovative trends in

marketing like micro customer profiling, product

placements, mood marketing etc. Likewise, the

concept of impulse buying has been emerging in the

modern marketing.

Impulse buying is a spontaneous purchasing decision

often made on an emotional level without planning in

advance. Impulse buying is of different types and

factors. It differs from one person to another. It

depends upon each and every individuals taste and

preferences. Even the shopping behavior among men

and women differs on many levels. The concept

impulse buying has changed with the context of

widening choice for the customer. Consumers also

buy impulsively and beyond their needs, sometimes

instead of just ration and rational buying. Today’s

fierce competition and the similarity of merchandise

force each segment of the fashion industry to utilize

visual merchandising to improve the desirability of

products. Apparel retailers, especially, place more

importance on visual merchandising to differentiate

their offerings from others’. Researchers found that

impulse buyers usually do not set out with the specific

purpose of visiting a certain store and purchasing a

certain item, the behavior occurs after experiencing an

urge to buy and such behaviors are influenced by

internal states and external factors. Research findings

suggest that impulse buying accounts for substantial

sales across a broad range of product categories. Since

impulse buying is a pervasive aspect of consumers’

behaviors and a focal point for strategic marketing

plans it is worthwhile for retailers to understand

factors within the retail setting that trigger consumers’

impulsive reactions. Retailers can help customers to

find the right products through focused

merchandising, intelligent store design and layout,

and other visual merchandising practices, such as

product displays, packaging, and signage.

Statement of the Problem

Consumer is the king of modern marketing.

Consumer market for fashion apparel has become

more diverse by designer brands, store brands,

personalization, advertising and ethnicity in the global

marketplace. The present study attempts to know the

impulse buying behavior of college students towards

apparels. The researcher attempts to analyze the

various factors which influence them to go for such an

unplanned purchase of apparels. This research

attempts to study the nature of impulse buying and to

understand the underlying motivational factors behind

impulse buying.

Objectives

1. To examine the relationship between college

students’ apparel impulse buying behaviors and

common external factors that trigger impulse

buying.

2. To study about influence of window display, in-

store form and floor merchandising.

3. To study the impact of promotions in apparel

industry.

Significance of the Study

With increasing competition, retailers strive to

ensure that their stores are appealing to their target

markets. As retailers are finding it increasingly

difficult to create differential advantage on the basis

of merchandise alone, the store itself plays an

important role for market differentiation. The

correlation between consumer’s beliefs about the

physical attractiveness of a store and patronage

intentions suggests that the visual aspect of the store

may be significant in relation to the consumer’s

choice of a store and buying behavior. This study will

also provide insights to retailers about types of visual

merchandising that can influence consumer’s impulse

buying behaviors.

Research Methodology: This study is based on the

descriptive method of research. The researcher has set

specific objectives to draw definite conclusion. It

describes the various motivating factors that induce

impulsive buying behavior of apparels among the

college students. A well-structured questionnaire was

set to collect data from the selected respondents for

this study.

Sampling Design: The researcher has adopted

convenient sampling method due in short period of

time.

Sample size: The sample size is hundred. Data was

collected from the respondents through self-

administered questionnaire.


Scope of the Study

The main scope of the study is to gather information

about the impulse buying behavior of college students

towards apparels; this study will enable us to know

the impulse buying level of consumers on different

dimensions. This study will be helpful for the

companies who are in this business segment of

apparels. The study examines the determinants of

consumer behavior and their impact on purchase

intentions towards fashion apparel. The study on

impulse buying behavior of consumers has a future

scope not only for apparels but also for many other

products.

Null Hypothesis

1. College students who purchase on impulse

are not influenced by window displays.


are not influenced by in-store

Form/mannequin display.


are not influenced by floor merchandising.


are not influenced by promotional signage.

Limitations

1. The study is confined only to 100 samples

on account of shorter period of time.

2. The sample was geographically limited

and the age range was narrow. Data

Collected in other areas may produce

different results. 3. The study was limited to a quantitative

method. The survey asked participants to

answer the questions based on their recent

impulse buying experiences as long as they

were aware of their behavior and influences.

However, the qualitative research methods

may bring different results

Impulse Buying

Impulse buying is a term used to describe a

spontaneous purchasing decision often made on

an emotional level rather than a logical one.

Impulse buying is a phenomenon that is widely

recognized in the western part of the world. It is

defined as any purchase which a shopper makes

but has not planned in advance. This definition is

further elaborated by Piron who proposed a

comprehensive yet specific definition that

includes the following components

The purchase is unplanned.

It results from an exposure to stimuli.

It is decided on the spot

It includes cognitive/emotional reaction.

Classification of Impulse Buying

The impulse buying behavior is further classified into

four types: Pure; Suggestion; Reminder; Planned

Analysis and Interpretations

Distribution of the respondents and their various

dimensions of impulse buying behavior

1 Influence of window

display

No of

respondents

Percentage of

respondents

Low 37 37.0

High 63 63.0

Mean: 10.71 / Median: 12.00 / S.D.: 2.942 / Min.: 3 / Max.: 15

2 Influence of in-store form/ Mannequin display

Low 37 37.0

High 63 63.0


3 Influence of floor merchandising

Low 45 45.0

High 55 55.0


4 Influence of promotional signage

Low 40 40.0

High 60 60.0


5 Overall impulse buying behavior

Low 34 34.0

High 66 66.0


Inference

The above table shows that majority (63 per cent)

of the respondents agreed that they were greatly

influenced by window display and remaining 37

per cent of the respondents were influenced at a

low level.


of the respondents agreed that they are greatly

influenced by in-store form/ Mannequin display

and remaining 37 per cent of the respondents were

influenced at a low level.



influenced by floor merchandising and remaining

45 per cent of the respondents were influenced at a

low level.



influenced by promotional signage and remaining

40 per cent of the respondents were influenced at a

low level.


Thus, the above table infers that among the various

dimensions of impulse buying window display (63%)

and in-store form (63%) has a greater impact than

promotional signage (60%) and floor merchandising

(55%).

INTER - CORRELATION MATRIX

Impulse

buying

Influence of

window

display

Influence of instore form/ Mannequin display

Influence of floor

merchand

ising

Influence of promotional signage

Overall impulse

buying

behaviour

Impulse

buying 1

.513

(**)

.655

(**) .324(**) .502(**) .793(**)

Influence of

window display

.513(**) 1 .653

(**) .456(**) .452(**) .775(**)

Influence of

in-store

form/

Mannequin

display

.655(**) .653(**)

1 .479(**) .501(**) .852(**)

Influence of floor

merchandi

sing

.324(**) .456

(**)

.479

(**) 1 .516(**) .682(**)

Influence of

promotiona

l signage

.502(**) .452

(**)

.50 1

(**) .516(**) 1 .777(**)

Overall impulse

buying

behaviour

.793(**) .775

(**)

.852

(**) .682(**) .777(**) 1

n 100 100 100 100 100 100

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level

Null hypothesis: There is no significant

relationship between Impulse buying, Influence

of window display, Influence of in-store form/

Mannequin display, Influence of floor

merchandising, Influence of promotional signage

of the respondents and their overall impulse

buying behavior

Research hypothesis

There is significant relationship between

impulse buying, Influence of window display,

Influence of in-store form/ Mannequin display,

Influence of floor merchandising, Influence of

promotional signage of the respondents and their

overall impulse buying behavior.

Statistical test: Karl Pearson coefficient

correlation test was used

Findings

The above table shows there is a highly

significant relationship between Impulse buying,

Influence of window display, Influence of in-

store form/ Mannequin display, Influence of

floor merchandising, Influence of promotional

signage of the respondents and their overall

impulse buying behavior. Hence, the calculated

value is less than table value. So the research

hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis

rejected.

Suggestions

As impulse buying behavior was strongly related

to emotional reactions and behavior despite of

the possible fact that it might have been more

likely influenced by external factors, the type of

influence/response was somewhat difficult to

determine by the survey questionnaires. If

consumers were aware of their responses to

various situations, the influence of different

factors/events could have been directly

examined. Therefore, combination of

quantitative and qualitative research methods

(e.g., observational or experimental research

methods) is recommended for future research.

In addition, since impulse buying is a

phenomenon in a modern society, expended

research with various demographical and

geographical groups as well as influences of

visual merchandising in various non-store

formats are recommended.

Conclusion

Impulse buying is a sudden and immediate

purchase with no pre-shopping intentions either

to buy the specific product or to fulfill a specific

buying task. Researchers have attempted to

determine if consumers’ who frequently engage

in impulse buying behavior have some common

personality traits. This study further investigated

some external factors that influence impulse

buying behavior. In an attempt to examine this


relationship, this study primarily tried to explain

the relationship between college students’

impulse buying behavior and various types of

visual merchandising. An important finding of

this study was that visual merchandising

practices certainly influence college students’

impulse buying behavior. The results proved that

there were significant relationships between college

students’ impulse buying behavior and in-store

form/mannequin display and promotional signage.

Even though the window display and floor

merchandising did not appear to significantly lead to

college students’ impulse buying behavior, the results

still suggested that these variables and consumers’

impulse buying behavior are significantly correlated.

It can be agreed that all four types of visual

merchandising (i.e., window display, in-store

form/mannequin display, floor merchandising, and

promotional signage) are significantly interrelated and

that relationship generates the influences on

consumers’ impulse buying behavior. The result of

the present study proves that there is a pivotal

relationship between college students’ impulse buying

behaviors and two types of visual merchandising

practices: in-store form/mannequin display and

promotional signage. When consumers are exposed to

these visual stimuli, they more likely make purchase

decisions on impulse. This suggests that these

visual merchandising practices, serving as stimuli

provoke a desire that ultimately motivates a consumer

to make an unplanned purchase decision upon

entering the store, significantly influence consumers’

impulse buying behaviors.

In-store browsing appears to be positively affected by

consumers’ impulse buying tendency, and in turn, has

a positive impact on consumers’ positive feelings and

impulse buying urges. Despite the importance of this

relationship, visual merchandising, which was

relevant of browsing, has received minimal attention

from researchers. This study showed usefulness of

visual merchandising in understanding impulse

buying.

Bibliography

Adya Sharma, (2009) “The influence of families

and peer based reference group decisions’’.

Journal of consumer research vol2 pp 198-211

. Beatty and Ferrell, (1998) Impulse buying:

Modeling its precursors. Journal of Retailing, 74

(2), 169-191.

Cobb and Hoyer, (1986) Planned versus impulse

purchase behavior. Journal of Retailing, 62, 384-

409.

Dr. N. Rajan Nair “Marketing”, Sultan Chand

& Sons., New Delhi 7th

edition 1993.

Halpern, ( 1989) Thought and Knowledge: An

Introduction to Critical Thinking, 2nd

edition.,

Erlbaum Publishing, Hillsdale, NJ.

Kotwal Gupta, Devi, (2008) impact of television

advertisements on buying pattern of adolescent

girls journal of social sciences 16(1) :51-55

Philip Kotler, “Marketing Management”, Sultan

Chand & Son’s Publishers, New Delhi, 5th

edition 2001

Body quotient: With special reference to

Siddhars of Tamil Nadu.

Saghayamary A

Associate professor and Librarian


Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu

Abstract

This paper brings to light the knowledge hidden

amidst a few chosen ones. The author highlights the

element of conquering death in her references, as

body quotient.

Key Words: Siddhars of Tamil Nadu, Body quotient,

Conquer death, Varma, Six energy centers

Introduction: Modern science speaks of memory in

the brain as well as body memory. Body has a

memory that forms the child in the womb in a correct

proportion and manner, even through the mind be

illiterate in terms of education concerning the organs

and its functionality. There are many studies that are

evolving today concerning the body memory and

body quotient. This paper attempts to explore the

meaning of body quotient and its understanding from

ancient literature of Tamil Siddhars, whose literature

which is available since 8000 BC.


Siddhars and their knowledge concerning the body

intellegence.

Siddhars (Sages in Tamil race) who lived solitary life

to obtain certain body intelligence in Tamil nadu had

written and kept these techniques for the future

generations. They are not passed down as literature,

but through guru disciple method of learning

The purpose of their life was the following:

To conquer death and live eternally

To seek God in their body

To delight in spiritual knowledge or grace of God

To become experts in yogic science and medicine

To obtain special powers to create, to protect and to

destroy

To pass on special powers to the disciples who were

morally upright, sincere and selfless. They were

very careful to teach the upright otherwise they can

also destroy the good people for their selfish

motives.

To learn astrological powers and teach people how

to integrate their body and their life accordingly.

They taught the importance of body and its

intelligence. ‘Tuning one’s body enables its

intelligence ‘they said. They had found

significant energy centers in the body. Through

activating them the universal energy was allowed

in their body and turn that gave them, power over

nature. The important techniques that they taught

are discussed here.

They had taught four important arts they are

Thodu varman (A Touch that attacks)

Padu varman ( Attack through pressure)

Thattu Varman (Tapping that attacks )

Nooku Varman (Attack others through look)

They had described six energy centres

Moolatharam; Swathittam; Manipooragam

Annagathan; Visuthi; Angnai

Verma Art: It undoes the powers in the nerve

centers, nerve nodes and between bone junctions.

Verma centers exist in junctions of nerves or nodes,

where the power is accumulated. Using these

techniques they undo the powers, and make the body

parts inactive or immobilized.

The verma points that exist in the body are as follows.

Each point has its specific name and its nature and the

method of approach.

Head region has 37 verma points; Chest region has

17 verma points; Front of body has 15 verma points;

Spine and around has 10 verma points; Front side of

hand has 9 verma points; Back side of the hand has 8

verma points;

Front of leg has 19 verma points; Back of the leg has

13 verma points; Back of the body has 8 verma

points;

The above postures (Mudhras ) are mentioned in

the siddhars literature. Elephant mudhra; Shakthi

mudhra; Horse mudhra; Wheel mudhra; Conch

mudhra; Above wrist (leg ) mudhra; Pancha

mudhra; Sarpa mudhra; Using these body postures

in a particular direction and force they had healed

diseases, saved people from attacks of enemy and

animals.

There are a few places like Kanchipuram,

Tiruchirappalli this art is being taught, with much

discipline.

Thodu varman (Attack through touch): They touch

the node gently and make the energy junction

inactive. This helps one to be healed of one’s disease.

There are touches to heal, touches to attack and

protect one.

Thattu varmam ( attack through tapping): It is

ministered for healing as well as to protect oneself.

The practitioner exercises the tapping of various

nodes for corresponding disease. It looks like a

miracle that it heals but it is true.

Padu varman: (attack by pressure) It is practised

mainly to protect oneself from enemy and from the

attack of animals.

Nooku varman (Attack through look). It is done by

the advanced practitioners where they attack others

through their looking. The eye is used to push the

person away to put off the fire and make the enemy

act in way one desires. A few artisans are still alive

and are practising this art. It needs years of training

and personal discipline.

Body Forms In Tamil Literature:

The siddhars divide the body as follows;

PHYSICAL BODY:

The dense body

Micro body

Pranamaya kosam (Air layer of the body)


Manomaya kosam (Manas – Thought body/

Aura body)

Vinzana Kosam ( Ether body)

Anandhamaya Kosam (Spiritual body)

(When a person dies they believe only the

PHYSICAL BODY is dead, all other bodies stay

alive)

Energy Centres And Activating Them Through

Breath Control And Its Rhythms

The most ancient siddhar called Agasthiar who seems

to have lived in 8000BC whose literature speaks of

this energy centres and many others too have

practised and have written in Tamil literature. The

literature is like a manual which explains fully the

intricacies of these techniques. The following

siddhars have explained in detail the techniques what

they followed and lived in their life especially most of

them without having faced death of the body.

They are Agappai siddhar, Amukanni siddhar,

Arunachala guru, Aathinathar, Iramalinga adigal,

Idaikattu siddhar, Romarishi, Ovaiyaar, Kadaipillai

siddhar, Kamala munivar, Kannanandhar, Kavuvolar,

Kalluli siddhar, Kalai kottar, Kasu pusundar,

Kaalaangenathar, Kuthambai siddhar, Sutha numivar,

Kailaasa nathar, Koormanandar, Konganar, Korakkar,

Saattai muninathar, Sundarananandar,

Sachithanandar, Sagothara nathar, Sangali siddhar,

Guru Gnanasambathar, Subramaniayar, Dhanvandhri,

Thayumanavar, Thirumoolar, Punnakku siddhar,

Thathuvarayar, Thiruvalluvar, Sesayougi,

Pattinathaar, Pathiragiriar, pathanjaliyaar, Pambatti

siddhar, Yogamanunivar, Machanunivar, Mathurai

vaalaisamy, Noondi siddhar, Vedandha siddhar, and

other small siddhar in Tamil literature explain the

minute details of how to practise these siddhis

(Powers).

six energy centres in the body

Tamil siddhars, called these six centres as source,

primary centres,

fundamentals and cause.

Apart from the physical body

they believed in micro body

which

is made of nano or micro

particles which activate the

movements and execute

functions in each organ.

These six centres are as follows.

Moolatharam; Swathittaanam; Manipooragam

Annagathan; Visuthi;

Ang-gai

There is a particular syllable of sound they call that as

mandra of that particular centre. We note here the

cenre, its position, the mandra its uses and their

corresponding references from Tamil literature.

Energy

centre

Place

located

in the

body

Organic

Formation of the

centre

Forms

explained in

terms of

petals

Syllabai

(sound)

that

activates

the energy

centre

Colour

that

exhibits

during

meditation

Moolatha

ram

Tip of

spinal

cord

Four petals Va, sa, sha Yellow

Swathitta

anam

Sexual

organ

Bones, skin,

flesh, nerves,

hair

Six petals Pa, ma, ya,

ra, la

White

Manipoor

agam

Nerval

area

Blood, brain,

bone marrow,

water, semen

Ten

petals

Ta, tta,

nam tha,

na, pa

Red

Ananagat

ham

Heart

area

Food, sleep,

fear, sloth

Twelve

petals

Ka, nga,

sa, jha, ta

Black

Vusuthi Neck Standing,

running,

dancing, sitting,

lying

Sixteen

petals

Tamil

alphebets

(oyir)

Grey

Ang-gai In

Between

eyebrows

Sex, desire,

selflessness

Two petals Ha, sha gold

CENTRE: MOOLATHARAM

It is source of all other centres.

Place: Tip of the Spinal cord

area, between anus and

reproductive organ.

Mandra: “vang – sing” to be

used while breath in – breath out

Function of the energy centre:

activates all other centres and co

ordinates them.

References from Tamil literature:

*Konganar says that one could see light at this

centre. If one practices this under guidance one gets

the eight powers (Atamasiddhi )

*Pogar says that if one practises the syllable Vang –

Sing while breathing in and breathing out Diamond

like light is seen in the beginning and then It turns

into green. The person who practises this will never


see death, the physical body would be transformed

into radiating light body.

*Pathiragiriyaar says that you become like God, with

the attributes and goodness of God will enter in

them.

Thirumoolar says in Sivayogaa saaram 3 –

Anupoothi 7, that your micro body will extend in the

universe, you could go from one place to the other,

it understands the direct knowledge receiving from

the universe.

*Pattinathaar in his poems explains as follows: I had

wasted my years, without discovering the God in the

moolaharam

CENTRE : SWATHINAATAM :

This Means that body is made of five

basic elements of the earth.

Place: four inches from anus

Syllable: pa, ma, ya, ra, va

Function: Pleasure, or eternal bliss


1. I have wasted my life without finding God in my

own lotus petals says Pattinathaar

2. Karaikal siddhar says that in order to receive

wisdom, to conquer our egoistic tendencies, we

should reduce our talking and thinking meditates

on swathinaatam.

3. When will I get the silence of words and thoughts..

says pattinathar, as I am practicing swathinaatam

4. Karaikal siddhar says to talk is to blather; the wise

tongue is silence and seeking the grace to meditate

on this centre.

CENTRE :

MANIPOORAGAM

MEANING: Split Gem

PLACE: Navel area

Mandra syllable:

sang- gili-mang

Function: peace,

prosperity


1. I have lost my living and intelligence without

seeking God in manipooragam..says Patinathaar

2. When am I going to realize God in Manipooragam..

yearns Pathiragiriyar.

CENTRE : ANAGATHAM

means rising sun

PLACE: heart region

MANDRA: SING-SING

FUNCTION: Controls situation, removes grey hair,

gives sleep, removes fear

References from Tamil:

* I have been cofused without finding God in my heart

anagatham laments Patinathaar

* Pathirigar says, when to worship God in three letters

with triangle in Anagatham..

*Athi nathar says that he has found God in Anagatham

CENTRE : VISUTHI

PLACE: neck

MANDRA: va while breathing

or vang- gili- yang while

breathing in and out


1. God for this centre is Mageswaran.. so he says,

without seeking Mageswaran I was upset.. said

Pathinathar

2. If you want to become Raja rishi breath vang- gili-

yang

They talk about 10 types of air in the world

Prana (Uir kaartru); Carbondioxide (Malakarrtru)

Air that produces sound (Oli karrtru); Forceful air

with activity (Thozhir karrtru); Breeze (Niavuk

kaartru); Air from eyes (Vizhi Kaartru); Interrupted

air (Imai kaartru) from the eyelids; Sneezed air

(Thummetrz Kaartru); Yawning air (Kottavi kaartru);

Healing breeze (Veengartz Kaartru)

CENTRE : ANG-GAI

PLACE: In between eye brows

Mandra: yang – ham- ya

Function: Helps to live I crore year and helps to live

without desires

References from Tamil Literature:

1. Pattinathar says “because I have not seen the ONE

in between my eye brows, I am still seeing

through my eyes...

2. Pathirakiriyar says, don’t think mouna yogam

(Silent yoga) is hard. If you keep your


concentration in between your eyebrows you will

get God dharshan..

3. If this energy centre opens one hears the following

ten sounds from within:

a. Sound of a bell (Mani),

b. Sound of sea (Kadal)

c. Sound of elephant screaming (Yaanai)

d. Pullanguzhal (One instrument tamils play

made out of Bambo)

e. Screening of insect (Vandu)

f. Screeming of butterfly (Thumbi)

g. Sangu (Big sea shell’s inside echo)

h. Peerigai

i. Yaazh (One musical instrument music)

j. Micro sounds:

4. If one practices day in and day night maximum

time for twenty eight days one sees light in

between the eye brow, and others see him/her

soul.

CENTRE : SAGASWARAM

PLACE: top of the heart (Soft area like coin size)

Deeply connected to

Moolatharam.

Functions: it has 1000 Petel

flower

Death less body as well as the

physical body would turn to

radiating body transcending

physical body and lives

eternally

And will get power to control the universe


1. Thirumoolar thiru mandiram

Subramaniayar Gnanam 52 says light amidst 1000

petals, connected to my anus the source of all, and

saw God in a thousand petal Lotus as his throne.

2. Agathiyar says in Panchatsaram- 6 says that he met

God in this energy centre

3. Thiruvalluvar says in naathaantha saaram 35 , if

you focus your attention on this energy centre, you

will see God, become God like and live eternally

CONCLUSION:

Siddhars had spent all their life seeking for Divine

Wisdom and transmitting their knowledge through

guru-disciple relationship. They were careful not to

teach all because it has the power to create and

destroy. Only after testing a person for many years

from outside and from intuitive knowledge they

decided to teach someone morally upright and God

fearing these techniques. There are siddhars living

in Tamilnadu, who are capable of demonstrating

most of the above discussed matters. They may not

live in amidst us rather they live in temples and in

forests.

Bibliography

1. Agathiyar; Gnana kaviyam (mfj;jpah;: Qhdfhtpak; - 1000)

2. Arunachala Guru; Nijantha pootham;

(mUzhr;ry FU: ep[hde;j Nghjk) 3. Iramalinga Adigal; Marai (,uhkypq;fh;: kiw) 4. Ovaiyar Kural 310 (Xsitahh; - Fws; 310) 5. Kasupusundar; Kural venba (fhRGRz;lh;:

Fws;ntz;gh 16) 6. Dhanvandhri- Gnanasaithanyam 21 (jd;te;jhp

Qhdirjd;ak; 21) 7. Thirumoolam- Gnna upathesam 30 (jpU%yk; -

QhdcgNjrk; 30) 8. Thirumanthiram 3000 (jpUke;jpuk; 3000) 9. Thiruvalluvar; Thirukural (jpUts;Sth; :

jpUf;Fws;) 10. Patinathar; arul pulambal (gl;bdj;jhh;: mUs;

Gyk;gy;) 11. Patjorakiriyaar; Gnana Pulambal (gj;jpufphpahh;:

QhdGyk;gy;) 12. Ugamunivar; Thiruvasagam (AfKdpth;:

jpUthrfk;)

A study on consumer behavior towards

Television brands

S. A. Nivethitha PhD Scholar in the Department of commerce,

Dr.S. Vasanthi Associate Professor


Holy Cross College, (Autonomous)

Tiruchirappalli

Abstract

Television is one of the important human needs as it

provides entertainment to the audience and valuable

information about various aspects of life. We witness a

drastic change in the TV industry with the advent of

latest models, technologies, and various features

relating to the physical appearance of the TV.

Customers consider many factors before making a

purchase decision in buying a TV. Many companies

introduce latest models of TV under different brand

names. This paper is an attempt to study the consumer

behavior towards various television brands. The level

of satisfaction of consumers varies with each brand of

the products. Consumers are aware of the market

condition and they are quality conscious too.

Keywords: TV Brand, Consumer behavior,

Awareness.

Introduction


The television has become an integral part of dwelling

in the modern world that it is hard to imagine life

without television because it provides entertainment to

people of all ages. Not just for entertainment value,

TV is also a valuable resource for advertising and for

different kinds of programming. The television as we

see it and know it today was not always this before.

TV was first made in 1920's with black and white

screen, but later it developed into color. Different

experiments by various people, in the field of

electricity and radio, led to the development of basic

technologies and ideas that laid the foundation for the

invention of television with many more features which

are perfect to watch and looks very much like reality.

Television industries in India have seen a dramatic

change during the past one decade. Many new

companies are introducing more models, types,

technologies and features in television. Customers face

a dilemma while selecting a brand because they are

flooded with substitute’s availability.

Customers consider many factors when they wish to

buy a product especially in case of durables. Price,

design, appearances, digital function, after sales

service, durability, warranty, power efficiency, easy

availability, free gifts, discounts and goodwill of the

company etc. are the core factors in the minds of the

customers while selecting a particular brand.

Customers think that the cost they pay should be worth

giving. As a result of this, manufacturers are now

forced to behave like price takers rather than price

makers. They must find out what consumer want and

then translate their desires into meaningful product or

service. So each and every company has to give their

best outcome to survive in the market. This research is

an attempt to study the consumer behavior towards

various television brands. Hence, this analysis on

consumer behavior towards various television brands

will provide a clear view of consumers behavior and

their ideas.


A thorough knowledge of consumer behavior,

preference, attitudes and motivations is essential for

market segmentation. The analysis of consumer

behavior is one of the best foundations on which the

future of marketing depends. Though there are various

advertising media that exist and are adopted by

companies, advertising through television is one of the

most important media which helps the firms visualize

the feature performance and peculiarity about the

products and services to the public. This research is

about the brand awareness, brand satisfaction, brand

preference and factors which influence the brand

preference.

Objectives of the Study

1. To study the profile of the respondents and

their level of awareness towards various

television brands

2. To examine preference on television brands

and their level of satisfaction among the

respondents

3. To examine the factors which influences the

customer while selecting a particular TV

brand

Scope of the Study

This study is done to find out the consumer

behavior towards various television brands. The study

covers information about the personal profile of the

respondents, awareness towards various brands,

preference, level of satisfaction and the factors that are

all considered by the customer with regard to the

purchase of television.

Area of the Study Tiruchirappalli has been selected as the area of the

study. It is considered as one of the major cities in

Tamil Nadu. It has an area of 11,095 sq.kms.

Thillainagar area has been covered for the research.

Research Design

The study is descriptive in nature. It helps to describe

the characteristics of certain groups, to estimate the

proportion of people in a specified population, to make

specific prediction and to determine whether certain

variables are around.

Data Collection

The data were collected from both primary and

secondary sources. Primary data were collected

through Interview method in form of a structured

questionnaire. Information was collected with respect

to factors that were analyzed and presented in form of

tables, diagrams etc. wherever necessary. The

secondary data were collected from research reports,

books, journals, magazines and websites.

Sampling Design

The study of Consumer behaviour towards television

brands was undertaken with a sample of 100

respondents. Convenient sampling method and

snowball sampling method has been used to collect the

data from the respondents, from Srirangam area.

Hypotheses of the Study

1. There is a significant association between the age

and TV type that respondents have.

2. There is a significant association between the

satisfaction level with regard to after sales service of

TV brand and age of the respondents.

Limitations of the Study

The study is limited only to a particular area in

Tiruchirappalli and therefore, the findings of the

study cannot be the same for other areas.

All the findings and observations made in the

study are drawn only on the information supplied

by the respondents’ which is based on their

preference, ideas and hence there is a chance of

bias.

The response of the respondents may vary

depending upon the knowledge and awareness.

Analysis and Interpretation

HYPOTHESIS 1:

There is an association between the type of TV brand

and the age of the respondents.


Null hypothesis:

There is no relationship between the type of TV brand


Alternate hypothesis:

There is an association between the type of TV brand


S.No AGE

TYPE OF THE TV

RESPONDENTS HAVE

Statistical

Inference

LCD LED OTHERS

1 Below 20 years 2 4 0 X2=24.044

2 20 years - 25

years 4 19 4 df =8

3 26 years - 30

years 10 2 9

p 0.001 <

0.05

4 31 years - 35

years 8 7 4 Significant

5 36 years and

above 4

15 8

From the above table it can be inferred that there is

significant relationship between age of the respondents

and type of TV that respondents have. The chi square

statistics has a value of 24.044 because it is greater

than the critical value of 15.507, the null hypothesis

of an association can be rejected.

Hypothesis 2:

There is an association between the satisfaction levels

with regards to after sales service of the respondents.

Null hypothesis:

There is no relationship between the satisfaction level

with regard to after sales service of TV brand and age

of the respondent.

Alternate hypothesis:

There is an association between the satisfaction level

with regard to after sales service of TV brand and age

of the respondent.

S.No AGE

SATISFACTION OF

RESPONDENTS WITH

AFTER SALES SERVICE

Statistical

Inference

YES NO

1 Below 20 years 2 4 X2=13.596

2 20 years - 25

years 25 2 df =4

3 26 years - 30

years 16 5

p 0.009 <

0.05

4 31 years - 35 years 17 2 Significant

5 36 years and above 23 4

From the above table it can be inferred that there is

significant relationship between age of the

respondents and satisfaction of respondents with

after sales service. The chi square statistics has a

value of 13.596 because it is greater than the critical

value of 9.488, the null hypothesis of association

can be rejected.

Factor Analysis

Factor analysis technique is used to identify the

consumer behavior towards TV brand in

Tiruchirappalli. Five factors are identified and they are

given in the table below: (validity test)

KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .456

Approx. Chi-Square 29.439

Bartlett's Test of

Sphericity

Df 10

Sig. .001

Source: Computed from primary data

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity is used for testing the

appropriateness of the factor model.

The test is based on a chi square transformation of the

determinant of the correlation matrix. The chi- square

value shows that the variables are appropriate for

factor analysis. A higher value of Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin

statistic indicates that the sample is adequate to explain

the correlation between the pairs of variables with the

other variables (reliability analysis)

From the above it is observed that the reliability of

coefficient alpha ( ) for the 100 cases of 6 items is

.207 (scale range between 0.0 to1.0) which shows the

reliability of the given factors.

Communalities

VARIABLES Extraction

Values

The attracting features of the TV .843

Sources of information to the respondent .770

The unique feature of TV respondents have .738

Brand name of the TV respondents have .673

Considering factors by the respondents while

buying TV brand

.672

Source: Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

The amount of variance a variable shares with

all other variables included in the analysis canbe

inferred from the communalities table. Variables

with higher extraction values show higher

association with other variables. Variables such

No of cases Nno. Of items Reliability

coefficient Alpha

100 6 .207


as attractive features of the TV and sources of

information share high variance with other

variables which reflects that they can be easily

associated with a common factor. Variables such

as brand name of the TV and considering factors

by the respondents while buying TV brand shows

low correlation value.

Rotated Factor Loading On Consumer Behaviour

Rotated Component Matrixa

Factors

Particulars

1 2 3

Brand name of the TV

respondents have .818

The unique feature of TV

respondents have .619 .588

Sources of information to the

respondent .869 .123

Considering factors by the respondents while buying TV brand

.424

The attracting features of the TV .142 .899

Percentage of variance 29.653 23.190 21.082

Cumulative Percentage Variance 29.653 52.843 73.924

Source: Primary Data

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser

Normalization

Rotation Converged in 14 iterations

The above table illustrates that the principal

component analysis and rotated factor loading

method is used for stimulating factors. From the above

table, it is observed that out of 5 factors, 3 factors are

identified by the rotation method. The total percentage

of variation in the factors shows 73.924 percent.

Clustering Of Stimulating Factors In Consumer

Behaviour

FACTOR PARTICUALRS ROTATED

FACTOR

LOADINGS IBrand name

and uniqueness Brand name of the TV respondents have .818 The unique feature of TV respondents have .619

IIInformation

source and

considering

factors

Sources of information to the respondent .869 Considering factors by the respondents

while buying TV brand .424

IIIAttracting features

The attracting features of the TV

.899

The above table depicts that grouping of stimulating

factor in consumer behavior towards various TV

brand. The table shows that variables, brand name of

the TV respondents have and the unique feature of TV

respondents are clustered together as factor I and

named as “brand name and uniqueness”. The next

variables, source of information to the respondents and

considering factors by the respondents while buying

TV brand are constituted as factor II and it named as “

information source and considering factors”. The next

variables, attractive features of TV are constituted as

factor III and it named as “attracting features”.

Hence the factor that stimulates the consumer behavior

is given below:

1. Brand name and uniqueness

2. Information source and considering factors

3. Attracting features

Findings, suggestions:

A maximum of the respondents 27.0 percent are

in the age group of both 20 to 25 years and

above 36 years.

Majority of the respondents 56.0 percentage of

the respondents are female.

Majority of the respondents 63.0 percent are

married.

A maximum of the respondents 31.0 percent are

post graduates.


self-employed.

Maximum of the respondents 23.0 percent are

earning between Rs.20, 001-30,000.


using 26-30 inches TV.


using LED TV.

Majority of the respondents’ TVs 45.0 percent

are supporting 100-200 channels.


informed about the TV brand by the friends and

relatives.


using Sony brand TV.


using the TV between 2 to 5 years.

Majority of the respondents’ TVs 33.0 percent

have the unique feature of clear picture.

Majority of the respondents 31.0 percent

consider the features of the TV.


attracted by the price of the TV brand.


satisfied with the after sales services.


satisfied by their present TV brand.

Majority of the respondents 85.0 percent would

like to recommend the TV brand to others.

Majority of the respondents 58.0 percent wish

to replace their brand.

Suggestions

o The company should stand unique in its all features

so that it can attract more and more consumers other

than regular consumers.

o 17 percent of the respondent was not satisfied with

after sales service because of higher charges and


poor service. The company should concentrate on

effective after sales services and to reduce the high

costs for service.

o Consumers get information about the brand mostly

by advertisements and by word of mouth,

so that companies should concentrate in giving

valuable advertisements and increasing its goodwill.

o Consumers are ready to pay reasonable cost to the

products which has good qualities and features, so

companies should make themselves ready to give the

best product and satisfy the end users.

Conclusion : Consumers are now well aware and

wish to use varieties of products, brands and services

which are new in the market, fashionable, exclusive in

nature, rare and trendy. Everyone is unique in his/her

tastes and preferences. They all cannot be

extraordinarily satisfied every second and all the time

but they can be managed with best quality. Type of

buying behavior are classified namely quality

conscious, economic conscious and bargain conscious.

But the consumer preferences and buying decision is

made by quality conscious only. This research may

give information about minds of the consumers.

Therefore the manufactures have to concentrate more

on producing quality goods and services.

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The Effect of Disconfirmed Expectancy on

Perceived Product Performance," Journal of

Marketing Research, 10 (February), 38-44.

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Consumer Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction Measures," in

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towards colour TV brands in Silchar, Assam, Indian

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Educational Publishers, New Delhi, 1984.

Hidden secrets of Dravidian culture

Dr A. Sagayadoss

Director

Council of Agri Geo Environmental Research

Cuddalore Dt.

Abstract

This paper brings out the hidden glorious Dravidian

Culture and the amount of influence made by

Dravidian’s upon the Asian/foreign nations of the

world The Ancient Dravidian’s were the direct

ancestors of the Tamils, Malayalees, Telugus,

Canarese, and other tribes now occupying the greater

part of South India The fact that several Dravidian


dialects such as Brahui, Villi, and Santal are found

stranded in the midst of other tongues in Baluchistan,

Rajaputana and Central India Excavations at

Mohenjo-Daro have unearthed a seal (dated around B

C ) which shows a four-faced figure seated with legs

folded in yogi-like posture, the posture traditionally

associated with the state of contemplation The

Adichanallur remains of bronze figures of a Variety of

domestic animals and of fillets of gold beaten very

thin gives the conclusive proof of the artistic

development of the Dravidian races in pre-historic

times This author unearths the facts and relates the

relationships between the discoveries made on ancient

Dravidians

Keywords: Dravidian, hidden secrets, Adichanallur

remains, South India, Mohenjo-Daro

Introduction: The Ancient Dravidian’s were the

direct ancestors of the Tamils, Malayalees, Telugus,

Canarese, and other tribes now occupying the greater

part of South India The Fact that several Dravidian

dialects such as Brahui, Villi and Santal are found

stranded in the midst of other tongues in Baluchistan,

Rajaputana and Central India This paper brings out

the hidden glorious Dravidian Culture and the amount

of influence made by Dravidian’s upon the

Asian/foreign nations of the world.

Background of the study: There is a need to bring to

light the hidden secrets of Dravidians who are

scattered in different parts of the world, who had

already advanced in civilization, from whom we can

learn lessons still Correlating the discovered facts

and seeing in the light of language, arts, culture, the

existing literature will bring to light the following

facts:

Hypothesis

1. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are not related

to ancient Dravidians

2. Aryan invasion has not disturbed Dravidians

3. There is no relationship between Tamils and

the ancient Dravidians

Discussion: The diverse populations in India can be

broadly classified phenotypically in to four ethnic

classes: Australoid, Negrito, Mongoloid, and

Caucasoid The last ethnic group is spread over the

entire country, with specific concentration in the

northern regions Australoid group is mostly confined

to western and southern states The Negrito element

is restricted to the Andaman Islands, and Siddis The

only Negroid population in India, is a migrant group

from Africa, reside in Karnataka, Gujarat and Andhra

Pradesh The four major groups of languages spoken

by the Indians: Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, Tibeto-

Burman and Indo-European Majority of main land

populations of southern India are Dravidian speakers

whereas those in northern India are Indo-European

speakers Austro-Asiatic languages are used

exclusively by tribal groups, e g Korkus, Mundas,

Santhals, Khasis, Nicobarese, Oraon, etc 1

Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro have unearthed a seal

(dated around B C ) which shows a four-faced figure

seated with legs folded in yogi-like posture, the

posture traditionally associated with the state of

contemplation Around the seated figure are four

beasts – the bull, elephant, buffalo and rhinoceros

This suggests the conclusion that the God later known

as Siva, the great yogi (maha-yogin), was worshipped

by the pre-Aryan people of Mohenjo-Daro in the

aspect of Pasupathi, Lord of beasts 2Who, then are

these Dravidians? They are distinguished, says H

Risley, by their low stature, black skin, long heads,

broad noses, and long fore-arm from the rest of the

inhabitants of India 3They form the original type of

the population of India, now modified to a varying

extent by the admixture of Aryan, Scythian, and

Mongoloid elements

Topinard divides the Population of the Indian

Peninsula into three strata, (viz) the Black,

Mongolian, and the Aryan The remnants of the first

are the Yenadis and Kurumbas The second has

spread over the Plateau of Central India by two lines

of way, one to the north-east and the other to the

north-west The remnants of the first invasion are

seen in the Dravidian or Tamil tribes, and those of the

second in the Jhata The third was the Aryan. 4

According to Ananda Coomaraswamy, a number of

decorative motifs and cult figures from the Aegean

region are found in northern and southern India in a

striking manner Dr Sunitikumar Chatterji shows that

the word Dramila was used to represent the Tamil

Land in Proto-Dravidian or primitive Dravidian of the

early centuries of the first millennium B C The

Lycians of Asia Miror, whose original home was

Crete, in their funerary inscriptions call themselves

Trmmili Trmmili therefore was an old name which

was used in Crete to denote a section of the Cretan

people Dr Chatterji identifies this Trmmili with the

Dravidian Dramili, and says that this is one more

point to prove that the original Dravidian’s were a

ramification of the old Aegean race The languages of

the Sumerians and Elamites have certain

resemblances in phonetics and structure with

themselves and with Dravidian and Lycian Dr

Chatterji therefore suggests that Cretan, Lycian,

Sumerian, Elamite, and Dravidian Languages might

be mutually related, and that the Aegean islands, Asia

Miror, and Mesopotamia might have originally

formed one cultural area.

To sum up, in the opinion of the various authorities

here cited, the Dravidians seem to have been

originally a Mediterranean people Itwill be easily

conceded that the people, who evolved the Punjab and

Sindh culture, should have been a non-Aryan,

presumably, the ancient Dravidian, people, since at

the period assigned to this culture, the Aryans could

not have entered India Mr Banerji is also inclined to

this view We also find striking resemblance between

the finds of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro and those of

Adichanallur and other Pre-historic sites in South

India.


Dr Hall suggests that the Sumerians might be a

branch of the Indian Dravidians, perhaps of the Indus

valley Lord Goschen – observations states “it is

almost a moot point which further researchers may

resolve, whether the Ancient Dravidian inhabitants of

the southern Indian coasts were not akin to the

Sumerians 4 South Indian Pre-historic sites like

Panduvaram Dewai – three and a half miles to the

north east of Chittoor The Pottery unearthed is of a

fine description The builders of those monuments

were acquainted with the art of smelting and working

iron Adichanallur excavations 15 miles south east

from Tinnevelly The burial urns and other articles of

pottery resemble the finds of other South Indian

localities According to Foote, there has been a true

evolution in the potter’s craft which attained a stage

of very real beauty The bronzes exhibit a high

degree of skill in workmanship and manipulation of

the metal, while the same may be said of the iron

implements. 5

The people knew how to forge iron into shapes for

daily use both in agriculture and warfare A cairns

situated on land 2 miles to the north of the village of

Sirumugai and 8 miles from Mettupalayam show the

urns contains human skulls and bones, corroded iron

implements, pottery, domestic vessels, a few beads,

stone flakes, drinking cups, and rice bowls is of

excellent quality, red in color, but mostly covered

with a false black glaze The four –legged urns of the

type found here have also been found in ancient

graves at Perumbair and Pallavaram in the Chingleput

districts, at Adichanallur in the Tinnevelly district,

and in certain rock-cut tombs discovered on the west-

coast In the opinion of Mr.Longhurst, the presence

of iron and stone implements in one and the same

burial urn may show that these tombs go back to the

early iron age, when large numbers of people

continued to use stone implements long after iron was

known. 6

The excellent workmanship shown in the beads, and

the high quality of the domestic vessels, together with

the numerous remains of iron weapons or implements,

clearly show that the people, who made these quaint

tombs for their dead, were highly civilized race of an

advanced type A large mound near Chingleput is

surrounded by a number of megalithic graves, and

believed to have been inhibited by a bearded race of

“Pandayar” The very name of Pandu houses, by

which the tombs are familiarly known in every

district, points to primitive pre-Brahmanical times and

believes; all that is referred to about Pandavas being

directly opposed to Brahmanical rites and ideas, and

savoring rather of aboriginal practices. 7

At Perumbair, 8In theChingleput district, the ancient

burial sites of the people are indicated on the surface

by circles of rough stone boulders,and in the Centre of

each circle at the depth of from two to seven feet was

found either a pyriform urn or an earthenware cist

The contents of these graves were pottery, stone

objects, a few iron implements, and some chunk shell

ornaments The pottery is of a coarser fabric than that

of Adichanallur The dolmens on the Coromandel

Coast near Kollur, four miles from Tirukoilur, are

noteworthy The Araikandanallur9

Pagoda near

Tirukoilur is a striking object built on a rock, and is

remarkable on account of the existence of five

singular cells cut in the solid rock, where local

traditions say the five Pandavas lived during their

exile In one of the structures were found some

fragments of bones and some scraps of iron These

megalithic monuments in general resemble those of

Adichanallur It may be presumed that these

monuments were built by the Dravidian races of

South India Dr Chatterji believes that the old stone

age weapons found in different parts of India

belonged to the Negritos, the oldest Indian people in

his opinion, and that the New Stone age implements

were the work of the ancestors of the Kols In his

opinion the culture type, presented by the finds in the

Adichanallur tombs, where articles of bronze and iron

were obtained, and the burial customs therein

indicated, resemble those of Crete, Cyprus, Anatolia,

and Babylonia He recognizes the closer affinities of

Adichanallur tombs with those of Crete and Cyprus in

the crouching position of the dead body, in the

Sarcophagi, and in the golden masks and ornaments

But what is more important to our immediate purpose

is to note the fact that the tombs of Adichanallur and

those of Perumbair, Coimbatore, and other places in

South India, which we have just now examined, bear

resemblance to one another in some respects, though

not in all, and that the megalithic monuments of these

places are situated in South India, a part of the

country which is predominantly Dravidian M

Lapicque arrived at the conclusion that the remains at

Adichanallur belonged to a Proto-Dravidian race

Some large earthenware urns excavated by Mr A

Rea at the prehistoric burial site 10

at Adichanallur

contained human skulls in a perfect condition These

skulls have been found, on being measured, to agree

with the typical Tamil Skull It is therefore contended

that the bronze and iron age culture of Adichanallur is

that of the early Dravidian’s It may also be further

maintained that the culture, represented by the other

megalithic monuments of South India noticed above,

is also that of the ancient Dravidian’s The Mohenjo-

Daro and Harappa culture.

Prof Rhys Davids maintained that Ancient High

Indian (i e) the Vedic language, was largely subject

to Dravidian influence, both in phonetics and in

vocabulary The Dravidian dialects affected

profoundly the sounds, the structure, the idiom, and

the vocabulary of Sanskrit The differences between

the Vedic language and its hypothetic parent Indo-

Germanic, are due to the influence of the Dravidian

dialects of India In the course of the development of

India on account of the constant influence of the

Dravidian tongues, Sanskrit lost the subjunctive

mood, many in its development in India on account of

this constant influence of the Dravidian tongues,

Sanskrit lost the subjunctive mood, many infinitive

forms, and several noun-declensions, forgot its richly

varied system of real verb tenses, and adopted turns of

expression peculiar to the Dravidian idiom Mr M

Collins has shown the existence of a Dravidic


Substratum in the languages of North India The

Dravidian element makes its influence felt in the

sounds employed not only in the Sanskrit itself. 11

Dr Gundert has pointed out the not inconsiderable number of Dravidian roots adopted into Sanskrit, a fact persistently ignored by the northern Pandits It was proved years ago by Dr Taylor that a Tamiloid language, now represented by its most cultivated branch in the south, constituted the original staple of all the languages of India The existence of a Tamilian substratum in all the modern dialects of India The existence of a Tamilian substratum in all the modern dialects of India and of the profound influence, which the classical Tamil has exercised on the formation and development of both the Vedic and the classical Sanskrit, is gradually coming to be recognized by students of Indian philology Prof Rhys Davids in his Buddhist India commenting on the evolution of the Aryan Languages of India maintains that the Vedic Sanskrit is mixed up with the primitive Dravidian

4&12Dr Maclean

holds that there is little doubt that the Dravidian languages are comparatively older in point of time than Sanskrit .

13

Mr. P.T.Srinivasa Iyengar after an examination of the Punjab and Sindh antiquities suggests that a complete picture of the Neolithic culture of India can be constructed from a study of pure Tamil Words, that elementary Tamil words are all monosyllabic, such as can very well be represented by the pictographic script referred to by Sir John Marshall, that languages spoken in India in old times (say20,000 Years ago) were all dialects of proto-Tamil, and that the language spoken in the heart of the Lower Godavary Valley is the Modern representation of Proto-Tamil Mr. P.T. Srinivasa Iyengar believes that the so-called Sanskritic or Gaurian languages of Northern India are only the ancient dialects of Proto-Tamil profoundly affected by Sanskrit It is evident from the foregoing account that the Dravidian – speaking races were different from the Aryans, that they were sufficiently advanced to develop languages of their own, and civilized and numerous enough to absorb completely the numerically inferior Aryan foreigners, and enrich their speech with words relating to their professions which were in a high state of perfection among themselves.

4

The Dravidians had made much progress in the industrial arts They worked in metals The Dravidian name for smith, karuma, from wary with incised marks resembling those of Mincan Crete, which the Vedic Karmara is probably borrowed, means a smelter Their Artificers made ornaments of gold, pearls, and of precious stones for their kings The explorations of the Hyderabad Archaeological Society have brought to light pottery with incised marks resembling those of Minoan Crete The Adichanallur remains, we have already indicated, consisted of bronze figures of a Variety of domestic animals and of fillets of gold beaten very thin These afford conclusive proof of the artistic development of the Dravidian races in pre-historic times Such were the economic and industrial glories of the Dravidian race.

4

Hypothesis concluded: 1. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are related to

ancient Dravidians 2. Aryan invasion has disturbed Dravidians 3. There is relationship between Tamils and the

ancient Dravidians Conclusion The enrichment of the civilization consequent upon the constant and lively interchange of ideas and experiences with the myrid races of the ancient world, the high degree of material prosperity that followed in virtue of this extraordinary commercial enterprise and remarkable outbust of literary and intellectual activity, witnessed

during the Augustan Age of Tamil Literature Further thorough detailed research and investigations to be made on the religious secrets, business methods, import and export, culture etc by Dravidian’s happened in the past and the amount of influence made by Dravidians upon theAsian/foreign nations will help to understand the real glories influenced by Dravidians from south India in the past and present. Bibliography “Buddhist India” P 156 A report on the Excavation of certain cairns in the

Coimbatore – District by Longhurst-Annual Archaeological report, Madras 1913-1914

Burial sites in South India, R Sewell-J R A S 1902

Dorthy Mackay, Mohenjo-Daro and the ancient Civilization of the Indus Valley (annual report of the Smithsonian Institution,), P See Plate M, 9, in Ernest Mackay, The Indus Civilization, after p 202 Sir John Marshall claims that the seated figure is Shiva (Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization, Probsthain, London, 1932, 3 vols )

Dr SunitkumarChatterji, the Modern Review, Dec , 1924

H Risley’s “The People of India” P-46 Indian Antiquary Vol 5 Megalithic monuments of the Coimbatore Dt by M

J Walhouse J R A S 1875 Preface of J R Henderson-Catalogue of the

Prehistoric Antiquities from Adichanallur and Perumbair

SeshaIyengar, T R , Dravidian India, Asian Educational Publishers, ISBN: 81-206-0135-1; First Published – 1925

The Manual of the administration of the Madras Presidency pp 42 and 112-3

V K Kashyapi, Richaashma, Sonaligaikwadi,B N Sarkar and R Trived, “Deciphering diversity in populations of various linguistic and ethnic affiliations of different geographical regions of India: analysis based on 15 microsatellite markers; Journal of Genetics”, Vol 83, No 1, April 2004

W Elliot’s Coins of Southern India, P 2

A study on the impact of television

advertisements on branded cosmetics in

Tiruchirappalli town

P.Yoga Priya Research scholar in commerce

Dr.S.Vasanthi Associate Professor



Tiruchirappalli-2.

Abstract

Modern advertising is highly attractive sophisticated,

informative and creates an immediate impact in the

minds of the audience. It a paid forms of non personal

presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services.

Advertising creates awareness among consumers and

this study on television advertising focuses on the

perception about the brand cosmetic products.

Television advertising highly influences the buying

pattern of the consumers. This study tries to identify

the various factors motivating the consumers to buy

branded cosmetics through television advertising.


Key Words: Advertising, Branded cosmetics,

Perception and attitude.

Introduction

Advertising in the modern sense is the art of

enticement and allurement. The choice of words,

image and colors plays an important role in persuading

people to purchase a particular product. Prominently, it

is the special use of language in certain advertising

that makes people instantly relate to the products.

Advertising depends heavily on the use of language,

which is a making process, in other words,it depends

on ‘semantics’. Advertising denotes a specific attempt

to popularize a specific product or services at a certain

cost, as a method of publicity and thus it is a general

term indicating efforts at mass appeal.

Advertising, which originated from the Latin word

“Advertire”, is really performing a magic in today’s

business environment. The advertisers have

transformed themselves to a large extent in aspects like

novel presentation of themes, decreasing duration of

advertisements, and faster replacement of old

advertisements by new ones and they have become

more conscious regarding social concepts.

Modern advertising is highly sophisticated and it

requires considerable understanding of the human

behavior, apart from the modern technology that can

be used. Advertising is a paid form of non-personal

presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services

by an identified sponsor. Advertising conveys

concepts on rational and emotional basis about

companies, goods and services by means of words,

picture, diagrams, sounds, music, color, shapes and

symbol.

Advertisement commonly called “Ad” or “advert” is a

public announcement, generally printed or oral made

to promote a commodity, service or idea. The oral

advertisement, however, was most popular until the

invention of the printing press in the year 1450, after

which advertisement became more plentiful, more

sophisticated, with the advertiser’s persuasion and

suggestions to increase patronage.

Advertising is a measure of growth of civilization and

a sign of striving of human race for betterment and

perfection. “Advertising is not merely directed at

selling or for achieving the objective of gaining

acceptance for a worthwhile idea or programme. It is

also an instrument for developing basic motivations

for creating resources for buying goods and services

for generating favorable conditions for acceptance of

an idea” (Mohan, 2002).

“As needs escalate, the consumer perceptions of

products and services also change. Buyers attitude

towards products may be determined not only by

products manufactured in factories but also by what is

added in the form of packaging, services, advertising,

customer advice, financing, warehousing and other

things that people value” (Levitt and Theodors, 1969).

As a form of commercial mass communication,

advertising is intended to promote the sale of a product

or service, or a message on behalf of an institution,

organization, or candidate for political office.

Historically, advertising can be found in cultures that

existed thousands of years ago, but advertising only

became a major industry in the 20th century. Today,

the industry employs hundreds of thousands of people

and influences the behavior and buying habits of

billions of people. Advertising spending worldwide

now exceeds $350 billion per year. In the United

States alone about 6,000 advertising agencies help

create and place advertisements in a variety of media,

including newspapers, television, direct mail, radio,

magazines, the internet and outdoor signs. Advertising

is so commonplace in today’s world that an average

person may encounter from 500 to 1,000

advertisements in a single day, according to some

estimates (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia,

2009).

Too often, advertising is seen in short-run terms, with

the main emphasis on the current profit and loss

statement. To improve results, management must view

advertising as a capital investment with sales revenue

generated like a stream over time. The key is to assess

the customer-holdover or cumulative effect of the

media campaign, based on analysis of a company’s

past performance.

Advertising is not just valuable for new companies

alone. It is even more important for well established

businesses in order to develop customer loyalty and

corporate image, in short, to build an intangible capital

asset called goodwill. This view is also held by anti-

trust economists, who generally are not favorably

disposed to advertising. To them, brand franchise,

created through heavy spending in mass media, is just

as formidable a barrier to entry as the capital needed

for buildings and machinery.

Each piece of advertising influences sales today, and at

the same time adds another brick to the structure of

goodwill that increases business tomorrow. The key

element is the customer-holdover effect and it can

occur in two ways. Advertising may lead directly to

sales; and many new buyers, being satisfied with the

brand, may repeat the purchase. Or, the advertising

stimulus, instead of winning fresh converts, may

increase brand usage per customer; and this habit may

persist far into the future. Thus, in both cases the initial

exposure affects present as well as future purchases.

Proper evaluation procedures require that these later

sales be credited somehow to the earlier exposure.

Most of the advertisements are designed to promote

the sale of a particular product or service. However,

some advertisements also intend to promote an idea or

influence behavior, like encouraging people not to use

illegal drugs or smoke cigarettes. These

advertisements are commonly addressed as public

service advertisements (PSAs).


Some advertisements promote an institution, such as

the Red Cross etc., and are known as institutional

advertising. Their purpose is to encourage people to

volunteer or donate money or services or simply to

improve the image of the institution doing the

advertising. Advertising is also used to promote

political parties and candidates for political office.

Political advertising has become a key component of

electoral campaigns in many countries.

As quoted by Ball (1978), “Advertising enables

consumers to exercise their right of free choice. Also,

advertising is one of the most economic means by

which a manufacturer or an institutional body can

communicate to an audience, whether to sell a product

or promote a cause of social welfare. Advertising can

help in improving the economies of developed and

developing countries as advertising stimulates

increases in production and consequently generates

more employment. It can help to stabilize the prices

and thus lead to wide distribution and greater

availability of goods and services”.

In the present era, TV seems to be the most popular

and potent media as people are greatly influenced by

what they see and see repeatedly. Especially in urban

areas, the TV is the most effective medium of

advertisements. So potent is this channel of

advertisement in persuading the viewers that it has

become the most reliable channel of promoting

products, both existing and newly launched ones.

Television advertisements have brought a paradigm

shift as a mode through which buying decision may be

made collectively as opposed to other media of

advertisement where the influence upon the buyer is

restrictively individual. Television advertisements aim

at covering the raw perception viewers into brand

allegiance products and services. Television

advertisements have in filtered into the very existence

of the Indian consumer. Television advertisements

especially those which are telecasted at the prime time

are strategic tools of mobilizing potential customers.

Dinner time advertisements often inspire buying as it

is the time of communal decision making. TV

advertisements impact viewers due to various factors

which have multiple dimensions. The influence of

these commercials may be due to the innovativeness in

presentation, the theme of the advertisements, the

charisma of the model, the music, the slogans, and the

power of the brand and so on. It can be said with

conviction that the likeability factor of advertisements

greatly influences the buying decision of the viewers

and can transform even a casual viewer into a potential

buyer.


Today the business world is characterized by heavy

competition. So advertisement plays a very important

role for introducing a product. Introducing innovative

products and techniques through advertisement raises

the standard of living of the people. A recent

development in advertisement media in our country

has become more popular and a large number of the

advertisements try to influence the buyers to buy their

product inter-relating consumer attitude and business

prospect. There are many branded cosmetics available

in the market, hence the researcher has made an

attempt to study the impact of television

advertisements on the buying behavior with special

reference to branded cosmetics in Tiruchirappalli

town.


Advertising has a wide scope in marketing and in the

social system. It is very essential for a company or

organization to introduce its own product and services

at mass and advertising helps to achieve the same. An

advertisement enables customers to decide upon

products and services and they play a major role in

providing relevant information. To increase the

attractiveness of advertisement, advertisement creators

use various strategies for audience watching them.

Advertising through television medium combines

sight, song and motion; appealing to the senses; and

therefore has high attention and high reach.

The cosmetic market is very congested and so many

companies are trying to capture the market with

sophisticated technologies. Each product is

differentiated by quality, price, size, etc,. Hence

advertisement becomes essential to know what factor

attracts the consumers much towards a particular

brand, so that the market could be accessed to know

the reason and situation motivating consumers for

preferring.

The focus of the study is on the impact of television

advertisements with special reference to branded

cosmetics. Thus an attempt has been made to know the

consumers awareness and perception of television

advertisements about branded cosmetic products. It is

essential to study the effectiveness and influence of

television advertisements on the consumers buying

pattern of branded cosmetics in Tiruchirappalli town.


The study focuses on the following objectives:

To study the demographic profile and the level

of awareness on various branded cosmetics

through television advertisements among the

sample respondents.

To identify the various factors that motivated the

sample respondents to purchase the branded

cosmetics

To portray the level of satisfaction of the

selected sample respondents

To highlight the Findings, Suggestions and

Conclusion.


Hypothesis

There is an association between the age group of the

respondents and influence of media on the choice of

cosmetics brand.

There is an association between the

occupation of the respondents and the

attractive factors towards television

advertisements.

There is a difference between gender group

of the respondents and number of channels

viewed in a day.

Research Methodology

This study is descriptive in nature, and the

researcher sets specific objectives to draw out

definite conclusions. It describes the

characteristic of the respondents in relation to a

particular product. On the basis of survey method,

well structured questionnaire was set to collect the

data from the selected respondents for this study.

Sources of data

The present study is based on both primary and

secondary data. Primary data were collected from the

sample respondents through structured questionnaire.

The secondary data were collected from various books,

journals, periodicals, articles and news papers..

Sampling is the process of selecting a sub-set of

randomized number of the population for the study and

collecting data about their attributes. Sample size: 200

respondents were selected on the basis of convenience

sampling method for this study. Sampling technique:

The researcher has adopted convenience sampling

method for the purpose of data collection. It is a non-

probability sampling method under which the sample

is selected on the basis of researcher convenience.

Statistical Tools

Primary data is collected from the respondents and

tabulated for the purpose of analysis and the data have

been scrutinized by using Statistical Package for

Social Science (SPSS) with appropriate coding for

drawing the inference.

Tools for Analysis

Percentage Analysis

Percentage is used in data presentation for simplifying

numbers, reducing all of them form 0 to 100 ranges

through the use of percentage, the data are equal to

100, standard form with the base equal to 100, which

facilities relative comparisons. Percentage is calculated

by dividing the frequency of particular cell by the total

number of respondents in a particular category and

multiplying it by 100.

Chi – Square: is based on chi – square

distribution and as a non-parametric test is used for

comparing a sample variance to a theoretical variance.

Responses of the respondents have been analyzed on

the basis of weights as follows:

Independent Sample “t” test

The “t” test is used for testing differences between

two means. In order to use a “t” test, the same

variable must be measured in different groups, at

different times, or in comparison to a known

population mean. Comparing a sample mean to a

known population is an unusual test that appears in

statistics books as a transitional step in learning about

the “t” test. The more common applications of the t-

test are testing the difference between independent

groups or testing the difference between dependent

groups. An independent samples t-test is used for

comparing the means on an interval/ratio variable

between two categories on a nominal/ordinal variable.

It answers the question of whether the difference

between means is statistically significant in the

population of interest (assuming good sampling) or

whether the difference is due to sampling error. To

calculate this test, you need two variables from one

population and sample is needed. The independent

variable is nominal/ordinal and the dependent is

interval/ratio.

Factor Analysis

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to

describe variability among observed, correlated

variables in terms of a potentially lower number of

unobserved variables called “factors”. Factor Analysis

is related to principal component analysis (PCA), but

the two are not identical. Latent variable models,

including factor analysis, use Regression Modeling

Techniques to test hypotheses producing error terms,

while PCA is a descriptive statistical technique. There

has been significant controversy in the field over the

equivalence or otherwise of the two techniques.

Limitations of the Study

Tiruchirappalli city is selected as the area of the

study. The following are the limitations of the

study:

The study is confined only to 200 respondents in

Tiruchirappalli town.

Opinion Score

Strongly agree 5

Agree 4

Neutral 3

Disagree 2

Strongly disagree 1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_component_analysis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_variable_model


The findings are drawn only on the basis of

information supplied by the respondents and

hence the respondent’s bias cannot be ruled out.

Many respondents were reluctant to answer all

the questions.

Factors Evolving For Preference Of A Particular

Brand Of Cosmetics

Particula

rs

Strongly

agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

Disagree

Total

(%) Frequenc

y (%)

Frequenc

y (%)

Freque

ncy

(%)

Frequency

(%)

Frequency

(%)

Quality 61

(30.5)

110

(55)

25

(12.5)

4

(2)

0

(0)

200

(100)

Price 74

(37)

88

(44)

11

(5.5)

24

(12)

3

(1.5)

200

(100)

Quantity 78

(39)

62

(31)

44

(22)

12

(6)

4

(2)

200

(100)

Package 52

(26)

69

(34.5)

38

(19)

36

(18)

5

(2.5)

200

(100)

Color

26

(13)

15

(7.5)

14

(7)

68

(34)

77

(38.5)

200

(100)

Availabili

ty

55

(27.5)

52

(26)

49

(24.5)

33

(16.5)

11

(5.5)

200

(100)

Fragranc

e

34

(17)

20

(10)

72

(36)

48

(24)

26

(13)

200

(100)

Appeara

nce

16

(8)

30

(15)

47

(23.5)

62

(31)

45

(22.5)

200

(100)

Discount

offers

38

(19)

24

(12)

13

(6.5)

44

(22)

81

(40.5)

200

(100)

Promotio

nal

Schemes

55

(27.5)

84

(42)

32

(16)

11

(5.5)

18

(9)

200

(100)

Source: Primary data

From the above table it is observed that out of 200

respondents, with preference to quality 110

respondents (55%) agree that the quality of the product

is an important factor while purchasing a product, 61

respondents (30.5%) strongly agree, 25 respondents

(12.5%) are neutral, and remaining 4 respondents (2%)

disagree. As regards to price 88 respondents (44%)

agree that the price of the product is an important

factor while purchasing a product, 74 respondents

(37%) strongly agree, 12 respondents (6%) disagree,

11 respondents (5.5%) are neutral and remaining 3

respondents (1.5 respondents) strongly disagree.With

regards to quantity 78 respondents (39%) strongly

agree that the quantity of the product is an important


(31%) agree, 44 respondents (22%) are neutral, 12

respondents (6%) disagree and remaining 4

respondents (2%) strongly disagree. As regards to

package 69 respondents (34.5%) agree that the

package of the product is an important factor while

purchasing a product, 52 respondents (26%) strongly

agree, 38 respondents (19%) are neutral, 36

respondents (18%) disagree and remaining 5

respondents (2.5 %) strongly disagree.

With regards to color 77 respondents (38.5%)

strongly disagree that the color of the product is not an

important factor while purchasing a product, 68

respondents (34%) disagree, 26 respondents (13%)

strongly agree, 15 respondents (7.5%) agree and

remaining 14 respondents (7%) are neutral. As

regards to availability 27.5 per cent of the respondents

strongly agree that the availability of the product is an

important factor while purchasing a product, 26 per

cent of the respondents agree, 24.5 per cent of the

respondents are neutral, 16.5 per cent of the

respondents disagree and remaining five point five per

cent of the respondents strongly disagree.

With regards to fragrance 72 respondents (36%) have

balanced opinion about the fragrance of the product

while purchasing a product, 48 respondents (24%)

disagree, 34 respondents (17%) strongly agree, 26

respondents (13%) strongly disagree and remaining 20

respondents (10%) agree. As regards to appearance

62 respondents (31%) disagree that the appearance of

the product is not an important factor while purchasing

a product, 47 respondents (23.5%) are neutral, 45

respondents (22.5%) strongly disagree, 30 respondents

(15%) agree and remaining 16 respondents (8%)

strongly agree.With regards to discount offers 81

respondents (41.5%) strongly disagree that the

discount offers of the product is not an important


(22%) disagree, 38 respondents (19%) strongly agree,

24 respondents (12%) agree and remaining 13

respondents (6.5%) are neutral. As regards to

promotional schemes 84 respondents (42%) agree that

the promotional schemes of the product is an important


(27.5%) strongly agree, 32 respondents (16%) are

neutral, 18 respondents (9%) strongly disagree and

remaining 11 respondents (5.5%) disagree.

Research hypothesis: 1

Null hypothesis (ho): There is no significant

association between age group of the respondents and

influence of media on the choice of cosmetics brand.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant

association between age group of the respondents and

influence of media on the choice of cosmetics brand.

There is association between age group of the

respondents and influence of media on the choice of

cosmetics brand

Age

group of

the

responde

nts

Influence of media on the choice of

cosmetics brand

Statist

ical

inferen

ce

Stro

ngly

agre

e

Ag

re

e

Neu

tral

Disa

gree

Stro

ngly

disa

gree

Tot

al

Below 25

years

17 47 2 8 4 78

X2 -

44.306

df-12 26 – 35

years

10 44 0 0 0 54


36 – 45

years

5 27 6 2 5 45 sig-

0.000

Above 45

years

0 14 0 6 3 23

Total 32 132 8 16 12 200


Testing Of Hypothesis

Pearson Chi-Square statistic, X2 = 44.306

Degree of freedom - 12

Significant level = 0.000 .000 < .005

Chi-square test shows that the significance

value is .000, which is less than 0.005. Hence

the null hypothesis is not accepted and the

research hypothesis is accepted.

Inference

The calculated value of Chi-square test is

44.306 which is greater than the table value

28.2995. Therefore the null hypothesis is not

accepted and alternative hypothesis is accepted.

It is concluded that there is a significant

association between the age group of the

respondents and influence of media on the

choice of cosmetics brand.

Research Hypothesis: 2

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

There is no significant association between

occupation of the respondents and attractive

factors towards television advertisements.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

There is a significant association between

occupation of the respondents and attractive

factors towards television advertisements.

There is association between occupation of the

respondents and attractive factors towards

television advertisements

Occupation

of the

respondents

Attractive factors towards television

advertisements

Statistical

inference

Attractive

slogans

or songs

Product

details in

adver

tisement

Brand

ambass

ador

Demons

tration Total

Government

employee

9 10 3 5 27

X2 - 59.410

df-15

sig-0.000

Private

employee

20 36 1 13 70

Professional 0 2 1 3 6

Businessman 5 7 0 0 12

Student 11 23 10 9 53

Housewife 3 6 17 6 32

Total 48 84 32 36 200


Testing of hypothesis

chi-square test

Pearson Chi-Square statistic, X2 = 59.410

Degree of freedom- 15


Chi-square test shows that the significance value is .000,

which is less than 0.005. Hence the null hypothesis is not

accepted and the research hypothesis is accepted.

Inference

The calculated value of Chi-square test is 59.410 which is

greater than the table value 32.8013. Therefore the null

hypothesis is not accepted and alternative hypothesis is

accepted. It is concluded that there is a significant

association between the age group of the respondents and

hours spent in a day in watching television.

Research hypothesis: 3

Null hypothesis (ho)

There is no difference between gender group of the

respondents and the number of channels viewed in a

day.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

There is a difference between gender group of the

respondents and the number of channels viewed in a

day.

Group Statistics

Number of channels

viewed in a day Gender N Mean

Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

Male 82 1.2439 .65849 .07272

Female 118 1.5424 .64905 .05975

Group Statistics

Number of channels

viewed in a day Gender N Mean

Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

Male 82 1.2439 .65849 .07272

Female 118 1.5424 .64905 .05975



Testing of Hypothesis

Independent sample t test, t = 3.180

Degree of freedom- 198


Inference

T-test shows the difference between the gender group

of the respondents and number of channels viewed in a

day. The “t” table value is 3.180; significance level is

.004 which is less than .005. Hence the null hypothesis

is not accepted and the research hypothesis is

accepted.

Perception of Television Advertising on Cosmetics

(Factor Analysis)

KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling

Adequacy. .780

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (Approx. Chi-

Square) 0.000


Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (Approx. Chi-Square)

0.000. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling

Adequacy 0.780. The test is based on a chi square

transformation of the determinant of the correlation

matrix. The chi square value shows that the variables

are appropriate for factor analysis. A higher value of

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin statistic indicates that the sample

is adequate to explain the correlation between the pairs

of variables with the other variables.

Total Variance Explained

Com

Pon

ent

Initial Eigen values

Extraction Sums of

Squared Loadings

Rotation Sums of Squ

ared Loadings

Total

% of

Variance

Cumu

lative % Total

% of Vari

ance

Cumu

lative % Total

% of Vari

ance

Cumu

lative %

1 3.337 41.710 41.710 3.337 41.710 41.710 2.696 33.702 33.702

2 1.628 20.344 62.054 1.628 20.344 62.054 1.838 22.980 56.682

3 .857 10.707 72.761 .857 10.707 72.761 1.286 16.079 72.761

4 .620 7.754 80.514

5 .462 5.779 86.293

6 .426 5.321 91.614

7 .345 4.316 95.931

8 .326 4.069 100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

This table shows you the actual factors that analysis

along with their Eigen values, the percent of variance

attributable to each factor, and the cumulative

Factor 1 accounts for a variance of 3.337 which 41.710

% of the total variance.

Factor 2 accounts for a variance of 1.628 which is

20.344 % of the total variance.

Factor 3 accounts for a variance of 0.857 which is

10.707 % of the total variance and so on. It can be

interpreted that 9 variable are now reduced to 3

components or factors contributing 72.761 of the total

variance.

Rotated Component Matrix

Component

1 2 3

Creates brand image .849

Make the attitude more favorable about the

product .790

Induce impulse buying in majority of the

consumers .786

Making the consumer more brand

conscious .679

Creates a need for a product .886

Improves the styles of advertisements .773

Creates awareness on reusage of products .487

Focused on skin or hair care

advertisements .911

Attributing factors of television advertisements

creates brand image, make the attitude more favorable

about the product, induce impulse buying in majority

of the consumers, making the consumer more brand

conscious and creates awareness on re usage of

products. Stimulus factors of television

advertisements create a need for a product and

improves the styles of advertisements. Care factor of

television advertisements focused on skin or hair care

advertisements.

Findings

This paper presents a brief summary of the findings on

analyzing the data collected. The major findings of

this study are based on the hypotheses and selected

variables related to the impact of television advertising

on branded cosmetics.

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

F Sig. T Df

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean Differ

Std. Error Difference Lower Upper

Number of channels viewed in a day

Equal variances assumed

8.600 .004 3.180 198 .002 .298 .09387 .48359 .11336

Equal variances

not assumed

3.171 172.773 .002 .298 .09412 .48424 .11270


Among the 200 respondents, about 78

respondents (39%) belong to the age group of

below 25 years.

About 118 respondents (59%) are Female.

About 86 respondents (43%) are Post-Graduates.

About 70 respondents (35%) are Private

employee.

About 124 respondents (62%) are Unmarried.

About 138 respondents (69%)) have 4 – 6

members in their family.

About 96 respondents (48%) are earning

between 15,001 – 30,000 per month.

About 102 respondents (51%) own one

television set in their households.

About 86 respondents (43%) spent 2 – 4 hours in

a day in watching television.

About 136 respondents (68%) view less than 10

channels on television in a day.

As relating to the brand usage of cosmetics 77

respondents (38.5%) prefer Himalaya body

lotion, 66 respondents (33%) prefer Fair and

Lovely face cream, 64 respondents (32%) prefer

Pantene shampoo, 98 respondents (49%) prefer

Gokul Sandal talcum powder, 92 respondents

(46%) prefer Parachute hair oil, and 62

respondents (31%) prefer Fogg perfume.

About 132 respondents (66%) agree that media

affect the choice of changing the brands of

cosmetics.

About 84 respondents (42%) often purchase

various cosmetics after watching an

advertisement.

About 76 respondents (38%) spend between

301 – 600 per month on cosmetics.

About 84 respondents (42%) believe that the

main factors that attract them towards television

advertisements are Product details in

advertisements.

About 69 respondents (34.5%) say that

television advertisements are Informative.

About 82 respondents (41%) say that television

advertisements Create Awareness.

About 96 respondents (48%) say that celebrity in

television advertisements are Needed for

Publicity.

About 87 respondents (43.5%) are influenced

through Television advertisements.

About 104 respondents (52%) feel that the

package is Informative.

As relating to the factors that motivated the

respondents for a preference of particular brand

of cosmetics. The result disclose that 110

respondents (55%) agree that quality is the most

important factor while purchasing a product, 88

respondents (44%) agree with price, 78

respondents (39%) strongly agree with quantity,

69 respondents (34.5%) agree with package, 77

respondents (38.5%) strongly disagree with

color, 55 respondents (27.5%) strongly agree

with availability, 72 respondents (36%) are

neutral with fragrance, 62 respondents (31%)

disagree with appearance, 81 respondents

(40.5%) strongly disagree with discount offers

and 84 respondents (42%) agree with

promotional schemes.

Suggestions

In the present day, customer seeks more

information about product features like quality

assurance, offer schemes, before making purchase

of a product. So considerable amount of these

information should be given through the

advertisements in television.

In branded cosmetics, people always look for

better quality and reasonable price. So the

manufacturer must give importance to maintain

the quality and price in order to retain the

consumers.

The duration of advertisement is very important. It

should neither be lengthy nor too short but capable

of expressing the message intact. There should be

no ambiguity either in the words or in the picture

and should not give room for any doubt in the

minds of the viewers.

Company should offer free “Gifts” and

“Discounts” to attract more number of customers.

The company should increase their marketing

promotional activities to make their brand popular

throughout the country through television

advertisements.

Advertisement may be more attractive and

colorful. But it should never exaggerate its claims

about the products which could mislead the

consumers by false features.

Conclusion

Advertisement plays a major role in every walk of life.

So advertisement should be in such a way that it

attracts every group of people at any times, Since,

most of the advertisement differs in their level of

reaching the targeted audience. Hence, the advertisers

should take care while preparing it. Television

advertisements are attractive and good because it

keeps good and lasting impression in the consumers

mind. Likewise, celebrities leave great impression

especially in the mind of their Fans and status

conscious viewers. As compared to other medium of

advertisements television advertisements convey direct

information about the product through appropriate

fashion and style.

It is found that various factors are associated

with the consumption pattern and purchase behavior

regarding cosmetic products through television

advertisements. In recent trends the consumers are

found to be more quality consciousness than other

factors while purchase of cosmetic product. So

knowing the psychology of human being the advertiser

advertises the product in such a way that it appeals to

consumers and meet their needs. Thus, the

manufacturers should keep in mind that the consumers

are the KINGS to make decisions, so the producers

should offer quality products at reasonable or fair

price.

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the expectation and satisfaction gap between the

customers and company delivering the product.

Varshery R.L, and Gupta S.L Marketing

Management Published by Sultan Chand and

Sons, Educational Publishers, New Delhi, 1984.

Hybridity and its complexities in Caryl

Phillips’s Final Passage and Crossing the

River

Nancy Pearlin J

Research Scholar

Department of English


Tiruchirappalli

Abstract:

The paper attempts to explore the concept of

Hybridity in ‘Caryl Phillips’s Final Passage and

Crossing the river. It focuses on the complexities that

arises from the hybrid nature of being, its dual

identity, the sense of unbelonging, the pangs of a

mixed parentage and an uncertain heritage. This paper

seeks to analyze and validate the inner struggle of the

people who were either born as hybrids or brought up

as or lived in a hybrid culture. This paper doesn’t just

represent the struggle and pain but also goes on to

explain the ceaseless hope one finds amidst the

suffering. It also traces the triangular trade from

where hybridity could have begun.

Key Terms: Hybridity, complexities, Caryl Phillips,

Caribbean, Black British.

Introduction: Hybridity is a cross or a mix between

two races or breed or cultures. This term was

originally used in Biology in reference to the basic

mixture of species in the plant or the animal kingdom.

It also signifies physical duality and can be used in

social, religious, linguistic, or even political contexts.


It was this that brought about a creation of new

cultural forms through the colonial encounter.

There are three major types in hybridity. They are

race hybridity, national culture and language

hybridity. ‘Race’ hybridity is the intersection or

bringing together two races in terms of physical body

which compromises the mulatto race, and other mixed

birth. The second one, ‘National Culture’ suggests

that culture is a traveller and collects artefacts from

various other cultures surrounding it. It is the way a

culture describes the other cultures, its identity helps

reveal the hybrid roots of national culture. And the

last one is ‘Language’, during colonization, the

colonizer’s language was greatly prioritized. This lead

to the birth of creolization which is a linguistic blend

of dominant and supressed cultures. Both the novels

taken for study were written by Caryl Phillips, a Black

British writer, he also comes under the canon of

Caribbean literature.

Analysis: In the first novel taken for analysis ‘Final

Passage’, one can see the ‘Race’ hybrid type in Leila

who is a hybrid i.e. in the physical sense of the term.

She was born of a black mother and a white father. As

a result of which, she is termed as the ‘White Girl’.

Her friend’s maliciously call her the ‘mulatto girl’ and

her mother’s refusal to share with her the mystery of

her birth leaves her lost and alienated. Due to her

mixed parentage, she is often set apart from the rest of

the black people on the island. Her light skin only

isolates her. Only her friends Mille and Bradeth and

her husband Michael, consider it as a sense of

superiority and a privilege. In reference to Leila’s

status on the island in the Caribbean, she is withdrawn

and is called as ‘the white girl’ by Michael’s

grandmother, she seems to be treated as an outcast by

the black community because of parentage which is

mixed.

Leila’s sense of unbelongingness comes from the fact

that she hardly knows who her father is. “her mind

blundered upon her father, and her head turned

slightly as if avoiding derisive eyes...though Leila had

always presumed him dead there was no reason for

this to be so...Perhaps he was still alive?” . The fact

that her father is unknown, becomes a question of her

own identity, of her own origin. She is born of two

races, a fusion of two different bloods in which one is

dominant and the other is submissive.

Michael who is to marry her has an attitude towards

her that comes from his false acknowledgement of

Leila’s parentage as she is white skinned and he feels

inferior to her and that he might not be a good match.

As ‘most people thought Leila too good for Michael’.

But he felt that to talk of this with anyone, was

admission to his own sense of inferiority. Therefore

he kept his anger locked up and this deeply frustrated

him.

Her very own skin colour leaves her apart from the

rest of the people. She is marked as the ’other’. She is

like a girl inside a cocoon. Lonely and isolated, her

own mother is too sick to show any sort of love and

affection so, she yearns for a love and the security of a

trustworthy embrace, that she tries to pay little heed to

Michael’s wrong doings. For she knew before the

wedding that Michael had an affair and she also knew

he was a drunkard but she thought that he would be

hers after the wedding and that he would change for

the better. But she didn’t realize that Michael, only

thought to attain her as a possession, like she was a

‘piece of land’. As very often he felt he was made to

feel that he was not good enough for her, he had a fire

in him to make her his own at any cost, no matter

what it took.

It is interesting to note that when she speaks about her

village, she tries to explain history of her West Indian

village, and she struggles to clarify why it is named

after, ‘St Patrick’s, the Irish saint. I think there must

have been some Irish people there at some point of

time.’The island has its own hybrid cultural identity,

which is reflected when Michael’s grandfather states

that ‘yam is African man tree, Mango is India man

tree, Coconut is Pacific man tree’. (40). Furthermore

the West Indians were brought up in such a manner

that they saw Britain as their mother land and that,

they ought to be proud of it. It was like a land of fairy-

tale as told in the colonial schools but in truth England

was a land of deceit. Leila, though a physical hybrid,

failed to develop the nature of a cultural hybrid. She is

unable to adapt to the ways of the English society.

‘England in whom she had kept so much hope, no

longer held for her the attraction of her mother and

challenges’. So she returns to the land of mother

which is her home.

In the second novel, Crossing the River the ‘National

Cultural’ form of hybridity is clearly visible in the

Multi narration of the novel, there is a fusion of

narrators, White i.e. the slave trader in the opening

chapter, Captain Hamilton and Joyce in the closing

chapter and Black include the Father in the opening

and closing chapters, Martha and Nash in the closing

chapter, etc. The text itself is a hybrid of genres as

well as there is a splash of letters, journal entries,

narration etc.

In the first section of the novel ‘The Pagan Coast’.

Nash who is brought into America by the slave

traders, is brought up in the American society,

according to its ways, he learns their language, lives a

life of Christian faith, and he views the entire society

as a white man would. Nash is torn apart by the


double sense of belonging or unbelonging, as he feels

divided between a painful past and an unwelcome

present. All along what he thought was his home,

turned out to be no longer his place of refuge. Due to

his dual upbringing, Nash feels like a stranger in his

own ancestral soil. What he experiences, the moment

he reaches Liberia can be called as ‘Culture Shock’.

Africa doesn’t recognize him as its own son and

America acknowledges him as a slave and not a free

man. He is among a few blacks, who deny their

Black heritage and try to cling on to foreign soil by

living a life as that of an Englishman, wearing his

clothes and bearing his thoughts.

Nash is seen to swing from an ex-slave puritan

English subject to a native Liberian subject. In most

of his letters, he writes with contempt for the African

land. He himself calls the people ’natives’ and even

calls the village ‘heathen’ and Liberia as a ‘dark’

country. He goes on to describe America as ‘a land of

milk and honey’ where people were unsatisfied. He

also states that effect of hybridity of such nature as

it “caused some offence to those who would hold

on to America as a beacon of civilization, and an

example of all that is to be admired”.

The interesting fact is that it was this very hybrid

factor that helped reveal his anagnorisis, which in

its Greek context means recognition. He realizes

that the new diaspora back to his homeland has

granted him a new type of freedom he hadn’t

experienced before and embraces it by adapting to

that mode of life, letting go of all that which he

once thought was his. His transformation in a way

becomes a threat to the American ‘self’ of his

identity, for he destroys the American in him and

turns to his native self, the moment he learns of the

White man’s terrible injustice done to his people

and his heritage.

Thus hybridity becomes a threat also to the white

man and his society as he starts questioning the

American way of life, their perspective of

civilization and justice and also the nature of white

man’s religion. Nash breaks down from the

position of a Europeanized Negro to a native one

when he experiences a freedom he never thought

would be his.

The second Section where Martha comes in, states

that she would like to see her child Eliza Mae live

happily with a family of her own, which gives a

vision of the formation of a hybrid society. ‘A

dream began to wash through her mind…..dreamed

that she had travelled West to California, there she

was met by Eliza Mae… and her residence stood

on a fine, broad avenue. They were greeted by

Eliza Mae’s schoolteacher husband and three

children, who were dressed in their Sunday best,

even though this was not Sunday’. This reflects

how she wishes that the white society would

someday accept the blacks and treat them with

respect and recognize them as part of them. This

came into realization when the cultures of certain

countries are discussed in the present days as

‘melting pot’ and ‘Salad bowl’, describing a

mixture of races, ethnicity, nationalities etc.

In the section’ Somewhere in England’ physical

hybridity is seen, when Joyce gives birth to Geer.

Geer is a perfect form of hybrid race. As he is born

of a white mother and a black father. A boy not

born of forced hybrid birth, it was not imposed

upon rather born of love. A child which Joyce

choose to give away. A child who was ‘like

coffee’. But carries the burden of regret that she

states ‘My God, I wanted to hug him. I wanted to

know I had feelings for him…… Our son’.

Joyce didn’t see the fact that Travis is of another

race, but the difference in colour of the skin goes

on to determine the nature of where their

relationship was headed. Of all that she had been

through, Travis was a ray of hope in her darkened

life. Her marriage life is lonely one, a husband who

had abandoned her, her mother dies, and her best

friend is killed. And here when Travis enters her

life, she feels alive again. “The room smelt of him.

A good smell. I could smell him on me. I wasn’t

going to be alone again” (210). A love that shone

without reason or cause. But this love was gone

with the wind, when Travis breathed his last.

Joyce can be regarded as the woman, who dared to

love a man of different race, to bear his child, but

helplessly gave it away, only to reconcile with it as

a grown man. Here Geer is a man who is a cultural

hybrid, a blend of two cultures and heritages giving

way to the development of a totally new culture.

Conclusion: One can state that Phillips himself is a

cultural hybrid, a man caught between his African

descent, the Caribbean isles of his birth and Britain

where he has lived from an early age. A diasporic

identity can lead to the formation of a positive

hybridity, heading towards the development of a

new culture. This blending of shades of cultures,


put together to create a totally new entity. Phillips

throws light on a triangular hybrid culture which

arises from the countries which are interconnected

by the triangular trade. The culture of Africa,

England and Caribbean. This triangular trade was

how hybridity began, it was what first initiated the

hybrid process. What began with products and

commodities and raw materials to finished goods

finally opened a way to the trade of people. Thus

hybridity and its adverse complexities is a major

aspect reflected in Phillip’s select novels.

Bibliography

Phillips, Caryl. The Final Passage.

London: Faber and Faber Limited,

1985.Print.

Phillips, Caryl. Crossing the River.

London: Vintage Books, 2006. Print.

Research trends: in Journal of internet

services and applications

A.Elezabeth Dyana

Library Staff


Anita

Library Staff


Tiruchirappalli

Abstract

Scientometric analysis of 126 articles published in

journal of internet services and applications has been

carried out from journal metadata. Six volumes of the

journal containing 12 issues for 2010-2015 have been

taken into consideration for the present study. In this

paper an attempt has been made to analyze the

contributions to journal of internet services and

applications published during the year 2010-2015, in

order to explore the year wise, authorship, authorship

pattern, author productivity, degree of collaboration of

contributions and subject wise distribution. The study

revealed the trend of the subject is cloud, middleware

computing and networking based technology papers .

Keyword

Scientometric, Journal of Internet services and

Applications, Author productivity

Introduction

Scientometrics is the study which analyses scientific

publications to explore the innovation, structure and

growth of science. The bibliomaniac / Scientometric /

informatics techniques used to analyze various

quantitative and qualitative aspects of a certain

publication. It is a scientific field that studies the

evolution of science through some measurement

techniques involved

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics. The

detailed study revealed the scattering and growth of

literature, authorship pattern, year wise distribution

,literature by subject and technology –oriented

research.

Source

Journal of internet services and applications was

selected as the source journal for the present study.

The journal was started in 2010 and published

monthly by a fully open access journal under the

springer open , addressing theory and practice across

the span of internet architecture, protocols, services

and applications. It is an up-to-date coverage of recent

topics of computer internet based technology. It went

open access in 2013. It is abstracted and indexed in

SCOPUS, INSPEC, Google Scholar, Academic One

File, DBLP, DOAJ, EI-Compendex, OCLC,

SCImago, Summon by Pro Quest

The journal publishes articles in the following broad

subject headings.

Networking, communication, content distribution,

security, scalability and management

Mobile, pervasive and context-aware computing

Security and privacy


The objectives of the study are

To map the year wise distribution of papers

To examine the authorship pattern

To analyze the author productivity

To determine the degree of collaboration

To map the subject wise distribution of papers

Scope and Methodology


The present

study tries to

find out the

literature

growth,

authorship and

collaboration

pattern and

subject wise distribution of papers in the source

journal. Six volumes of journal of internet services

and applications, published between 2010 and 2015

containing 12 issues have been taken into

consideration to the present study. The journal meta

data is studied and analysed and the meta data

displayed in the MS-Excel format. The details of each

and every paper in the meta data csv file is analysed

and entered in the table taken into consideration.

Since the journal publishes the article only, the

collected data was examined with the following

bibliometic indicators.

Extent of authorship pattern (single vs Multiple)

Degree of collaboration

Subject wise distributions

Results and Discussion

Year wise distribution of papers

Table shows the distribution of articles published in

journal of internet services and applications during

2010-2015. The total of 126 articles was published

with 99.97 percentage of contribution. Out of 126

articles, the highest number of articles were published

in the year 2012 with 26.19 percentage and the lowest

number of articles were published in the year 2010

with only 13 articles.

Table – year wise distribution of papers

Year Volume

number

Number

of issues

Total

number

of

papers

% of

papers

2010 1 1-3 13 10.31

2011 2 2-3 28 22.22

2012 3 3-3 33 26.19

2013 4 4-1 19 15.07

2014 5 5-1 14 11.11

2015 6 6-1 19 15.07

Total 12 126 99.97

Authorship pattern

It is observed from the table that about 68% of papers

were contributed by multi authors. 23% of papers

were contributed by double authors in the journal of

internet services and applications. Out of 126 articles,

only 7.39% of papers were published by single

authors. The trend of the author pattern in the journal

shows that the team size was two or multi authored.

Author Productivity: The data pertaining to author productivity is presented

in table. The table shows that the total average

number of authors per paper is 3.60 for the 126

articles. The average productivity per author is 0.27

during the year 2010-2015. A meaningful measure

would be the Productivity of Authors that is the

number of articles in a language compared to the

number of potential authors. Productivity has been

calculated with the following formula

Average authors per paper = No. of authors / No. of

papers Productivity per Author = No. of Papers/ No.

of Authors

Table – Author productivity Year Total

number of papers

Total number of authors

Average authors per paper

Productivity per author

2010 13 37 2.84 0.35

2011 28 85 3.04 0.32

2012 33 122 3.69 0.27

2013 19 67 3.52 0.28

2014 14 46 3.28 0.30

2015 19 71 3.73 0.26

Total 126 428 3.60 0.27

Degree of Collaboration

In order to determine the strength of Collaboration ,

the following formula is used.

Degree of Collaboration = Number of multiple

authored papers /(Number of single authored

papers +Number of Multiple authored papers)

The degree of Collaboration of authors year wise is

presented in the table. The degree of collaboration

ranges from 0.69 to 0.89. The average degree of

collaboration is 0.94 during the period 2010-2015.

It shows that there exists the higher level of

collaboration in the journal.

Subject keyword wise distribution

Table – Authorship pattern

Authors Number of

papers

% of

papers

Single 10 7.39

Two author 30 23.80

Multi-

authored

86 68.25

Total 126 99.94


The table shows the distribution of keyword wise

articles published in journal of internet services and

applications during the years 2010-2015. Out of

126 articles published, the highest number of

articles were published in the area of cloud

computing. The second highest number of articles

in the area of middleware computing. The

percentage of 26.19 articles was published in the

area of other computer technology related topics.

Table – keyword wise pattern distribution

Keyword No. of articles related that keyword

% of papers

distribution

Networking 16 12.69

Cloud computing 23 18.25 Communication & web 9 7.14

Content distribution 4 3.17

Security 9 7.14

Scalability Managt. 8 6.34

Middleware 17 13.49

Mobile computing 6 4.76

Content – aware

computing

1 0.79

Others 33 26.19

Total 126 99.96

Findings

The analysis revealed the following conclusions:

The maximum number of papers published in

2012 and in minimum in 2010

The highest number of articles was contributed

by multiple authors during the study period

The degree of collaboration was 0.94

The author productivity is 0.27 and the average

number of authors per paper is 3.60.

The highest number of articles published is in

the area of cloud computing, middleware,

networking, as on .

Conclusion

The analysis explored and revealed the majority of the

papers by multi authors. There was poor publication

by single authors. The degree of collaboration

indicated that there exists higher degree of

collaboration. The study showed that the journal

possesses the advanced technology of the computer

science field and the journal involved deeper

knowledge of recent computing technological science

community.

Bibliography

http://www.springer.com/computer/communication+net

works/journal/13174 on 21-9-15

http://link.springer.com/journal/13174 accessed on 21-9-

15

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics accessed on

21-9-15 http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/1944/1656/1/64.pdf

accessed on 21-9-15

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Productivity_of

_Wikipedia_Authors accessed on 21-9-15

file:///C:/Users/libraryy/Desktop/JSIR%20(2011).pdf

accessed on 21-9-15

A Study on Consumer Behavior towards

Green Products in Tiruchirappalli Town

S.Hemapriyadharshini Research scholar

Department of commerce

Dr.S. Vasanthi, Associate professor



Tiruchirappalli-2

________________________________________

Abstract

Green Marketing refers to the selecting of the

environmentally friendly (eco-friendly) products/

services. Eco-marketing plays a dominant role to

make the environment pollution-free and a healthy

place for living. This study aims at identifying the

various factors influencing the consumer buying

behavior towards green products and services. This

study also creates an awareness among the

respondents about the availability of various kinds of

green products and services in Tiruchirappalli town.

Key words: Green products, buying behaviors.

Introduction

Green marketing refers to the process of selling

products or services based on their environmentally

friendly in itself or produced or packaged in an

environmentally friendly way. In recent trends the

term green or eco marketing have come to

prominence and reflects a growing concern at all

levels of the increased consumption on physical

environment. The implications of the destruction of

the forests, the appearance of ‘holes’ in ozone layer

etc., were widely published and created a wave

concern about the destruction of our natural

environment. Therefore many consumers are in

favor of eco-friendly products; this has created

more impact on green marketing. Green is

everywhere these days in the news, politics,

fashion, and even technology. One can hardly

escape it on the Internet, and but with the Planet

http://www.springer.com/computer/communication+networks/journal/13174

http://www.springer.com/computer/communication+networks/journal/13174

http://link.springer.com/journal/13174

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics

http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/1944/1656/1/64.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Productivity_of_Wikipedia_Authors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Productivity_of_Wikipedia_Authors


Green TV network people enjoy eco-friendly

entertainments 24 hours a day.

According to the American Marketing Association,

green marketing is the marketing of products that

are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus

green marketing incorporates a broad range of

activities, including product modification, changes

to the production process, packaging changes, as

well as modifying advertising. Thus "Green

Marketing" refers to holistic marketing concept

wherein the production, marketing consumption,

disposal of products and services happen in a

manner that is less detrimental to the environment

with growing awareness about the implications of

global warming, non- biodegradable solid waste,

harmful impact of pollutants, both

marketers/consumers are becoming increasingly

sensitive to the need for switch in to green products

and services. While the shift to "green" may appear

to be expensive in the short term, it will definitely

prove to be indispensable and advantageous, cost-

wise, in the long run. Green marketing, also

alternatively known as environmental marketing

and sustainable marketing, refers to an

organization's efforts at designing, promoting,

pricing and distributing products that will not harm

the environment. Green consumer is one who

avoids products that are likely to endanger the

health of the consumer or others; cause significant

damage to the environment during manufacture,

use or disposal; consume a disproportionate amount

of energy; cause unnecessary waste; use materials

derived from threatened species or environments;

involve unnecessary use of/cruelty to animals and

adversely affect other countries.


Green marketing gives importance to the

production and usage of green products/ services,

green technology, green power/energy. The firm

ensures that they convince the customer about their

green product, by implementing Eco-labeling

schemes. Eco-labeling schemes offer its “approval”

to “Environmentally harmless” products and they

are very popular in Japan and Europe but

convincing the Indian customer’s is a very great

challenge for Indian firms. Green marketing will be

successful only in long run as many customers may

not be willing to pay higher price for green

products which may affect the sales of the

company, but the companies adopt green product

more, because of Opportunities in Green products,

Government Pressure, Competitive Pressure, Social

Responsibilities and Cost or Profit issues. The

profits will be very low since renewable and

recyclable products and green technologies are

more expensive. Hence a study on consumer

behavior towards green products was undertaken to

analyze the consumer behavior consciously

contributing to a “greener world”.


Encouraging an interest in current events, and the

challenges that are faced by the society today in

buying green products are very important as the

buying behavior decisions of consumers may affect

the environment. Most scientists agree that global

warming is the most critical issue that needs our

action today, caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

The largest responsibility for the excessive levels

of carbon dioxide being released into the

atmosphere is that from the fuel used. Green

marketing will be successful only if the marketer

understands the green products and green consumer

behavior. Hence it is essential to conduct a study on

the consumer behavior towards green products in

Tiruchirappalli town.


1. To study the demographic profile and the level

of awareness among the sample respondents

in the study area.

2. To analyze the various motivating factors, the

consumers to buy the green products among

the sample respondents.

3. To evaluate the level of usage and level of

satisfaction of the Environmental friendly

products.

4. To offer Findings, Suggestions and

Conclusion.

Hypothesis

The study is based up on the formulation of the

following hypothesis framed for the purpose of

analysis:

1. There is significant relationship between the

monthly income of the respondents and

amount spent on purchase of green products.

2. There is a significant association between

gender of the respondents and their awareness

towards the green products.

Research Methodology


This study is based on the descriptive method of

research. In this method, the researcher sets

specific objectives and tries to draw out definite

conclusions. It describes the aspirations and all

related motivating factors of the respondents in

relation to their buying behavior towards green

products. A well-structured questionnaire was set

to collect the data from the selected respondents for

this study, through survey method.

Research Design

The research design constitutes the blue print for

the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It

is the strategy for a study and the plan by which the

strategy is to be carried out.

Sources of data: Primary data was collected

through structured questionnaire from the

respondents. Secondary data was collected through

internet, magazines, relevant books, journals, and

newspaper. Both primary and secondary data were

used for the study but the analysis was made

mainly using primary data.

Sampling design: The sampling design is to define

the set of objects, technically called the universe of

the study. As the population is vast and the

availability of time for the study is limited, the

researcher has adopted convenient sampling

method.

Sample size: The sample size is one hundred and

fifty. Data was collected from the respondents

through self-administered questionnaire with

minimal interface in non-contrived work settings

by considering individuals as unit of analysis.

STATISTICAL TOOLS: Percentage analysis,

Factor analysis and Chi-square test have been used

for the analysis and interpretation. The statistical

tools are used to analyze the data to answer the

objective structure. The data collected from the

respondents systematically presented under various

headings.

Percentage Analysis: Percentage analysis is the

method to represent raw streams of data as a

percentage (a part in 100 percent) for better

understanding of collected data.

Factor Analysis: Factor analysis is a multivariate

statistical technique used to condense and simplify

the set of large number of variables to smaller

number of variables called factors. This technique

is helpful to identify the underlying factors that

determine the relationship between the observed

variables and provides an empirical classification

scheme of clustering of statements into groups

called factors.

Correlation: Correlation refers to the relationship

between two or more variables.

Chi-Square Test: Chi-Square test refers to test the

level of significant relationship between two

variables.

The study has made use of statistical tools with the

help of SPSS package to validate the results of the

study.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Tiruchirappalli town has been selected as the area

of the study and is limited to the following factors

The study is limited to geographical region of

Tiruchirappalli town only.

Due to time constraints, the researcher has

collected data from 150 respondents only.

The findings are based on the information

given by the respondents; therefore it is not

universally applicable.

The result of the study cannot be generalized

since the buying behavior of consumer will

differ from person to person and from place to

place.

Analysis & interpretations

Awareness and motivating factors of green products

Factor analysis technique is used to

identify the respondent’s level of awareness and

various motivating factors towards purchase of

green products; the factor analysis technique has

been used. The 12 factors are identified namely A1,

A2, A3……A12 and given in the table below


The table reveals that Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin

Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) and

Bartlett’s test of sphercity have been applied to

the resultant correlation matrix to test whether

the relationship among the variables has been

significant or not as shown in the table. The

result of the test shows that with the significant

value of .000 and there is significant relationship

among the variables chosen. KMO test is yielded

a result of .636 which states that factor analysis

can be carried out appropriately for these

variables that are taken for the study.

ROTATED FACTOR LOADINGS ON

AWARENESS AND MOTIVATING FACTORS


Extraction Method: Principal Component

Analysis


Normalization

The table illustrates that the principal component

analysis and rotated factor loading method is

used for stimulating factors. From the above

table, it is observed that out of 12 factors, 3

factors are identified by the rotation method.

Percentage of variation in the factors shows

61.514 per cent.

CLUSTERING OF AWARENESS AND

MOTIVATING FACTOR IN GREEN

PRODUCTS

The table depicts clustering of awareness and

motivating factor in green products. From the

above table, it is revealed that the 3 factors are


identified as being maximum per cent variance

accounted. The table shows that variables A1, A2,

A3 and A4 are clustered together as factor I and it

is named as “Quality and availability”. The next

five variables A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 are

constituted as factor II and it is named as

“Awareness”, the next three variables A10, A11

and A12 are constituted as factor III and it is named

as “Buying behavior”.

Therefore the awareness and motivating factors of

green products are given below:

Quality and availability

Awareness.

Buying behavior.

HYPOTHESIS 1

NULL HYPOTHESIS

H0: There is no significant relationship between the

monthly income of the respondents and amount

spent on purchase green products.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

H1: There is significant relationship between the

monthly income of the respondents and amount

spent on purchase of green products.

Karl Pearson’s Co-efficient of Correlation

Between Monthly Income of the Respondents

and Amount Spent on purchase of Green

Products.

VARIABLES

Family

Monthly

Income

Amount

spent for one

month to buy

green

products

Family Monthly

Income

Pearson

Correlation 1 .284**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 150 150

Amount spent for

one month to buy

green products

Pearson

Correlation .284** 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 150 150

Sources: Computed from Primary Data

A Pearson’s bivariate correlation was done with

two variables: monthly income of the respondents

and amount spent on purchase of green products.

The test yielded as significant result (r=.284,

p=.000). Though the relationship is statistically

significant, the relationship is good. It is proved

that research hypothesis is accepted. Hence, the

null hypothesis is not accepted and the alternative

hypothesis is accepted.

HYPOTHESIS 2: NULL HYPOTHESIS

H0: There is no significant association between

gender of the respondents and their awareness of

the term green marketing.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

H1: There is a significant association between

gender of the respondents and their awareness of

the term green marketing.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GENDER OF THE

RESPONDENTS AND THEIR AWARENESS OF

THE TERM GREEN MARKETING

Awareness of

green products *

gender

Male Female Total Statistical

inference

Yes 42 101 143 X2= 22.427

degree of

freedom =

1

significant

= .000

No 4 3 7

Total 46 104 150

Sources: Computed from Primary Data

The table shows that Chi square value of 22.427 (df

= 1, N=150), p<0.05 is significant at 1 degree of

freedom, so that there is a significant association

between gender of the respondents and their

awareness of the term green marketing. It is proved

that research hypothesis is accepted. Hence, the

null hypothesis is not accepted and the alternative

hypothesis is accepted.

Level of usage towards green products

Factor analysis technique is used to identify the

respondent’s level of usage towards green products;

the factor analysis technique has been used. The 10

factors are identified namely U1,U2, U3……U10

and given in the table below

The above table reveals that Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin

Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) and

Bartlett’s test of sphercity have been applied to the

resultant correlation matrix to test whether the


relationship among the variables has been

significant or not as shown in the table. The result

of the test shows that with the significant value of

.000 and there is significant relationship among the

variables chosen. KMO test is yielded a result of

.619 which states that factor analysis can be carried

out appropriately for these variables that are taken

for the study

ROTATED FACTOR LOADINGS ON LEVEL OF USAGE

PARTICULARS FACTORS

1 2 3

Health conscious-U1 .831 .051 .267

User friendly-U2 .807 .274 -.012

High satisfaction &

Repurchasing-U3 .628 .004 .580

Less energy consumption-

U4

.225 .882 .025

Less consumption of

water-U5

-.081 .715 -.008

Noise reduction-U6 .525 .635 .093

Minimization of packing-

U7

.137 .610 .388

Going green-U8 -.064 .110 .834

Easy recycling-U9 .368 .104 .648

Safety for health-U10 .495 .019 .549

Percentage of variance 24.711 21.660 19.854

Cumulative Percentage

variance

24.711 46.371 66.224


Analysis


Normalization Table illustrates that the principal


method is used for stimulating factors. It is

observed that out of 10 factors, 3 factors are

identified by the rotation method. The total

percentage of variation in the factors shows 66.224

per cent.

Clustering of stimulating factor in level of usage

towards green products

The table depicts that clustering of stimulating

factor in level of usage towards green products. It is

revels that the 3 factors are identified as being

maximum per cent variance accounted. That

variables U1, U2 and U3 are clustered together as

factor I and it is named as “Reuse”. The next four

variables U4, U5, U6 and U7 are constituted as

factor II and it is named as “Reduce”, the next three

variables U8, U9 and U10 are constituted as factor

III and it is named as “Recycle”. Therefore the

levels of usage towards green products are given

as: Reuse; Reduce; Recycle.

LEVEL OF SATISFACTION TOWARDS

GREEN PRODUCTS Factor analysis technique is used to identify the

respondent’s level of satisfaction towards green

products; the factor analysis technique has been

used. The 10 factors identified namely S1, S2,

S3……S10 are given in the table below

From the above table reveals that Kaiser-Meyer-

Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) and

Bartlett’s test of sphercity have been applied to the

resultant correlation matrix to test whether the

relationship among the variables has been

significant or not as shown in the table. The result

of the test shows that with the significant value of

.000 and there is significant relationship among the

variables chosen. KMO test yielded a result of .670

which states that factor analysis can be carried out

appropriately for these variables that are taken for

the study.

Rotated factor loadings on Level of satisfaction




Analysis


Normalization table illustrates that the principal


method is used for stimulating factors. From the

above table, it is observed that out of 10 factors,

3 factors are identified by the rotation method.

The total percentage of variation in the factors

shows 73.271 percent.

Clustering of stimulating factor in level of

satisfaction towards green products

The table depicts that clustering of stimulating

factor in level of satisfaction towards green

products. It is revels that the 4 factors are identified

as being maximum per cent variance accounted.

That variables S1 and S2 are clustered together as

factor I and it is named as “Services”. The next

four variables S3, S4, S5 and S6 are constituted as

factor II and it is named as “Cost”, the next two

variables S7 and S8 are constituted as factor III and

it is named as “Quality”, the next two variables S9

and S10 are constituted as factor IV and it named

as “Publicity”.

Therefore the levels of satisfaction towards green

products are given as Service; Cost; Quality;

Publicity.

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

Findings based on demographic profile:

Majority of the respondents (75.3 percent)

belong to the age group of 21-30 years.


are female.


are single.

Majority of the respondents (42 percent)

are professionally qualified.

Two different major groups of the

respondents (29.3 percent) earn a monthly

income of below 20, 000 and .40,

001-60,000.


earn an Annual income of .3,00,001-

4,50,000.


belong to nuclear family system.


work in private concerns.

Findings based on awareness and motivating

factors:


were aware of green products.

Majority of the respondents (58.7 percent) gain

information from advertisements.

Majority of the respondents (40 percent) were

always considering the effects on health while

purchasing day to day products.


were aware of up to 1-5 green products.


sometimes get influenced by green products

when they go shopping.


spend below .1,000 per month for buying

green products.

Majority of the respondents (89.3 percent) buy

green products.


purchase herbal cosmetics.

Majority of the respondents (80 percent) get

green products nearby their residence.


purchase green products sometimes / monthly.



always get good quality and taste from green

products.


were aware of eco mark label in green

products.

Findings based on hypothesis: (Chi square

and Correlation results show that)

There is significant relationship between

the monthly income of the respondents and

amount spent on purchase of green

products.

There is a significant association between

gender of the respondents and their

awareness towards the green products.

Conclusion

Nowadays it is restated that the current

consumption level of consumers are too high and

are unsustainable. There is a need for green

marketing for shift in the consumer’s behavior and

attitude towards more environmental friendly life

styles. Public have started to realize their roles and

responsibilities towards the environment. Although

the change is not happening quickly, it is

happening steadily. Every business house is

looking towards gaining an edge in the green

market industry by trying to re-design and re-

packages their products into more environmental

friendly products. Consumers are willing to pay a

little extra price towards green products,

organizations are taking notice of the demand and

behavior and attitude of the consumers.

This research work on “A study on consumer

behavior towards green products in Tiruchirappalli

town” throws light on the consumer’s attitude and

awareness towards green products. The factors

influencing their purchase are benefit for health,

quality and reliability, variety, quantity,

environment friendly, ambience of the store,

customer services and consumer friendly

suggestions.

____________________________________

Digital India Program and its Challenges

in Making a Possible Mission-A

Conceptual Analysis

Mrs.P.Anitha Associate Professor

Department of Social Work


Trichy-2

______________________________________ Abstract

Digital India is an initiative of Government of India to

integrate the government departments and the people

of India. It aims at ensuring that the government

services are made available to citizens electronically

by reducing paperwork. Digital India comprises of

various initiatives, under the single programme each

targeted to prepare India for becoming a knowledge

economy and for bringing good governance to

citizens through synchronized and co-ordinated

engagement of the entire Government. It’s a known

truth that India is in the hand of victimizing political

scenario rolling from ruling parties to parties, the

country which has many flaws of poor education and

sanitation, disparity in governance both manual and

electronic and major flop of implementing proper

welfare schemes in developing the majority holding

India(rural villages).Over the last one year, several

initiatives have been taken for introduction of

Information Technology to empower people in areas

relating to health, education, labor and employment,

commerce etc. The researcher intends to place an

argument in this paper that if India wants to be

Digitalized the execution and planning has to be done

by bringing indiscriminate politics and augmented

good will of the economist to pool all the industrialist

and info tech CEO”S to distribute the resources to the

excommunicated locality of our country, rather than

taking imperialistic iconic people personifying

modern technology to spread awareness about Digital

India.

Key words: Digital India, politics, sanitation and

education

Introduction

Digital India is an initiative of Government of India to

integrate the government departments and the people

of India. It aims at ensuring that the government

services are made available to citizens electronically

by reducing paperwork. The initiative also includes

plan to connect rural areas with high-speed

internet networks. Digital India has three core

components.

These include:

The creation of digital infrastructure

Delivering services digitally

Digital literacy

The project is slated for completion by 2019. A two-

way platform will be created where both the service

providers and the consumers stand to benefit. The

scheme will be monitored and controlled by

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_internet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_internet


the Digital India Advisory group, which will be

chaired by the Ministry of Communications and IT.

It will be an inter-ministerial initiative where all

ministries and departments shall offer their own

services to the public Healthcare, Education,

Judicial services etc. The Public-private-

partnership model shall be adopted selectively. In

addition, there are plans to restructure the National

Informatics Centre. This project is one among the top

priority projects of the Modi’s Administration.

Vision of Digital India

The vision of Digital India program aims at inclusive

growth in areas of electronic services, products,

manufacturing and job opportunities etc. which are

centered on three key areas –

Digital Infrastructure as a Utility to Every

Citizen

Governance & Services on Demand and

Digital Empowerment of Citizens

With the above vision, the Digital India program aims

to provide Broadband Highways, Universal Access to

Mobile Connectivity, Public Internet Access

Program, E-Governance: Reforming Government

through Technology, e-Kranti – Electronic Delivery

of Services, Information for All, Electronics

Manufacturing: Target Net Zero Imports, IT for Jobs

and Early Harvest Programs.

The Digital India initiative has huge potential to

empower the country and aid economic growth by

harnessing technology, said finance minister Arun

Jaitley of wild Wednesday July 1. “This initiative will

empower India by utilising the technology to the

foremost. I have not the least doubt that the leaders of

the industry from the world over present here wanting

to invest billions and billions of dollars in this field,

new job creation will take place and it will probably

take India to a much greater height,” he said at the

launch of ‘Digital India Week. In an order to create

participative, transparent and responsive government,

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the much

ambitious 'Digital India' programme on Wednesday,

July 1, at the Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium in the

national capital.

Top industrialists like RIL Chairman and Managing

Director Mukesh Ambani, Tata Group chairman

Cyrus Mistry, Wipro Chairman Azim Premji and

many others, were among the business honchos who

shared their ideas of taking digital revolution to the

masses.

IMPACT OF DIGITAL INDIA BY 2019

Broadband in 2.5 lakh villages, universal phone

connectivity Net Zero Imports by 2020, 400,000

Public Internet Access Points Wi-fi in 2.5 lakh

schools, all universities;

Public wi-fi hotspots for citizens Digital Inclusion:

1.7 Cr trained for IT, Telecom and Electronics

Jobs Job creation for Direct 1.7 Cr. and Indirect at

least 8.5 Cr.

e-Governance & e-Services: Across government

India to be leader in IT use in services - health,

education, banking Digitally empowered citizens

- public cloud, internet access Benefits of Digital

Locker, Digital Locker facility will help citizens to

digitally store their important documents like PAN

card, passport, mark sheets and degree certificates.

Digital Locker will provide secure access to

Government issued documents. It uses authenticity

services provided by Aadhaar. It is aimed at

eliminating the use of physical documents and

enables sharing of verified electronic documents

across government agencies. Digital Locker

provides a dedicated personal storage space in the

cloud to citizens, linked to citizens Aadhaar

number.

National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) proposes

seven lakh kilometers of optical fibre to be laid to

connect 250 gram panchayats in three years.

Public Wi-fi spots will be provided around the

clusters after that and all villages will be provided

with internet connectivity.

The University Grants Commission (UGC) -Oct-

2014 also directed all varsities and higher

education institutes across the country to

observe the Digital India Week.

The Digital India initiative has huge potential to

empower the country and aid economic growth

by harnessing technology, said Finance

Minister Arun Jaitley on Feb,2014. Referring to

the Jan-Dhan Yojana for financial inclusion,

the minister said that the Digital India

campaign too would have a huge potential. “In

a period of less than five months, we were able

to open 160 million Jan Dhan accounts. The

Direct Benefit Transfer extends to almost 130

million people and was achieved in a matter of

few months,” he said, adding that 110 million

insurance policies started within a period of

less than five weeks

Researcher’s point of view:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-private-partnership

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-private-partnership

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modi_Administration


The factual ideas portrayed above and the

figurative statement mentioned will be a

background for the researcher to keep the

views, queries and worries about the unspoken

challenges and un said problems in

constructing India in a different fraternity.

Keeping the political scenario and the

vulnerable democracy of our country, how

many policies are initiated into practices or at

least worked on to evolve as schemes? One

small example is the Chief Ministers scheme

for free eye camp and screening for surgery

through CM"s health Insurance scheme which

accepts only couple of eye operations and tax

back the people themselves to pay for rest of

the operations, never sounds to be a healthy

Governance. And because of this GH’s are not

flourishing in its own way.

Late Dr.Kalam neatly pointed in his book “India

Vision 2020” that India has to be terror proof

country to become a strong nation. And later he

said 5 areas which includes1. Health, 2.

Infrastructure, 3. Literacy , 4. Communication

and information and technology and 5. Defense

technology to empower the nation and declare its

sovereignty universally. The initiative lacks

many crucial components including lack of legal

framework, absence of privacy and data

protection laws, civil liberties abuse

possibilities, lack of parliamentary oversight for

e-surveillance in India, lack of intelligence

related reforms in India, insecure Indian

cyberspace, etc. These issues have to be

managed first before introducing DI initiative in

India.

Discussion and Suggestion to bring Digital dream by

Prime Minister Modi true than a Nightmare:

Taking the political struggle in supplying power

supply in Tamil Nadu: let we discuss the Electrified

India: As on 31st August 2013, a total of 32,227

villages of India are yet to be provided with electricity

access. Out of a total of 593,732 inhabited villages as

per the 2001 census, as on 31st August 2013, a total

of 561505 villages were electrified.

The fact is: A village is deemed electrified, if 10

percent of all the households of the village has

electricity access and if electricity provided to public

spaces such as schools, Panchayat officers, health

centers, community centers and dispensaries.

Of a total of 29 states of India, only 9 states have

achieved 100 percent village electrification as on 31st

August 2013.

The discussion is: Let us assume that majority of

78% of India is electrified , do we monitor how

often the NLC or National Electricity Board has

worked for frequent check of supplying adequate

electricity to the so called electrified Districts or

state taking Tamilnadu as an instance. If steps are

taken to redress the grievances of the lignite

corporation. Political government plays a vital role

in solving and understanding their needs, even the

central India cannot bring changes in Tamil Nadu.

If this adequate rush of power is lacking in the

whole of our state, then how could digital

revolution happen, and the first man’s Dream ever

come true?

Taking the health promotion of our nation, it

promotes that leprosy is eradicated and declared the

nation as lepers free one.

The Fact Is: Leprosy affects close to a quarter

million people (2,32,857 new cases in 2012) across

the world. About 58 per cent of them are in India,

where transmission continues in spite of it being

declared as eliminated as a public health problem in

2005. India has the world’s highest burden of the

disease: 1,34,752 new cases were detected in 2012-

13. While India celebrates its near-victory over

polio, leprosy continues to haunt it.

The Discussion Is: Concerted efforts are required to

ensure timely diagnosis so that disabilities can be

prevented, patients are cured and the cycle of stigma

and discrimination is broken.

Every stop and commas of a politician show cause the

love for his nation but the reality of our nation that

speaks about us in other countries can be a vivid

witness here in this report that a reform is needed not

to fill the water (digitalising india ) in a cracked pot

(un healthy poverty INDIA)

Taking sanitation which is the prime dignity of our

nation...

The Fact Is: India still has the largest number of

people defecating in open in the world, according to a

new United Nations report. The report has prompted

the Indian Government to admit it as a "huge shame".

"Globally, India continues to be the country with the

highest number of people (597 million people)

practising open defecation," says the report - the


Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation-2014

update - released in Geneva on February 4, 2014

The report jointly prepared by the WHO and the

UNICEF says that eighty-two per cent of the one

billion people practising open defecation in the world

live in just 10 countries.

The UN findings prompted Rural Development

Minister Jairam Ramesh to term it as "a huge shame

for all of us."Sanitation has to become a national

obsession. It is a huge shame for all of us," said Mr

Ramesh, who has taken several steps to eradicate the

menace of open defecation in the country."High GDP

growth is all very well but this is most basic

fundamental, related to the security and dignity of

women. Also we have failed to recognise that poor

sanitation is one of the main causes of persistent

malnutrition," .The report, however, hails India's

immediate neighbour Bangladesh and Vietnam,

saying they are among the top 10 countries that have

achieved the highest reduction in open defecation

since 1990.

The Discussion Is: Despite many demographics

background and multinational business and corporate

bodies working for digital India week launching, who

will campaign swatch Bharath Abhiyan? Which is

also our prime ministers primary focus?

The political parties will have no pathway to reach

their concerned region as they have to fulfill

something else on their way other than empathizing

their voters. Beyond many success in science and

academics grass root level is graying to fade down.

NGOs and practitioners should be handed over the

problems to privatize the demands and see the

universal success.

10 most crucial things that we ought to focus on in

bringing India in 2050 as a potential Land:

1. Improve governance.

2. Raise educational achievement.

3. Increase quality and quantity of universities.

5. Introduce a credible fiscal policy.

6. Liberalize financial markets.

7. Increase trade with neighbours.

8. Increase agricultural productivity.

9. Improve infrastructure.

10. Improve Environmental Quality.

Perhaps not all these ‘action areas’ can be addressed

at the same time, but we believe that, in coming years,

progress will have to be made in all of them if India is

to achieve its very exciting growth potential.

Although concerted efforts have been initiated by the

Government of India through several plans and

measures to alleviate poverty in rural India, there still

remains much more to be done to bring prosperity in

the lives of the people in rural areas. At present,

technology dissemination is uneven and slow in the

rural areas. Good efforts of organizations developing

technologies, devices and products for rural areas

could not yield high success. Experiences of many

countries suggest that technological development

fuelled by demand has a higher dissemination rate.

However, in India, technology developers for rural

areas have been catering to needs (with small

improvement), rather than creating demand. There is

no industry linkage machinery to create demand-

based-technology market for rural communities.

Besides, there is also an imbalance between strategies

and effective management programmes. Propagation

of technology/schemes for rural development is slow

and there is a lacking in wider participation of

different stakeholders. An ideal approach may

therefore, include the government, Panchayats, village

persons, researchers, industries, NGOs and private

companies to not only help in reducing this

imbalance, but also to have a multiplier effect on the

overall economy.

Elements of Reform : We think that, to resolve these

issues, there has to be greater accountability of

politicians to the citizen, an unbundling of the

government’s roles as regulator India will find it

difficult to realize its potential without much-needed

reforms to governance. Government’s roles as

regulator and provider of services should be

unbundled

Public-private partnerships. Allowing the private

sector to provide public services in wide ranging

areas such as health, primary education, building

infrastructure, water supply and inner-city

transport would solve several important problems.

It would enable the government to fulfill its

obligations to supply core services, which are

badly served. Citizens would exercise choice over

providers, and it would clearly separate the role of

provider and regulator, with the government

becoming the latter.

Decentralization. By decentralizing provision of

public services, the government can unbundle

responsibilities across tiers of government to

create checks and balances. Decentralization also

strengthens the demand side, as citizens from the

bottom-up demand better performance and have

scope for voice and choice. It leads to greater

accountability at the local level.


Greater information. The use of greater

transparency and information can allow more

accountability and increased citizen voice in

ensuring good governance. The Right To

Information Act passed in 2005 is a step in the

right direction, as it allows citizens significant

access to government data. The initiatives to move

government services online e-governance can also

enhance transparency and reduce transaction costs.

However, these initiatives have to be widely used

in order to be effective. Further, there is a need for

‘reform champions’ in the administration who can

successfully lead and manage governance reforms.

Some observers attribute India’s governance problems

to its democracy. We think it is the malpractice of

democracy—or the ‘democracy deficit’—that is the

cause of the problem. A well-functioning democracy

should allow citizens to have more voice in evaluating

the quality of services they receive, for governments

and service providers to be accountable, and for

citizens to pay directly for services received. Indeed,

economic growth and democracy increase aspirations

and expectations of services—as citizens gain greater

access to health-care, school and the market, they

demand better services. If the system of governance

were to respond, it would set in train a virtuous cycle.

Thus, the need is for increased democracy, not less;

and for more citizen involvement, not less.

Digital India project is worth exploring and

implementation despite its shortcomings, which can

be rectified before its implementation. The point to be

recorded is that the elected ministers and the prime

minister have many religious and political disparities

and the stigma they are now to the opposition and the

minority group has to be disowned and has to work to

evolve one governance which can be continued even

after the position of Mr.Modi. The way he swayed the

election by social networks says how much He was

into the techo hike that is quite remarkable and at the

same time our country’s back bone is village without

proper basic amenities clothing a hunger with red

carpets will not give a sustainability ,the capacity of

the rural india has to be built. Making government

departments and village panchayats a wi-fi campus

alone can never make India a Digital one.

Conclusion: Talking in front of mikes and aged

ministers panel and capitalists and CEOs, conducting

seminars and conferences to see the sugary part of the

project and superficial gaps of making knowledge and

training to empower the users to access the digi world

in their village, the researcher in this context is

emphasizing on the sustainability and capacity

building on various ways and means to calm down his

mental pressure by widening his resources and trust

the changes he is going to foresee, Without clearing

all the mishaps and gaps of the government's

HEALTH FOR ALL IN 2000AD, INDIA VISION

2020, we cannot succeed the 2050 potential India as a

developed country. Change the vulnerable India as the

people of our country are so meek and adapting

themselves to the changing governance when all

political parties change. Adequate pilot study and

intense field action will work out rather appointing

celebrities or iconic people to promote the apps and

mobile services. It is wise to recap the needs of the

rural villages and some parts of the urban cities with

what they really want and then we can induce

powerful changes as dreamt by Dr. Kalam and now by

our PM. Shri. Modi.

References:

India Vision 2020by Former President

Dr..APJ.Kalam

Indian Express March,25th

2014

Times of India Feb”12 th 2014

http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo

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http//www.gopio.net/india_development/develop

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http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-

thinking/archive/archive-pdfs/ten-things-

india.pdf

http://cca.org.hk/home/ctc/ctc94-

02/5.mathew.htm

http://www.facts-about-

india.com/economy-of-india.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_devel

opment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_devel

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http://www.nistads.res.in/indiasnt2008/t6r

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http://www.csi-

india.org/communications/CSIC_April_2015.pdf

http://www.cmai.asia/digitalindia/

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.c

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25/news/53205445_1_digital-india-india-

today-financial-services

http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/article.

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shri-narendra-modi-dedicates-icici-

digital-village-to-the-nation-

20150201212223499

http://www.oneindia.com/feature/what-is-

digital-india-programme-explained-

1792279.html http://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/banks/icici-

launches-digital-village-project-adopts-gujarat-

village/story/214196.html

http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_highlights.html

http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_highlights.html

http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/archive-pdfs/ten-things-india.pdf



http://cca.org.hk/home/ctc/ctc94-02/5.mathew.htm

http://cca.org.hk/home/ctc/ctc94-02/5.mathew.htm

http://www.facts-about-india.com/economy-of-india.php

http://www.facts-about-india.com/economy-of-india.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_development_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_development_theory

http://www.nistads.res.in/indiasnt2008/t6rural/t6rur3.htm

http://www.nistads.res.in/indiasnt2008/t6rural/t6rur3.htm

http://www.cmai.asia/digitalindia/

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-25/news/53205445_1_digital-india-india-today-financial-services




http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/article.page?identifier=news-prime-minister-shri-narendra-modi-dedicates-icici-digital-village-to-the-nation-20150201212223499





http://www.oneindia.com/feature/what-is-digital-india-programme-explained-1792279.html




http://www.bgr.in/news/governments-

digital-india-project-can-create-5-crore-

jobs-telecom-minister-ravi-shankar-

prasad/electricity:

http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/dp

d_div_rep/village_electrification.pdf

http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/0

2/17/386876116/whats-it-like-to-live-without-

electricity-ask-an-indian-villager

http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-

ed/electrified-but-without-

electricity/article6475940.ece

http://artsci.washington.edu/news/2013-

10/much-rural-india-still-waits-electricity

http://www.vasudha-foundation.org/wp-

content/uploads/2)%20Reader%20Friendly%20Pa

per%20for%20USO_Status%20of%20Rural%20el

ectrification%20status%20in%20India.pdf

http://indianpowersector.com/home/about http://wattavillage.com/tag/unelectrified-villages/

Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy:

A Social Reformer

M.S.Snehalatha Research Scholar

Major.Dr.Viji,M Associate Professor

Department of History,


Trichy-2

_______________________________________

Abstract

Dr. Muthulakshmi hailed from a socially handicapped

environment in an era when girls were born only to be

married. Born in 1886 in the small princely state of

Pudukottai, she faced numerous challenges. It was not

just destiny, but her indomitable spirit and courage

that defied the odds. She had to struggle against an

environment that was not just unfavorable, but also

hostile. She passed the matriculation examination

(having been educated at home) as a private candidate

and qualified for college admission, which was the

news of the day in Pudukottai town. The Principal and

Professors of the Maharaja College heard in stunned

silence that Muthulakshmi had filed her application

for admission to the intermediate class. She

questioned the very basis of various social practices

which affected women. Her scope of activities was

very wide and she tried to tackle various problems of

women like their backwardness, illiteracy, ill-health,

social, economic, legal and political discrimination

and also the welfare of children and medical relief to

the poor. She has trained a large number of social

workers to carry on the work she left behind her. She

was a legend unto herself.

Keywords: Social reformer; Muthulakshmi; women

lawyer;

Introduction

Women’s Emancipation in India started with great

zeal in the early decades of the Nineteenth Century.

Women were considered as equal partners to men and

had greater freedom. With successive foreign

invasions, they became the most suppressed section

and were totally relegated to the background. Being

more religious-minded, women became willing

victims which enslaved them. Number of social evils

like infanticide, child marriage, sati, enforced

widowhood and polygamy and denial of educational

facilities reduced women to a secondary status in

society. With the passage of time, there was a steady

deterioration in their position and during the British

period, it was the worst in the history of the country.

At the beginning, it was only men who championed

the cause of women. Some social reformers like

Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra

Vidyasagar were successful in their efforts. The

early social thinkers realised that political

emancipation for which they were working would

be meaningless without social and economical

emancipation of the people – both men and women,

and so they worked for more political freedom. The

social informers tried to spread education among

girls. Many parents refused to send their girls to

schools as during that time only devadasis were

given education. Missionaries played a very

important role in this respect. Gandhi, the apostle

of peace was also a staunch advocate of freedom

for women. Many women’s organizations were

started with active co-operation of men. With the

growth of women’s organizations, many women

themselves came forward to better the cause of

their own sex and they have left their imprints on

the society by their selfless acts.

It was in that sphere of activity that Dr.Muthulakshmi

Reddi is considered as a pioneer as far as Tamilnadu

and also the former Madras Presidency were

considered. By her multifarious activities, she showed

that women could sometimes be better than men.

Need For the study:

Dr. Muthulakshmi hailed from a socially handicapped

environment in an era when girls were born only to be

married. Born in 1886 in the small princely state of

Pudukottai, she faced numerous challenges. It was not

http://www.bgr.in/news/governments-digital-india-project-can-create-5-crore-jobs-telecom-minister-ravi-shankar-prasad/electricity




http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/dpd_div_rep/village_electrification.pdf

http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/dpd_div_rep/village_electrification.pdf

http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/electrified-but-without-electricity/article6475940.ece



http://artsci.washington.edu/news/2013-10/much-rural-india-still-waits-electricity

http://artsci.washington.edu/news/2013-10/much-rural-india-still-waits-electricity

http://indianpowersector.com/home/about/


just destiny, but her indomitable spirit and courage

that defied the odds. She had to struggle against an

environment that was not just unfavorable, but also

hostile. She passed the matriculation examination

(having been educated at home) as a private candidate

and qualified for college admission, which was the

news of the day in Pudukottai town. The Principal and

Professors of the Maharaja College heard in stunned

silence that Muthulakshmi had filed her application

for admission to the intermediate class. No girl had

been admitted to Maharaja college in all its history.

There was a crescendo of protests from the Hindu

orthodoxy. To quote from the Pudukottai gazette, ‘It

must be said to the credit of the vision and

independence of the Martanda Bhairava Thondaiman,

then Raja of Pudukottai that he overruled all

objections and permitted her admission.’ Little did he

realize that the girl he was helping get admission to

the college was to later become the first woman

medical graduate of Madras University, the first

woman medical graduate in India in 1912, and in

time, the first Indian woman member of a Legislative

Council in 1927. She was a pioneer in the fight for

social and political upliftment of women in India, an

inspirational force for generations of helpless women

and children. Her achievements as a legislator and

social reformer had an everlasting impact on the lives

of women. As a legislator and activist for women’s

empowerment, she believed that ‘laws and legislation

are there only for sanction. It is up to us women to

energize these and implement them into action’. Other

welfare activities included the organization of the first

Vigilance Association in Madras and the

establishment of the first Rescue Home for

Women(Stri Sadana).

Dr. Reddy was the secretary of the Association for a

long time. She was the life behind the Children Aid

Society, a home for delinquent children.

Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy worked against social

discrimination, realizing that this was the underlying

cause of social degeneration. An inspiring force of

women was the main need for this study.

Early Life

Muthulakshmi was born to a Brahmin father and

devadasi mother in 1886 in Pudukottai. Her parents

were S.Narayanasami and Chandrammal. Her father

was the Principal of Maharajah’s College in the

princely state of Pudukottai. She had one younger

brother and two younger sisters. As a child she was

suffering from asthma and diarrhoea. She was always

under treatment for some illness. At the end of the

Nineteenth century many young girls had married at

the earliest. They had to shoulder their responsibilities

as child, wife, child mother and child widow. When

she was ten years old, her marriage was fixed and

then stopped due to the death of her close relative in

the family.

Her father broke the tradition and sent her to a boy’s

school in her fourth year. The child’s enthusiasm for

learning was so great that her teachers decided to

instruct her in subjects beyond those approved by her

father. Her teacher Baliah insisted that she continue

her education. He felt that she was an extraordinary

student and would attain academic excellence if given

proper education. Baliah’s words were true and

prophetic. When Muthulakshmi was eleven years, her

father resigned his post as Principal of Maharajah’s

College due to differences of opinion between him

and the Diwan of the Princely state.

Her Education

Muthulakshmi passed the matriculation examination.

She applied for admission to Maharajah’s College.

But her application was not welcomed by the

Principal at the time or the parents of other students.

Her gender was the factor and also was her social

background of the family. The Principal thought that

she might demoralize the male students. The

enlightened Maharaja of Pudukottai ignored these

objections, admitted her to men’s college and he gave

her scholarship. The Maharajah decided to watch her

academic performance for three months before

making it a rule. The orthodox people did not take her

admission to men’s college so lightly. The main

objection was that she was a woman. The second

objection was her caste. Some parents threatened to

withdraw their boys if she was given admission. 3

She had received social criticism from the town. She

was harassed. She travelled in closed carriages to the

college. Being a pensioner, her father appealed to the

Maharajah to give her a scholarship. The Maharajah

helped her by giving Rs.50 per month and Rs.180 for

books. In 1907, she joined the Madras Medical

College and completed her five year M.B & C.M

course in 1912. She was the first Hindu woman to

have passed the medical examination in the Madras

Presidency. Before Muthulakshmi, there was one

Miss. Rose Govindarajulu qualified as a doctor in the

Madras Medical College. She was the first lady doctor

to have a private practice. Dr.Muthulakshmi married

Dr.T.Sundara Reddi, F.R.C.S at the age of 26.

She received offers of appointment from several

hospitals in India. She felt that she should have

practical training under senior surgeons and

physicians though she was good at theory. She

requested Col. Gifford to give her a place in the

Government Hospital for Women and Children in


Egmore. At Madras, Dr.Muthulakshmi had contact

with Annie Besant and she was attending Besant’s

lectures on Ramayana and Mahabharata. She met poet

Subramania Bharathi in Dr.Nanjunda Rao’s house, a

Professor of Medical College. She was introduced to

Sarojini Naidu in 1908. Her contact with eminent

people in Madras paved the way for becoming a

social worker.

In 1912, Widow’s Home for young Brahmin widows

was opened in Egmore by sister Subbulakshmi

Ammal, herself a widow. Mrs. Drysolale the then

Deputy Director of Public Instruction in Madras gave

her co-operation. They requested Dr.Muthulakshmi

Reddi to be a honorary visiting doctor of the Widows

Home. She accepted and was its honorary doctor till

she left for England in 1925.

Women’s Indian Association

Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi was influenced both by

Indians and Western social thinkers. She was

influenced by Swami Vivekananda and Mahatma

Gandhi. She was drawn towards Swedish

Missionaries, Josephine Butter, Margaret Cousins and

Annie Besant. She was also a close friend of

Standfard, a Theosophist from South Africa. The

impact of Gandhi was great on Reddi. She

participated in India’s freedom struggle. She was not

influenced by the Dravidian Movement led by Periyar

E.V. Ramasami. Dr.Reddi was one of the women

leaders of the pre-Independence Era. She stood for the

cause of liberating India from the clutches of the

British Regime. In 1933, Gandhi visited Madras. The

Women’s Indian Association organised a meeting. It

was attended by all leading social workers and middle

class women. They gave their gold bangles, rings and

other valuables as their contribution to the Freedom

struggle. Gandhiji addressed the gathering, and his

speech was translated into Tamil by Dr.Muthulakshmi

Reddi. She went as a woman delegate to the Third

Round Table Conference at London with Gandhiji

and attended the First International Conference of

Chicago in 1930. 7

The Women’s India Association was started on May

8th

1917 at Adayar, Madras by Dorothy Jinarajadasa,

with the assistance of Dr.Annie Besant who was

chosen as its First President and remained so till her

death.

Social Service

As a girl, Dr.Muthulakshmi was drawn by Annie

Besant. Her love for Indian religion and social service

was appreciated. She attended Annie Besant’s

speeches and lectures. Sarojini Naidu took

Muthulakshmi to all meetings in Madras. She met

poet Subramania Bharathi in 1908 at the residence of

Dr.Nanjunda Rao. Her contact with the great people

and participation in some meetings was a valuable

experience.

Widows Home

In 1913, Dr.Muthulakshmi associated herself with

Widows Home for young Brahmin widows in

Egmore. Sister Subbulakshmi Ammal herself a widow

took interest in widows’ home. Dr.Muthulakshmi was

an honorary visitor to the Widow’s Home. In 1913,

Lady Whitehead, the then Bishop’s wife had

organized a Social Service League. The League was

to improve the conditions of women and children in

the slums. Thus Dr.Muthulakshmi became a member

of the Social Service League. She gave free

consultations to the slum dwellers.

In 1917, the Women’s Indian Association was started.

Annie Besant and Dorothy Jinarajadasa took steps for

furthering the progress of women in education,

industry, politics and women’s reform. She served as

its secretary and editor of its journal Stri-Dharma. She

took part in the agitation for the Municipal and

Legislative franchise for women. In 1919,

Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi visited the Dr.Varadappa

Naidu’s Home for Vagrant destitute children. The

children’s health was very bad and unhygienic.

Women’s Home Service

During 1923-24, Women’s Indian Association

established a Women’s Home of Service in Mylapore.

It was known as Ladies Samaj and a Baby Welcome

Centre. Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi was responsible in

organizing the Indian Ladies Samaj. Its aim was to

rescue and reform the young girl children of

devadasis, so that they would lead a better life.

Honorary services were rendered by

Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi. Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi

received the Lady Willington Gold Medal in 1924 for

the best essay on “Maternity and Child Welfare”.

As a Legislator

Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi was nominated to the Madras

Legislative Council in 1926. She was the first women

in India to occupy the post. 14th

December 1926 was a

red-letter day for her and for the women of the

Madras Presidency. It was on that day that she first

entered the Council as its member and was the first

woman to do so in the whole of India at that time. The

election of the Deputy President took place on 24th

January 1927. All the parties decided to nominate

Muthulakshmi Reddi. Her name was proposed by

P.T.Rajan. It was passed unanimously.

Thus she

became the Deputy President of the Council, the first

woman to hold that post in India. As a legislator, her

work mainly concerned the welfare of women and

children, their education, medical relief, social and

moral reforms, their needs and demands. She urged

the Government to make education compulsory and

open more primary and secondary schools for girls


and appoint more women teachers in all primary

schools.

Muthulakshmi opposed separate hostels based on

castes. She knew the problems faced by the inmates of

the hostels. Hostels should be constructed in a healthy

atmosphere. She requested the Government to

increase the number of scholarships for poor students

of all communities. She pleaded to give residential

scholarships to as many Adi-Dravida girls as possible.

She requested the Government to sanction more

scholarships to widows. The Sarada Ladies Hostel

was later opened for Brahmin widows and

Muthulakshmi Reddi was its Vice President.

Dr.Muthulakshmi requested the Government for fee

concessions. She urged the Government about the

importance of providing quarters to teachers, if the

rural population should be given the benefit of

education. At Women’s Home of Service known as

Seva Sadan the destitute women were taught tailoring,

basket-weaving etc… She suggested to have a

separate curriculum for girls.

She requested the

Government to provide conveyance facilities to all the

girls attending the schools.

Cancer Institute

Muthulakshmi Reddi did not discover anything new

for treating cancer, yet she spear headed the battle for

setting up a Cancer Hospital in Madras. She fought

almost single handedly for more than three decades

before her goal was achieved. The seeds for it were

sown as early as 1923 itself. In 1923, Reddi’s younger

sister by name Sundarambal died of rectal cancer,

which was not diagnosed properly. In 1925, she went

to England on a Government of India scholarship to

study about diseases affecting women and children.

Out of curiosity, she visited a Cancer Clinic of Sir

Earnest Miles where she met some cancer patients

who were cured after some years of treatment.

Dr.Reddi was greatly impressed. In India, the story of

cancer was always one of despair. Even doctors

believed that a cancer patient’s days were numbered.

But in London, a cancer patient looked forward to

return to life of normalcy. In 1925, she decided to

establish a separate Cancer Hospital in Madras like

the one in London. With great difficulty it was

established in Madras.

Medical Aid to Women and Children

As a doctor, Dr.Muthulakshmi gave details of the

sufferings of women and children in Madras

Presidency. The major demands made by

Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi were for the introduction of

compulsory medical inspection in girls’ schools,

setting up of a separate children hospital, for training

more number of midwives and nurses, for the

appointment of women doctors in the General

Hospital to treat Venereal patients and also in the

Women’s and Children’s Hospital etc… She had

given more importance on the preventive side of

medicine because any sign of disease detected at the

earliest stage could be easily arrested. The important

issue raised by Dr.Muthulakshmi was, the need for a

separate hospital for children in the city of Madras.

She wanted the Government to train more dhais or

midwives and nurses, to appoint women doctors in

maternity and child welfare centres and also to send

them to rural areas.

Devadasi System

Initially Muthulakshmi was surprised at the

opposition of abolishing the devadasi system,

marriageable age and to end prostitution. The

Prevention of Dedication Bill concerning devadasis

was considered very much by her. She agitated for

abolishing that system for more than two decades.

Resolution to raise the marriageable age of girls and

boys and the Bill for the prevention of child-marriage

received a huge cry in the Legislative Assembly and

all over India by the orthodox. The object of her

resolution was to raise the marriageable age for boys

and girls to 21 and 16 years respectively. Her

resolution was passed. Heated exchanges followed.

Dr.Muthulakshmi urged the Government to pass that

Bill just as it had passed Acts to end Sati and other

social evils. Sati was a more heinous custom and the

Government’s intervention to put it down was

necessary. Dr.Reddi said that child marriage was

much more serious crime. She said,

“… the practice of Sati involved only a

few minutes suffering, while by this

custom of child marriage, the girl child

from the moment of her birth to her

death, undergoes one continuous life-

long suffering as child-wife, child-

mother and very often as child-widow”.

She requested the Government not to be unduly

frightened into inaction at the cry that religion would

be afflicted. Every social evil in this blessed country

goes in the name of religion. Dr.Reddi exposed the

mistakes committed by the orthodox by insisting on

child marriage. It can be said that Dr.Reddi had

earned more foes than friends. She had to face the

wrath of the people for meddling with religious

affairs.

Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi urged the Government about

the need for total prohibition, to allow women mill

workers of Madurai and Tuticorin to nurse their

babies during office hours. She strongly pleaded

against separate electorates for women and for


different castes. Writing to the Government she said

that she was obliged to resign from the Legislative

Council as a mark of respect for the great soul

Mahatma Gandhi who had been arrested and

imprisoned by the Government, Gandhiji’s life was a

source of inspiration in all her political and social

activities.

Avvai Home

Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi’s two institutions –

the Avvai Home (started in 1930) and the Avvai Rural

Medical Service (started in 1943) had become very

popular. She dealt with problems of orphans and

medical aid to women in many of speeches. She also

requested the Government to give protection to young

girls and women coming to Madras city, to curb

infanticide, to train the destitute boys in the Remand

Homes and Children’s Aid Society for some vocation.

She felt that any evil could be eradicated if public

conscience was awakened. She firmly believed that

without male chastity, female chastity was not

possible. Both men and women are to be brought

under the definition, ‘Chastity’.

Conclusion

Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi tried to bring about changes

in the society by creating awareness among the

public. The main issue which catapulated Dr.Reddi to

fame was her efforts to abolish the Devadasi system.

Her interest in social work became so intense after her

resignation from the Council in 1930. She dedicated

her life for the society. She came from the orthodox

background. She questioned the various social

practices which affected women. She questioned the

various social practices which affected women. She

questioned the sanctity attached to various

superstitious social practices. She fought for purity in

public life. Her outlook on social change was based

on science and reason as against superstition. She

dedicated her life for the society.

Though Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi came from an

orthodox background, she questioned the very basis of

various social practices which affected women. Her

scope of activities was very wide and she tried to

tackle various problems of women like their

backwardness, illiteracy, ill-health, social, economic,

legal and political discrimination and also the welfare

of children and medical relief to the poor. She has

trained a large number of social workers to carry on

the work she left behind her. She was a legend unto

herself.

Bibliography:

C.S.Lakshmi, The Face Behind the Mask,

Vikas Publications, New Delhi, 1984, pp. 16-

17.

G.O.No.87, Public Department, 1st March,

1933.

Government of Madras, Proceedings of the

Madras Legislative Council Vol. XXXIII,

Madras, December 1926, p. 6.


Madras Legislative Council, Vol. XXXIV,

Madras, March 1927, p. 991.


Madras legislative Council, Vol. XLII,

Madras, March 1928, p. 30.

Muthulakshmi Reddi, Autobiography, M.L.J

Press, Chennai, 1964, p. 3.

Muthulakshmi Reddi, My Experience As a

Legislator, Current Thought Press, Madras,

1930, p. 5.

Muthulakshmi Reddi, Sister Subbulakshmi,

Reddi Papers, Speeches and Writings, Vol. III,

Nehru Memorial Museum and Library

(NMML).

New India, March 28, 1923.

R.Venkatraman, “A Pioneer –

Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddi, The Path Finder”,

Aparna Basu (ed) A.1.W.C Publication, New

Delhi, 1986, p. 39.

Radhakrishna Sharma, Nationalism, Social

Reform and Indian Women, Janaki Prakashan,

New Delhi, 1981, p. 107.

The Hindu, 24th December, 2005.

The Hindu, May 6, 1991, Miss Rose was born

on October 5, 1865 and died on October 4,

1921. She entered the Mysore medical Service

and served till her retirement on October 4,

1920.

W.I.A Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 1916-67,

W.I.A Publication, Madras, 1967.

Attitudes of Normal Children towards

Peers with Down syndrome in an

Inclusive Education Setting in

Tiruchirappalli District

G.Sasikala

Research Scholar

Dr.P.Swarnakumari

Associate Professor & Research Advisor



Tiruchirappalli-620002


__________________________________________

Abstract: Down syndrome is one of the

common congenital disorders associated with

social stigma.Children with Down Syndrome

are attending inclusive schools, but evidence

suggests that these children are more prone to

peer rejection and other problems when

compared with their non‐disabled.Community

attitudes and knowledge of this condition are

important for inclusion of people with Down

Syndrome into the community and improving

their quality of lives. Results from surveys

from the world showed that people still hold

negative attitudes towards inclusion of

children with Down syndrome. Negative

attitudes constitute the major barriers to the

development of their potential. This study

aimed to describe the attitudes of normal

children towards their peers with Down

syndrome, and assess the gender role and

interpersonal contact play in shaping these

attitudes.

Method: A cross-sectional study involving

105 children was carried out at an inclusive

schools located in Trichy District. A semi-

structured questionnaire containing items on

the “Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes towards

Children with Handicaps (CATCH) scale”,

which elicits responses on a Likert scale

numbered 0 to 4 (0-strongly disagree, 4-

strongly agree), was administered. Data

analysis done using Stata version 12.

Descriptive analysis, association between

variables was carried out.

Results: The attitudes of children in the

school were generally positive (M = 22.55,

SD = 3.79).Female students had higher total

scores (M = 24.76, SD = 2.78) than their male

contemporaries (M = 19.84, SD = 3.05),t-

(103)=8.55,p=.000. Having a friend/relative

with a disability was associated with more

positive attitudes among female students.

Conclusions: In inclusive setting, attitudes of

normal children towards their peers with Down

syndrome are generally positive. Since

interpersonal contact was associated with

positive attitudes towards children with Down

syndrome, interventions should be directed

towards promoting interpersonal relationships

in order to build an integrated society.

Keywords: Peers with Down Syndrome, Normal

children, Attitudes, Inclusive Education, Interpersonal

relationships.

Introduction

Worldwide, an estimated 650 million people live with

disability and about a quarter of them are younger

than 18 years (World Health Organisation, 2011).

Children and adolescents with disabilities face

inequalities in healthcare, transport, education,

employment and other aspects of human endeavour.

About 85% of them live in developing countries

where they often suffer neglect, stigma and

discrimination (United Nations Children’s Fund,

2005).

While inclusive education has been proposed as a

means of promoting integration among children with

disabilities and their peers, its implementation is still a

matter of debate in many African countries (Garuba,

2003; Ajuwon, 2008). Improved societal attitudes

towards people with disability are necessary to create

an environment for integration, but studies have

shown that negative attitudes towards young people

with disabilities are a major barrier to inclusive

education (Christensen, 1996; Rousso, 2003).

Okunrotifa (1988).

It is vital to understand attitudes for policy

formulation and implementation of inclusive

education and social integration of people with

disabilities to succeed. This study therefore aims to

describe the attitudes of students towards their peers

with disability, and to assess the role of interpersonal

contact in their acceptance of these peers.

Method:

The study was conducted in inclusive schools of

Trichy district. The study was a cross-sectional survey

of students’ attitudes towards peers with disabilities.

Participants were selected from a group of 105

students

Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

(ICF) described disability as difficulties encountered

in the form of: alteration in body structure and

function, limitations in activity and/or restriction of

participation or involvement in any area of life

(World Health Organisation, 2001). In this school,

there were students with total/partial deafness and/or

inability to speak.

The management of the school reviewed the study

protocol and gave the authors permission to go ahead.

A total of 105 students agreed to participate.

A semi-structured self-administered questionnaire

was used to collect information about the participants,


such as their socio-demographic characteristics and

whether they had a close friend/relative with a

disability.

The second part of the questionnaire included items

assessing attitudes towards people with disabilities.

The “Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes towards Children

with Handicaps (CATCH) scale” was used to

measure attitudes. This scale was developed by

Rosenbaum et al (1988) and was used in a similar

study by Beck et al (2000). It has a high validity and

reliability. It is one of the most complete instruments

as it measures all the three components of attitudes:

affect, behaviour and cognition (Feldman,1993 &

Tirosh E, 1997).

The CATCH scale is a self-administered

questionnaire which elicits response on a Likert scale

numbered 0 to 4 (0-strongly disagree, 4-strongly

agree) and consists of twelve items each on affect,

behaviour and cognition.

Data collection took place in the classrooms.

Questionnaires were distributed to the students with

the assistance of the class teachers, and it took 20 -25

minutes for students to fill them. Data were entered

into Stata version 12. Negative items on the scale

were coded in a reversed manner. The mean score of

items on cognition, affect and behaviour were

calculated for each participant. Where one item was

missing in a participant’s response on a component,

the mean score on that component was entered. If two

or more items were missing on a component, the

participant’s record was excluded from the analysis.

The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the scale was

0.83 in this study.

Responses to items on the CATCH scale were

classified into three categories: agree, neutral, and

disagree. Strongly agree, as well as strongly disagree,

were included in the agree and disagree categories

respectively. Socio-demographic characteristics of

the respondents and attitudes of students to their

peers with disability were indicated using

descriptive statistics.

All the 12 items on each component of attitude -

affect, behaviour and cognition- were summed (0-

strongly disagree, 4-strongly agree), averaged and

then multiplied by ten to give a minimum

obtainable CATCH score of 0 and a maximum of

40, with high scores indicating more positive

attitudes. In addition, all the 36 items on the

CATCH scale were also analysed in a similar

manner to obtain the total CATCH score for each

participant, as in previous studies (Rosenbaum et

al, 1986; Tirosh et al, 1997).

The dependent variables were the proportions of

the responses to items on the scale, the scores on

cognition, affect and behaviour, as well as the total

CATCH scores. Data analysis was carried out in

Stata to minimise bias. The significance of

differences in the CATCH scores between groups

of participants was analysed using two-tailed,

independent sample t-tests at a level of significance

of p =0.05. T-tests were carried out between: all

male and female participants; all male participants

who have a close friend/relative with a disability

and those who do not; and all females who have a

close friend/relative with a disability and those who

do not.

Results

One hundred and seven students completed the

questionnaire. Two participants were excluded as a

result of incomplete data. Responses of 105

participants were analysed. They were between the

ages of 10 and 16 years (M= 13.64; SD = 1.80);

10–13 (N = 43); 14–16 (N = 62). More than half of

them were girls (girls N=58).Thirty-four (32.4%) of

the respondents indicated they had either a close

friend or a close relative with a disability. While

ninety-one (86.7%) of the respondents agreed that

they would not worry if a child with disability sat

next to them in class, twenty-three (21.9%) agreed

that they would be afraid. Twenty-one (20%) of the

respondents refused to sit next to a child with

disability, while fifty (47.6%) agreed with the

statement that “Handicapped children are as happy

as I am”

Table Participants’ responses to items on the CATCH

scale

No. Item Agree

%

Neutral

% Disagree

%

1 I wouldn’t mind if a handicapped

child sits next to me 86.7 3.84 9.5

2 I wouldn’t introduce a

handicapped child to my friend 21.9 15.2 62.9

3 Handicapped children can do lots

of things for themselves 74.3 10.5 15.2

4 I wouldn’t know what to say to a

handicapped child 35.2 15.3 49.5

5 Handicapped children like to play 57.2 25.7 17.1


6 I feel sorry for handicapped

children 16.2 2.85 81.0

7

I would stick up for a

handicapped child who was being

teased

64.8 15.2 20.0

8 Handicapped children want lots

of attention from 12.4 8.57 79.1

9 I would invite a handicapped child

to my birthday 69.5 17.1 13.3

10 I would be afraid of a


11 I would talk to a handicapped

child I didn’t know 39.1 16.2 44.8

12 Handicapped children don’t like to

make friends. 35.2 21.9 42.9

13 I would like a handicapped child

to live next-door to me 49.5 21.0 29.5

14 Handicapped children feel sorry

for themselves 54.3 32.4 13.3

15

I would be happy to have a

handicapped child for a

special friend

53.3 16.2 30.5

16 I would try to stay away from a


17 Handicapped children are as

happy as I am 47.6 27.6 24.8

18

I wouldn’t like a handicapped

friend as much as my other

friends

34.3 15.2 50.5

19 Handicapped children know how

to behave properly 50.5 24.8 24.8

20 In class I wouldn’t sit next to a


21

I would be pleased if a

handicapped child invited to me

to his house.

57.1 16.2 26.7

22 I try not to look at someone who

is handicapped 64.8 20.0 15.2

23

I would feel good doing a school

project with a

handicapped child

53.3 24.8 21.9

24 Handicapped children don’t have

much fun 41.9 26.7 31.4

25 I would invite a handicapped child

to sleep over at my house 35.2 28.6 36.2

26 Being near someone who is

handicapped scares me 17.1 25.7 57.1

27 Handicapped children are

interested in lots of things. 58.1 25.7 16.2

28

I would be embarrassed if a

handicapped child invited me to

his birthday

24.8 19.1 56.2

29 I would tell my secret to a


30 Handicapped children are often

sad 27.6 28.6 43.8

31 I would enjoy being with a


32 I would not go to a handicapped

child's house to play 24.8 14.3 61.0

33 Handicapped children can make

new friends 64.8 17.1 18.1

34 I feel upset when I see a


35 I would miss recess to keep a

handicapped child company 41.9 25.7 32.4

36 Handicapped children need lots

of help to do things 10.5 7.6 81.9

Table Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes towards

Children with Handicaps’ scores for the whole

population

Students in the inclusive schools had a positive

attitude towards their peers with disability (M =

22.55, SD = 3.79). The mean score on cognition

was the highest while the one on behaviour was

the lowest . Among the participants, females

had higher total scores (M = 24.76, SD = 2.78)

than males (M = 19.84, SD = 3.05), t (103) =

8.55, p = .000. Female students who had a close

friend/relative with disability had significantly

higher total scores (M26.82, SD = 2.50) than

their peers who did not (M = 23.08, SD = 1.63),

t (41.24)6.57, p = .000. However, male students

who had a close friend/relative with disability

had non-significant higher total scores (M =

20.39, SD = 3.74) than those who did not (M =

19.42, SD = 2.95), t (45) = .81, p = .425.

Differences in the scores of male and female

participants on affect, behaviour and cognition

also followed a similar pattern.

Table Scores of male participants on the

CATCH scale

Group

Total

Mean (SD)

Affect

Mean (SD)

Behaviour

Mean

(SD)

Cognition

Mean

(SD) Male students

having a close

relative/

friend with disability

20.39(3.74) 18.38(4.06) 17.52(1.7

7)

25.83

(3.86)


Male students

without a close

relative/ friend with

disability

19.42(2.95) 18.13(5.65) 16.22(4.

27)

23.68

(5.14)

df 45 45 26.73* 45

T statistic 2.14 0.15 1.41 1.12

P value .425 .882 .172 .269

Table: Scores of female participants on the

CATCH scale Table Major Findings about attitudes of

students towards peers with disabilities

Group Total

Mean (SD)

Affect

Mean (SD) Behaviour Mean (SD)

Cognition

Mean

(SD)

Female

students

having a close

relative/

friend with

disability

26.82 (2.50) 24.87 (3.21)

23.19

(3.60) 29.97

(3.75)

Female

students

without a close 23.08 (1.63) 22.63 (3.12) 20.21 (4.25)

26.41

(3.00)

relative/

friend with

disability

df 41.24* 56 56 56

T statistic 6.57 2.69 2.84 4.02

P value .000** .001** .006** .000**

Discussion

The objectives of this study were to describe the

attitudes of students without disability towards

their peers with disability, and to assess the roles

played by gender and interpersonal contact in

influencing these attitudes.

Attitudes towards students with disability were

found to be positive in this population, as the

mean score was more than half of the total score

obtainable on the scale. To be seated beside a

fellow student in a classroom is one of the

fundamental measures of acceptance shown by a

classmate. This item had the highest frequency in

the agree column of the response table of the

CATCH scale. Previous studies described the

calculated scores; none reported the responses to

items on the CATCH scale separately. This

response is similar to an item on the

questionnaire used by Lupua et al (2011) in

which 98.3% of the respondents was willing to

accept a child with disability as a desk-mate.

In this study, girls generally had more positive

attitudes towards students with disability. In

keeping with the findings of previous studies,

this showed the role of gender in defining

peoples’ attitudes (Krajewski & Hyde, 2000;

Krajewski et al, 2002). Studies have shown that

compared to women, men tend to have more

negative attitudes towards people with disability

(McConkey et al, 1983). The empathic and

caring nature of girls could be the reason for this

difference.Tirosh et al (1997) also demonstrated

the effect of gender in their study.

In the “intergroup contact theory” of attitude

change being of equal status, pursuit of common

objectives, having intimate contact with people

with disabilities and the presence of endorsement

by authorities and laws are optimal criteria for

attitude change (Allport, 1954; Pettigrew &

Tropp, 2006). Since this study setting has all the

criteria, with the inclusive-setting atmosphere

serving as the endorsement, it was expected that

attitudes of students towards peers with disability

would be positive.

The different levels of social contact were

expected to influence the level of acceptance of

students with disability by their non-impaired

peers. This was true only for the female

participants in this study. This finding is

consistent with most previous studies

(Rimmerman et al, 2000; Manetti et al, 2001). A

study in Hong Kong also described a small

improvement in attitudes towards students with

disability in a mainstream school (Wong, 2008).

1.

Most students wouldn’t mind if a child with disability

sits next to them in class.

2.

Most students believe that children with disability can

do lots of things for themselves.

3.

More than half of the students believe that children with

disability like to play and are interested in lots of things.

4.

More than two-thirds of the students would invite a

disabled child to his/her birthday party.

5.

Few of the students would be scared being near

someone who is disabled.


Male students who had a close friend/relative

with disability had higher scores on the scale.

However, this was not statistically significant.

This was similar to the findings of a cluster

randomised intervention study among grade

seven students in France. There was no

significant difference in the attitudes of students

towards their peers with disability between the

intervention, which had a mandatory

comprehensive educational project on disability,

and the control group which did not (Godeau et

al, 2010 ).

The total scores of participants in this study

related well to their scores on the dimensions of

attitude. This further supports previous

knowledge that attitudes are learned through

cognitive, affective, or behavioural processes

(Eagly &

Chaiken, 1993). Rosenberg also showed that as

one’s cognition changes, one’s attitude also

changes (Rosenberg, 1960). Qualitative studies

are needed to explore reasons for differences

between male and female students about changes

in their attitudes towards peers with disability.

Limitations

The socioeconomic status of the students in this

environment were assumed to be similar. This

may however be far from reality. Further, no

specific description of disability was used in the

CATCH scale. This approach is justified because

children with any type of disability elicit

qualitatively similar attitudes, although they may

elicit different attitudes quantitatively. This study

setting was made up of students with partial/

total deafness and/or inability to speak. Hence,

there is caution in generalising the study findings

to settings where students with other forms of

disability are present.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates that social

contacts make a difference to attitudes of

students in inclusive schools in Trichy district

towards their peers with disabilities. However,

this difference was marginal and non-significant

among males. This study can contribute towards

knowledge in planning inclusive education

programmes in Trichy district.

Programmes should be designed towards

changing the cognitive and affective dimensions

of attitude by providing information to clarify

misconceptions, thereby promoting social

integration and development of young people

with disabilities.

REFERENCES

Ajuwon PA (2008). Inclusive education for

students with disabilities in Nigeria: Benefits,

challenges and policy implications.

International Journal of Special Education;

23(3): 1-16.Allport G (1954). The nature of

prejudice. Cambridge(MA): Addison-

Wesley.

Beck AR, Fritz H, Keller A, Dennis M (

2000). Attitudes of school-aged children

towards their peers who use augmentative

and alternative communication.

Augmentative and Alternative

Communication; 16: 13-26.

Gaad E (2004). Cross-cultural perspectives

on the effect of cultural attitudes towards

inclusion for children with intellectual

disabilities. International Journal of Inclusive

Education; 8(3): 311-328.

Garuba A (2003). Inclusive education in the

21st century: challenges and opportunities

for Nigeria. Asia Pacific Disability

Rehabilitation Journal; 14(2): 191-

200.Godeau E, Vignes C, Sentenac M,

Ehlinger V, Navarro F, Grandjean H, Arnaud

C (2010).

Improving attitudes towards children with

disabilities in a school context: a cluster

randomised intervention study.

Developmental Medicine & Child

Neurology; October, 52(10): e236-242.

Krajewski JJ, Hyde M, O’Keefe M (2002).

Teen attitudes toward individuals with

mental retardation from 1987 to 1998:

Impact of respondent gender and school

variables. Education & Training in Mental

Retardation & Developmental Disabilities;

37: 27–39.


Krajewski J J, Hyde S H (2000). Comparison

of teen attitudes toward individuals with

mental retardation between 1987 and 1998:

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and Training in Mental Retardation and

Developmental Disabilities; September,

35(3): 284–293.

Lupua E, Cernatb C, Petrec C (2011).

Identifying the attitude of healthy individuals

towards disabled children – A chance to be

educated for all. Procedia - Social and

Behavioural Sciences; 29: 266–271.

Manetti M, Schneider BH, Siperstein G

(2001). Social acceptance of children with

mental retardation: Testing the contact

hypothesis with an Italian sample.

International Journal of Behavioural

Development; 25: 279–286.

Rimmerman A, Hozmi B, Duvdevany I

(2000). Contact and attitudes toward

individuals with disabilities among students

tutoring children with developmental

disabilities. Journal of Intellectual and

Developmental Disability; 25(1): 13–18.

Rosenbaum PL, Armstrong RW, King SM

(1986). Children’s attitudes toward disabled

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(1988). Determinants of children’s attitudes

towards disability: A review of evidence.

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H (2003). Education for All: A gender and

disability, New York: UNESCO.

Vignes C, Coley N, Grandiean H, Godeau E,

Arnaud C (2008). Measuring children’s

attitudes towards peers with disabilities: A

review of instruments. Developmental

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Wong DKP (2008). Do contacts make a

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Disabilities; 29: 70–82.

_______________________________________

Mandalas as a tool for healing in

psychotherapy and in religious beliefs

Saghayamary A

Associate Professor and Librarian

Holy Cross College (Autonomous),

Tiruchirappalli 2

Abstract: Mandalas were considered to be spiritual,

and thought as it has nothing to do with science. But

the recent researches and development shows the

connection between science and mandalas. This

paper is an attempt to explore its application in

psychotherapy and other related fields. The author

highlights her insights of mandalas being used to

work with emotions

Keywords: emotions; coloring therapy; mandalas;

psychotherapy

Introduction

Mandala is a spiritual and ritual symbol in religions

of the Universe. In various spiritual traditions,

mandalas are employed as focusing attention tool

for establishing a sacred space, and as a help in

meditation. In Christianity mandalas are prevalent

in the Celtic cross; in the rosary; in the halo; in

the aureole; in the Crown of Thorns; in rose

windows; and in the Rosy Cross; The mandalas

represents a movement from the outer to the inner

space where God is found. This paper attempts to

explore the possible usage of the mandalas in

psychotherapy and in education in this modern age,

even though it is considered to be religious symbols

and helps in religious realms.

Background Theories and Reviews

Psychological base of mandalas

"I sketched every morning in a notebook a small

circular drawing,...which seemed to correspond to

my inner situation at the time....Only gradually did

I discover what the mandala really is:...the Self, the

wholeness of the personality, which if all goes well

is harmonious." —Carl Jung, Memories, Dreams,

Reflections, pp 195 – 196.

"The mandala serves a conservative purpose-

namely, to restore a previously existing order. But

it also serves the creative purpose of giving

expression and form to something that does not yet

exist, something new and unique….The process is

that of the ascending spiral, which grows upward

while simultaneously returning again and again to

the same point." —Jungian analyst Marie Louise

von Franz, C. G. Jung: "Man and His Symbols," p.

225

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenos

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_cross

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureole

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_window

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_window

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosy_Cross

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections


I realize more and more clearly that the mandala is

the centre; it is the experience of all life; it is the

path of individuation __by Psychologist C.G.Jung

The cathedrals slowly revealed to me secrets that

seemed to originate with the mandalas. Soon I

discovered mandalas everywhere, seemingly

accidentally in nature and in culture. I saw more

and more clearly that everything is connected to

mandalas. I saw in builders of Gothic Cathedrals

with their stained glass (Mandala) windows a

compass, a protector and a ruler all mandalas.

__Psychotherapist; Ruedigner Dahlke

If a thousand people were to colour the same

mandala, no two would be the same, despite the

fact that all mandalas have the same structure. The

patients were coloring on mandalas, suddenly the

doctor noticed the most amazing changes in her

patients, not only did they seem calmer and more

centered, the overall atmosphere had become more

harmonious and lighthearted Two ladies who had

not spoken for years and barely communicated,

otherwise surprised everybody by starting to color

the mandalas, and the second lady also began to

communicate verbally with the young doctor

because she was convinced that there must be

something inherent a secret in the mandalas .

Couples were coloring the mandalas, on both

corner of the rooms, when they brought the

completed mandalas both spouses were so touched

that they shed tears, which is something that

happens regularly when working with mandalas, as

they connect to deepest emotions. Mandala games

and exercises like these can lead us deeply in to our

emotional realms

_Psychotherapist; Ruedigner Dahlke

Scope of the Study

By working with mandalas we hope

© To work with limits and limitations,

© To find oneself calm, quiet,

© To find pattern of life and be responsible

to the patterns available in us

© To find better integration,

© To bring out peak experiences and to

develop one’s own personality from

one’s own centers.

© To use these in psychotherapy

Application of the Study

Mandala reveals who belongs to whom: It

has reunited the ex couples and conflicting

couples. It initiates in them a change,

conversion process, which is hard to explain

with intellectual means. The coloring and the

patterns, do well, work out , reach deeper

levels and stimulate the issues which need

healing.

Mandala therapists: Mandalas have great

therapeutic value, even after diagnosis of

months, when it comes to the therapy; it is a

question of medicine or therapy. The mandala

therapists are the ones who colour the mandala

themselves. The client and the therapists are

one, when it comes to the mandalas. It is the

best way to deal with emotional problems.

Mandalas will not distract us either; it put us

into one’s emotions. It is most beneficial to

psychiatric patients too.

Mandalas and soul therapy: Over the years

religions have used this mandala for directing

the soul. Coloring the mandalas energizes and

puts one into the presence of God. It works

out well for the midlife crisis and works out

the pent up emotions for all.

Mandala and special education: If a child

could hold a color pencil it can prove

tremendous fruit on the behavior of the child

by coloring the mandalas. Education happens

with quieting of mind and coordinating mind

and emotion. Regular activity with mandalas,

and individual child’s colour choices bring

healing and help the teachers to attain required

results.

World of mandalas:

a) Microcosm Vs macrocosm: There is basic

structure of energy in all forms of energies.

They have a centre and there is a balancing

equilibrium of these centers, against

gravity. They are in us, in creation, and all

products we make. There are also

polarities in mandalas, which helps the

energy flow to equilibrium.

b) Crystals, carry mandalas, and their

structure has a centre and the balancing

structure of mandala.

c) Water: When a drop of water falls on a

surface of water it forms a mandala, the

different concentration of the water or

liquids form different mandalas in a way

they balance responding to gravity and its

energy centers.

d) Every plant has a mandala structure from

its centre they grow and balance through

branches, if it is symmetrical. The flowers,


the fruits, plants, cells, atoms, its nucleus

all carry the mandalas.

e) The sea shells form patterns that they are

lived mandalas as per the gravitational,

cum wave movements / currents they were

influenced with. Mandala structures.

f) Human beings carry mandala patterns

finger prints, influenced by our thought

waves and gravity, also connected to the

birth stars etc.

g) The centre of the mandala: The secret of

the mandala lies in the center, be it a rose,

sunflower or any other. Da-Vinci- code

represented human being in a five pointed

star. Every mandala has a centre. i.e. eye,

breast, in between eye brows, tip of nose

etc.

h) Chakras and mandalas: Eastern cultures

recognize, chakras as energy centers, and

have drawn shapes of triangles, circles,

rectangles, squares, flower petals with

sharp endings.

Yantras And Mandalas

Yandras is defined as a symbol of

consciousness level of the mind through

different geometrical design as triangles,

circles hexagons, squares etc. It was thought

if some magic circle when worshipped 1 brings

God’s blessings and the power to man, the

focal point focuses the energies, and it radiates

power to the rest of the mandala.

Mandalas are

archetypes which are inherent in collective

consciousness. Cross amidst a circle shows

Jesus as victorious person.

Church ornamentals and mandalas

Rosaries, prayer beads, panels at the sanctuary,

pillar edges, stars, triangle denoting trinity, the

shape of 3,7,9 candles stands, carry the shapes,

decorations have mandalas.

Glass paintings in cathedrals: They reflect

mandala structure triangle mandala design in

famous eastern Christian type.

Research proves that there is a great influence of

these eastern practices of mandalas and Yandras

on mystic and monastic Christianity.

The ancient monasteries in its art forms, carry

these mandalas. The power diagrams of the

church buildings correspond to the tantric

mandala and yantra. The priest and the

congregation chanting, the positioned tabernacle,

are all examples of the same.

Eucharistic celebration as the mandala,

Yantra, Mantra and Tantra: In Eucharistic

Celebration there is a physical setting; words

pronounced; symbols used; and there is dynamic

action taking place. The corporal (Cloth that is

spread to offer the Eucharist), the positioning of

bread and wine at the centre of the corporal, the

usage of the water for cleansing, usage of wine,

and bread to become the body and blood of

Jesus, the words pronounced are all examples of

the same. Yantra is the bread and wine. The

words that are said are mantra. The dynamics

used to change the bread and wine is Tantra. As

many inferences are made between Buddha and

Jesus, the institution of the Eucharist also traces

the eastern tradition of Mandala, Yantra, Tantra

and Mantra.

Conclusion: Mandala is inherent in each

individual, in cosmos, in creation itself. They

represent in all energy forms, bringing

equilibrium. The religion uses them as ritual for

worship, to bring greater good in human beings

and in cosmos. Research in mandalas will bring

fruit and healing to the wounded human beings

and the cosmos.


Pictures of Cyclones formed reveal

mandala shape

Water that forms as mandala naturally

Plants that form as mandala

Every mandala has its centre

References

Satyananda saraswathi; sure ways to self

realization; sw.Ganishankar; Saraswathi

munger 1980 Pg.3

Satyananda Saraswathi; A systematic

course in ancient Tantic techniques of

yoga and kriya; Munger; Pg.335

Mandala for meditation by Ruedigner

Dahlke; sterling publishing

Mandalas and Yandtras in eastern

Christian church worship; Satyavedanda

saraswathi; Geece (Article)

Jung, G.G.: Psychology and Alchemy,

trans. R.F.C. Hull, Vol. 12 of The

Collected Works of C.G. Jung,

Boilingen Series XX (Princeton Univ.

Press., 1969), p. 221.

Sw. Yogabhakti Saraswati (M. Flak),

"Mandala: An Energy Diagram" Yoga,

19, No. 10 (1981), 15.

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Date post:	14-Apr-2018
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