International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697
Volume 7 Issue 8 April 2020 www.ijifr.com
Abstract
IoT (Internet of Things) is a major technology by which one can produce various useful Internet applications. In the present scenario Internet has transformed the life of each & every individual and it is almost unavoidable for everyone. The form of communication that we see now is either human-human or human-device, but the IoT promises a great future for the Internet where the type of communication is Machine to Machine. Basically, IoT is a network in which all physical objects are connected to the Internet through network devices or routers and exchange data. IoT allows objects to be controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure. IoT is a very good and intelligent technique which reduces human effort as well as easy access to physical devices. This technique also has autonomous control feature by which any device can control without any human interaction. IoT promises smart life viz. smart vehicles, smart homes, smart mobiles, smart watches, smart refrigerators, smart door lock, smart healthcare, smart energy, smart cities, smart security system and smart environment. IoT have the potential to make a striking difference in human life, especially for the differently abled and the elderly people.
IoT Developments: Present & Future
Prospects
Paper ID IJIFR/V7/ E8/ 006 Page No. 09-23 Subject Area Computer Science
Key Words Applications, Computing Device, Internet, IoT, Machine, Smart
1st Amandeep Makkar
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science,
Arya Girls College, Ambala Cantt
2nd Dr. Sunil Taneja
Associate Professor,
Department of Computer Science ,
Govt. College, Aharwala (Bilaspur)
3rd Shelja
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science & Applications,
Seth Jai Parkash Mukand Lal Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Radaur, Haryana, India
10
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
I. INTRODUCTION Technically, IoT is defined as a paradigm in which computing devices, machines, objects equipped with sensors, actuators, processors and people communicate with each other to serve a meaningful smart purpose. With IoT, anything will be able to communicate to the Internet at any time from any place to provide any services to anyone through network.
Figure 1: IoT Concept
It is a matter of fact today that a number of IoT products have surpassed a huge number of humans on this planet [7]. Approximately there are around 7.62 billion humans on our planet, but to your surprise, by the year 2021 with an increasing graph of IoT devices, there may be around 20 billion IoT smart devices up and running with an increase in the demand of 5g network. If an average is made then after some years each and every individual in America would be having more than 10 IoT devices of their own. How IoT work and what does does makes them smart device? It basically depends on two things to transform a normal device into IoT smart device. They are:
a) The device which has the capability to connect with the internet in any way. b) The device which is integrated with technology like sensors, functional software,
some inbuilt technology which support network connections and also actuators. When both these functionalities are combined together an IoT device is formed. Earlier only simple watches were only used to see the time and date, but now the smart IoT watches allow a user to see heartbeat rate, calorie count, steps walked etc. The market for IoT devices is expanding rapidly day by day and becoming more popular as well with the drastic increase in the number of users who use them daily.
II. IOT ORIGIN AND HISTORY
According to Kevin Ashton the then executive director of the Auto-ID Center he coined
the term "Internet of Things" in 1999 while working on a presentation for Procter &
Gamble in the context of RFID supply chains. The more comprehensive look at the
technologies and ideas that gave rise to the IoT is given below:-
1832: An electromagnetic telegraph was created by Baron Schilling in Russia, and in
1833 Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber invented their own code to communicate
over a distance of 1200 m within Göttingen, Germany.
1844: Samuel Morse sends the first morse code public telegraph message "What hath
God wrought?" from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore.
1926: Nikola Tesla in an interview with Colliers magazine:
"When wireless* is perfectly applied the whole earth will be converted into a huge
brain, which in fact it is, all things being particles of a real and rhythmic whole.........and
11
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
the instruments through which we shall be able to do this will be amazingly simple
compared with our present telephone. A man will be able to carry one in his vest
pocket."
1950: Alan Turing in his article Computing Machinery and Intelligence in the Oxford
Mind Journal (Via @Kevin_Ashton)
"...It can also be maintained that it is best to provide the machine with the best sense
organs that money can buy, and then teach it to understand and speak English. This
process could follow the normal teaching of a child."
1964: In Understanding Media Marshall McLuhan stated:
"....by means of electric media, we set up a dynamic by which all previous technologies -
- including cities -- will be translated into information systems"
1966: Karl Steinbuch a German computer science pioneer said "In a few decades time,
computers will be interwoven into almost every industrial product"
1969: Arpanet
1974: Beginnings of TCP/IP
1984: Domain Name System is introduced
1989: Tim Berners-Lee proposes the World Wide Web
1990: Considered the first IoT device, John Romkey created a toaster that could be
turned on and off over the Internet for the October '89 INTEROP conference. Dan
Lynch, President of Interop promised Romkey that, if Romkey was able to "bring up his
toaster on the Net," the appliance would be given star placement in the floor-wide
exhibitors at the conference. The toaster was connected to a computer with TCP/IP
networking. It then used an information base (SNMP MIB) to turn the power on.
1991: The first web page was created by Tim Berners-Lee
1991: Mark Weiser's Scientific American article on ubiquitous computing called „The Computer for the 21st Century‟ is written. “The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into
the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it”. 1993: Created by Quentin Stafford-Fraser and Paul Jardetzky the Trojan Room Coffee
Pot was located in the 'Trojan Room' within the Computer Laboratory of the University
of Cambridge and was used to monitor the pot levels with an image being updated about
3x a minute and sent to the buildings server. It was later put online for viewing once
browsers could display images.
1994: Steve Mann creates WearCam.
1995: The Internet goes commercial with Amazon and Echobay (Ebay)
1997: Paul Saffo's prescient article "Sensors: The Next Wave of Infotech Innovation"
1998: Google is incorporated
1998: inTouch a project at MIT was developed by Scott Brave, Andrew Dahley, and
Professor Hiroshi Ishii "....We then present inTouch, which applies Synchronized
Distributed Physical Objects to create a "tangible telephone" for long distance haptic
communication."
12
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
1998: A year before losing his battle to cancer Mark Weiser continues his explorations
into the topic and constructed a water fountain outside his office whose flow and height
mimicked the volume and price trends of the stock market.
"Ubiquitous computing is roughly the opposite of virtual reality," Weiser wrote "Where
virtual reality puts people inside a computer-generated world, ubiquitous computing
forces the computer to live out here in the world with people."
1999 - A big year for the IoT and MIT
The Internet of Things term is coined by Kevin Ashton executive director of the Auto-
ID Center:
"I could be wrong, but I'm fairly sure the phrase "Internet of Things" started life as the
title of a presentation I made at Procter & Gamble (P&G) in 1999. Linking the new idea
of RFID in P&G's supply chain to the then-red-hot topic of the Internet was more than
just a good way to get executive attention. It summed up an important insight which is
stil often misunderstood."
1999: Neil Gershenfeld was speaking about similar things from the MIT Media Lab in
his book When Things Start to Think and when establishing the Center for Bits and
Atoms in 2001
“in retrospect it looks like the rapid growth of the World Wide Web may have been just the trigger charge that is now setting off the real explosion, as things start to use the
Net.”
1999: Auto-ID Labs opens which is the research-oriented successor to the MIT Auto-ID
Center, originally founded by Kevin Ashton, David Brock and Sanjay Sarma. They
helped develop the Electronic Product Code or EPC, a global RFID-based item
identification system intended to replace the UPC bar code.
1999 - Neil Gross in Business Week
"In the next century, planet earth will don an electronic skin. It will use the Internet as a
scaffold to support and transmit its sensations. This skin is already being stitched
together. It consists of millions of embedded electronic measuring devices: thermostats,
- Projects like Cooltown, Internet0, and the Disappearing Computer initiative seek to
implement some of the ideas, and the Internet of Things term starts to appear in book
titles for the first time.
- RFID is deployed on a massive scale by the US Department of Defense in their Savi
program and Walmart in the commercial world.
2005: The IoT hit another level when the UN's International Telecommunications Union
ITU published its first report on the topic.
"A new dimension has been added to the world of information and communication
technologies (ICTs): from anytime, any place connectivity for anyone, we will now have
connectivity for anything. Connections will multiply and create an entirely new dynamic
network of networks – an Internet of Things"
2005: Ahead of its time, the Nabaztag (Now a part of Aldebaran Robotics) was
originally manufactured by the company Violet and created by Rafi Haladjian and
Olivier Mével. The little WiFi enbabled rabbit was able to alert and speak to you about
stock market reports, news headlines, alarm clock, RSS-Feeds, etc as well as connect to
each other. The statement was "if you can even connect rabbits, then you can connect
anything"
2006-2008: Recognition by the EU, and the First European IOT conference is held
2008: A group of companies launched the IPSO Alliance to promote the use of Internet
Protocol (IP) in networks of "smart objects" and to enable the Internet of Things. The
IPSO alliance now boasts over 50 member companies, including Bosch, Cisco, Ericsson,
Intel, SAP, Sun, Google and Fujitsu.
2008: The FCC voted 5-0 to approve opening the use of the 'white space' spectrum.
2008-2009: The Internet of Things was "Born"
According to Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG), the Internet of Things
was born in between 2008 and 2009 at simply the point in time when more “things or objects” were connected to the Internet than people. Citing the growth of smartphones, tablet PCs, etc the number of devices connected to the
Internet was brought to 12.5 billion in 2010 (Related: see Kevin Kelly's One Machine),
while the world‟s human population increased to 6.8 billion, making the number of connected devices per person more than 1 (1.84 to be exact) for the first time in history.
2008: U.S. National Intelligence Council listed the Internet of Things as one of the 6
"Disruptive Civil Technologies" with potential impacts on US interests out to 2025.
2010: Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao calls the IOT a key industry for China and has plans
to make major investments in it.
2011: IPV6 public launch - The new protocol allows for 2128 addresses. Steven Leibson
put it as, “we could assign an IPV6 address to every atom on the surface of the earth, and still have enough addresses left to do another 100+ earths.”
- Cisco, IBM, Ericsson produce large educational and marketing initiatives on the topic.
- Arduino and other hardware platforms mature and make the IoT accessible to DIY'ers
taking interest in the topic.
14
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
- Acquisitions and VC investment in the space including the IoT platform Pachube being
aquired, IoT security company Mocano raising a round of funding and other VC's taking
notice of the industry.
III. IOT LIFE CYCLE IoT has a very simple lifecycle of development. Deployment followed by monitoring,
servicing, managing, which is followed by regular updates and decommissioning at the
end. IoT Product Lifecycle [7] is described in the below diagram
Figure 2: IOT Device Life Cycle
Apart from these information‟s, there are some advantages and disadvantages of the Internet of Things devices which may have a great impact on the current and future generation of mankind. Advantages of IoT Devices There are several advantages of these smart devices and some of them are given below.
a) IoT encourages the interaction between devices called as a machine to machine interaction.
b) It provides good automation and control. c) Integrated with more technical information, so it is better to operate. d) IoT possesses strong monitoring feature. e) It saves a lot of time. f) IoT helps to save more money by reducing manual task and time. g) Automating daily life tasks makes good monitoring of devices. h) Increased efficiency and time-saving. i) With good features make a better quality of life.
Disadvantages of IoT Devices Though there are several advantages, there are certain disadvantages too. Enlisted below are the various demerits:
a) Internet of Things devices does not have any international compatibility standard.
b) They may become highly complex resulting in failure. c) Internet of Things devices may get affected by privacy and security breach.
15
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
d) Reduced safety for users. e) Reduction in the employment of manual tasks thus resulting in job reductions. f) Internet of Things device may take control of life in due course of time with
increasing AI technology.
IV. IOT FORECASTS
Key takeaways from the collection of IoT forecasts and market estimates till 2030:-
a) IoT Expansion: It is expected that by the end of year 2020, around fifty to hundred
billion things will be connected electronically through IoT.
Figure 3: IoT Expansion
Source: World Scientific News, 2017 (PDF, pp. 128)
b) IoT Connections: Ericcson is forecasting that the number of cellular IoT connections is expected to reach 3.5B in 2023. The forecast for cellular IoT connections has almost doubled, due to ongoing large-scale deployments in China. Of the 3.5B cellular IoT connections forecast for 2023, North East Asia is anticipated to account for 2.2B.
Figure 4: IoT Connections
Source: Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2018 (PDF, pp. 36, no opt-in)
c) IoT Analytics: It predicts the global market for Internet that has grown 37% from $110B in 2017 to $151B in 2018. Due to the market acceleration factors, the market is expected to reach $1.567T by 2025.
16
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Source: State of the IoT 2018: Number of IoT devices now at 7B – Market accelerating. IoT
Analytics, August 8, 2018
d) IoT Adoption: IoT devices and services have reached an inflection point of 18% to approx. 20% adoption in 2019. DBS Asian Insights is predicting that the IoT installed base will grow from 6.3M units in 2016 to 1.25B in 2030.
Figure 6: IoT Adoption
Source: DBS Asian Insights, Internet of Things The Pillar of Artificial Intelligence, June 28,
2018 (PDF, pp. 64, no opt-in)
5. IoT APPLICATIONS IoT promises many applications for an individual, making life easier, safer and smarter. Few of the applications are as:-
Figure 7: IoT Applications
17
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Farming Smart Energy Management, Smart Security and Control, Smart Manufacturing Smart Marketing, Smart Retail, Smart Industrial Control, Smart Education Smart Utilities such as Smart Watches, Smart Refrigerators, Smart Mobiles and
Smart Door Lock Etc. There are numbers of challenges too with respect to the implementation of IoT technology as given below:-
Sensing a complex environment, Connectivity, Power Management Complexity, Cloud Services, Fault tolerance, Scalability Self-Organizing, Data Volumes, Data interpretation, Interoperability Automatic Discovery, Software complexity, Delivering Value to the Customer Hardware Compatibility Issues, Data Capture Difficulties, Analytics Challenges Data Security issues, Data Privacy issues, Wide range of Regulatory and Legal
issues
6. IoT DEVICES Enlisted below are the most popular IoT devices [7] that are used all over the world in 2020. #1) Google Home Voice Controller Google Home Voice Controller is a smart IoT device which allows the user to enjoy features like media, alarms, lights, thermostats, control the volume and much more functions just by their voice.
Figure 8: Google Home Voice Controller
Top features include:- Google home allows a user to listen to media. It allows the user to control TV and speakers. It is capable of managing timers and alarms. It can remotely handle the volume and home lights as well. It helps the user to plan their day and get things done automatically.
#2) Amazon Echo Plus Voice Controller Amazon Echo Plus voice controller is a popular and reliable IoT device. It is capable to run songs, do connect phone calls, set timers & alarms, ask questions, provide information, check the weather, manage to-do & shopping lists, manage house instruments, and several other things.
18
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Top Features include: Amazon Echo can play songs, connect to external speakers or headphones. It is capable of making calls and messaging on voice command. Amazon Echo has around 6-7 microphones, good technical specification and
sound cancellation. It is capable of hearing your voice from all the directions even when songs are played.
Controls compatible smart home devices including lights, plugs, and more. #3) Amazon Dash Button Amazon Dash Button is basically a device that gets connected over internet Wi-Fi and makes sure that the user does not lack important household items like soft drinks, grocery material, medical and personal care, kids and any pet items ever again.
Figure 10: Amazon Dash Button
Top Features include:- It allows the user to order products quickly and there is no need to recall the
message again and it also helps to reduce the time frame for searching the required product by the user.
Amazon Dash Button also allows the user to reorder from popular brands – like Bounty, Tide, Cottonelle, Glad, Clorox etc.
It does not accept fresh order if the prior order is not complete unless the user allows multiple orders.
It is a good and reliable IoT product that is developed for making the user‟s lifestyle simple and easy.
#4) August Doorbell Cam August Doorbell Cam is an effective IoT innovation. It allows you to answer your door from anywhere or remote location using your smartphone. It constantly checks your doors and also captures motion changes in your doorstep.It has Night vision facility, HD video quality and motion detection sensor.
Figure 11: August Doorbell Cam
19
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Top Features include: Doorbell Cam pairs with all August Smart Locks to easily let guests enter into
your home. The integrated floodlight delivers clear, full-color HD video even full-color. It constantly monitors your doorstep and will click the moments leading up to a
motion alert. Free 24 hour video recording. It comes with a speedy and hassle-free installation process.
#5) August Smart Lock August Smart Lock has proven to be a reliable security IoT device. It allows the user to manage their doors from any location hassle-free. It helps the user to keep thieves away from your home.
Figure 12: August Smart Lock
Top Features include: Allows the user to know about each and every person visiting to one‟s home. Provides unlimited secure digital keys and no fear of stolen key. It gives the status updates of your door as it is properly closed or not. It has a good auto-unlock feature and as soon as the user arrives near the door it
opens automatically. Easy installation and is compatible with most standard single cylinder deadbolts.
#6) Kuri Mobile Robot Kuri is the first sort of home robot and most popular too. It is specifically designed for entertainment. Kuri interacts with the users and captures moments all around the house daily. Kuri has capacitive touch sensors and HD camera.
Figure 13: Kuri Mobile Robot
#7) Belkin WeMo Smart Light Switch The WeMo Light Switch helps a user to manage your home lights from the wall, your mobile or by using your voice. This smart light switch connects to your existing home Wi-Fi network to give wireless access of your lights – with no subscription or hub required.
20
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
#8) Footbot Air Quality Monitor Foobot is a reliable IoT device which is helpful in measuring indoor pollution and leads to improved air quality in houses, workplace, and indoor public spaces. It often gives accurate results.
Figure 15: Footbot Air Quality Monitor
Top Features include: It cleans the air pollution. Keeps the humidity and temperature levels in check. Helps to develop more focus and energy by breathing fresh air. Supports to increase the lifespan of the users.
#9) Flow by Plume Labs Air Pollution Monitor Flow Air pollution is an amazing discovery in the IoT market. It is a personal air quality tracker which informs the user in which area the air quality is bad and polluted and vice versa. It shows all the results in the map available in its app.
Figure 16: Flow by Plume Labs Air Pollution Monitor
#10) Nest Smoke Alarm Nest Smoke Alarm is a very useful IoT device. It is a smoke alarm that thinks, speaks and alerts your mobile phone about any un-wanted emergencies in your home. It automatically tests itself.
21
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
#11) Nest T3021US Learning Thermostat Easy Temperature Control It helps to control the home's temperature and cooling environment with no effort from the user for Nest thermostat. It adapts according to your activities and manages room temperature automatically based on your routine. It can interact with Alexa for voice control. It saves a lot of energy by adapting to the room temperature.
Figure 18: Nest T3021US Learning Thermostat Easy Temperature Control
#12) Philips Hue Bulbs and Lighting System Philips Hue is a very famous IoT device and is used as a personal wireless lighting system that allows controlling your light from remote and creating the right ambiance for every moment. It makes a user to schedule lights and comfort dimming as well.
Figure 19: Philips Hue Bulbs and Lighting System
#13) Bitdefender BOX IoT Security Solution Bitdefender Box is a very useful IoT device. It is the Smart Home Cybersecurity Hub that prevents various Internet-connected devices from malware, stolen passwords, identity theft, spying etc.
Figure 20: Bitdefender BOX IoT Security Solution
22
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
#14) WeMo Insight Smart Plug WeMo smart plug is a good IoT product which helps to turn on your lights, turn appliances on/off and provides the ability to monitor them from anywhere remotely. It integrates with Alexa or Google voice for hands-free voice control.
Figure 21: WeMo Insight Smart Plug
#15) Logitech Harmony Universal Remote Logitech Harmony is a powerful and useful IoT smart device for daily purposes. It is a universal remote which lets you control your house media, lighting, and other smart devices from one location remotely.
Figure 22: Logitech Harmony Universal Remote
7. CONCLUSION
IoT is a burning topic in the current era of digital transformation. IoT devices are
basically smart devices which have support for Internet connectivity and are able to
interact with each other over the Internet and grant remote access to a user for managing
the device as per their need. It includes smart mobiles, smart vehicles, smart
refrigerators, smart watches, smart fire alarm, smart door lock, smart bicycle, smart
fitness trackers, smart security system, smart homes, smart environment etc. It is
concluded that these smart devices developed by mankind for mankind are impacting in
both positive and negative ways. Prominently, it enriches our lives in many aspects, be it
comfort, speed, ease, accessibility, adaptability and provides a smart life style in today‟s smart generation. In the present scenario, the use of this technology is increasing
significantly and has the potential to capture the masses in the forthcoming decade.
8. REFERENCES
[1] S. Taneja (2019), “The Internet of Things: Overview & Analysis”, International Journals of Electronics Engineering, Volume 11, Issue 1, pp. 407-413, January 2019 - June 2019.
[2] V. Sharma and R.Tiwari (2016), „A Review Paper on IoT & its Smart Applications‟, International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 5, Issue 2.
[3] S. Taneja (2017), “An Insight into the Internet of Things: Present & Future Scenario”, International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research, Volume 4, No. 12, pp. 8655- 8667.
23
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
[4] Zeinab Kamal, Aldein Mohammeda and Elmustafa Sayed Ali Ahmedb (2017), „IoT Applications, Challenges and Related Future Technologies‟, World Scientific News, EISSN 2392-2192, WSN 67(2), pp. 126-14.
