1 International Public Policy Issues International Public Policy Issues Related to the Internet and the Role of the Governments and the Role of the Governments Regional Follow Regional Follow-up to the Outcome of up to the Outcome of the World Summit on the Information the World Summit on the Information Society Society Marco Obiso ICT Applications and Cybersecurity Division ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) International Telecommunication Union
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International Public Policy Issues International Public Policy Issues Related to the Internet
and the Role of the Governmentsand the Role of the Governments
Regional FollowRegional Follow--up to the Outcome of up to the Outcome of the World Summit on the Information the World Summit on the Information
Society Society
Marco Obiso ICT Applications and Cybersecurity Division
ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT)
InternationalTelecommunicationUnion
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ITU in brief
L di UN f i f ti d i ti t h l i (ICT) Leading UN agency for information and communication technologies (ICT) The oldest UN agency (143 years) Global focal point for governments and the private sector. ITU's role in
helping the world communicate spans 3 core sectors: radiocommunication (ITUradiocommunication (ITU R)R) radiocommunication (ITUradiocommunication (ITU--R)R) standardization (ITUstandardization (ITU--T)T) Development (ITUDevelopment (ITU--D)D) ITU also organizes TELECOM events
ITU i b d i G S it l d d it b hi i l d 191 ITU is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and its membership includes 191 Member States and more than 700 Sector Members and Associates.
Website: http://www.itu.int
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ITU Mission & More
ITU’s mission is toITU’s mission is to enable the growth and sustained
development of telecommunications and information
networks, and to facilitate universal access so that people , p p
everywhere can participate in, and benefit from, the
emerging information society and global economy.
Instigator and manager of the World Summit on the Instigator and manager of the World Summit on the
Information Society (WSIS) held in two phases
Sole Facilitator for WSIS Action Line CWSIS Action Line C22
“Information and communication infrastructure”“Information and communication infrastructure”,
WSIS action Line CWSIS action Line C55 “Building confidence
and security in the use of ICTs”, WSIS action Line CWSIS action Line C6 6 “
Enabling Environment
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Enabling Environment
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WSIS and Internet
No consensus on Internet related matters, but
WSIS reaffirmed that the international management of the Internet should multilateral, transparent and democratic, with the full involvement of governments, private sector, civil society and o e e t o go e e ts, p ate secto , c soc ety a dInternational Organizations
Internet Enhanced Multi-stakeholder
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Governance Forum (IGF)
Enhanced Cooperation approach
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WSIS Driving Principles on Internet Governance
Paragraph 53.We commit to working earnestly towards multilingualization of the Internet, as part of a multilateral, Transparent and democratic process involving governments and all stakeholders in their respective roles
TUNIS AGENDA for WSIS (2005)
Transparent and democratic process, involving governments and all stakeholders, in their respective roles.In this context, we also support local content development, translation and adaptation, digital archives, and diverse forms of digital and traditional media, and recognize that these activities can also strengthen local and indigenous communities.
Paragraph 63. Countries should not be involved in decisions regarding another country’s country-code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD). Their legitimate interests, as expressed and defined by each country, in diverse ways, regarding decisions affecting their ccTLDs, need to be respected, upheld and addressed via a flexible and improved framework and mechanisms.
Paragraph 64Paragraph 64.We recognize the need for further development of, and strengthened cooperation among, stakeholdersfor public policies for generic Top-Level Domain Names (gTLDs).
Paragraph 68.W i th t ll t h ld h l l d ibilit f i t ti l
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We recognize that all governments should have an equal role and responsibility for internationalInternet governance and for ensuring the stability, security and continuity of the Internet. We also recognize the need for development of public policy by governments in consultation with all stakeholders.
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Top Level Domains (TLDs)
Top-Level Domain (TLD): ‘gTLDs’ and ‘ccTLDs’
gTLDs identify the nature of entities operating the specific
website. (.com, .org, …).
ccTLDs - reserved for a country, territory or area of
hi l i d b d ISO 3166 1 ( )geographical interests, and based on ISO 3166-1 (.eg, .sy)
New gTLD expansion - issues of geographical names, user
welfare, DNS market competition, transparency of costs, welfare, DNS market competition, transparency of costs,
government’s right over the application process
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generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs)
Currently 21 gTLDs
New gTLD expansion - Introduction of new gTLDs, (e.g.
continental and regional gTLDs) raises issues of g g )
geographical names
user welfare
DNS market competition DNS market competition
transparency of costs
government’s right over the application process
Governments should have the right of protect national interests including certain types of national geographic names, languages or
people descriptions
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people descriptions
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country code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs)( )
TLD reserved for a country or a territory Expressed in two-letter country codes - mostly based on the
ISO 3166 1ISO 3166-1 Represents the national Internet identities
More awareness of the importance of ccTLDs recognize its socio-economic valueg
Fast growing Totaled 71.1 million out of 177 million TLDs (2008) 22 % increase (over the end of 2007)
Current issues ccTLD management policies Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs)
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ccTLDs Management Policies
Country vs ISO 31661?1
y Not all political entities were included in the list
Trustee for both national & global community?‐ Conflicts between ccTLD operators and national governments
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ccTLD global issues? ‐ Should be national matters ‐ Should be solved in accordance with national law and regulations
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Power of redelegation? ‐ Should be handled under government oversight
Formal agreement? N TLD h f l i h ICANN
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‐ Not many ccTLDs have formal agreements with ICANN5
Challenging: language, technical & security issues, commercial availability, harmony with the global structure of the DNS
IDN ccTLDs
Lack of a common approach by governments in implementing IDNs
ICANN’s efforts regarding the IDN ccTLD “Fast Track Process”(2008) - so far (February 2009) only 18 government have shown interestfar (February 2009), only 18 government have shown interest
Related Issues
Formalizing the relationship between registries and ICANN
Financial Contributions
Contractual agreements - GAC (Paris, 2008)- “ it would be inappropriate for new IDN ccTLDs to be obliged to enter into contractual agreements with ICANN, not least because this could introduce further significant delay in the implementation process”
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the implementation process
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Role of Governments in ccTLDs and IDN ccTLDs
“ Countries should not be involved in decisions regarding another country’s country-code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD). Their legitimate interests, as expressed and defined by each country, in diverse ways, , p y y, y ,regarding decisions affecting their ccTLDs, need to be respected, upheld and addressed via a flexible and improved framework and mechanisms.”
Paragraph 63 of the Tunis Agenda for the Information Society (Tunis 2005)
“…governments or public authorities maintain ultimate policy authority
Paragraph 63 of the Tunis Agenda for the Information Society (Tunis, 2005)
over their respective ccTLDs and should ensure that they are operated in conformity with domestic public policy objectives, laws and regulations, and international law and applicable international conventions.”
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Principles for the Delegation and Administration of Country Code Top Level Domains (ICANN)
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DNSsec
Domain Name System Security Extensions implemented for securing vulnerabilities in DNS
Resolution process ensures the “origin authentication of DNS data” by establishing an unbroken “chain of trust”.g
Need a single origin of trust at the root Responsible for creating and maintaining the key that signs the
root. Signing entity in a very key position: Key player in Internet Signing entity in a very key position: Key player in Internet
governance structure
The root signing authority is of critical importance to the security The root signing authority is of critical importance to the security, stability and reliability of the Internet. All governments should play an equal role in policy formulation governing the harmonized and global
coordination of such services.
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IPv6
Current IPv4 addresses being rapidly depleted - (would run out in 2010~2011) Address Space:
Policy to assign IPv4, “First come, First serve”, has led to the preoccupancy of a substantial amount of IP addresses.
There has been insufficient government involvement and international cooperation in the IPv4 allocation policy. IPv4 allocation policies not fair and equitable to all Member Statesequitable to all Member States
The speed of deployment and use of IPv6 slower than expected Lack of application support Lack of awareness Lack of clear benefits Lack of clear benefits Policy issues
IPv6 address space allocation policies should ensure that the interests of ll i f d d
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all nations are safeguarded.
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Governments’ involvement in GAC
Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC) - Set up by ICANN in 1999. Advisory role towards the ICANN Board. Not a decision making body, No legal authority to act for ICANN. ITU Member States poorly represented
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007/8
Members 49 60 67 73 84 99 106
Observers 5 5 5 6 6 9 12
Total 54 65 72 79 90 108 118
Many countries without representation - Developing and Least Developed Countries
“…all governments should have an equal role and responsibility for international Internet governance and for ensuring the stability,
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security and continuity of the Internet.”
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PP Resolution 101 (Rev Antalya 2006) - Internet Protocol-based networks
ITU Mandates
PP. Resolution 101 (Rev. Antalya 2006) - Internet Protocol-based networks PP. Resolution 102 (Rev. Antalya 2006) - ITU’s role with regard to international
public policy issues pertaining to the Internet and the management of Internet resources, including domain names and addresses
PP. Resolution 133 (Rev. Antalya 2006) - Role of administrations of Member States in the management of internationalized (multilingual) domain namesStates in the management of internationalized (multilingual) domain names
ITU Council 2008 Resolution 1282 (Mod) - ITU’s role in implementing the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society
WTSA Resolutions 48 (Rev. Johannesburg, 2008) - Internationalized (multilingual) domain namesWTSA R l ti 64 (R J h b 2008) IP dd ll ti d WTSA Resolutions 64 (Rev. Johannesburg, 2008) - IP address allocation and encouraging the deployment of IPv6
WTSA Resolution 75 (Rev. Johannesburg, 2008) - ITU-T’s contribution in implementing the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society, and the establishment of a Dedicated Group on Internet related Public Policy Issues as an integral part of the Council Working Group on the World Summit on the an integral part of the Council Working Group on the World Summit on the Information Society6
WTDC Programme 3 (Rev. Doha, 2006) - E-strategies and ICT applications WTDC Resolution 20 (Rev. Doha, 2006) - Non-discriminatory access to modern
telecommunication and information technology facilities and services
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WTDC Resolution 30 (Rev. Doha, 2006) - Role of the ITU Telecommunication Development Sector in implementing the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society
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ITU approach
WSIS Principles ITU response to
play a key role in facilitating the coordination of internet-related public policy issues play a key role in the development of internet related technical standards and
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WSIS Principles and outcomes
pMembers States
relevant policies provide the necessary assistance to Members States making use of the ITU as platform to foster international cooperation and promote
multistakeholder approach among all key players in the Internet arena
ccTLDs, IDN, Multilingualism IPv6 and IP-enabled Next Generation
Evaluating current policies, elaborate and develop proposals following ’ Membership's IPv6 and IP enabled Next Generation
Networks Cybersecurity Internet Accessibility for people with
disabilities Internet and climate change
p p p g pneeds
Workshops and seminars Technical assistance to countries, Building
capacity Liaise with other relevant bodies and forum
( IGF)
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International Internet Connectivity Internet Exchange points
(e.g. IGF) Ensuring Membership’s views are taken in
due account
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Conclusions
Role of Governments is key in the Internet arena and critical in Internet Governance - related public policy issuesp p y
As main Forum for Governments in ICTs ,ITU is uniquely positioned to play a facilitating role for activities under the purview of Governments
in Internet-related Public Policies
As a neutral & impartial international organization, ITU is working hard to build consensus in this sensitive domain, and to ensure that future
