8 www.Agg-Net.com April 2011 Into the Fina Long after the laps of sporting glory have faded from memory, judgeme sustainability goals have been achieved. For the Olympic Delivery Autho infrastructure for the 30th Olympiad and ensuring their legacy, sustaina takes a look at the aggregates-hungry project as it enters the final lap o T he Environment and its fresh-faced teammate Legacy are relatively new to the scorecard of the Olympic Games. They certainly did not line up beside Sport and Culture at the very first Games 2,800 years ago, nor even at their revival in 1896. But today Sustainability is a big part of the Olympic movement and green takes its place on the podium alongside gold, silver and bronze. It was the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that introduced the Sustainability requirement. Its 2005 mission statement declared that a successful Olympics should have ‘environmental protection’ and, more importantly, ‘sustainability’ as prime elements of its planning and operation. It added that ‘positive legacies’, ie rewards that last well beyond the three-week sports-fest, was another essential outcome. S Su us st ta ai in ni in ng g t th he e b bu uz zz zw wo or rd d Given the prominence of sustainability issues in global politics and repeated criticism of the Olympics for their environmental impact, it was inevitable that the IOC would eventually turn to greening the Games. A level of environmental assessment was first demanded following the 1992 Winter Games in Albertville, France, where insensitive venue construction caused significant damage to vulnerable alpine ecosystems. But the notion of Legacy did not win its place in the Olympic Charter until after the Greek tragedy of the 2004 Summer Games. Played out in the shadow of the Acropolis, the Athens Games cost £9 billion (the same budget as the London Games) and were successful from a sporting perspective. But seven years on, 21 of its 22 purpose-built venues lie derelict and abandoned and the country is thought to be paying some £500 million a year for security and maintenance of the sites. China did a lot better. Despite a widespread perception that the massive Beijing Olympics of 2008 were neither environmentally friendly nor sustainable, even Greenpeace accepts that the Games created a positive legacy for the city, and saved 1.2–1.5 million tonnes of CO 2 through energy-conservation projects and renewable energy. However, China did not achieve all of its targets. It fell down by not insisting on environmentally friendly policies for procurement and construction, not pursuing a zero-waste policy, and not introducing an
Transcript
8 www.Agg-Net.com April 2011
Into the Fina
Long after the laps of sporting glory have faded frommemory, judgemesustainability goals have been achieved. For the Olympic Delivery Authoinfrastructure for the 30th Olympiad and ensuring their legacy, sustainatakes a look at the aggregates-hungry project as it enters the final lap o
The Environment and its fresh-facedteammate Legacy are relatively new tothe scorecard of the Olympic Games.
They certainly did not line up beside Sport andCulture at the very first Games 2,800 yearsago, nor even at their revival in 1896. But todaySustainability is a big part of the Olympicmovement and green takes its place on thepodium alongside gold, silver and bronze.
It was the International Olympic Committee(IOC) that introduced the Sustainabilityrequirement. Its 2005 mission statementdeclared that a successful Olympics shouldhave ‘environmental protection’ and, moreimportantly, ‘sustainability’ as prime elementsof its planning and operation. It added that‘positive legacies’, ie rewards that last wellbeyond the three-week sports-fest, wasanother essential outcome.
SSuussttaaiinniinngg tthhee bbuuzzzzwwoorrddGiven the prominence of sustainability issuesin global politics and repeated criticism of theOlympics for their environmental impact, itwas inevitable that the IOC would eventuallyturn to greening the Games.
A level of environmental assessment wasfirst demanded following the 1992 WinterGames in Albertville, France, whereinsensitive venue construction causedsignificant damage to vulnerable alpineecosystems. But the notion of Legacy did notwin its place in the Olympic Charter until afterthe Greek tragedy of the 2004 SummerGames.
Played out in the shadow of the Acropolis,the Athens Games cost £9 billion (the samebudget as the London Games) and were
successful from a sporting perspective. Butseven years on, 21 of its 22 purpose-builtvenues lie derelict and abandoned and thecountry is thought to be paying some £500 million a year for security andmaintenance of the sites.
China did a lot better. Despite a widespreadperception that the massive Beijing Olympicsof 2008 were neither environmentally friendlynor sustainable, even Greenpeace accepts thatthe Games created a positive legacy for thecity, and saved 1.2–1.5 million tonnes of CO2
through energy-conservation projects andrenewable energy.
However, China did not achieve all of itstargets. It fell down by not insisting onenvironmentally friendly policies forprocurement and construction, not pursuinga zero-waste policy, and not introducing an
April 2011 www.Agg-Net.com 9
internationally recognizable system of timberprocurement – such as the Forest StewardshipCouncil (FSC) standard – for constructionmaterials.
RReeggeenneerraattiinngg tthhee EEaasstt EEnnddAll these areas have been addressed forLondon 2012 and the goals of the OlympicDelivery Authority (ODA) are focused onregeneration. Besides injecting sustainablethinking into every aspect of the Games,from venue design and location to eventmanagement, the long-term aim is totransform a 500-acre plot of derelict land ina congested and deprived area of highunemployment into a vast urban park.
In the process, it aims to demonstrate howmega-cities can effectively deal withenvironmental and social challenges.
It is an ambitious plan. This part of London’sEast End includes Stratford and the LeaValley, and has long been overlooked.
During the Industrial Revolution it was thecentre of some of London’s most unappealingindustries; home to chemical plants andfactories producing soap, matches and ink. Itwas devastated by WWII bombs and theclosure of the nearby Royal Docks, and hasvirtually no cultural or must-visit attractions.In its recent state it was highly unlikely to everwin a place on the tourist trail; long-termneglect of its many waterways had resultedin poor water quality and, not to put too finea point on it, a bit of a whiff.
Ironically, although it had been carved upby railway lines, it has always been poorlyconnected to the rest of the capital. Or toanywhere else for that matter.
TThhee bbiigg cclleeaann--uuppDelivering one of the UK’s most complex andgreenest clean-up operations on time and onbudget was to be one of the ODA’s earlyachievements.
More than 52 pylons marched across thelandscape and had to be dismantled. Morethan 200 buildings, including two 12-storeyaccommodation blocks once used by studentsat the University of East London, weredemolished. Soil contaminants included oil,petrol, tar, cyanide and lead, and some verylow-level radioactive material. Some 30,000tonnes of silt, gravel and rubble wereremoved from the rivers and canals, pluscountless tyres and shopping trolleys andeven an occasional car.
In total, nearly 3 million cubic metres of �
Into the Final Lap
Long after the laps of sporting glory have faded from memory, judgements about the success of London 2012 will be based on how well itssustainability goals have been achieved. For the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), the public body charged with developing the venues andinfrastructure for the 30th Olympiad and ensuring their legacy, sustainable construction methods have been a priority. Quarry Managementtakes a look at the aggregates-hungry project as it enters the final lap of the construction phase
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earth were moved on the Park and more than91 million litres of contaminated groundwaterwere treated using innovative techniques.These included: pumping out and treatingwater containing oil and ammonia; injectingcompounds into the ground that generateoxygen, which, in turn, breaks down harmfulchemicals; and controlling the movement ofgroundwater to prevent contaminationentering the local waterways.
An area equivalent to 10 football fields wascleared of invasive Japanese knotweed andmore than 5km of riverbanks were refurbished.
Six million man-hours were worked on thisphase of the project.
RReeccyycclliinngg ccoommmmiittmmeennttss The three-year clean-up project usedsustainable techniques to recycle and reuse97% of the demolition material (exceeding thehigh target of 90%), and 999,000m³ ofcontaminated soil was treated and reusedthanks to soil washing and bioremediation.At its peak five soil-washing machinesworked on site, significantly reducing lorryjourneys in the local area as only a minimalamount of contaminated material, such asasbestos, and the filter cake from the soiltreatment plants was taken to landfill.
An area that received special attention wasa 100-year-old tip under the plot where theVelodrome has since emerged. A 35-tonnerecycling machine was commissioned to siftand sort this 70,000m3 mass of old rubbishinto piles of glass, metal, concrete, soil andother materials.
All recyclable materials from thedemolition or excavations were recorded ina materials register. This gave designers abreakdown of the separated and stockpiled
materials available for reuse in the design ofvenues, landscaping, bridges, footpaths andother elements of the Olympic Park.
As a result, the 2,500m2 Main Press Centrehas a brown roof which uses seeds andtimber logs reclaimed from the clean-upoperation and is now encouraging wildlife.
Similarly, the redesign of The Greenway (atrack that crossed the site) has transformedit into a key walking and cycling route usingsalvaged bricks, paving cobbles, manholecovers, timber sleepers and tiles.
Other recycled materials from off sitealso make an appearance in several of thevenues. The distinctive cladding of the
Handball Arena, for example, is made fromrecycled copper that has been aged andtreated, while the truss of the main OlympicStadium is created from reclaimed gas pipes.
But some of the venues in the Olympic Parkare merely temporary and they have beendesigned with ‘recyclability’ in mind. The12,000-seat Basketball Arena is a goodexample. It will be one of the most heavilyused venues, with competition events takingplace every day during the Games, watchedby half a million spectators. Despite this heavyusage, and its size, the giant frame waserected in less than three months duringSpring 2010. �
Renowned track designer Ron Webb hascreated what is being heralded as theworld’s fastest Velodrome. Whether or notrecords are broken next summer, thevenue itself has already receivedacclamation as an exceptional example ofsustainable design and construction.
Reflecting the efficient design of abicycle, the building has many energy-efficient features. Its compact designminimizes the energy consumed to heat themain arena, while water-saving fittings andthe harvesting and reuse of rainwater helpto reduce mains water consumption by70%.
Daylight streams in through strategicallypositioned roof lights to reduce the need forartificial lighting, and almost 100% naturalventilation is achieved through openings inthe external timber cladding. The latter ismade up of 5,000m2 of western red cedar,which, like all timber supplied to the Park,
is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council(FSC)/Programme for the Endorsement ofForest Certification (PEFC) – the first projectto be jointly certified.
But it is the lightweight roof, which canmove 500mm under the most extremeweather conditions, that grabs most of thesustainability headlines. Created from 16kmof cable net (the type used for ski lifts), the12,000m2 roof weighs less than half that of theBeijing Velodrome at just 30kg/m2.
Internally, Aggregate Industries suppliedthe precast concrete terracing units whichprovide seating for 6,000. Due to the uniqueshape of the cycling track, 140 differentdesigns of unit were required, together withassociated stairways and walling with greatertolerances than normal buildings toaccommodate the ‘post-stressed’ roof.
The go-fast track has been made ofsustainably sourced Siberian pine, which isknown for its straight growing in the perma-
frost of northern Russia but is also a verymalleable and extremely strong wood. Itwas weathered inside the venue for monthsto get it acclimatized to the conditionsbefore being laid to 1mm tolerances by ateam of 26 carpenters in just eight weeks.The 250m track, with 56km of surfacetimber fixed by more than 300,000 nails,should last 30 to 40 years.
With its track design, a constant internaltemperature of 28°C and still conditions,the Velodrome should see outstandingsports performances. Spectators will playtheir part, too. Research has shown thatwhile many racing venues restrictspectators to the straight section of thetrack, cyclists respond better and faster tocontinuous crowd noise. The geometry ofthe London Velodrome was heavilyinfluenced by this research, lending thevenue its distinctive ‘Pringle’ crispappearance.
Following their success in Beijing, British cyclists have high hopes for London 2012, and the Velodrome willgive them the best possible stage on which to pedal for gold
One of the five on-site soil-washing plants
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London 2012
This frame has been covered with a fabricthat will form the canvas for spectacular lightshows during the Games. Differentcontractors have been employed to constructeach element of the venue, such as itsframe, seating and modular accommodation.These parts are owned by the respectivecontractors who will dismantle, take awayand reuse or recycle all the parts after theevent is finished. Some two-thirds can bereused.
Similarly, the Water Polo Arena will haveonly a short lifespan. Work on thesubstructure started in March on what will beone of the last venues to be built on the Parkand one of the first to be taken down againafter the Games.
The temporary 5,000-seat venue will bewrapped in a distinctive silver membrane andits sloping roof will be made from air-inflated, recyclable, phthalate-free PVCcushions, which will provide extra insulationand reduce condensation.
This, and many of the other materialsincorporated in the design, will be reusedelsewhere in the UK after its short spell in thelimelight.
Even the Park’s iconic Aquatics Centre,which is destined to become a much-neededfacility for the local community post 2012, hastwo temporary ‘wings’. These increase thecapacity of the venue from its permanent levelof 2,500 to 17,500 during the Games.
In addition to reusing materials found on
site, and taking a very literal approach to theword ‘temporary’, the ODA set a target of 25%recycled aggregates for the entire site.Aggregate Industries, who won the contractto become sole provider of sand, gravel,crushed stone and recycled fill materials forthe venues and infrastructure of the OlympicPark, have supported the ODA in thisobjective.
RRaaiill iinn//wwaatteerr oouuttThe ODA also set a target for 50% ofconstruction materials to be delivered bysustainable transport. This target has alsobeen surpassed by Aggregate Industries,who have delivered significantly more than50% of materials by rail alone.
Freight is delivered to the purpose-built �
Construction of the Weymouth Bay and Portland Harbour sailing facilities
The 12,000-seat Basketball Arena (left) next to the Athlete’s Village which will house 17,000 athletes and officials during the Games
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Bow East Logistics Centre, which opened inJune 2008. At the height of the Park’sconstruction phase, the 28-acre facility wasmanaging the daily movement of thousandsof tonnes of bulk aggregate products forcement production and up to 5,000 tonnes offill material, concrete blocks and waste. Sixto eight trains were running each day.
The make-up of the materials has changedas the months have passed. Instead of rawmaterials for cement production, precision-cut tiles for the Aquatics Centre started toarrive at the end of last year, and sanitarywarefor all the venues has been on the manifestsmore recently.
The ODA estimates that 4 million tonnes ofgoods will have been moved by rail by the timethe opening ceremony begins on 27 July2012, saving 120,000 tonnes of carbon dioxidethat would have resulted from an equivalentdelivery operation by lorry transport.
With raw materials arriving by rail, theoriginal preferred route for waste was along
the Bow Back Rivers which connect with theriver Lee Navigation and the river Thames.
This 5.5km system of canals weaves aroundthe Olympic Park and in its late-Victorianheyday carried 2 million tonnes of material ayear. After falling into disuse in the mid-20thcentury with the decline in both canal freightand waterside industries, the network hadbecome heavily polluted and virtuallyunnavigable.
Regenerating this network will obviouslyplay a large part in achieving the ODA’slegacy goals. In the shorter term, however, thenetwork had a job to do: allowing freightbarges to transport construction materials in,and carry waste out.
The first step was taken in March 2007when construction of a new £23 million lockand water control centre started. It opened tobarge freight in June 2009 and is known asThree Mills Lock. It allows access for up to two350-tonne barges for 4–6h a day, dependingon the Thames tide.
Barges such as the Ursula Catherine,operated by Bennetts Barges, are loaded ata newly constructed temporary wharf near theAquatics Centre and have been removing nine20ft containers of waste per week. Thecontainers are transported to a specialistrecycling centre in Rainham, Essex.
Some construction materials have alsomade their way to the Park by water.
LLoonngg--tteerrmm lleeggaaccyy ffoorr llooccaallssWhile most reports of London 2012’spreparations have concentrated on eithersustainable building methods and materialsor the construction of sporting venues, thelonger-term social sustainability of the projecthas received relatively little press.
But while the headlines may have focused onthe White Water Centre (the first purpose-builtvenue to be handed over outside the Park), theVelodrome (the first purpose-built venue to behanded over inside the Park), and the iconic duoof the Aquatics Centre and Orbit Tower, less-
Artist’s impression of the completed Aquatics Centre
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London 2012
exciting developments are forging aheadtowards completion. These projects havenothing to do with watching people showing offtheir athletic prowess, but have everything todo with the much longer-lasting impact on theregeneration of the local area.
The Olympic Village, for example, hasbeen structurally complete and clad sinceearlier this year. Some 6,000 of the Park’s12,000 construction workers were dedicatedto it at the peak of the build programme.
Comprising 62 residential blocks, it will behome to a temporary population of 17,000athletes and officials during the Games. Thislevel of accommodation will be achievedusing temporary partitions which will beremoved after the Games to reveal the finalliving spaces and bedrooms. Kitchens will thenbe installed and the Village will betransformed into 2,818 one-, two-, three- andfour-bedroom properties.
Nearly 50% of these properties have beenpurchased by a social landlord consortium �
With all the major venues up and approaching completion, the final whistle was blown forLondon Concrete’s twin ready-mixed concrete plant in January. Having produced up to1,000m3 a day in a variety of mixes to keep contractors supplied throughout the mainconstruction phase, its work was done.
The double installation feature had been chosen because it practically eliminated anylikelihood of a stoppage halting production – a critical consideration for a project thatabsolutely cannot overrun.
The twin plants had been ordered and built for London Concrete prior to the contractbeing awarded because the company felt this would strengthen its bid. However, it wasnot all plain sailing; carrying out the civils works and erecting the plants in a very shorttimescale presented some challenges.
Almost as soon as the contract was awarded another problem arose: a previouslyunknown height restriction would not allow road delivery of the six cement silos to theOlympic Park. ‘Out of gauge’ loads on the railway are not easily arranged either, and atone point the company even considered commissioning a Chinook helicopter. However,even that desperate measure was not feasible and a solution was eventually found bydelivering the silos to the Park’s Bow railhead and transferring them to rail wagons fortheir final journey.
With much less difficulty, all aggregates bound for the plant were carried by rail directfrom source, including granite (primary) from Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; granite(secondary) from Melbur, Cornwall; limestone (primary) from Torr Works, Somerset; sand(primary) from Dagenham, Essex; and glass sand (recycled) from Brentford, Middlesex.
The plant, which was in production from May 2008 to November 2010, achieved theOlympic Development Agency’s sustainability targets for all concrete to contain 25% byweight of recycled aggregate and 20% by value of recycled material, as well as the targetof 50% of raw materials to arrive by rail or water transport.
to become legacy affordable housing. The remainder will be sold off as privatehomes.
This new community will have access to anew education academy and state-of-the-art
Polyclinic. Both are in advanced stages ofconstruction and will serve as operations andmedical centres, respectively, during theGames, before taking on their permanentroles for locals.
Vastly improved traffic links are another ofthe long-term regeneration aims now takingshape. In addition to the £125 millionextension of Stratford mainline station, threenew stations will link the area for the first �
A 350-tonne canal barge receiving a 20ft container of waste material for removal from site
The London Velodrome with its distinctive ‘Pringle’ crisp appearance
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London 2012
LLiigghhtt ffaannttaassttiicc At every Games, the Olympic Stadium is a primary focus and not just because it is at theheart of the sporting action. The building sets the tone, right from the opening ceremony,and it will be no different at the 30th Olympiad.
London 2012’s stadium will be setting out its sustainable credentials from the minutethe first flag-carrying athletes appear on the track.
It is the lightest-ever Olympic Stadium, containing around 10,000 tonnes of steel – justone quarter of that used on the Beijing stadium – under a 450-tonne cable-net roof.
Approximately 6,500m³ of concrete recycled from other parts of the Park were used tocreate a solid platform for its construction, and its truss was made from reclaimed gas pipes.
The 450-tonne cable-net roof covers 24,500m² (equivalent to three and a half footballpitches) and has a fabric covering to provide correct conditions for athletes and two-thirdsof spectators.
This huge building sits on an island of 40 acres, surrounded by the restored Bow BackRivers. Recycled granite from King George V docks was used along the riverbanks andfive new bridges now connect the island to the rest of the Park.
Structurally, the stadium was completed in mid-2010. Twelve thousand precastconcrete terracing units have been installed, as have 80,000 seats. Floodlighting is alsoin place; beaming down from 70m above the track and field are 532 individual 2kW floodlightson 14 35-tonne towers.
The internal fit-out has also been large scale, with 700 rooms and spaces, includingchanging rooms with showers, being completed, ready for handover.
Virtually all that remains to be done is to lay the athletics field and track. This will becarried out during the summer for optimum conditions.
time to the Docklands Light Railway network,providing efficient public transport into the Cityof London, the East End, and to Greenwich andWoolwich on the south bank of the Thames.
These public transport links will also helpfulfil the ODA’s goal for 100% of spectators toarrive at the Park by public transport or bywalking or cycling. �
• Minimize adverse impacts on land,water, noise and air quality
• Create new employmentopportunities
• Provide for healthy lifestyles duringand after construction
• Involve stakeholders andcommunities.
Artist’s impression of how part of the Athlete’s Village will look when completed
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Almost tucked away on the western fringe of the Olympic Park is the workhorse that will heat and cool the venues both during the Gamesand after. Hailed as the largest in the UK, the Energy Centre includes 3MW biomass boilers that use sustainable wood chips to generatelow-carbon heat, and uses a Combined Cooling Heat & Power (CCHP) plant to capture the heat generated by electricity production.
The Energy Centre, together with the CCHP plant, will deliver carbon emission reductions well in excess of 1,000 tonnes per year, makinga significant contribution to the Olympic Development Authority’s target of a 50% reduction across the Park.
The Centre has an initial capacity of 46.5MW of heating and 16MW of cooling through 16km of piping, which has been installed to allowfuture developments to link up. The building is also of flexible modular design so future technologies can be incorporated as they are developedand as demand grows after 2012. In the long term, the Energy Centre has the capacity to supply energy to 10,000 homes.
It includes five cooling towers and two hot-water boilers, each weighing around 60 tonnes.The site-wide heat network will generate domestic hot water and heat the Aquatics Centre swimming pools and other venues and buildings.The Energy Centre’s immediate neighbour is a new black brick built primary substation. This facility will distribute electricity across
the Park and the adjacent Stratford City shopping centre through electrical networks consisting of more than 100km of cabling.Built of materials crushed from the demolition of its original neighbour, the former Kings Yard buildings, the new substation includes
a brown roof that will allow animal species to colonize naturally. The structure won the RIBA award for Commercial and Industrial Buildingof the Year in May 2010.
Appropriately, the substation was switched on in October 2009, making it the first Olympic Park building to be completed and ready for action.
FFiinnddiinngg tthhee eenneerrggyy
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London 2012
SSttooppwwaattcchheess aatt tthhee rreeaaddyyThe Athletes’ Village and the Park’s newpublic transport links will be ready in early2012. Between now and then a series ofcompletions will be announced.
The construction of all the permanentvenues – the Olympics Stadium, AquaticsCentre, Handball Arena and the InternationalBroadcasting Centre – is due for completionby 27 July 2011, exactly one year in advanceof the Olympic torch bursting into flame.
They will join the Velodrome, the BasketballArena, the Hockey Arenas, Waterpolo, the LeaValley White Water Course, and the WeymouthBay and Portland Harbour sailing facilities onthe completed-venues line-up.
Fitting-out of the Athletes’ Village is due tofinish in the autumn and construction work toupgrade both Eton Dorney (rowing) and theRoyal Artillery Barracks (shooting) is ontrack for completion in spring 2012. By thenall the temporary facilities at the Olympic Parkwill also have been handed over.
As the final lap approaches, sustainableconstruction methods are the only part of theODA’s remit that can even begin to bemeasured. The economic sustainability of theLondon Games will not be known for some years. Neither will the socialsustainability.
But there can be no doubt that the venuesand infrastructure now being unveiled at thePark have achieved, and frequently exceeded,most of the very ambitious sustainabilitygoals set. QM
One of the stars of the 2012 Games will be the 100ha of open space in the OlympicPark itself. Transformed from an ugly wasteland into a series of meadows, woods,river walks and ornamental gardens, the site will be the largest new park inEurope for 150 years.
The ornamental gardens, which stretch for half a mile between the AquaticsCentre and the Olympic Stadium on land that has been cleaned and cleared of railsidings, contamination and Japanese knotweed, will celebrate the British traditionof collecting and cultivating plants. Interspersed with picnic lawns and timberseating, some 120,000 plants from 250 different species will be arranged into fourtemperate regions: Europe, Americas, Asia and the southern hemisphere.
With work on the paths and drainage completed, the planting of these riversideareas started in the new year and will be completed by the autumn. When theGames get under way, Park visitors without venue tickets will be able to watch theaction on huge screens in this colourful setting.
A 45ha area of the northern park will be a quieter space. Using the latest greentechniques to manage flood and rainwater in an at-risk river valley, it will providespace and habitats for hundreds of existing and rare species including kingfishersand otters.
Around 2,000 semi-mature British-grown trees – a mix of ash, alder, willow,birch, hazel, London plane, lime and poplar – and 300,000 wetland plants will bepart of the Olympic legacy for this part of London. A further 2,000 trees will beplanted in the Olympic Village.
Across the Park, 675 bird and bat boxes will be installed. While house sparrowshave been catered for within the structure of the Pumping Station, black redstartswill enjoy around 4,000m2 of living roof installed on venues or they might opt for abox made from recycled utilities pipe placed on one of the bridge crossings to theOlympic Stadium.
