HUMAN ANATOMY

Overview of Anatomy

• Anatomical terminology from ancient Greek and Latin• Branches of anatomy

– Gross anatomy– Microscopic anatomy

• Cytology• Histology

– Developmental anatomy• Embryology

– Comparative anatomy

History• After the Fall of Rome (476 A.D.): the dark ages

– Medical knowledge saved by Byzantium and the Islamic world– monasteries

• 1200’s– Out of the dark ages– Medical schools in Solerno, Bologna Italy

• 1400’s: Renaissance– Leonardo de Vinci (1452-1519)

• Vesalius: the “Reformer of Anatomy” (1514-1564)– Based on cadaver dissection again; corrected Galen– The father of modern anatomy

• The emergence of modern medicine

4

Tashrih al-badan

manuscriptCa 1400-1500

By Mansur ibn

Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn

Yusuf ibn Faqih LLyas

Persian Anatomist

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

Andreas Vesalius

(31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564)

STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Chemical• Cellular• Tissue• Organ• System• Organism

آناتومی :5 در دارد اهمیت موضوع

SituationPositionStructureRelationfunction

Situation & Position

StructureRelationfunction

Anatomical Terminology A plane is an imaginary surface that

slices the body into specific sections. The three major anatomic planes of

reference are the Coronal(Frontal), Transverse(Axial), and Sagittal planes.

1- Coronal(Frontal).P

3- Transverse(Axial).P

2- Sagittal.P

Anterior & Posterior (Coronal.S)

Superior & InferiorTransverse.S

Right & left (Sagittal.S)

Skeletal System

Thoracic is heart-shaped body since your heart is in your thorax.Lumbar is kidney-bean shaped since kidneys are in lumbar area.

In The Name of God

Arthroses (Articulation or Joint)

Classification of the joints

Synarthroses (Bone – solid connective tissue- Bone )

Diarthroses or Synovial (Bone- cavitated connective tissue- Bone)

Fibrous, Cartilagenous Joints

Fibrous Suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis

Cartilagenous Primary Secondary

Synarthroses

Fibrous joint1-Suture(Bone- Sutural ligament- Bone)

Synarthroses

Fibrous joint1-Suture(Bone- Sutural ligament- Bone)

Synarthroses

Fibrous joint2-Syndesmoses(Bone

- Interosseous membrane or ligament- Bone )

Synarthroses

3-Gomphoses (Bone- Peri-odontium colagen- Dental Cementum)

Synarthroses

Cartilaginous joint1- Synchondroses or primary cartilaginous;

(Bone-Hyaline cartilage-Bone)

Growth cartilage

Periosteum

SynarthrosesCartilaginous joint2- Symphyses or secondary cartilaginous;

(Bone- Fibrocartilage- Bone)

Synovial joint

1- structure Articular cartilage Fibrouse capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Articular disc

(meniscus) Articular ligaments Intracapsular Extracapsular

Periosteum

Joint capsule(fibrous)

Synovial fold

Joint cavity

Bones of joint separated by a joint cavityJoint surfaces lined with hyaline cartilageJoint cavity lined by synovial membraneArticular capsule covers joint space

Synovial Joints

Synovial joint

1- structure Articular cartilage Fibrouse capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Articular disc

(meniscus) Articular ligaments Intracapsular Extracapsular

Types of Joints Solid

Fibrous Cartilaginous

Synoviala. Gliding (Plane)b. Hingec. Pivotd. Condyloid (Ellipsoid)e. Saddlef. Ball-and-socket

a b c

d e f

• Immovable

• Slightly movable

• Freely movable

Types of joints

Synovial joint

2- Classification Plane (Intercarpal) Hinge (Humero-

ulnar) Pivot (Radio-ulnar) Bicondylar (Knee)

Synovial joint

2- ClassificationEllipsoid

(RadiocarpalSellar (Ankle)Spheroidal (Hip)

Synovial joint

3- Movement Translation Angular

Terms of movement Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Medial and lateral rotation Circumduction Opposition Protrusion Retrusion

Terms of movement

Elevation Depression Inversion Eversion Pronation Supination

Joint

Innervation Vasculature Arthroscopy