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8/9/2019 Intro His to Path
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Introduction to Histology
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HISTOLOGY:
THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
PATHOLOGY: THE STUDY OF DISEASE and THE MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN
INJURY, DEATH,
REPAIR, ADAPTATION:
ACCUMULATIONS, ATROPHY, HYPERTROPHY,
HYPERPLASIA, METAPLASIA
INFLAMMATION
NEOPLASIA
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HISTOLOGY:
THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Derivatives of the three germ layers:
Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
---Epithelium
---Connective Tissue
---Neural
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EPITHELIUM:
comprised of cells that cover the exterior surface of the body,
and line both the internal closed cavities of the body,
and those body tubes that communicate with the exterior
--alimentary, respiratory, genitourinary
Can be impervious (epidermis or bladder) , secretory (stomach),
absorptive (intestines), be a transport system(trachea),
or receive sensory stimuli (taste buds of the tongue)
Epithelium is attached to its underlying connective tissue by basement
membrane
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SQUAMOUS AND TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
BLADDER
Human skin Mouse skin
Mouse skin
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GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
Small intestine with villi
Mucin stain showing goblet cellsColon with NO villi
Mucin stain showing goblet cells
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Epithelial cells (continued--mouse tissues)
LiverKidney glomerulus/tubules
PancreasLung
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CONNECTIVE TISSUES:
---CELLS:
-fibroblasts-adipose cells
-undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
-cells of the hematopoietic system
---EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX:-EXTRACELLULAR FIBERS:
-collagen fibers
-reticular fibers
-elastic fibers
-GROUND SUBSTANCE :
-proteoglycans
-hyaluronic acids
- TISSUE FLUID
MUSCLE, CARTILAGE AND BONE
Trichrome stain for collagen
Silver stain for supporting reticulin fibers
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TYPES OF MUSCLE: Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal
Cardiac: striations + central nuclei
Skeletal: striations + eccentric nuclei
Smooth: central nuclei
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Non-epithelial tissues (continued)
Bone/cartilage Spleen
Brain-hippocampus and ventricle Cerebellum
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HISTOCHEMISTRY
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION
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USE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY TO DETECT DIFFERENCES IN BONE AND
CARTILAGE FORMATION
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USE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY TO DETECT DIFFERENCES DETECTED ON
ROUTINE H&E STAINS
H&E
TRAP stain
for osteoclasts
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Use of AlcianBlue/PAS to detect differences in Mucin content within
Brunners glands of duodenum
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Silver stain (GMS) to detect
presence of fungal hyphae in
tissue x200
Grams stain to detect bacteria in
tissue (oil immersion x1000)
USE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY TO DETECT INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS
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Luxol Fast Blue for myelinFontana-Masson for melanocytes
MORE EXAMPLES OF HISTOCHEMISTRY
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Folded artefact Cracked tissue artefact
Knife mark + folded arterfact
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HISTOLOGY:
THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
PATHOLOGY: THE STUDY OF DISEASE and THE MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN
INJURY, DEATH,
REPAIR, ADAPTATION:ACCUMULATIONS, ATROPHY, HYPERTROPHY,
HYPERPLASIA, METAPLASIA
INFLAMMATION
NEOPLASIA
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METAPLASIA: (one cell type is replaced by another cell type: cigarette smoking inducedchange of bronchial epithlelial cells to squamous, Barretts esophagitis--where the squamous
epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium)
CELL INJURY: reversible or
irreversible if prolonged
Due to: oxygen deprivation--ischemic ( noblood flow) , mechanical trauma (burns),
chemical agents (acetaminophen) , infectious
agents, immunologic reactions, genetic
defects, nutritional imbalances etc.
INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATIONS: fatty change ofliver cells in alcoholism or obesity, glycogen deposits in diabetes,
accumulation of pigments like iron after hemorrhage
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CELL DEATH:necrosis (occurs from the progressive degradative action of
enzymes on the lethally injured cells)
apoptosis: -programmed destruction of cells
during embryogenesis
-hormone dependent involution in the adult
- cell deletion in proliferating cell populations,
immune cells, tumors, etc.
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HYPERPLASIA: An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, which may thenhave an increased volume.
Physiologic hyperplasia: Proliferation of mammary glandular epithelium at pregnancy,
compensatory hyperplasia of the liver after partial hepatectomy
HYPERTROPHY:An increase in size of cells and thus an increase in the size of the organ
eg: physiologic hypertrophy of uterus during pregnancy, hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle inhypertension or valvular disease, hypertrophy of skeletal muscles due to heavy exercise
ATROPHY: a shrinkage in the size of the cells due to
-a decreased work load ( when a limb is immobilized in a plaster cast)
-loss of innervation
-diminished blood supply
-loss of endocrine stimulation
-aging
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INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR
Is a protective response, where the goal is to
rid the body of the initial cause of injury andthe consequences
ACUTE: relatively short duration. There is an
alteration of blood vesels such that there is
an exudation of fluid and plasma proteins,
with an emigration of leukocytes,
predominantly neutrophils, into the focus ofinjury.
CHRONIC: is of longer duration and is
associated with the accumulation of
lymphocytes and macrophages and allowing
the repair process to occur, using
angiogenesis and/ or fibrosis.
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Red blood cells
(rbcs)
Hematopoietic cells
Erythroid Megakaryocytes
Leukocytes
platelets
mast cells
Granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils(polymorphonuclear PMNs)
Myeloid
Monocytes
dendritic cells macrophages
B cells T cells NK cells
Plasma cells
Myelo-monocytic Lymphoid
Gr-1
F480
Mac-1
CD41
CD3
B220
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NEOPLASIA: new abnormal growth
A neoplasm is a abnormal purposeless mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and
is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues, and which persists in the same excessive
manner after cessation fo the stimuli which evoked the change
Tumor= swelling. Benign tumor -- no infiltration into surrounding tissue. Malignant tumor =
cancer
Cancer is the common term for all malignant tumors. Cancer derives from the Latin term
crab presumably because it adheres to any part that it seizes in an obstinate manner likethe crab
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Robbins and
Kumar textbook
of Pathology
description of
the process of
malignantprogression and
metastasis
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Benign tumors: fibroadenomas, polyps of the colon, lipomas
CARCINOMAS:
-Malignant tumors ofepithelial cells
-well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated
-squamous carcinomas
- adeno-carcinomas
alveolar
papillary
tubular
(anaplastic, undifferentiated, large cell, small cell)
(hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma)
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SARCOMAS: Malignant tumors of supporting tissue
-chondrosarcomas--cartilage
-osteosarcomas--bone
-hemagiosarcomas--blood vessel
-gliomas (astrocytoma, glioblastoma)
-lymphomas
-melanomas
-rhabdomyosarcomas
-leiomyosarcomas
-fibrosarcomas
-seminoma, teratoma, etc.
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Teratoma has multiple tissue types
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IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
is an important adjunct to histopathologic evaluation
Epithelium: Keratins
--pan-keratin
and antibodies to keratins of different molecular weights
Supporting connective tissues:
--Vimentin--fibroblasts, blood vessels--vWF, CD31 (PECAM)-- endothelial cells of blood vessels
Hematopoeitic tissues: CD45, B220, CD3, F480, Mac-1, Gr-1, CD41
Muscle: desmin, smooth muscle actin
Neural: GFAP, NeuN, F480/Mac-1, MBP, NSE, S100
Hormones: specific antibodies--insulin, casein, etc.
Germ cells: alpha-feto protein (teratomas)
Proliferation markers-Ki-67