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Intro to Remote Sensing
Lecture 1
August 25, 2004
What is remote sensing?
Take a photo
What is remote sensing
Remote Sensing: remote sensing is science of acquiring, processing, and interpretingimages and related data that are obtained from ground-based, air-or space-borne instruments that record the interaction between matter (target) and electromagnetic radiation.
Remote Sensing: using electromagnetic spectrum to image the land, ocean, and atmosphere.
In this class, we will mostly focus on the the principles and techniques for data collection and the interaction of
electromagnetic energy with the Earth's surface (2/3 of the time) some application examples (1/3 of the time)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Source: http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/DIAL.html
Remote sensing platforms Remote sensing platforms
Ground and Aircraft Based
Ground repeat or continuous sampling regional or local coverage example: NEXRAD for precipitation
Aircraft repeat sampling , any sampling interval regional or local coverage examples: AVIRIS for minerals exploration
LIDAR for ozone and aerosols
Space Based
Sun-synchronous polar orbits global coverage, fixed crossing, repeat sampling typical altitude 500-1,500 km example: MODIS, Landsat
Low-inclination, non-Sun-synchronous orbits tropics and mid-latitudes coverage, varying sampling typical altitude 200-2,000 km example: TRMM
Geostationary orbits regional coverage, continuous sampling over equator only, altitude 35,000 km example: GOES
Types of remote sensing
Passive: source of energy is either the Sun or Earth/atmosphere Sun
- wavelengths: 0.4-5 µm
Earth or its atmosphere
- wavelengths: 3 µm -30 cm
Active: source of energy is part of the remote sensor system Radar
- wavelengths: mm-m Lidar
- wavelengths: UV, Visible, and near infrared
LANDSAT MSS/TM/ETM+ (NASA, USA) SPOT-1, -2, -3 (France) JERS-1 (optical sensor) (Japan) MODIS (NASA, USA) CMODIS (China) AVHRR (NOAA, USA) ASTER (NASA, USA, and Japan) IRS-1A, -1B, -1C, 1D (India) IKONOS (Space Imaging, USA)
Major Passive:Major Passive: Multi-Spectral SensorsMulti-Spectral Sensors
Hyper-Spectral SensorHyper-Spectral Sensor
AVIRIS (NASA, USA)HyMap (Australia)
SIR-A, -B, -C (NASA, USA) RADARSAT (Canada) JERS-1 (radar sensor) (Japan) ERS-1 (European) AIRSAR/TOPSAR (NASA, USA) NEXRAD (NOAA, USA) TRMM (NASA, USA)
Major Active:Major Active: Radar SensorRadar Sensor
Lidar SensorLidar Sensor ALTMS (TerraPoint, USA) FLI-MAP (John Chance, USA) ALTM (USA) TopoEye (USA) ATLAS (USA)
Measurement scales constrained by physics and technology
Spatial resolution (IFOV/GSD) and coverage (field-of-view) Optical diffraction sets minimum aperture size
Spectral resolution ( ) and coverage (min to max) Narrow bands need bigger aperture, more detectors, longer
integration time
Radiometric resolution (S/N, NE, NET ) and coverage (dynamic range) Aperture size, detector size, number of detectors, and integration time
Temporal resolution (revisit) and coverage (repeat) Pointing agility, period for full coverage
Spatial Spatial ResolutionResolution
Spatial Spatial ResolutionResolution
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
163 NEXRADs in the USA
First deployed in 1988
Spectrum covrageMicrowave (10cm)
SpatialResolution (km)1, 2, 4
Spatial coverage (km)Radius of 230km TemporalResolution 6-10 minutes
NEXRAD coverage of the San Antonio area NEXRAD has verygood coverage (maximum 230 kmin radius) in the SA area
Click here: http://weather.noaa.gov/radar/national.html for real time precipitation
NASA Landsat-7 (ETM+) launched 4/15/1999
Spectrum coverage (8 bands)VisibleNear Infrared Thermal Infrared
Spectrum resolution50-200 nm
Spatial resolution (m)15, 30, 60
Swath (km)185
Temporal resolution16 days
Radiometric resolution8 bits
705 km
Terra satellite launched on Terra satellite launched on 12/18/199912/18/1999
http://terra.nasa.gov/About/MODIS/modis_swath.html
Spectrum coverage (36 bands)VisibleNear Infrared Thermal Infrared
Spectral resolution10-500 nm
Spatial resolution (m)250, 500, 1000
Swath (km)2400
Radiometric resolution12 bits
705 km
IKONOS launched on 9/24/1999
Spectrum coverage (4 +1 bands)VisibleNear Infrared Panchromatic
Spectral resolution65-95 nm, 403 nm
Spatial resolution (m)4 and 1
Swath (km)11
Radiometric resolution11 bitshttp://www.spaceimaging.com/
Source: http://www.ceosr.gmu.edu/CSI759S01/speaker/04.Dr.Chiu/CSI_759_Summer_2001_04Chiu/sld045.htm
first satellite rain radar to measure the 3-D of precipitation over the tropics between 35º latitude, since 1997
Wavelength 2.2 cm (13.8 GHz),4 km resolution and swath of 220 kmTemporal: daily
Global Geostationary Environmental SatellitesGlobal Geostationary Environmental Satellites
Europe and Africa
N. & S. American Eastern Pacific
Jap. Aus. W. Paci
C. Asia, India Ocean China, India Ocean
Earth radius 6,370 kmSatellite altitude 35,800 km
3.9 and 10.7 µm4 km, continuous?
The size of a cell we call image resolution, depending on…Such as 1 m, 30 m, 1 km, or 4 km
History of Remote Sensing Aerial photography is the original form of remote sensing (using visible spectrum) started in
1909 Aerial photographic reconnaissance was widely used after 1915 in WWI. Photogrammetric Engineering, the official monthly publication of the American Society of
Photogrammetry, was first published in 1934. Color infrared photography began 1931, then was widely used in agriculture and forestry. Development of radar (1930-1940). During WWII, non-visible spectrum (infrared and radar) were used as tools in remote
sensing. After the first man-made satellite (Sputnik 1) was launched on 4 October 1957, remote
sensing moved to outer space. The United States' Explorer 6 transmitted the first space photograph of the Earth in August
1959. The first systematic meteorological satellite observation came with the launch of the United
States' TIROS 1 in 1960. Landsat 1 (originally called the Earth Resources Technology Satellite or ERTS) was the first
satellite to collect data on the Earth's natural resources. It was launched on 23 July 1972. Hyperspectral remote sensing emerged (1980s), widely used in mineral, oil, etc. exploration. Since then, a large number and advanced types of remote sensing systems have been
developed.
Remote Sensing Applications
Land: rocks, minerals, faults, land use and land cover, vegetation, DEM, snow and ice, urban growth, environmental studies, …
Ocean: ocean color, sea surface temperature, ocean winds, …
Atmosphere: temperature, precipitation, clouds, ozone, aerosols, …
Applications driving remote sensing 100
50
30
20
10
80
8
5
3
2
10.8
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.60.7
Nom
inal
Sp
atia
l Res
olu
tion
(g
rou
nd
res
olve
d d
ista
nce
, met
ers)
Land Cover Class Level
I II III IV
4
6 7
40
60 70
0.1
I
II
III
IV
100
50
30
20
10
80
8
5
3
2
10.8
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.60.7
Nom
inal
Sp
atia
l Res
olu
tion
(g
rou
nd
res
olve
d d
ista
nce
, met
ers)
Land Cover Class Level
I II III IV
4
6 7
40
60 70
0.1
I
II
III
IV
2 y3 y4 y
Quickbird (2000) 0.82 x 0.82 3.28 x 3.28
0.2 1.0 2 3 5 10 2 3 5 102 103 104 2 3 5 2 3 5
10
102
103
104
2 3
5
8
2 3
5
2
3
5
2
3
5
2
3
5
9 d
1 d
1 hr
1 m 10 30 100 m 1 km
1000 m 5 km 10 km
12 hr
8105
8
8
8
.80.5
3 d
2 d
4 d
532
2
3
58
106
1 y
23
5
8107
5 y
10 y
15 20
4 8
26 d
44 d 55 d
METEOSAT VISIR 2.5 x 2.5 km
TIR 5 x 5 km
AVHRR LAC 1.1 x 1.1 km
GAC 4 x 4 km
JERS-1 MSS 18 x 24
L-band 18 x 18
Aerial Photography < 0.25 x 0.25 m (0.82 x 0.82 ft.)
1 x 1 m (3.28 x 3.28 ft.)
RADARSAT C-band 11-9, 9 25 x 28
48-30 x 28 32-25 x 28
50 x 50 22-19 x 28 63-28 x 28 100 x 100
EOSAT/Space Imaging IKONOS (1999)
Pan 1 x 1 MSS 4 x 4
IRS-P5 (1999) Pan 2.5 x 2.5
ORBIMAGE
OrbView 3 (1999) Pan 1 x 1 MSS 4 x 4
OrbView 4 (2000) Pan 1 x 1 MSS 4 x 4
Hyperspectral 8 x 8 m
22 d 16 d
IRS-1 AB LISS-1 72.5 x 72.5
LISS-2 36.25 x 36.25 IRS-1CD
Pan 5.8 x 5.8 LISS-3 23.5 x 23.5; MIR 70 x 70
WiFS 188 x 188
10,000 min
100 min
5 d
30 d
180 d
T3
C1
15 y
DE1, E2
T4
0.3
LANDSAT 4,5 MSS 79 x 79 TM 30 x 30
LANDSAT 7 ETM+ (1999) Pan 15 x 15; MSS 30 x 30
TIR 60 x 60
E1
L4
M5
T1, U1
LI
SPOT HRV 1,2,3,4 Pan 10 x10
MSS 20 x 20 SPOT 5 HRG (2001; not shown)
Pan 2.5 x 2.5; 5 x 5 MSS 10 x 10; SWIR 20 x 20
1 m0.3 5 100 m10 20
Nominal Spatial Resolution in meters
30
SPIN-2 KVR-1000 2 x 2 TK-350 10 x 10
C2
DE2
DE3 DE4 DE5
L3
0.5
S2
L2S1
D1 D2
S3
1,000 min
min
Tem
pora
l R
esol
utio
n in
min
utes
SPOT 4 Vegetation
1 x 1 km
T2U2U3
B1
M1M2
ERS-1,2 C-band 30 x 30
GOES VIS 1 X 1 km TIR 8 x 8 km
NWS WSR-88D Doppler Radar
1 x 1 km 4 x 4 km
ORBIMAGE OrbView 2 SeaWiFS
1.13 x 1.13 km
ASTER (1999) EOS AM-1
VNIR 15 x 15 m SWIR 30 x 30 m TIR 90 x 90 m
MODIS (1999) EOS AM-1
Land 0.25 x 0.25 km Land 0.50 x 0.50 km
Ocean 1 x 1 km Atmo 1 x 1 km TIR 1 x 1 km
M3M4
2 y3 y4 y
Quickbird (2000) 0.82 x 0.82 3.28 x 3.28
0.2 1.0 2 3 5 10 2 3 5 102 103 104 2 3 5 2 3 5
10
102
103
104
2 3
5
8
2 3
5
2
3
5
2
3
5
2
3
5
9 d
1 d
1 hr
1 m 10 30 100 m 1 km
1000 m 5 km 10 km
12 hr
8105
8
8
8
.80.5
3 d
2 d
4 d
532
2
3
58
106
1 y
23
5
8107
5 y
10 y
15 20
4 8
26 d
44 d 55 d
METEOSAT VISIR 2.5 x 2.5 km
TIR 5 x 5 km
AVHRR LAC 1.1 x 1.1 km
GAC 4 x 4 km
JERS-1 MSS 18 x 24
L-band 18 x 18
Aerial Photography < 0.25 x 0.25 m (0.82 x 0.82 ft.)
1 x 1 m (3.28 x 3.28 ft.)
RADARSAT C-band 11-9, 9 25 x 28
48-30 x 28 32-25 x 28
50 x 50 22-19 x 28 63-28 x 28 100 x 100
EOSAT/Space Imaging IKONOS (1999)
Pan 1 x 1 MSS 4 x 4
IRS-P5 (1999) Pan 2.5 x 2.5
ORBIMAGE
OrbView 3 (1999) Pan 1 x 1 MSS 4 x 4
OrbView 4 (2000) Pan 1 x 1 MSS 4 x 4
Hyperspectral 8 x 8 m
22 d 16 d
IRS-1 AB LISS-1 72.5 x 72.5
LISS-2 36.25 x 36.25 IRS-1CD
Pan 5.8 x 5.8 LISS-3 23.5 x 23.5; MIR 70 x 70
WiFS 188 x 188
10,000 min
100 min
5 d
30 d
180 d
T3
C1
15 y
DE1, E2
T4
0.3
LANDSAT 4,5 MSS 79 x 79 TM 30 x 30
LANDSAT 7 ETM+ (1999) Pan 15 x 15; MSS 30 x 30
TIR 60 x 60
E1
L4
M5
T1, U1
LI
SPOT HRV 1,2,3,4 Pan 10 x10
MSS 20 x 20 SPOT 5 HRG (2001; not shown)
Pan 2.5 x 2.5; 5 x 5 MSS 10 x 10; SWIR 20 x 20
1 m0.3 5 100 m10 20
Nominal Spatial Resolution in meters
30
SPIN-2 KVR-1000 2 x 2 TK-350 10 x 10
C2
DE2
DE3 DE4 DE5
L3
0.5
S2
L2S1
D1 D2
S3
1,000 min
min
Tem
pora
l R
esol
utio
n in
min
utes
SPOT 4 Vegetation
1 x 1 km
T2U2U3
B1
M1M2
ERS-1,2 C-band 30 x 30
GOES VIS 1 X 1 km TIR 8 x 8 km
NWS WSR-88D Doppler Radar
1 x 1 km 4 x 4 km
ORBIMAGE OrbView 2 SeaWiFS
1.13 x 1.13 km
ASTER (1999) EOS AM-1
VNIR 15 x 15 m SWIR 30 x 30 m TIR 90 x 90 m
MODIS (1999) EOS AM-1
Land 0.25 x 0.25 km Land 0.50 x 0.50 km
Ocean 1 x 1 km Atmo 1 x 1 km TIR 1 x 1 km
M3M4
Various application demands as driving forces for the resolution improvements of remote sensing
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Trend and Future of Remote Sensing (1)
High spatial resolution- IKONOS launched in 1999 by Space Imaging
(4 m multi-spectral and 1 m panchromatic)- QuickBird launched in 2001 by DIGITALGLOBE
(2.44 m multi-spectral and 61 cm panchromatic)
High spectral resolution- AVIRIS, 10nm and 20 m, 224 bands- Hyperion launched in 2000, 10nm and 30m, 220
bands High radiometric resolution
- 8 bits to 12 bits High temporal resolution
- GOES 15-30 minutes- NEXRAD 6 or 10 minutes
Trend and Future of Remote Sensing (2)
Globe coverage, high repeatability (or improved temporal resolution)
- AVHRR, 1100m, morning or afternoon
- MODIS, 250-1000m, morning or afternoon
- NPOESS (will be launched in 2009), 370-740m, 4 hours Real-time or near real-time availability
- MODIS available online in the second day ?
- NEXRAD available online in 6 minutes
- NPOESS available online in 15 minutes Cost free or affordable
- Most of the federal collected images are free available or lower
cost, while commercial high resolution images are affordable. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
- Remote sensing applications with the support of GIS
- Remote sensing data as a major GIS data source
Major image processing software
ENVI/IDL: http://www.rsinc.com/ ERDAS Imagine:
http://www.gis.leica-geosystems.com/Products/Imagine/ PCI Geomatics: http://www.pci.on.ca/ ER Mapper: http://www.ermapper.com/ INTEGRAPH: http://imgs.intergraph.com/gimage/ IDRIS: Ecognition:
http://www.definiens-imaging.com/ecognition/pro/40.htm See5 and decision tree
Coarse to moderate spatial resolution data (8km-250m), e.g., NOAA-AVHRR, SPOTVegetation, Terra and Aqua MODIS, Envisat-MERIS, SeaWiFS. These data will provide daily observations and temporally composited products
High spatial resolution data (c. 30m), e.g., SPOT, Landsat-ETM, ASTER, Meteor-3M, EO-1, and IRS high-resolution.
Very high spatial resolution data (<1-4 m), e.g., IKONOS, Quick-Bird. These commercial products will be subject to copyright restrictions.
Multi-view angle optical data, e.g., from Terra-MISR Moderate to high spatial resolution (500m-15m) Synthetic Aperture
Radar data and products, e.g. Envisat-ASAR, ERS-1+2, JERS, Radarsat, SIR-C, SRTM
Very coarse spatial resolution (25km) microwave radiometer data, e.g., Aqua-AMSR-E, DMSP-SSM/I, DMSP-SMMR