Introduction Anatomy

Azami PHD

Definition

• Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”– Study of the structure of the body, either

regionally or systematically

• Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

History of Anatomy

• Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims.

• First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC. Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th )

• When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies.

• Cadavers were no longer used

• Avicenna ( سینا پورسینایا ابن )

16th Century Contributions

• Began to make drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

17th and 18th centuries• Few dissections were allowed

• Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them

• Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection

19th Century • Anatomy Act of 1832

provided adequate supply of corpses

• Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858

Modern Anatomy

• X-rays, CT scans, MRI

Anatomy definition

• A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms.

• Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another.

• This is generally divided into:– Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye)– Histology (microscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells)– Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)

Gross Anatomy

• Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system

• Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

• Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Organ systems

• Musculoskeletal (muscles, bones, joints)• Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins)• Respiratory (respiratory tract, lungs)• Digestive (oesophagus, stomach, intestine,

liver, pancreas)• Urinary (kidney, bladder)• Reproductive (male/female)• Nervous system

Anatomical planesAnatomical terminology

Anatomical Planes• Sagittal – divides the body into right and left

parts• Coronal or frontal– divides the body into

anterior and posterior parts• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) –

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Anatomical planes - 1

• Median or mid-sagittal plane

• Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.

Anatomical planes - 2

• Sagittal:Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

Anatomical planes - 3

• Coronal or frontal:divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Anatomical planes - 4

• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) :divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Body Planes

2

1

3

Anatomical positions

MovementsAdduction• Moving a body part towards

the midline of the body

Abduction• Moving a body part away

from the midline of the body

Prone• Lying face down

Pronation

Supine• Lying face up

Supination

Movements

MovementsFlexion• Bending a joint or

decreasing the angle between two bones

Extension• Straightening a joint or

increasing the angle between two bones

Anatomical movements Flexion/Extension

Retraction• Moving a part backward

Protraction• Moving a part forward

Movements

Anatomical positions

• 1. Cranial toward the head • 2. Caudal - toward the feet• 3. Medial - toward the middle• 4. Lateral - toward/from the side• 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb• 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes• 7. Superior - above• 8. Inferior - below

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