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Section Title
I Introduction
i Company Overview
ii Fire Performance
iii Building Acoustics
iv Thermal Insulation and Condensation
v Robustness
vi Health and Safety
1 Plasters
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Plaster selection
1.3 Basecoat Plasters
1.4 Background preparation
1.5 Finishing Coat Plasters
1.6 ThistleBond-it
1.7 Thistle X-Ray Plaster
1.8 Airtightness Plaster
1.9 Dri-Coat Plaster
1.10 Casting Plasters
1.11 Plastering specifications
1.12 Plastering defects and remedies
1.13 Critical lighting
2 Plasterboards
2.1 Boards
2.2 Jointing Materials
2.3 Ceramic Tiling
2.4 Placocem
2.5 Decorative Effects
3 Partitions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 GypWall
3.3 GypWall CURVE
3.4 GypWall QUIET
3.5 GypWall QUIET SF
3.6 Gypwall QUIET IWL
3.7 Gyproc ShaftWall
3.8 Timber Stud
3.9 Cavity Barriers
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4.4 GypWall ROBUST 186
4.5 GypWall EXTREME 198
4.6 FireWall 208
4.7 BlastWall 216
5 Wall Linings
5.1 Introduction 220
5.2 DriLyner 224
5.3 GypLyner IWL 236
5.4 GypLyner 246
5.5 FlameLyner 252
5.6 Timber frame external wall 258
6 Floors and Ceilings
6.1 Introduction 269
6.2 CasoLine MF 272
6.3 GypLyner Ceiling 288
6.4 GypFloor SILENT 298
6.5 Timber joist 306
6.6 Gyproc Lay-in Grid Ceilings 320
6.7 Cavity Barriers 330
6.8 Semi-exposed soffits 336
7 Steel Encasement
7.1 Introduction 345
7.2 GypLyner ENCASE 348
7.3 FireCase 356
8 Accessories
8.1 Board accessories 366
8.2 Plaster accessories 373
8.3 Decorative products 374
8.4 Gyproc Profilex Access Panels 376
9 Isover Products 380
10 Glossary 384
11 Index 388
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Gyproc, Gypframe and Glasroc are all registered trade names of Gypsum Industries Limited. Isover is a registered trade name of Saint-Gobain.
Proprietor: Gypsum Industries Limited registered in Ireland, Company No. 11815, registered office Unit 14, Park West Industrial Park, Dublin 12, Ireland.
Gypsum Industries reserves the right to revise product specification without notice.
The information contained in this Gyproc System Solutions book, is, to the best of our knowledge, correct at the time of publication. For the very latest information, pleaserefer to the online version of the Gyproc System Solutions book (www.gyproc.ie), which is updated on a regular basis, as advice and specifications are changed. It remains thesole responsibility of the user to ensure current information is used at all times. Please note that 3D drawings have been included in this publication, and whilst they provide aclose representation of the products and systems, they are primarily intended for illustrative purposes only.
Services which are included within Gyproc building systems should be installed with all available relevant standards, guidelines and recommendations.
The inclusion of Gyproc building system specifications within this document does not imply compliance with all aspects of the Irish Building Regulations. If unsure about thesuitability of a building system, please refer to the relevant Technical Guidance Document(s).
The information herein should not be read in isolation as it is meant only as guidance for the user, who should always ensure that they are fully conversant with the products andsystems being used and their subsequent installation prior to the commencement of work. For further guidance on installation please refer to the Gyproc Installation Guide,available to download from www.gyproc.ie
We advise that you read and familiarise yourself with all the information contained in this literature prior to the commencement of the work or specification.
For a comprehensive and up-to-date library of information visit the Gyproc website at: www.gyproc.ie
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Company Profile
Established in 1936 and based in Kingscourt, Co. Cavan, with administrative and
distribution facilities in Dublin and Cork, Gypsum Industries trading as Gyproc are the sole
manufacturers of gypsum based products in Ireland and are the market leaders in the
manufacture and supply of plaster, plasterboard and drylining systems to the Irish
construction industry.
Gyproc is part of the Saint-Gobain group. Saint-Gobain, the world leader in habitat and
construction markets, forms part of the world’s largest manufacturers of gypsum plasters
and plasterboards, operating in over 60 countries with more than 1400 companies
employing over 200,000 people across five separate industry sectors.
Our company vision is to be the preferred choice for interior building systems that
provide sustainable and lightweight innovative design solutions.
QualityWhether your project is residential, commercial, or industrial, we recognise the
importance of providing products and systems that can withstand the many rigours
encountered within complex internal building environments.
We offer excellent, fit for purpose products that are manufactured to world class
standards (including the EN520 gypsum plasterboard standard). We operate to
independently verified international standards, which include the customer-focused
quality management system I.S. EN ISO 9001.
Gyproc’s fully tested range of dry lining systems, with Gypframe metal components
designed using the unique UltraSTEEL process, can be specified to achieve most partition,
wall lining, ceiling and encasement specification requirements, with the knowledge and
confidence that they will last for their required lifetime.
All our products have been specifically developed to deliver warranted performance
systems you can rely on. Using our quality assured branded products as prescribed within
our published literature guarantees the unique SpecSure “off the shelf” performance
lifetime warranty. SpecSure confirms that when our genuine Gyproc branded systems are
installed they will perform to the tested parameters published for the period of time that
the system is used for its originally designed purpose.
Expertise & ExperienceIn today’s built environment, more and more emphasis is placed, both by regulation and
end user expectation, on the performance, safety and comfort of the buildings where we
live and work.
Constantly working hand in hand with building designers, contractors, and installers at
every stage of development projects, our technical and sales support team can deliver
successful solutions that address the fire, acoustic, thermal, impact and lifetime
performance demands of most internal building environments throughout the Irish
construction industry.
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To affirm our commitment to all participants of the built environment we have recently
opened the 'Saint-Gobain Technical Academy'. The new purpose built training academy
will support merchants, installers, architects and specifiers by providing dedicated
training programs to enhance their specialist knowledge in all aspects of Gyproc
plastering and plasterboard systems.
All published Gyproc system performances are fully substantiated by UKAS and other
fully accredited laboratory tests and assessments.
EnvironmentWe recognise that manufacturing and construction are often perceived as making heavy
demands on the environment. As part of our I.S. EN ISO 14001 environmental
management system accreditation we are committed to minimise our impact on valuable
natural resources, striving to provide products and systems that enable customers to build
in a more sustainable and responsible manner.
Sustainable development relies on the balancing of social, economic and environmental
objectives. In any given construction project it is vital that all three pillars are considered
to deliver a sustainable solution.
Social sustainability means we have a responsibility to identify the needs of individuals
and consider their well-being. It is a respect for people, their health and safety, their
development and their environment.
Environmental sustainability is probably the most recognised aspect of sustainable
development and one of the most difficult to manage effectively. Gypsum Industries is
concerned with protecting and conserving both biodiversity and the environment.
Every Gyproc product and system is designed for minimum environmental impact,
maximum energy efficiency, and minimum risk to health at every level.
Waste managementAs an organisation we are committed to the efficient use of resources, minimisation of
waste and the prevention of pollution. We can work closely with customers to initiate
measures that eliminate and reduce waste before it enters onto site.
We can offer best practice design assistance at specification stages to ensure systems are
value engineered and developed to best suit specific project requirements.
Encouraging the designing out of waste during the specification process, using bespoke
board and metal sizes and on-site technical assistance can all help reduce wasted resources.
All Gyproc products are manufactured with materials from recycled resources
where possible.
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Fire Performance
LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE
Irish Building Regulations – Fire SafetyTechnical Guidance Document B published by the
Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local
Government is part of a series of documents forming the
Building Regulations.
The document specifies the minimum periods of fire
resistance to be achieved by building elements depending
upon their classification, which vary according to the
buildings size and use. Generally, the greater the designated
risk within a building, the greater the defined period of fire
resistance required to protect the elements within the
building. The document also sets out criteria relating to the
materials used to form the internal surfaces of the building
to control and reduce the risk of fire spread.
Fire Protection for Structural Steel in buildings,ASFP Yellow BookThis publication which is prepared by the Association for
Specialist Fire Protection (ASFP), sets out the theory and
provides guidance on the methods of fire protecting
structural steel to comply with the Building Regulations.
PRINCIPLES OF FIRE PERFORMANCE
Fire growthWhilst they may not be the materials first ignited in a fire,
the materials used in the construction of separating walls
and ceilings can significantly affect the rate of fire spread
and its growth within a building. The materials used for
such building elements are of particular importance where
linings constitute the boundaries of circulation spaces and
means of escape.
CompartmentationTo prevent the rapid spread of fire, which could trap
occupants within a building, and also reduce the chances of
a fire becoming large, the spread of fire can be restricted
by sub-dividing a building into compartments.
Compartmentation can relate to any element of a building,
typically walls and floors, that can offer fire resistance
between two defined areas for a designated period
of time.
The appropriate level of sub-division depends upon,
• The use and fire loading of the building
• The height and scale of the building in relation to
appropriate evacuation provision
Structural fire precautionsPremature failure of a building can be prevented by
ensuring loadbearing elements of the structure have a
minimum period of fire resistance to failure of their
loadbearing capacity.
Fire limit stateFor the purposes of structural design, fire is considered to
be an accidental limit state in which the structure must not
collapse. Within this manual where load bearing systems
are referenced, 100% loadbearing capacity may be
assumed unless their loadbearing capacity is quoted with
respect to a stated load ratio.
Structural members that are designed to be fully stressed
under normal conditions may be subject to reduced load
ratios under fire state conditions.
Structural behaviour of timber in fireTimber has a low thermal expansion coefficient and a low
thermal conductivity. The combination of these properties
enables the charring that occurs around the exterior of the
timber in a fire situation to provide an inherent level of
self protection, with the timber below the charred layer
maintaining a level of structural strength. The amount of
undamaged timber can be assessed for structural stability
using standard design guides in conjunction with stress
modification factors.
Structural behaviour of steel in fireSteel generally begins to start losing strength at
temperatures above 300°C, eventually melting at
approximately 1500°C. For the purposes of structural
design, the greatest loss of strength occurs between 400°C
and 600°C.
When determining the level of fire protection required to
prevent steel from structural failure, a critical design
temperature of 550°C is typically used unless otherwise
stated. The level of protection required is assessed based
on the relevant section factor A/V (Hp/A) of the steel. It is
the responsibility of a qualified design engineer to specify
the appropriate limiting steel temperatures.
The loss of strength from cold-formed steel at elevated
temperatures exceeds that of hot-rolled steel and specialist
advice is recommended in determining the strength
reduction factor at the limiting temperature.
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Charred timber joists after a test
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FIRE TEST STANDARDS
The Irish Building Regulations and its supporting technical
guidance documents require certain elements of structure
and other building elements to provide minimum periods
of fire resistance, which are typically expressed
in minutes, and generally based on the occupancy and size
of the building.
BS fire resistance standardsUnder the British test standards (BS) the fire resistance of
loadbearing and non-loadbearing elements are assessed
against the procedures set out in the relevant sections of
BS 476. The fire resistance of an individual building
element may relate to its loadbearing capacity, fire
integrity and/or fire insulation performance characteristics.
Loadbearing capacityA loadbearing element must support its test load or a
stated ratio of the test load. For horizontal elements i.e.
floors, roof, and beams, allowable levels of vertical
deflection may be permitted.
IntegrityA separating element must resist collapse, the occurance of
holes, gaps or fissures through which flames and hot gases
could pass, and sustained flaming on the unexposed face.
InsulationA separating element must restrict the temperature rise of
the unexposed face to below specified levels.
EN fire resistance standardsWhen compared against British Standards, the new
harmonised standards have lead to an increase in severity
of the test furnaces, particularly in the first 30 minutes of a
test. In addition, the new EN fire resistance classifications
also impose strict rules governing the use of tests to cover
specific end use scenarios.
Therefore, different specifications may be required to meet
EN standards compared to those required to meet BS
standards, often with additional limitations imposed on a
partitions maximum recommended height.
However, under the current Irish Building Regulations, the
two testing systems are operating concurrently and fire
resistances may still be based on the relevant parts of
BS 476. Designers therefore have the choice on the
standards they adopt for their projects.
REACTION TO FIRE TEST STANDARDS
Flame spread over wall and ceiling surfaces is controlled by
specifying materials that are either classified as non-
combustible or of limited combustibility.
Non-combustibilityWhere maximum fire safety is required, certain building
elements need to be constructed of non-combustible
materials. A building material is designated as non-
combustible if it satisfies the performance criteria when
tested in accordance with BS 476: Part 4:1970 (1984) Non-
combustibility test for materials and BS 476: Part 11:1982
(1988) Method for assessing the heat emission from
building materials.
Glasroc F Multiboard and Glasroc F FireCase are classified as
non-combustible in accordance with BS 476: Part 4.
Fire resistance test - integrity testing on 3m high partition
Loaded timber stud wall failing in respect of loadbearing capacity
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Surface spread of flameWhen tested to either BS 476: Part 7: 1997 Surface spread
of flame test for materials or BS 476: Part 7: 1987 Method
for the classification of the surface spread of flame of
products, combustible materials (or certain materials of
limited combustibility) are classified as Class 1, 2, 3, or 4
with Class 1 providing the greatest resistance to surface
spread of flame.
The exposed plasterboard surfaces of Gyproc plasterboards
are all designated Class 1.
Fire PropagationIn addition to a materials contribution to the surface
spread of flame in a fire, consideration must also be given
to the amount and rate of heat evolved by these materials
when used in areas requiring maximum safety.
Within the Irish Building Regulations, circulation areas and
routes of escape are typically required to be constructed
using materials classified as either Class B-s3,d2 (European
Class) or Class 0 (National Class)
Please note, although Class 0 is the highest performance
classification for lining materials within the Building
Regulations, Technical Guidance Document B (Fire Safety),
it is not a classification identified in any British Standard
A Class 0 material is defined within the Irish Building
Regulations as either:
(a) composed throughout of materials of limited
combustibility (including non-combustible materials)
or
(b) a Class 1 material that has a fire propagation index (I)
of not more than 12 and a sub-index (i1) of not more
than 6.
The surfaces of Gyproc plasterboards and the exposed
plasterboard surface of Gyproc thermal laminates are
designated Class 0.
European test standardsThe Construction Products Directive (CPD) within European
legislation is designed to enable free trade across Europe in
construction products. EN test standards can be split into
two main parameters; reaction to fire and fire resistance.
EN Reaction to FireEN reaction to fire classifications also run concurrently with
the national standards which are classified under BS 476.
The EN Reaction to Fire classifications, in accordance with
BS IS EN 520 are the manufacturing standards by which all
Gyproc board products are classified.
The Euroclass test methodology which is based around the
Single Burning Item (SBI) test method (BS EN 13823: 2002),
along with the non-combustibility test (BS EN ISO 1182:
2002), heat of combustion test (BS EN ISO 1716: 2002) and
direct flame impingement test (BS EN ISO 11925-2: 2002),
predicts the performance of building materials in a real fire
more accurately than the old BS 476 standards.
Under EN standards, a materials classification is defined by
BS EN 13501-7: 2002 to give a Euroclass rating. The ratings
range from A1 (non-combustible) through to F. The table
below compares the EN classifications with the previously
used national standards.
Plasterboard is subject to ‘classification without further
test’. This assessment means that any type of plasterboard
can be classified as A2 so long as the grammage of the
paper liner does not exceed 220g/m2. All Gypsum Industries
Gyproc plasterboard products manufactured in accordance
with BS IS EN 520 are designated Euroclass A2.
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Surface spread of flame test
National Euroclass Safety levelclassification category
Non-combustible A1
Material of limited combustibility A2
Class 0 B
Class 1 C
Class 3 D
N/A E
N/A F
decreasing fire safety
Comparison of Technical Guidance Document Bcategories and relevant EN test requirements
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LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE
Irish Building Regulations – SoundTechnical Guidance Document E published by the
Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local
Government is part of a series of documents forming the
Building Regulations.
The document specifies the required on-site performance
criteria for both airborne and impact sound transmission
values for separating elements between residential
dwelling units. The current Building Regulations do not
require any specific criteria for buildings other than
residential dwelling units. It is therefore often the
designer’s choice to specify the appropriate level of sound
performance of the dividing elements within a domestic
dwelling and for other building types. However, guidance
to the level of sound performance is often based on
specific sector guidance and previous experience.
BS 8233 – Sound insulation and noise reduction forbuildingsCode of practice which provides guidance to acoustic
ratings appropriate to different building types.
PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING ACOUSTICS
Building acoustics is the science of controlling noise within
buildings. This includes minimising noise transmission
between compartments and the control of sound
characteristics within a space.
The term ‘building acoustics’ embraces both sound
insulation and sound absorption.
Sound InsulationSound insulation is used to describe the reduction of sound
that passes between two spaces separated by a dividing
element. The sound energy that passes between these two
spaces may occur through the dividing element (direct
transmission) or through the surrounding structure
(indirect or flanking transmission). It is important to
distinguish between both methods of sound transmission
as the walls and floors which flank the dividing element,
can sometimes contribute significantly to the level of sound
transmission. The presence of nearby windows, doors,
service ducts, etc. can also affect the level of sound
transmission performance.
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Building acoustics
Common flanking paths
External noise
External noise
Plant noise
Plant noise
Plant noise
Mechanical services noise
Plant noise
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It is therefore the whole acoustic environment of a room or
building and its ability to eliminate air paths in the vicinity
of sound reducing elements that should be considered
when assessing sound transmission performance. For these
reasons, it is often unlikely that RwdB figures quoted from
laboratory test conditions will be achieved in practice.
Also, when the background noise is low, consideration may
have to be given to a superior standard of sound insulation
performance in conjunction with the adjoining
flanking conditions.
The Irish Building Regulation requirements regarding
sound insulation of walls and partitions relates to the
transmission of airborne sound only, whereas the
regulations regarding a separating floor construction also
includes their ability to resist the transmission of impact
sounds. Airborne sound relates to sound which is emitted
from a source i.e speech, loudspeakers, instruments etc.
Impact sound relates to sound that is generated from
contact with the separating element i.e. footsteps and
moving furniture etc.
To ensure airborne sound insulation is maximised it is
important to seal any openings such as cracks, gaps, or
holes. For optimum airborne sound insulation a
construction should be airtight. Most gaps can be sealed at
the finishing stages using a variety of Gyproc products such
as Gyproc Sealant.
KEY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SOUND
Suspended ceiling voidsIt is recommended that where sound insulation is
important, partitions should, if possible, extend fully to the
structural soffit. Sound can travel through a suspended
ceiling void over the top of a partition where it abuts the
underside of the ceiling.
Composite constructionsA common mistake made when designing a dividing
element is to specify a high performance construction
which incorporates a lower performance element e.g. a
doorway. Consideration should be given to the weakest
element of the construction and the possible effect it will
have on the overall sound resistance.
Deflection headsWhere structural movement needs to be accommodated
with a deflection head detail at the top of a Gyproc
partition system, by definition, movement must be
accommodated. It is very difficult to achieve an airtight seal
at this location. Loss of sound insulation can be kept to a
minimum by including cloaking angles either side of the
deflection detail.
Deflection head (subject to fire performance)
PenetrationsThe sound insulation performance of all Gyproc partition
systems are quoted as imperforate membranes. Penetrations
made through the systems will downgrade the sound
insulation performance and should be avoided where sound
insulation is critical. Adopting best practice detailing can
help to minimise the reduction in sound performance.
ACOUSTIC PRIVACY
Two main factors affect the level of acoustic privacy
achieved when designing a building:
• The sound insulation performance of the structure
separating the two spaces
• The ambient background noise present within the
listening room.
The ambient background noise can help to mask speech
from an adjacent space and provide enhanced speech
confidentiality. Indicative guidance on sound insulation
levels for speech privacy are shown in the table below.
Guide to sound insulation levels for speech privacy
Sound insulation Speech privacybetween rooms Rw
25 dB Normal speech can be overheard
30 dB Loud speech can be heard clearly
35 dB Loud speech can be distinguished under normal conditions
40 dB Loud speech can be heard but notdistinguished
45 dB Loud speech can be heard faintlybut not distinguished
> 50 dB Loud speech can only be heard withgreat difficulty
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50mm timber head plate equivalent to channel width formingfire-stop
Gypframe GA4 Steel Angle to minimise loss of sound insulationperformance due to air leakage
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Along with acoustic privacy, the level of sound energy
acceptable within a room should be assessed with regards
to intrusive noise levels and the level of potential noise
likely to be generated within the room itself. The factors
that affect the ambient noise level of a space are:
• The level of external noise
• The level of sound insulation offered by the surrounding
structure
• The amount and type of sound absorbing surfaces within
the room
• The noise generated by the building services
Where control of the ambient noise level is critical, advice
should be sought from an acoustic specialist.
SOUND INSULATION - RATING METHODS
The sound insulation rating methods that follow are
defined in:
BS EN ISO 717: Part 1: 1997 (airborne)
and
BS EN ISO 717 : Part 2: 1997 (impact)
Rw
This single figure rating method is the rating used for
laboratory airborne sound insulation tests. The figure
indicates the amount of sound energy being stopped by a
separating building element when tested in isolation in the
absence of any flanking sound paths. With airborne sound
insulation, the higher the figure the better the performance.
DnTw
This single figure rating method that gives the airborne
sound insulation performance between two adjacent
rooms within a building as measured on site. The result
achieved is affected not only by the separating element but
also by the surrounding structure and junction details. The
result achieved therefore become site specific.
CtrThe Ctr adaption term is a correction that can be added to
either the Rw (laboratory) or DnTw (site) airborne rating.
The Ctr adjustment focuses on the lower band frequencies,
in particular the performance achieved in the 100-315 Hz
frequency range. Ctr is not a statutory requirement within
the Building Regulations, but is sometimes required to
meet project specific requirements.
Lnw
This single figure rating method is the rating used for
laboratory impact sound insulation tests on separating
floors. The figure indicates the amount of sound energy
being transmitted through the floor test in isolation, in the
absence of any flanking paths. With impact sound
insulation, the lower the figure the better the performance.
LnTw
The single figure rating method that is used for impact
sound insulation tests for floors. The figure indicates the
sound insulation performance between two adjacent
rooms within a building as measured on site. The result
achieved is affected not only by the separating floor but
also by the surrounding structure. The result achieved
therefore become site specific.
Dncw
The single figure laboratory rating method that is used for
evaluating the airborne sound insulation performance of
suspended ceilings. Laboratory tests simulate the room to
room performance of the suspended ceiling when a
partition is built up to the underside of the ceiling with
sound transmitted via the plenum.
Lightweight constructionsTypically the average sound insulation of a material
forming a solid partition is governed by its mass. The
heavier the material, the greater the resistance to sound
transmission. The empirical mass law states that to increase
the sound insulation of a solid partition by about 4dB, the
solid mass must be doubled.
Increasing mass alone is a very inefficient way of achieving
sound insulation. One of the advantages of using
lightweight cavity partitions and walls is that they exceed
the typically predicted sound reduction values that can be
achieved, when compared to solid constructions of the
same dimensions.
SOUND ABSORPTION
Sound absorption is the term given to the loss of sound
energy on interaction with a surface. Sound absorbent
surfaces are used to provide the correct acoustic
environment within a room or space. Sound absorbing
materials can also convert some of the sound energy to
heat, assisting in sound insulation. However, this reduction
in noise is very small and should not be considered as an
adequate substitute for sound insulation.
Reverberant energyReverberation is the persistence of sound in a particular
space after the original sound is removed. The length of
this sound decay is known as the reverberation time and
can be controlled using sound absorbing materials. The
appropriate reverberation time will be determined by the
size and function of any given space.
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Speech ClarityReverberation time alone cannot be relied upon to deliver
a suitable environment for good speech intelligibility. In
any situation where sound communication is critical e.g.
conference room, lecture theatre or classroom, the design
of the space must consider an appropriate mixture of
sound reflective and sound absorbing surfaces.
SOUND ABORPTION RATING METHODS
The following ratings are calculated in accordance with BS
EN ISO 11654:1997.
Sound Absorption Coefficient, αs
Individual sound absorption figures quoted in third octave
frequency bands are used within advanced modelling
techniques to accurately predict the acoustic characteristics
of space. The coeffeicient ranges from 0 (total reflection)
through to 1 (total absorption).
Practical Sound Absorption Coefficient, αp
A convenient octave-based expression of the sound
absorption coefficient, commonly used by acoustic
specialists when performing calculations of reverberation
times within a building space.
Sound Absorption Rating, αw
A single figure rating used to describe the performance of
a material. Sometimes a bias may be applied to a particular
frequency band range i.e. low, mid or high.
Noise Reduction Coefficient, NRCThe NRC value is the arithmetic mean of the absorption
coefficients across a limited frequency range which does
not include the upper and lower most frequencies. This can
sometimes lead to a misleading perception of a material if
they perform particularly well (or bad) at these extremes.
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LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE
Technical Guidance Document L, Conservation of Fuel and
Energy is divided into two sections, one specifically relevant
to Dwellings and the other which addresses Buildings other
than dwellings. Both are published by the Department of
the Environment, Heritage and Local Government as part
of a series of documents forming the Building Regulations.
The document specifies a range of minimum and maximum
criteria related to energy efficiency.
REDUCING HEAT LOSS
Any building with an internal temperature higher than the
external temperature will lose heat. The type of structure
and its materials will contribute towards the rate of heat
loss. The introduction of thermal insulation into a
structure helps to reduce the rate of heat loss, conserve
energy and subsequently reduce heating costs.
Building Regulations specify minimum levels of thermal
performance for external walls, roofs and floors of almost
all building types. Suitable levels of insulation must also be
provided for hot water heating services, pipes, warm air
ducts and hot water storage vessels.
Therefore, when specifying the insulation systems for a
particular building it is important to consider both the
heating regime and the pattern of usage of the building.
Infrequently heated buildingsIf a building is only infrequently heated, thermal insulation
materials are most effectively located as near as possible to
the internal surface of the building fabric. This helps to
provide a quick thermal response to heating input. It is also
essential in such conditions to reduce internal surface
condensation during the warm-up period, when the
maximum amount of water vapour is often present within
the atmosphere. It will also ensure that comfortable room
temperatures are quickly achieved.
Regularly heated buildingsIn many frequently occupied buildings, the heating regime
is usually fairly consistent with relatively equal periods of
heating activity and non-activity i.e. a domestic dwelling
during winter months. In this situation, traditional forms of
high mass construction, such as double leaf cavity walls, can
effectively exploit the ‘heat store’ concept when insulation
is located within the cavity. The thermal mass of the
internal fabric located inside the insulation envelope helps
to subdue excessive temperature fluctuations within the
building. Heat that is stored within the internal building
fabric whilst the heating is on, dissipates back into the
building. Further benefits are often observed due to the
reduced size and complexity of space heating equipment
necessary to maintain room temperatures.
AirtightnessThe air leakage characteristics of a building are described
by the term ‘airtightness’. In respect of the Irish Building
Regulations, it is measured by the rate at which the
internal volume of air contained within a building is
replaced at an artificially induced pressure (usually 50Pa).
The lower the air leakage rate, the greater the airtightness.
The current building regulations sets an upper limit of air
permeability of 10m3/hr.m2, although this level is expected
to be reduced in future revisions to Technical Guidance
Document L. In practice designs will need to be
significantly better than this. When correctly applied, the
airtightness of a building can offer significant contributions
towards its efficient energy performance.
Although prescribed air leakage can occur directly via
designed ventilation provision, the majority of leaks occur
indirectly. Air leakage paths are often complex and difficult
to trace and seal effectively. The following is a list of some
typical unprescribed air leakage paths.
• Cracks, gaps and joints in the structure
• Timber floors
• Joist penetrations of external walls
• Windows and doors
• Loft hatches
• Skirting boards
• Chimney and flues
• Service entry points
• Permeable building materials
It is therefore important to adopt appropriate detailing at
the areas identified above to overcome the weaknesses
they may present.
Significant improvements to the airtightness of the
building fabric can be achieved by utilising Gyproc
plasterboard internal dry lining systems or Gyproc plasters.
Gyproc Airtite can be used to successfully seal airpaths in
blockwork, and provide excellent improvements to the
airtightness of same prior to applying a dry lining system to
the wall. Gyproc plasters i.e. Airtite can also be utilised to
help seal permeable blockwork.
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THERMAL TERMINOLOGY
Thermal conductivity (λ)Expressed as W/mK, this is a measure of a single materials
ability to transmit heat, measuring heat flow in watts per
metre thickness of material for a temperature gradient of
one degree Kelvin (K).
Generally, dense materials have a high thermal conductivity
and are inefficient thermal insulants. Lightweight materials
tend to have a low thermal conductivity and can be
efficient thermal insulants. The lower the λ value of a
material the better its insulating efficiency.
Thermal resistance (R)Expressed as m2K/W, this is the measure of the resistance to
the passage of heat offered by the thickness of one or
more materials. The thermal resistance of a single material
is obtained from the following calculation.
R = tλ
Where t = thickness in metres and λ = thermal conductivity
(W/mK).
Thermal transmittance (U-value)U-values are used as the common basis for comparing
different constructions and for meeting prescribed
performance criteria. The lower the U-value of the
element, the better its thermal insulation.
Expressed as W/m2K, this is a property of the whole
construction, including air spaces and surfaces. It is a
measure of the constructions ability to transmit heat under
steady state conditions. The U-value of a construction build
up is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the sum of all
the individual thermal resistances. Consideration should
also be taken to the effects of any thermal bridging.
When calculating U-values, thermal resistances for the
inside and outside surfaces of a building element, and for
any cavities within it, have to be taken into account. This is
an additional factor to the thermal resistances directly
relating to the actual thickness of the materials.
The R-value of inside and outside surfaces and of any
cavities will vary according to their emissivity. Emissivity is
typically taken as high for all normal building materials
other than polished or metal surfaces, which are regarded
as low.
When calculating the U-value of some constructions the
effect of components that repeatedly bridge the insulation
layer, i.e. studs roof joists and wall ties etc, should be taken
into account. This is achieved by calculating the U-value of
the thermal bridge and relating it as a proportion of the
overall area. More insulation may therefore be needed to
compensate for the thermal bridging. The additional heat
loss for non-repeating thermal bridges, such as at windows
and doors, is determined separately.
CONDENSATION CONTROL IN BUILDINGS
Harmful effects of condensationCondensation can be one of the worst problems that
designers, owners and occupants of a building may
experience. Dampness and mould growth caused by surface
condensation can not only be distressing to the occupants
of a building, but can eventually lead to damage to the
building fabric itself.
Designers should take care to eliminate all problems caused
by condensation, particularly in refurbishment projects on
existing buildings, which may not be covered by current
regulation.
Reducing the riskDue to changes in building design, occupancy patterns and
increased thermal requirements, all buildings tend to be
more sensitive to condensation now than in previous years.
Thermal insulation, correctly positioned within specific
building elements, combined with adequate heating and,
where appropriate, the necessary water vapour control and
ventilation, should ensure trouble-free design.
How condensation occursAt any given temperature, air is capable of containing a
specific maximum amount of water in invisible vapour
form. The warmer the air, the greater the amount of water
vapour it can contain. Conversely, the lower the
temperature, the smaller the amount.
Where moisture-laden air comes into contact with cold
surfaces it will cool. As it cools, the amount of water it can
hold in vapour form reduces until, at a specific temperature
called the dew point temperature, it becomes saturated.
Water is then deposited in the form of condensation.
Surface condensationSurface condensation occurs when air containing water
vapour comes into contact with highly vapour resistant
surfaces, which are at, or below, the dew point temperature.
It is usually evidenced by beads of water, damp patches, and
where the problem persists, mould growth.
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Interstitial condensationWarm moist air will also diffuse through building elements
to reach colder, lower pressure conditions outside. If the
building materials have a low water vapour resistance, it is
possible for condensation to occur within the building
element. This will occur on the first cold surface, at or
below the dew point temperature, which is encountered by
the moisture vapour on its passage through the structure.
DESIGNING TO REDUCE CONDENSATION RISK
Thermal insulationThermal insulation helps to reduce the risk of surface
condensation by maintaining surfaces above the dew point
temperature subject to adequate heating being provided.
Gyproc Thermal laminated plasterboards and insulated
cavities help to maintain temperatures on the internal side
of a construction. They will also help to reduce the thermal
bridge effects in a building.
With some construction types the potential problem may
be one of interstitial condensation. Gyproc plasterboard
products are available with integral vapour control to
minimise the risk, of vapour migration through a building
element, but must be used in conjunction with the
appropriate construction build-up to eliminate any
potential risk.
HeatingAdequate heating helps to keep the temperature of the
internal surfaces above the dew point. Ideally, an air
temperature above 10°C to 12°C should be maintained in
all parts of the building.
VentilationVentilation removes the water vapour produced within a
building to the outside air. Adequate ventilation will help
to reduce harmful condensation and mould growth. Ideally,
ventilation, whether provided naturally or mechanically,
should control the internal air to between 40% and 70%
relative humidity (RH) for human occupation.
Condensation can occur in roof spaces of pitched roofs, and
in timber joist flat roofs with insulation, unless adequate
ventilation is provided.
Vapour control layerA vapour control layer, usually in the form of a membrane,
is used to substantially reduce the transfer of water vapour
through a building element in which it is incorperated.
A vapour control layer, positioned on the warm side of the
thermal insulation within a building element, helps to
reduce the risk of interstitial condensation occurring within
that element. However, other suitable precautions may also
be necessary, either in combination with, or as an
alternative to, a vapour control layer.
Vapour control layers should be as airtight as possible. Any
penetrations should be suitably sealed and detailed to
prevent localised condensation.
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LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE
BS 5234: Part 2: 1992 – Partition grading.
BS 5234 comprises two parts – Part 1 Code of practice for
the design and installation, and Part 2 Specification for
performance requirements for strength and robustness
including methods of test in relation to end-use categories.
The standard covers performance aspects such as stiffness,
crowd pressure, impact resistance, anchorage and door
slamming resistance.
PRINCIPLES OF ROBUST DESIGN
Partition duty ratingsAll Gyproc partition systems have a duty rating which has
been established in accordance with all the full
requirements of BS 5234. This rating relates the strength
and robustness characteristics of the partition system
against specific end-use applications. The table below gives
details of the four duty catorgories
Duty ratings
Partition Duty Category Examples
Light Adjacent space only accessible Domesticto persons with high incentive accommodationto exercise care. Small chance of accident occuring or misuse.
Medium Adjacent space moderately used, Officeprimarily by persons with some accommodationincentive to exercise care. Somechance of accident occuring or misuse.
Heavy Adjacent space frequently used by Public circulationthe public and others with little areas, industrialincentive to exercise care. Chance areasof accident occuring or misuse.
Severe Adjacent space intensively used by Major circulationthe public and others with little areas, heavyincentive to exercise care. Prone to industrial areasvandalism and abnormally rough use.
The level of deflection and strength performance required
to achieve Light Duty within BS 5234 is, in our opinion,
unsuitable for any application. We therefore do not offer
any systems with a rating less than Medium Duty.
The tests within BS5234 include
• Partition stiffness
• Resistance to damage from a small hard body impactor
• Resistance to damage from a large soft body impactor
• Resistance to perforation from a small hard body
impactor
• Resistance to structural damage from a large soft body
impactor
• Resistance to damage from door slamming
BS 5234 does not identify specific points of contact on a
partition that should be impacted. However, we understand
that there are limiting points in terms of impact resistance.
These are then subject to the impact tests to ensure that the
most onerous situations are assessed.
Optional tests are also detailed within the standard, but
these are not used in the partition grading. These include
• Resistance to damage from a crowd pressure load
• Lightweight anchorages pull down
• Lightweight anchorages pull out
• Heavyweight anchorages wall cupboard
• Heavyweight anchorages wash basin
To claim a partition duty, all required tests must achieve
the designated performance level. It is not possible, for
example, for a partition lined with a single layer of Gyproc
WallBoard (12.5mm) to achieve a duty rating better than
Medium, because of the board’s performance in the hard
body perforation test. In the majority of cases, the type of
board used will determine the maximum partition duty
rating. The table below shows the maximum rating
available based on a single layer board lining. In all cases, a
double layer lining on a Gyproc partition system achieves
Severe Duty.
Board type required to achieve a given duty rating
Board type Maximum rating
Gyproc WallBoard 12.5mm MediumGyproc WallBoard 15mm MediumGyproc SoundBloc 12.5mm MediumGyproc SoundBloc 15mm MediumGyproc FireLine 12.5mm Medium
Gyproc FireLine 15mm HeavyGyproc SoundBloc 15mm Heavy1
Glasroc F MULTIBOARD 10mm Heavy
Glasroc F MULTIBOARD 12.5mm SevereGyproc DuraLine 15mm Severe
Rigidur H 12.5mm / 15mm Severe
1 Minimum Gypframe 70mm Stud for Heavy Duty.
Maximum partition heightsIn our opinion, BS 5234: Part 2 does not contain a
consistent methodology for establishing the performance
of a partition in terms of height. We have therefore
adopted an industry standard methodology which is based
on the level of lateral deflection (at the mid-span) under a
given uniformly distributed load (UDL). The criterion is that
the maximum lateral deflection of the partition should not
exceed L/240 (where L is the partitions spanning height)
when the partition is uniformly loaded to 200Pa.
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A UKAS accredited test laboratory is utilised to evaluate
partition system heights against the performance criteria.
The test evidence comes from a full-scale test procedure
where the test specimen is subjected to a UDL and the
induced lateral deflection recorded. From this procedure it
is possible to establish the maximum heights for a range of
partition systems i.e. where stud centres are closed from
the typical 600mm.
Structural movementAll Gyproc metal stud partition systems are classified as
non-loadbearing constructions. Deflection of structural
floors and roof slabs can cause appreciable stress on
partitions if not correctly detailed. Therefore, where such
deflection is likely to occur, the partition to soffit junction
detail must be designed to accommodate the full level of
structural movement, whilst still complying with any fire
and acoustic requirements. Typical deflection head details
for fire-rated Gyproc partition systems are provided within
the relevant sections of this manual.
Where Gyproc systems cross a structural movement joint, a
corresponding movement joint should be provided within
the Gyproc system, at the same location, capable of the
same range of movement. Consideration should also be
given to the appropriate detailing to maintain fire and
acoustic performance.
Gyproc Control Joint provides a suitable solution for
movement up to +/- 7mm. Gyproc Control Joint may also
be required to relieve stresses induced by fluctuations in
environmental conditions. BS 8212: 1995 Code of practice
for dry lining and partitioning using gypsum plasterboard
states that ‘Consideration should be given to the inclusion
of movement joints at 10m intervals in long and
continuous partitions, walls and ceiling linings.’
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
TemperatureWith the exception of Gyproc Placocem tile backer boards,
all other Gyproc and Glasroc plasterboards should not be
used where the temperature will exceed 49ºC. Gyproc
Placocem Tile Backer boards have an upper limit of 90ºC.
Prolonged exposure to high temperatures, and / or multiple
exposures for short periods, results in gradual continued
calcination of the gypsum and subsequent loss of its
inherent properties. Gyproc and Glasroc plasterboards can
be subject to freezing conditions without risk of damage.
MoistureGyproc plasterboards should not be used in continuously
damp conditions, or in buildings that are not weathertight.
However, Gyproc Moisture Resistant WallBoard, Glasroc
boards, Gyproc Placocem Tile Backer boards and other
moisture resistant (MR) grade plasterboards are all suitable
for use in intermittently damp conditions in conjunction
with an appropriate decorative finish. This should take the
form of ceramic tiling or other suitably impervious coating
by others.
Two coats of Gyproc DryWall Sealer applied to the face of
standard grade Gyproc plasterboards, with edges suitably
protected from moisture may also be suitable to receive a
tile finish. The application of Gyproc DryWall Sealer
provides resistance to surface water absorption only, and
does not meet the performance requirements for moisture
resistant grade boards as defined in BS EN 520, type H1.
Glasroc boards are also suitable for use in semi-exposed
situations. Semi-exposed environments can be defined as
being sheltered external areas where the board is free
from running water and direct weathering. Typical example
situations where these boards would be used would be
semi-exposed soffits such as the underside of roof eaves,
carports, basements, and the underside of sheltered
external porches.
Relative humidity (RH)In moderate humidity situations, i.e. 40% to 70% RH, no
special precautions need to be taken when using Gyproc
plasterboards, other than those necessary to prevent
interstitial condensation throughout the constructed
element. However, whenever the buildings heating system
is turned off a rapid increase in relative humidity can occur
as the building cools down. This could lead to the
occurance of potentially harmful surface condensation.
Suitable precautions should therefore be taken.
Low humidity does not affect the plasterboards, but may
lead to distortion of timber framing members as they dry
below their usual moisture content.
Intermittently high relative humidity, i.e. above 70% RH,
requires special treatment to the face of the
plasterboards, and only moisture resistant (MR) grade
plasterboards, Gyproc Placocem boards or Glasroc boards
should be used. Suitable surface treatments include
ceramic tiling and water vapour resistant paint systems.
No Gyproc or Glasroc plasterboard is considered suitable
for continuously high humidity situations. Note that
swimming pool environments are regarded as
environments with continuously high humidity.
X-ray protectionThistle X-Ray plaster provides X-ray protection and is
approved by the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland
for use with certain types of facilities within hospital and
other healthcare environments.
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IMPORTANT:Please read the following notes before specifying, handling
or installing Gypsum Industries products. The notes are for
guidance purposes and are not intended to be exhaustive.
When installing proprietary products, by others, reference
should be made to the manufacturers’ instructions and
product data.
General The advice and guidance referred to does not seek to
replace the Health and Safety advice and systems of
employers in relation to the use and installation of the
Company’s products but should also be considered. At all
times all users of such products and installation techniques
should ensure that they are familiar with, and adhere to,
their employer’s own Health and Safety procedures and all
relevant Health & Safety legislation, standards and guidance.
The Gypsum Industries products and systems included in
this manual have been developed for use in domestic,
commercial and industrial buildings. Guidance as to the
correct installation and use of these products and systems is
included in the installation sections.
It is important to follow good site practice at all times and
to ensure that appropriate safety precautions are taken
(including the wearing of appropriate personal protective
equipment and clothing) when working with Gypsum
Industries products.
The following general notes are offered for guidance:
• Gypsum Industries systems are non-loadbearing and are
not designed to support body weight. Fixers
must work from an independent support system.
• Manual off-loading of boards, panels and bagged
materials should be carried out with care to avoid
unnecessary strain.
• Keep sanding and other dust generation to a
minimum. Maintain adequate ventilation and/or
wear suitable protection.
• When cutting boards or metal sections, hand and
power tools should be used with care keeping
blades and saw teeth clear of hands, etc.
• Power tools should be used in accordance with
manufacturers’ recommendations, and only be
used by people who have been instructed and
trained to use them safely.
• When using powdered products, mix with water
in well ventilated conditions. Avoid contact with
eyes and skin – wear suitable eye and skin
protection. In the event of contact with the eyes,
irrigate with plenty of clean water immediately.
• When handling insulation or cutting board
products containing glass fibre, wear suitable
face and skin protection. Wear eye protection
when working overhead.
Suitable protection should be to the following standards:-
• Face protection: EN 149 Class FFP2.
• Eye protection: BS EN 166.
Further information is available in our Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS), which are available on request.
Customers are also reminded that under the Safety, Health
and Welfare at Work Act 2005 (Republic of Ireland) and the
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (Northern Ireland), and
the following subsequent regulations, employers are under
a duty to ensure that all risks associated with the use of
equipment are properly risk assessed, that employees are
informed of the findings of these assessments and are
instructed, trained and supervised in the proper use of such
work equipment and protective equipment. The extent of
instruction, training and supervision required will depend
on the employees existing competence necessary to use the
work equipment with due regard for Health and Safety.
• Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations
• Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations
• Personal Protective Equipment Regulations
Handling and storageGypsum Industries fully accepts its responsibilities as a
supplier of building materials and systems as required by
Section 16 of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act
2005 (Republic of Ireland) and by Section 6 of the Health
and Safety at Work Act 1974 (Northern Ireland).
However, in designing and installing systems incorporating
Gypsum Industries products, full consideration must be
taken of the legal requirements of:
Republic of Ireland1 Safety, Health and Welfare at Work
(General Application) Regulations 2007, Part 2,
Chapter 4, Manual Handling of Loads
2 Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Construction)
Regulations 2006
3 Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005
4 Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Chemical Agents)
Regulations 2001
Northern Ireland1 Manual handling Operations Regulations
2 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
3 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations
(COSHH)
Guidance documents / approved codes of practice regarding
these regulations are available via the Irish Health and
Safety Authority and the Health and Safety Executive.
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Loading and unloading palletsPPE: Hard hat, hi-vis and safety shoes required.
● Always place one foot forward by operating from the corner of the pallet or placing one foot on the pallet, taking care to ensure that the pallet does not tip in the process.
● Unlock the knees for low level work.
● Take a firm grip of the load with both hands.
● Lift using the legs to start themovement.
● Always keep the load close when carrying.
● DO NOT LIFT WITH FEET IN LINE OR WITH LOAD IN FRONT OFTHE FRONT FOOT.
Mixing of bagged productsPPE: Mask, eye protection, hard hat, hi-vis andsafety shoes required.
Emptying bags into a mixer ● Always place one foot down by the side of the mixing container.
● Unlock the knees if necessary.
● DO NOT EMPTY BAGS WITH FEET IN LINE.
When mixing ● Keep the foot to the side of the mixing container.
● Unlock the knees if necessary.
● Maintain a balanced position.
● DO NOT WORK WITH FEET IN LINE.
Picking from mid levelPPE: Hard hat, hi-vis and safetyshoes required.
● Place one foot forward.
● Take a firm grip of the load.
● Pull the load to a point of pivot(using the legs if necessary).
● Pivot against the stack.
● Keep the load close.
● DO NOT TWIST.
● DO NOT PICK WITH FEET IN LINE.
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Handling bucketsPPE: Hard hat, gloves, hi-vis and safety shoes required.
● Always place one foot alongside the bucket before lifting, or pivotthe bucket towards you before lifting.
● Take a firm grip with both hands.
● If heavy, you may need to tilt and take agrip of the base and the top of the bucket.
● Start the lift with the legs.
● Unlock the knees for low level work.
● Always turn by moving the feet.
● If taking two buckets, always carry in abalanced manner.
● Only handle what you can manage.
● DO NOT CARRY HEAVY OBJECTS ONONE SIDE.
● DO NOT TWIST.
Handling lengths of metalPPE: Gloves, hard hat, hi-vis and safety shoes required.
● Always approach the lengths ofmetal from one end.
● Place one foot forward.
● Unlock the knees for low level work.
● Take a firm grip.
● Lift using the legs to start the movement.
● DO NOT PICK FROM THE MIDDLE OFTHE STACK.
EITHER
● Work your way to the middle.
● Pivot the stack and carry in a balanced manner.
OR
● Place over the shoulder.
● Work your way to the middle (point of balance).
● Unlock the knees to rest the stack against the shoulder.
● Allow the stack to pivot against the shoulder as you stand up.
● Only carry over the shoulder if you can remain upright.
● Be aware of your surroundings when carrying lengths of metal in this way.
● DO NOT LEAN.
If removing from racksPPE: Gloves, hard hat and safety shoes required.
● Place one foot forward.
● Drive with the legs to bring the load to one end.
● Carry in a balanced manner.
● Always communicate during the lifts and carrying.
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Fixing wallsPPE: Eye protection, gloves, hard hat,hi-vis and safety shoes required.
● Operate in a balanced manner.
● Always keep one foot forward.
● Unlock the knees for low level work.
● Always work in front of the body.
● Use appropriate platforms where necessary.
● DO NOT OVER-REACH OR STRETCH TOTHE SIDES OR ABOVE THE HEAD.
Lifting plasterboards into place(including ceilings) - two personoperation PPE: Eye protection, hard hat, gloves, hi-vis andsafety shoes required.
● Communicate - work together.
● Take a firm grip of the board in both hands.
● Unlock the knees to place board into position.
● Always work in front of the body.
Fixing ceilingsPPE: Eye protection, hard hat and safety shoes required.
● Always work in a balanced position.
● Operate with one foot forward.
● Keep the body upright.
● Always use appropriate platformswhere necessary.
● DO NOT OVER- REACH.
Handling boardsPPE: Hard hat, gloves, hi-vis and safety shoes required.
One person operation● Pull the board in towards yourself.
● Unlock the knees for low level work.
● Lift by using the legs.
● Try using handles for carryingplasterboard.
● Improve your grip and help to make the lift less awkward.
● Tools are available to reduce the timeyou spend in overhead work andholding, to help hold boards in placefor fixing.
● Use team lifting where appropriate.
● Carry the board in a balanced manner (for large boards, you can support the board on the top of the chest/ shoulder).
● Only lift what you feel you can manage.
● If necessary, seek assistance.
● When stacking boards, position boards sideways slightly in front of you, so you do not have to reach over your head or twist your body tolift them.
● Position panels to lean flat against a wall and do not wobble or slide.
● Push and slide panels along their edge or get assistance from a co-worker.
Two person operation● Operate from the corners of the stack.
● Unlock the knees for low level work.
● Lift board together to vertical position.
● Only lift what you feel you can manage.
● Carry in a balanced manner across the body.
● If walking backwards, ensure it is over the shortest possible distance and clear the route beforehand.
● DO NOT CARRY HEAVY OBJECTS ON ONE SIDE.
Carrying board up / down stairsPPE: Hard hat, gloves, hi-vis and safety shoes required.
● Whether going up or down stairs,place one foot forward then bringboth feet together on each step.
● Keep the boards in a balancedmanner.
● Place both feet on eachstep before moving off toimprove control and balancethroughout the lift.
● Work together and in time.
● Stop wherever necessary (if steps are in poor order, orhave a deeper drop, you may need to place the load down first).
● Only lift what you feel you can manage.
All content and imagery in this sectionhas been produced in association with
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