INTRODUCTION
Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization of the
country under the Department of Science & Technology, is the OLDEST
SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVT OF INDIA. It was set up in 1767
and has evolved rich traditions over the years. In its assigned role as the nation's
Principal Mapping Agency, Survey of India bears a special responsibility to ensure
that the country's domain is explored and mapped suitably, provide base maps for
expeditious and integrated development and ensure that all resources contribute
with their full measure to the progress, prosperity and security of our country now
and for generations to come.
The history of the Survey of India dates back to the 18th Century.
Forerunners of army of the East India Company and Surveyors had an onerous task
of exploring the unknown. Bit by bit the tapestry of Indian terrain was completed
by the painstaking efforts of a distinguished line of Surveyors such as Mr.
Lambton and Sir George Everest. It is a tribute to the foresight of such Surveyors
that at the time of independence the country inherited a survey network built on
scientific principles. The great Trigonometric series spanning the country from
North to South East to West are some of the best geodetic control series available
in the world. The scientific principles of surveying have since been augmented by
the latest technology to meet the multidisciplinary requirement of data from
planners and scientists.
Organized into only 5 Directorates in 1950, mainly to look after the mapping
needs of Defense Forces in North West and North East, the Department has now
grown into 22 Directorates spread in approx. all parts (states) of the country to
provide the basic map coverage required for the development of the country. Its
technology, latest in the world, has been oriented to meet the needs of defense
forces, planners and scientists in the field of geo-sciences, land and resource
management.
Its expert advice is being utilized by various Ministries and undertakings of
Government of India in many sensitive areas including settlement of International
borders, State boundaries and in assisting planned development of hitherto under
developed areas.
Faced with the requirement of digital topographical data, the department has
created three Digital Centers during late eighties to generate Digital Topographical
Data Base for the entire country for use in various planning processes and creation
of geographic information system. Its specialized Directorates such as Geodetic
and Research Branch, and Indian Institute of Surveying & Mapping (erstwhile
Survey Training Institute) have been further strengthened to meet the growing
requirement of user community. The department is also assisting in many scientific
programs of the Nation related to the field of geo-physics, remote sensing and
digital data transfers.
HISTORY
The history of the Survey of India dates back to the 18th Century. The East
India Company appointed James Rennell to survey the Bengal Presidency in 1767.
Lord Clive appointed him as Surveyor General. Colin Mackenzie was appointed
Surveyor General of Madras Presidency in 1810 but these posts were abolished in
1815 and Mackenzie was made the first Surveyor General of India.
"First modern scientific survey of India" was undertaken by W. Mather in
1793-96 on instructions of Superintendent of Salem and Baramahal, Col.
Alexander Read. The present Dharmapuri district, Krishnagiri district and North
Arcot in western Tamil Nadu were then called Baramahal.
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William Lambton (1753-1823) started The Great Trigonometrical
Survey (1802–1852).The Great Trigonometrical Survey (1802–1852) was started
by British surveyor Col. William Lambtonon 10 April 1802 from St. Thomas
Mount in Chennai to foothills of Himalayas. 36 inch huge half ton
weight Theodolite was used, which took 57 days to measure the 12-km base line.
This 5-decade project was completed under Survey General Lt.
William Lambton George Everest
For this reason most measurements had to be conducted during and
immediately after the monsoon when the atmosphere was clearest, just the time
when mosquitoes and leeches were at their most rampant.In 1820, Lieutenant (later
Sir) George Everest became one of Lambton’s assistants on the Survey. Lambton
was died in the year of January 1823 at Hinganghat state of Maharashtra.
After Lambton’s death, Everest took over as Surveyor General of India. In
turn, when Everest retired in 1843, Andrew Waugh took over the helm.
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In March 1856, Waugh, Surveyor General of India reported in a letter
the measurements for Peak XV (a mountain found during the survey) as:
Helping workers for India survey at 1802-1852
Latitude N Longitude E of Greenwich Height above sea level
27o
8659’16.7’’ o
29,002 feet 58’5.9’’
The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India was completed by 1870.
The measurements were accepted and conveyed to the geographical world.
Waugh himself later wrote: "...here is a mountain most probably the highest in the
world without any local name that I can discover...", so he proposed "...to
perpetuate the memory of that illustrious master of geographical
research...Everest." Waugh suggested that it be named after Sir George Everest but
many others wanted a local name such as Chamolungma (Tibetan) or Devadhanga
(Nepali). Hot debate raged.
Everest himself kept silent, although as Surveyor General he had always
insisted that local names for landmarks be used. Eventually the name ‘Mount
Everest’ was endorsed in London by the Secretary of State for India and the Royal
Geographical Society; the rest is history.
The procedure for forming Triangulation by William Lambton:
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(i) The line AB whose distance is known, is taken as the base line
(ii) The angle of C is observed using Theodolite from A and B. Then,
trigonometrically, the angles of ABC and BCA and distances of BC and CA are
calculated. Thus, Triangle No. 1 is established with angles and distances.
(iii) As the distance from C and A is established, CA is taken as the base line. The
angle of D is observed using Theodolite from A and C. Then, trigonometrically,
the angles of ACD and CAD and distance of AD and CD are calculated. Thus,
Triangle No. 2 is established with angle and distance.
(iv) CD is taken as base line and same procedure is followed. Thus, a web of
triangles is formed. This procedure has been continued throughout the Great Arc.
In 1857 Captain Preistley, who since 1853 had been making a field to field
survey in South Arcot was appointed the first Superintendent of these Madras
Surveys. Large waste and hilly tracts were to be covered with topographical survey
on the 4 - inch scale whilst culturable lands were surveyed on scales from 10 to 16
inches to a mile. It was estimated that there would be just over 60, 000 square
miles for large scale revenue survey and about 80, 000 for small scale
topographical survey.Start was made in 1857 with only two parties; taking one
Taluk in South Arcot and another in Trichnopoly. From 1858 survey was extended
and the establishment steadily increased, whilst a lithographic press was installed
at Madras for printing taluk and village maps.
In 1859, Preistley had a staff of three military officers Hessey, Prutt and
Crewe and six civilians Leggalt, Dunnsford, Beaumont, Cardoza, Puckle and
Wright. Neither the Madras nor the Bombay revenue surveys ever came under the
administration of the Surveyor General of India.
SURVEYOR GENERALS
S.No Name of surveyor General From To Surveyor General of Bengal
1. Maj.JamesRannell 1767 1777 2. Thomas Call 1777 1786 3. Malc wood 1786 1788 4. Capt.Alexanderkyd 1788 1794 5. Lt.Roberthydecolebrooke 1794 1808 6. Maj.Gen john Garstin 1808 1813 7. Charles Crawford 1813 1815
Surveyor General of Bombay 1. Lt.Gen Charles Reynolds 1796 1807 2. Moirier Williams 1807 1815
Surveyor General of Madras 1. Col.Colin Mackenzie 1810 1815
Surveyor General of India 1. Col.Colin Mackenzie 1815 1821 2. Maj.Gen.John Anthony Hodyson 1821 1823 3. Col.Valentine Blacker 1823 1826 4. Maj.Gen John Hodyson 1826 1829 5. Henry Walpole 1829 1830 6. Sir George Everest 1830 1843 7. Maj.Gen Andrew Scott Waugh 1843 1861 8. Brig Edwald Oliver Wheeler 1941 1946 9. Brig George Frederick Heaney 1946 1951 10. Brig Gambhir Singh 1956 1961
11. Dr.SwarnaSubbaRao 2010 2015
12. Shri.Rajendra Mani Tripathi 2015 2016
13. Dr.SwarnaSubbaRao 2016 2017
14. Maj.Generalr.p.Srivastara 30/06/2017 30/09/2017
15. Maj.GeneralGirish Kumar 30/09/2017 Till Date
PRINTING OF POSTAGE STAMPS IN INDIA SGO OFFICE, CALCUTTA
1854-55:
In 1854 Govt. asked the Survey of India if stamps could be printed on the
presses that were then installed at the Surveyor General’s Office.On 22nd
First printing of stamps was of 1 lac and a half number in one day, by
keeping double working hours at the press.
February
it was decided to take this job up. The design of the postage stamp with the
Queen’s head was prepared by head draftsman Mariano Smith of Survey of
India.Proper engraving of the design on the copper plate was made by Sri
Namiruddin and from this plate transfers were obtained.
The envelope is a reproduction of one of the posted to alexander wyatt at
mymensingh in feb 1856.
Surveyor RadhanathSikdar, (a mathematician) who is the first Indian
measured height of Mount Everest in 1852, with a height of 29,002 feet.
RadhanathSikdar
Modern measurements indicate the height is 29,037 feet. This is regarded as
the beginning of systematic topographical mapping in India and the founding of
one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the world. In 2004 Government
of India remembered Nain singh and Radhanathsikder as postage stamps who
helped to survey india 1800”s.
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Lieutenant-Colonel woodthorperemarks onthe beauty of south sylhet
(Assam). The following graphic description from his pen is worth quoting:-
“At four o’clock in the afternoon I am standing on a cleared hill just above a large
tea garden. The air is beautifully soft and balmy, and looking to the east I see
below me the gentle undulations and flat ground under tea cultivations, the rich
dark green bushes standing out in bold contrast on the red-brown soil. Among the
bushes the busy coolies are at work, the women adding brightness to the scene with
their brilliant coloured robes. In the midst of the cultivation on the banks of a clear
stream, in a small, well-kept enclosure with a pretty tank, stands the manager’s
bungalow, large commodious house, with white-washed walls and lofty thatched
roof, slightly hidden by tall plaintain trees. Rose bushes and other shrubs
flourished in the garden, in which from my elevated standpoint. I can see that the
useful is not overlooked in the culture of the beautiful, as testified by a corner
where many tempting looking vegetables are growing. With the orange glow the
afternoon sun upon it, the bungalow with its garden, looks, as indeed I find it, a
very haven of rest, comfort, and hospitality. I hear voices behind the bungalow
near some large, neat tea-houses, and, looking, I see an excellent tennis court,
where an exciting context is being carried on between the young planters of this
and neighbouring garden. Beyond, the view due south is closed by the virgin forest
of dark trees and feathery bamboos, the greater portion of which will soon, by the
enterprise of the planters and the extension of the tea gardens, disappear. To the
south-west and west the cyewanders over the plains of South Sylhet,founded on the
south by the jungle-clad hills of Tipperah, purple now and indistinct. The flat green
fields, above which, as the sun sinks, soft mist wreaths float, are broken up by
frequent clumps of mighty bamboos or fine old banian trees, amid whose dark
recesses a few glimpses of reddish roofs and the light blue smoke curling upwards
denote the presence of villages. Beyond these to the west and north lie open
expanses of what at this season is dry or at the worst, only damp ground, but which
a few of the March and April storms will speedily convert into swamps, and even
lakes. A thin dark line appearing here and there marks the course of a river, its
waters now very low and hidden by the high banks, above which the masts of the
country boats and the smoke from the funnel of a steamer, just about to anchor for
the night, are visible. Far away to the north beyond the plain, the trees, the villages,
and the station of Sylhet itself, rises the long, level outline of the Khasia hills,
faintly glowing in the sunset. A hum of voices ascends from the villages below,
cows wend their way homewards through the deepening gloom, and as the sun
sinks in the brown obscurity of the distant horizon, I shut up my theodolite, and
running down the hillside, soon find myself at the bungalow, where a hearty
welcome and excellent dinner await me.”
ADMINISTRATION
The Survey of India, headquartered at Dehra Dun, has 18 civil engineering
divisions ranging from the prediction of tides to aerial survey. It has 23 Geo-spatial
Data Centers spread across India, each catering to the respective administrative
area.Surveyors are the back bone of Survey of India.
The important Civil Engineering posts and Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering posts in Survey of India Service, divided between
SIS (Civil) and SIS (EC & TE), are as follows in the increasing order of
seniority: Draftsman, Plane Tabler, Survey Assistant, Surveyor, Officer
Surveyor, Deputy Superintending Surveyor, Superintending
Surveyor, Superintending Surveyor (Non-Functional Second Grade)/Deputy
Director, Director/Deputy Surveyor General, Additional Surveyor
General, Surveyor General.
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DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Advisor to Government:Survey of India acts as adviser to the Government of
India on all cartography of India related matters, such as geodesy,
photogrammetry, mapping and map reproduction.
Geo names: Survey of India is responsible for the naming convention and
spellings of names of geographical features of India.
Certification and publication: Scrutiny and certification of external boundaries of
India and Coastline on maps published by the other agencies including private
publishers. Publish the tide tables (one year in advance) and maps of India.
Surveys:geodetic datum, geodetic control network, tophographical control,
geophysical surveys, cadastral surveying, geologic maps, aeronautical charts
within india, such as for forsests, army cantonments, large scale cities,guide maps,
developmental or conservation projects, etc.
National borders: Demarcation of external boundaries of India as well as advice
on the demarcation of inter-state boundaries.
Oceanic tidal prediction: Undertake prediction of tides at 44 ports including 14
foreign ports.
Research and development: In the area of photogrammetry, cartography,
geodesy, topographical surveys and indigenisation of technology.
Training: Training of officers and staff of Survey of India, other Central and State
Government department and trainees from Foreign Countries.
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OTHER ACTIVITIES
• All Geodetic Control (Horizontal and Vertical) and Geodetic and geophysical
Surveys.
• Mapping and Production of Geographical maps and Aeronautical Charts.
• Surveys for Developmental Projects.
• Survey and Mapping of special purpose maps.
• Spelling of Geographical names.
• Demarcation of the External Boundaries of the Republic of India, their
depiction on maps published in the country and also advice on the demarcation
of inter-state boundaries.
• Research and Development in Digital Mapping and creation of Digital
Topographical Data Base on 1:250,000, 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 scale, Printing,
Geodesy, Photogrammetry, Topographical Surveys and Indigenisation.
• Prediction of tides at 44 ports including 14 foreign ports and publication of Tide
Table one year in advance to support navigational activities.
• Scrutiny and Certification of external boundaries & coastline on maps
published by the other agencies including private publishers.
• Provision and maintenance of geodetic plan and height control network and
provision and maintenance of gravimetric and geomagnetic control network.
• Provision of topographical cover in surveying and mapping for the entire
country to meet the national requirements, including those of defence forces.
• Collection of tidal data along the coast line and islands and Tidal predictions for
44 ports in the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal including
ports in Myanmar, Iran, Sri Lanka and Sultanate of Oman in the interest of
good Neighborly relations.
• Compilation/ mapping and production of geographical maps e. g. Railway Map,
Road Map, Political Map, Physical Map etc.
• Preparation of the International Map of the World (IMW) series and the World
Aeronautical Charts (WAC) series as a commitment to the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO).
• Surveys for development projects, e.g., power and irrigation, mineral
exploration, urban and rural development etc.
• Surveying and mapping of forest areas, large cities and preparation of guide
maps of cities/ towns/ places of interest.
• Surveying and mapping of Cantonments, surveying and mapping for
aeronautical maps/ charts for the IAF.
• Introduction of modern technology in the related fields and indigenization of
equipment as an aid to import substitution. This includes development of
instruments/ materials indigenously to increase self-reliance and reduce the
drain on the foreign exchange reserves.
• Co-ordination and control in providing aerial photographic cover for the whole
country.
• Collaboration with training organizations, educational institutions and scientific
bodies on specific projects to promote research and developmental activities.
• Representation at various international and national conferences to promote the
growth of surveying and cartography and to introduce the state-of-the-art
technology for optimum results.
• Support to Third World countries e.g., Nigeria, Afghanistan, Kenya, Iraq,
Nepal, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Indonesia, Bhutan, Myanmar and Mauritius etc.
by providing technical know-how and expertise in various disciplines of
surveying and survey education.
RECENT EVENTS
PROGRAMS
• Survey of India maintains a series of tidal observatories located all along Indian
Coast and Islands. Aftermath Tsunami of 26th December 2004, Survey of India
has contributed immensely in establishing Tsunami Early Warning System.
• Under the project “Modernization and Expansion of Indian Tide - Gauge
Network”. It was decided to equip all its tidal observatories along East and West
coast of India with State of the Art digital tide gauges and Dual frequency GPS
receivers co-located with Real Time Data transmission facilities through
dedicated V-SAT network.
• The Survey of India has launched new web portal called
Nakshe(http://www.Soinakshe.Uk.gov.in/ website from 18th
250 YEARS CELEBRATION SURVEY OF INDIA
The Survey of India, now headquartered in Dehradun, has done great silent
service in the last 250 years by being the official map maker for India and keeping
records of the exact international borders of the country. On its 250th (in April 10
2017) birthday, Swarna Subba Rao, the Surveyor General of India, proclaimed at
the Geospatial World Forum.
THREE HISTORIC SURVEY INSTRUMENTS BEING SENT FROM
DEHRADUN TO LONDON MUSEUM
August 2017)to
make open series maps (1:50000) available to Indians for free using get by
Aadhaar number.
The historical survey equipment that measured the height of Mount Everest
for the first time will travel to London from Dehradun to be at display at British
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Museum.An exhibition titled ‘India’s Achievements’ will be held at British
Museum in the month of September 2007. These instruments will be brought back
to India once the exhibition ends.
1. The Great Theodolite
: This survey instrument weighs half a ton and requires
12 workers to move it from one place to another. Apart from determining the
height of Everest, this Theodolite also played a major role in the pioneering
Trigonometric Survey of India (1818-1921).
The Great Theodolite
2. Ramsden 100-foot chain: Invented by the British mathematician and surveyor
Jesse Ramsden, the 100-foot chain was first brought to India by General William
Lambton from England. The chain weighs 20 kilograms and had 40 steel bars 2.5
feet in length fitted with double hinged joints to allow for easy folding and
portability.
Ramsden 100-foot chain
3. Colby Compensation Bar:
Built by Thomas Fredrick Colby, this compensation
bar was used by Sir George Everest after rejecting Ramsden chain for surveying.
Two bars, each ten feet long - made of iron and brass – are joined at the center but
allowed to expand and contract freely depending on changes in temperature.
Colby Compensation Bar
NATIONAL MAP POLICY-2005
PREAMBLE
All socio-Economic developmental activities, conservation of natural resources,
planning for disaster mitigation and infrastructure development require high
quality spatial data. The advancements in digital technologies have now made it
possible to use diverse spatial data base in an integrated manner. The
responsibility for producing, maintaining and disseminating the topographic map
data base of the whole country, which is the foundation of all spatial data vests
with the Survey of India (SOI).Recently, SOI has been mandated to take a
leadership rolein liberalizing access of spatial data touser groups without
jeopardizing national security. Toper form this role, the policy on dissemination of
map sands and spatial data needs to be clearly stated.
OBJECTIVES
• To provide, maintain and allow access and make available the National
Topographic Database (NTDB) of the SOI conforming to national standards.
• To promote the use of geospatial knowledge and intelligence through
partnerships and other mechanisms by all sections of the society and work
towards a knowledge-based society.
TWO SERIES OF MAPS
To ensure that in the furtherance of this policy, national security objectives
are fully safeguarded, it has been decided that there will be two series of maps
namely
(a) Defence Series Maps (DSMs)-These will be the topographical maps (on
Everest/WGS-84 Datum and Polyconic/UTM Projection) on various scales (with
heights, contours and full content without dilution of accuracy). These will
mainly cater for defence and national security requirements. This series of maps
(in analogue or digital forms) for the entire country will be classified, as
appropriate, and the guidelines regarding their use will be formulated by the
Ministry of Defence.
(b) Open Series Maps (OSMs) – OSMs will be brought out exclusively by SOI,
primarily for supporting development activities in the country. OSMs shall bear
different map sheet numbers and will be in UTM Projection on WGS-84 datum.
Each of these OSMs (in both hard copy and digital form) will become
“Unrestricted” after obtaining a one-time clearance of the Ministry of Defence.
The SOI will issue from time to time detailed guidelines regarding all aspects
of the OSMs like procedure for access by user agencies, further
dissemination/sharing of OSMs amongst user agencies with or without value
additions, ways and means of protecting business and commercial interests of SOI
in the data and other incidental matters. Users will be allowed to publish maps on
hard copy and web with or without GIS database. However, if the international
boundary is depicted on the map, certification by SOI will be necessary.
In addition, the SOI is currently preparing City Maps. These City Maps will
be on large scales in WGS-84 datum and in public domain. The contents of such
maps will be decided by the SOI in consultation with Ministry of Defence.
NATIONAL TOPOGRAPHICAL DATA BASE (NTDB)
SOI will continue to create, develop and maintain the National Topographical Data
Base (NTDB) in analogue and digital forms consisting of following data sets:
(a) National Spatial Reference Frame,
(b) National Digital Elevation Model,
(c) National Topographical Template,
(d) Administrative Boundaries, and
(e) Toponomy (place names).
Both the DSMs and OSMs will be derived from the NTDB.
MAP DISSEMINATION AND USAGE
• Open Series Maps of scales larger than 1:1 million either in analogue or digital
formats can be disseminated by SOI by sale or through an agreement to any agency
for specific end use. This transaction will be registered in the Registration
database with details of the receiving agency, end use etc.
• Through the agreement, SOI will allow a user to add value to the maps obtained
(either in analogue or digital formats) and prepare his own value-added maps.
• The user should be able to share these maps with others – the information of all
such sharing will also require to be logged in the Map Transaction Registry.
CONCLUSION
“The Land is the only thing in the world
Worth working for, worth fighting for,
Worth dying for, because it is the only thing that last”…
Cartography has a 2000 year written history from the time of plato in the
western world. In the east in India there is a reference to maps and diagrams even
deriving from the days of Mahabharata circa 3100 BC.
The total concept that forms the corner stone of survey philosophy even to
this day stems from the concept of boundaries of kingdoms, cities, villages
orterritories. Cartography has been undergoing a revolution in technology
Kondratieff- Long wave cycle theory in economic said says technological
revolutions occurs every 50 to 60 years once. But in 21st
On 27 December 2017- the Draftsman training ofTiruppur– visited the764
century it is more
intensive. The Revolution happened in order of using survey chain, cross staff and
theodolites. Now it became digital technology using satellites (GPS method),laser
image, detection and ranging and aerial survey in 3 dimensioning.
In a current situation every feet of land values increased day by day. As
same as population growth. But area of land should not be increased. Now days the
height of Everest will reduced, it was shrinking of top peaks due to Globalization.
At the same time Sea level will increased in the world as well as area of land will
be decreased. So the priority of land was most important one for common man in
every day.
th
LATTITUDE
GT
Station in AlaguMalai Tiruppur South(Tk), Tiruppur (Dt).
LONGTITUDE Deg Min Sec Deg Min Sec 11 0 45.38 77 26 20.09 Of the G.T.Station is rechecked by using mobile application of the Compass
we surprised that the difference only in 4 seconds.