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Introduction to International Disaster Management
Introduction to International Disaster Management
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● High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety (2003)Geoff CraigheadISBN: 0-7506-7455-5
● Transportation Disaster Response Handbook (2002)Jay Levinson and Hayim GranotISBN: 0-12-445486-0
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Introduction to International Disaster Management
Damon P. Coppola
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCoppola, Damon P.
Introduction to international disaster management / Damon P. Coppola.p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7506-7982-4 (alk. paper)1. Disaster relief—International cooperation. 2. Emergency management—International cooperation. 3. Hazard mitigation.
I. Title.HV553.C693 2007363.34′526—dc22
2006040563
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 13: 978-0-7506-7982-4ISBN 10: 0-7506-7982-4
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Printed in the United States of America06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Dedicated to the men and women, professional and volunteer alike, working to ensure that even the poorest nations of the world are resilient
to the consequences of disasters.
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Contents
FOREWORD xiiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
INTRODUCTION xviiACRONYMS xix
CHAPTER 1 THE MANAGEMENT OF DISASTERS
INTRODUCTION 1DISASTERS THROUGHOUT HISTORY 1THE HISTORY OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT 2
Ancient History 2Modern Roots 3Civil Defense: The Birth of Modern Emergency Management 4The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction 5The Yokohama Strategy—Global Recognition of the Need for Disaster
Management 6MODERN DISASTER MANAGEMENT—A FOUR-PHASE APPROACH 8WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT? 9DISASTERS, POVERTY, AND DEVELOPMENT 12DISASTER TRENDS 13DEFINITIONS 24CONCLUSION 28
CHAPTER 2 HAZARDS
INTRODUCTION 31HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND HAZARD PROFILING 31HAZARD ANALYSIS 34THE HAZARDS 39
Natural Hazards 39Technological Hazards 80International, Civil, and Political Hazards 96
CONCLUSION 110
CHAPTER 3 RISK AND VULNERABILITY
INTRODUCTION 113TWO COMPONENTS OF RISK 114
Likelihood 114Consequence 116
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TRENDS 119COMPUTING LIKELIHOOD AND CONSEQUENCE VALUES 120
Depth of Analysis 120Quantitative Analysis of Disaster Likelihood 121Quantitative Analysis of Disaster Consequences 124Historical Data 124Deaths/Fatalities and Injuries 125Modeling Techniques 125Abbreviated Damage Consequence Analysis 125Full Damage Consequence Analysis 126
RISK EVALUATION 130RISK ACCEPTABILITY 138ALTERNATIVES 138
Personal 139Political/Social 139Economic 139
VULNERABILITY 146The Physical Profile 149The Social Profile 151The Environmental (Natural) Profile 152The Economic Profile 154Risk Factors That Influence Vulnerability 158Risk Perception 162
CONCLUSION 172
CHAPTER 4 MITIGATION
INTRODUCTION 175WHAT IS MITIGATION? 175
Mitigation Goals 176TYPES OF MITIGATION: STRUCTURAL AND NONSTRUCTURAL 178
Structural Mitigation 179Nonstructural Mitigation 185Risk Transfer, Sharing, and Spreading 190
OBSTACLES TO MITIGATION 200ASSESSING AND SELECTING MITIGATION OPTIONS 200
Impact of Risk Mitigation Options on Community Risk Reduction 201Probability That Each Action Will Be Implemented 201The STAPLEE Method of Assessing Mitigation Options 202
EMERGENCY RESPONSE CAPACITY AS A RISK MITIGATION MEASURE 205
INCORPORATING MITIGATION INTO DEVELOPMENT AND RELIEF PROJECTS 205
CONCLUSION 207
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CHAPTER 5 PREPAREDNESS
INTRODUCTION 209OVERVIEW OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 209GOVERNMENT PREPAREDNESS 210
Planning 210Exercise 216Training 217Equipment 218Statutory Authority 220
PUBLIC PREPAREDNESS 222Public Education 222
THE MEDIA AS A PUBLIC EDUCATOR 231OBSTACLES TO EFFECTIVE PUBLIC EDUCATION AND
PREPAREDNESS 233Literacy and Education 233Language 234Access to Technology and the Media 235Class Structure 235Poverty, or the Effects of Poverty 236Cultural Understanding 237Lack of Government Sponsorship 237Conflicting Interests of “Big Business” 238Hostile or Restrictive Governments 239
CONCLUSION 240
CHAPTER 6 RESPONSE
INTRODUCTION 251WHAT IS RESPONSE? 251RESPONSE—THE EMERGENCY 252RECOGNITION—PREDISASTER ACTIONS 252RECOGNITION—POSTDISASTER 254
Search and Rescue 255First Aid Medical Treatment 256Evacuation 257Disaster Assessments 258Treating the Hazard 261Provision of Water, Food, and Shelter 261Health 270Sanitation 271Safety and Security 275Critical Infrastructure Resumption 276Emergency Social Services 277
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Donations Management 278COORDINATION 279
The Incident Command System 280The Disaster Declaration Process 282
CONCLUSION 283
CHAPTER 7 RECOVERY
INTRODUCTION 299OVERVIEW OF RECOVERY 299THE EFFECTS OF DISASTERS ON SOCIETY 300PREDISASTER RECOVERY ACTIONS 301
Short- and Long-Term Recovery 302COMPONENTS OF RECOVERY—WHAT IS NEEDED, AND WHERE
DOES IT COME FROM? 302Planning 302Coordination 304Information—The Damage Assessment 305Money and Supplies 306
TYPES OF RECOVERY 315Public Assistance 315The Housing Sector 316Economic Recovery 317Individual, Family, and Social Recovery 318
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RECOVERY 322Resisting the Urge to Return to “Normal” 322Recognizing That Recovery Is an Opportunity in Disguise 323Ensuring Equity in Recovery 325Moving the Whole Community 333
CONCLUSION 334
CHAPTER 8 PARTICIPANTS: GOVERNMENTAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCIES
INTRODUCTION 337GOVERNMENTAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES 338EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PARTICIPANTS 338
Fire Departments 338Law Enforcement 340Emergency Management (Civil Protection) 341Emergency Medical Services 341The Military 342Other Resources 344
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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES 347Locally Based Structures 350Regionally Based Structures 351Nationally Based Structures 352No Capacity or No Recognized Government Exists 353
BILATERAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE 356HOW GOVERNMENTS PROVIDE ASSISTANCE 362TYPES OF BILATERAL ASSISTANCE 362
Monetary Assistance 362Equipment/Supplies 364Expertise 364
TYPES OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INVOLVED ININTERNATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT 365Overseas Diplomatic Missions (Embassies and Consulates) 365International Development Agencies 367National Disaster Management Agencies 368Other Government Agencies Involved in International Disaster
Management 368Military Resources 371
CONCLUSION 377
CHAPTER 9 PARTICIPANTS: NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (INCLUDING THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND ACADEMIA)
INTRODUCTION 387WHO ARE THE NGOs? 388WHAT DO THEY DO? 390NGO OPERATIONS 392
Funding 392Coordination 393
NGO/MILITARY COOPERATION 397STANDARDS OF CONDUCT 398THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR 404THE ROLE OF ACADEMIA 406CONCLUSION 407
CHAPTER 10 PARTICIPANTS: MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
INTRODUCTION 451THE UNITED NATIONS 452
Background 452UN Role in Disaster Management 454UN Agencies and Programs 464
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The World Food Programme (WFP) 473The Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) 485Other UN Agencies Involved in Disaster Response 489The UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) 495
REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 500INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 507CONCLUSION 516
CHAPTER 11 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
INTRODUCTION 525COORDINATION 527THE MEDIA 527INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT 529POLITICAL WILL 529COMPOUND EMERGENCIES 530DONOR FATIGUE 530CORRUPTION 531STATE SOVEREIGNTY 531EQUALITY IN HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND RELIEF
DISTRIBUTION 532CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISASTERS 534EARLY WARNING 534LINKING RISK REDUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 535TERRORISM 535GLOBAL DISASTERS: SARS, AVIAN INFLUENZA, AND OTHER
EMERGING EPIDEMICS 536CONCLUSION 537
INDEX 539
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Damon Coppola’s book is a major contribution tounderstanding the universal principles of emergencymanagement. Had it been available in 1978, it wouldhave helped me become a better emergency manager.I joined the Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance(OFDA) in 1978 after serving three years in Viet Namand a year in Ghana with the development program ofthe Agency for International Development. My quali-fications were that I had common sense and streetsmarts because I survived Viet Nam, had traveled theworld, and worked in Africa. If I applied for the samedisaster job today with those qualifications, I would berejected, fortunately.
Today’s emergency managers have a wealth ofinformation available to them and can benefit from themany academic courses offered to build a solid foun-dation of expertise in disaster preparedness andresponse. This know-how can aid them in their pro-fession and strengthen their decision-making capabil-ity. Damon has compiled an impressive collection of facts, statistics, and checklists that can help a motivated person become a skilled emergency management technician. The chapter on Special Con-siderations is an insightful look at future challengesand possible solutions. His lessons, combined withfield experience and good mentoring, can transform a technician into a competent professional. Insightsgained through experience and difficult decision making are how one becomes a leader in the struggleagainst disasters.
Patterns emerge as I look back on 46 years of inter-national experience, including 28 years and 375 disas-ters. Leadership and politics play an inordinate role indisaster planning and response internationally as wellas in the USA. The recent failures following Hurri-cane Katrina were predictable, not only because of theknown vulnerability of the Gulf Coast, but alsobecause of ineffective leadership. The appointment of
political supporters with no emergency managementexperience and weak interpersonal skills was a for-mula for failure. Unfortunately, it is always the disas-ter victims who pay the price of inept leadership andflawed decision making.
The Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance(OFDA) and the Federal Emergency ManagementAgency (FEMA) have been rivals for years, thesmaller OFDA wary of the larger FEMA. However, itwas OFDA’s smallness, its clear mandate, a shortchain of command, and almost unlimited resourcesthat enabled OFDA to become so successful and well-known in the 1980s and early 1990s.
OFDA’s other critical ingredient for success wasleadership. Outstanding leaders willing to take risks toassist disaster victims worldwide were appointed.OFDA’s directors—Julia Taft, Julius Becton, andAndrew Natsios—were experienced managers andself-confident individuals who hired strong, experi-enced, and creative international disaster leaders andthen took their advice. Fred Cuny battled the bureau-cracy as much as he fought disaster threats. Paul Belldeveloped a cadre of Latin American emergency managers whose influence has transcended him. BobGersony, the remaining OFDA genius, plumbed thedepths of many complex international situations tobring clear action recommendations to OFDAdirectors.
All disasters are local, but also political. Interna-tionally, political influences take different forms thanthe political aspects in domestic disasters. OFDAprided itself on being “nonpolitical” and responding toall victims’ needs. One example, the rapid and gener-ous USG response to the El Asnam earthquake inAlgeria (1980), has been cited by some as the reasonthat the Government of Algeria offered to negotiatethe return of the U.S. hostages held by Iran. The onlyexception to nonpolitical assistance that I experiencedwas the failure of the USG to respond to a major
Foreword
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hurricane in Sandanista-ruled Nicaragua (1992).Despite severe damage to the eastern coast ofNicaragua, populated primarily by Misquito Indiansfriendly to the U.S., the Reagan administrationrefused to allow the U.S. Embassy to declare a disas-ter. A declaration would have enabled OFDA to pro-vide immediate assistance to needy hurricane victims.
As Damon documents, international disaster pro-grams have had a significant influence on U.S. emer-gency management. Most well-known of these is theUS Urban Search and Rescue Program (USAR TaskForces from Fairfax County, Virginia, and Metro DadeCounty, Miami, Florida), which was developed byOFDA. FEMA developed and expanded the teamsinto more than 25 USAR Task Forces that respond todisasters in the United States.
The probability forecasting system used by theNational Hurricane Center originated with a U.S.Navy system supported by OFDA to alert and warnvulnerable populations through U.S. embassiesaround the world. The Bangladesh early warning sys-tem, funded by OFDA and enhanced by others, con-tinues to save thousands of lives.
The management of spontaneous donations (Chapter 6), is a continuing problem after U.S. andinternational disasters. Recognized by OFDA andFEMA in the 1980s, nongovernmental organizationsand the USG designed activities to educate potentialdonors and provided guidance to disaster-strickencountry embassies. Today, the Center for InternationalDisaster Information (CIDI) and InterAction workwith FEMA, NVOAD members, and the BusinessCivic Leadership Center (U.S. Chamber of Com-merce) to educate donors and foster cooperation tobetter manage offers of goods, services, and sponta-neous volunteers.
Despite the similarities between U.S. and interna-tional disaster needs and principles, there is limited
cooperation between U.S. emergency managers work-ing on domestic activities and U.S. emergency man-agers working on international programs. Althoughinternational coordination and the role of the UnitedNations described in Chapter 10 has improved coop-eration, significant gaps remain between domestic andinternational emergency management programs inmany donor countries. Damon’s excellent use of uni-versally recognized approaches may successfullyforge more cooperation as both adherents recognizethat they are using similar templates.
James Lee Witt, FEMA’s famous and successfuldirector, provided valuable guidance for emer-gency managers worldwide: “. . . we need to take acommon-sense, practical approach to reducing therisks we face and protecting our citizens and ourcommunities.
“We need to identify our risks, educate and com-municate to our people about those risks, prepare asbest we can for the risks, and then, together, formpartnerships to take action to reduce those risks.This approach applies whether we are dealing with aflood, a tornado, a hazardous materials spill, a wild-fire, a potential suicide bomb explosion, or a pan-demic flu outbreak.”
Good luck to the next generation. You will need to learn the basics and be willing to withstand the constraints of a bureaucracy. Perhaps you will be aslucky as I have been and work for outstanding leadersand with courageous colleagues. You will need all thisbook can provide and lots of personal courage.
Thanks, Damon, for a good start.Ollie Davidson
Private-Public Partnerships for Disaster Loss Reduction
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The author would like to express profound grati-tude to George Haddow and Jane Bullock for sharingtheir invaluable expertise and experience—much ofwhich is dispersed throughout the pages of this text—and for their friendship and constant support. Specialthanks also go to Dr. Jack Harrald, Dr. Greg Shaw, Dr.J. René van Dorp, and Dr. Joseph Barbera of the Insti-tute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management at theGeorge Washington University, to Ollie Davidson ofCounterpart International and the Humane Society of America, and to Dr. Robert McCreight. Theirresearch, practice, publications, and experience,which have unquestionably made the world safer from the consequences of disasters, served as both aresource and an inspiration in the writing of this text.
I would also like to thank Mark Listewnik, JenniferSoucy, Kelly Weaver, Chris Nolin, Pam Chester, Alisa
Andreola, and Jeff Freeland at Elsevier for the tremen-dous assistance they provided in the development ofthis book. For their contributions to the content of this text, I would like to thank Ann Patton, DavidAlexander, Rae Zimmerman, Vicki Bier, George and Sharon Ketchum, Wayne Blanchard, GunnerySergeant Shannon Arledge (USMC), Greg Guibert,Gilbert Burnham, Gaye Cameron, Niels Holm-Nielsen, Meredith Golden, Cate Moore, John Borton,Darcy Whiteside, Jessica Hill, Rodney Cunningham,Georg Pflug, Ralph L. Keeney, Clark Chapman, Anatoly Klypin, and W. Kip Viscusi.
And finally, I would like to extend a very specialthank you to my wife, Mary Gardner Coppola, whodedicated countless hours to providing invaluable editorial and material assistance that made this bookpossible, and to my good friend T. al Pastor for hisconstant encouragement.
Acknowledgments
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The basis for the writing of this book is the junc-ture of two separate trends: (1) All countries faceincreased risk from a full range of known and previ-ously unknown hazards; and (2) disaster conse-quences are having greater adverse effects onpopulations and environments. To the degree that theyare able to, governments pass legislation and takeaction to prepare for and mitigate the effects of thesenatural, technological, and intentional hazards.Despite even the best efforts, however, the fury ofnature or the folly of man regularly results in disas-trous events that overwhelm not only local responsecapacities but also the response capacities of entirenations or even entire regions. When this happens, thefull range of players from the international communityis called on to intervene, requiring international dis-aster management.
The international response to disasters is convo-luted, at times chaotic, and always complex. Everycountry has its own hazard profile, vulnerability fluc-tuation, and evolution or demise of emergency man-agement systems, as well as unique cultural, economic,and political characteristics. Each of these qualitiesinfluences the country’s interaction with internationaldisaster management agencies and organizations.
Disaster management as a practice and as a profes-sion is rapidly expanding and improving. Such changeis necessarily driven by the modern needs of govern-ments and nongovernmental organizations involved in one or more of the four phases of emergency management—mitigation, preparedness, response,and recovery.
This book was written to serve as a guide and a ref-erence for students, practitioners, and anyone inter-ested in disaster management and its application to theinternational community.
Chapter 1 provides a general background on theimpact and management of disasters worldwide.
Included in this discussion is a brief history of emer-gency management. Several of the issues unique tointernational disaster management are touched upon,while in-depth coverage is included in later chapters.Finally, several key terms are defined and discussed.
Chapter 2 addresses hazards. The various natural,technological, and intentional hazards are defined, anddisaster-specific information is provided. Whereapplicable, the threat ranges of hazards are illustratedwith charts, maps, and other figures.
Chapter 3 examines the existence and assessmentof vulnerability and risk. The disparity in these valuesbetween countries in relation to their variable levels ofwealth is addressed in detail, as is risk perception, animportant and influential component of vulnerabilityand risk.
Chapter 4 covers the mitigation of hazard risk. Mitigation is explained and then followed by defini-tions and examples of forms of structural and nonstructural mitigation. Insurance, as a mitigationoption, is addressed. Finally, various obstacles toeffective mitigation are identified and explained.
Chapter 5 addresses disaster preparedness. A gen-eral overview of preparedness is followed by severalpractical topics, including communications, socialmarketing, training, animals in disasters, public warn-ing, and preparedness obstacles.
Chapter 6 examines the very complex response tointernational disasters. Following an overview ofresponse, topics addressed include recognition of dis-asters, disaster assessments, the various componentsof disaster response (including search and rescue, theprovision of food, water, and medical supplies, shel-ter, sanitation, social services, security, evacuationand relocation, medical treatment, and fatality man-agement), and coordination, among many others.
Chapter 7 covers the recovery period following thedisaster response. Components of disaster recovery
Introduction
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addressed include the opportunity factor, sustainabil-ity, reconstruction of infrastructure, debris removal,rebuilding homes and lives, economic recovery, debtrelief, and other related issues.
Chapters 8 through 10 discuss the various playersinvolved in the management of international disasters.These include governmental disaster managementagencies (Chapter 8), nongovernmental organizations(Chapter 9), and the various multilateral organi-
zations and international financial institutions (Chapter 10).
The concluding chapter (Chapter 11) discusses sev-eral special topics that must be considered in the man-agement of international disasters. These includecoordination, minimum standards, sovereignty, capac-ity building, equality in distribution of relief, terror-ism, emerging epidemics, funding, and the future ofinternational disaster management.
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ADA—Afghan Development AssociationADB—Asian Development BankADPC—Asian Disaster Preparedness CenterADRA—Adventist Development and Relief AgencyADRC—Asian Disaster Reduction CenterAfDB—African Development BankAFRO—WHO Regional Office for AfricaALNAP—Active Learning Network for Accountabil-
ity and Performance in Humanitarian ActionAPELL—Awareness and Preparedness for Emergen-
cies at a Local Level (UNEP)ARC—American Red CrossATF—Asian Tsunami Fund (ADB)AusAID—Australian Agency for International
DevelopmentBCP—business continuity planningBCPR—Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery
(UNDP)BIS—Bank for International SettlementsBLS—basic life supportBSTDB—Black Sea Trade and Development BankCAP—consolidated appeals processCARICOM—Caribbean CommunityCAT Bonds—catastrophe bondsCBRNE—chemical, biological, radiological/nuclear,
and explosiveCCSDPT—Committee for Coordination of Services
to Displaced Persons in ThailandCDB—Caribbean Development BankCDC—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(US)CDERA—Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response
AgencyCDMP—Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project
(OAS)CECIS—Common Emergency Communication and
Information System (EU)CEE—Central and Eastern Europe
CENTCOM—United States Central Command (DoD)
CERF—Central Emergency Response Fund (UN)CEO—chief executive officialCEPREDENAC—Coordination Center for Natural
Disaster Prevention in Central AmericaCF—Canadian ForcesCHAMP—Caribbean Hazard Mitigation Capacity
Building Program (OAS)CHAP—common humanitarian action planCHE—complex humanitarian emergencyCHF—Cooperative Housing Foundation (El
Salvador)CIA—Central Intelligence Agency (US)CIDA—Canada International Development AgencyCIMIC—civil/military information centerCIS—Commonwealth of Independent StatesCMCC—civil/military coordination centerCMI—crop moisture indexCMOC—civil–military operations center (DoD)CMR—crude mortality rateCOEB—Council of Europe Development BankCOEN—National Emergency Committee for El
SalvadorCONRED—Committee for the Reduction of Natural
and Man-Made Disasters (Guatemala)CRD—Coordination and Response Division
(UNOCHA)DAC—Development Assistance Committee (OECD)DACAAR—Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan
RefugeesDART—Disaster Assistance Response TeamDBSA—Development Bank of Southern AfricaDC—District of Columbia (US)DEMA—Danish Emergency Management AgencyDERC—Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator (UN)DESA—Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(UN)
Acronyms
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DHA—Department of Humanitarian Affairs(UNOCHA)
DHF—dengue hemorrhagic feverDIPECHO—Disaster Preparedness ECHODFAA—Disaster Financial Assistance Arrangements
(Canada)DFID—Department for International Development
(Great Britain)DMP—Disaster Management Programme
(UNHABITAT)DMTP—Disaster Management Training Programme
(DMTP)DoD—Department of Defense (US)DPCSS—Disaster, Post-Conflict and Safety Section
(UNHABITAT)DPKO—Department of Peacekeeping Operations
(UN)DRA—Deployment Requirements Assessment Team
(UN)DREF—Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (IFRC)DRM—Disaster Response and Mitigation Division
(OFDA)DRRP—Disaster Reduction and Recovery Pro-
gramme (UNDP)DRS—Donor Relations Section (UNOCHA)DRU—Disaster Reduction Unit (UNDP)EAS—emergency alert systemEBRD—European Bank for Reconstruction and
DevelopmentECA—Economic Commission for Africa (UN)ECE—Economic Commission for Europe (UN)ECHA—Executive Committee on Humanitarian
Affairs (UN)ECHO—European Commission Humanitarian
OrganizationsECLAC—Economic Commission for Latin America
and the Caribbean (UN)EIC—Emergency Information and Coordination
Support Unit (UNDP)EMA—Emergency Management AustraliaEMOP—Emergency Operation (WFP)EMOPS—Office of Emergency Programmes
(UNICEF)
EMRO—WHO Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean
EMS—emergency medical servicesEMT—emergency medical technicianEOC—emergency operations centerEOP—emergency operations planEPA—Environmental Protection Agency (US)EPF—Emergency Programme Fund (UNICEF)EPRO—Emergency Preparedness and Response
Officers (UNHCR)EPRS—Emergency Preparedness and Response
Section (UNHCR)ERC—Emergency Relief Coordinator (UN)ERD—Emergency Response Division (UNDP)ERL—Emergency Recovery Loan (WB)ERU—Emergency Response Unit (IFRC)ESB—Emergency Services Branch (UNOCHA)ESCAP—Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and the Pacific (UN)ESCWA—Economic and Social Commission for
Western Asia (UN)ETESP—Earthquake and Tsunami Emergency
Support Project (ADB)EUCOM—United States European Command (DoD)EURO—WHO Regional Office for EuropeFACT—Field Assessment and Coordination Team
(IFRC)FANR—Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resources
Directorate (SADC)FAO—Food and Agriculture Organization (UN)FARC—Revolutionary Armed Forces of ColombiaFBI—Federal Bureau of Investigation (US)FCSS—Field Coordination Support Section
(UNOCHA)FCSU—Field Coordination Support Unit (UNOCHA)FEMA—Federal Emergency Management Agency
(US)FEMID—Strengthening of Local Structures for
Disaster Mitigation (CEPREDENAC)FFP—United States Office of Food for PeaceFHA—Foreign Humanitarian Assistance (DoD)FIMA—Federal Insurance and Mitigation Adminis-
tration (US)
xx Acronyms
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FIRM—flood insurance rate map (US)FONDEN—Fund for Natural Disasters (Mexico)GDP—gross domestic productGESI—Global Earthquake Safety Initiative (UN)GIS—Geographic Information SystemGIST—Geographic Information Support Team
(UNOCHA)HAC—Health Action in Crisis Department (WHO)HACC—humanitarian assistance coordination centerHAO—Humanitarian Assistance Operations (DoD)HAP-I—Humanitarian Accountability ProjectHAST—Humanitarian Assistance Survey Team
(DoD)HAZMAT—hazardous materialsHAZUS—Hazards U.S.HAZUS-MH—Hazards U.S., Multi-HazardHC—Humanitarian Coordinator (UN)HEB—Humanitarian Emergency Branch (UNOCHA)HIC—humanitarian information centerHMU—Hazard Management Unit (WB)HOC—humanitarian operations centerIACNDR—Inter-American Committee for Natural
Disaster Reduction (OAS)IADB—Inter-American Development Bank (also
called IDB)IAP—incident action planIASC—Inter-Agency Standing CommitteeIATF/DR—Inter-Agency Task Force for Disaster
Reduction (UN)IBRD—International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (WBG)IC—incident commanderICRC—International Committee of the Red CrossICS—incident command systemICSID—International Centre for Settlement of Invest-
ment Disputes (WBG)ICVA—International Council for Voluntary
OrganizationsIDA—International Development Association (WBG)IDB—Inter-American Development Bank (see IADB)IDB—Islamic Development BankIDNDR—International Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction (UN)
IDP—internally displaced personIDRL—International Disaster Response Law Project
(IFRC)IED—improvised explosive deviceIEFR—International Emergency Food Reserve
(WFP)IETC—International Environmental Technology
Center (UNEP)IFC—International Finance Corporation (WBG)IFI—international financial institutionIFRC—International Federation of Red Cross/Red
Crescent SocietiesILO—International Labour OrganizationIMF—International Monetary FundIMTF—Inter-Agency Medical/Health Task Force
(WHO)INEE—Interagency Network for Education in
Emergencies (UNICEF)INNED—International Network of NGOs for
Emergency and DevelopmentINSARAG—International Search and Rescue
Advisory GroupIO—international organizationIOM—International Organization for Migration (UN)IRA—Irish Republican ArmyIRA—Immediate Response Account (WFP)IRIN—Integrated Regional Information Networks
(UNOCHA)IRU—International Relief UnionISDR—International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
(UN; also called UNISDR)ISS—International Social ServiceITU—International Telecommunications Union (UN)JRS—Jesuit Refugee ServiceJTF—Joint Task Force (DoD)MAC—Mines Advisory GroupMCDU—Military and Civil Defense Unit
(UNOCHA)MIC—Monitoring and Information Centre (EU)MIGA—Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
(WBG)MMI—Modified Mercalli IntensityMoNE—Ministry of National Education (Indonesia)
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MRE—Meal Ready to EatMSF—Medicin sans Frontiers (Doctors Without
Borders)MUAC—mid-upper arm circumferenceNADB—North American Development BankNATO—North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNCCI—NGO Coordination Committee in IraqNCCNI—NGO Coordinating Committee for
Northern IraqNFIP—National Flood Insurance Program (US)NFIRA—National Flood Insurance Reform Act (US)NHP—Natural Hazards Project (OAS)NIM—National Institute of Meteorology (US)NGHA—nongovernmental humanitarian agencyNGO—nongovernmental organizationNOAA—National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration (US)NORTHCOM—United States Northern Command
(DoD)NTHMP—National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation
ProgramNWS—National Weather Service (US)NZAID—New Zealand Aid and Development
AgencyOCIPEP—Office of Critical Infrastructure Prepared-
ness and Emergency Preparedness (Canada)OECD—Organization for Economic Cooperation and
DevelopmentOFDA—Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (US)OIE—World Organization for Animal HealthOSOCC—on-site operations coordination centerOTI—United States Office of Transition InitiativesPACOM—United States Pacific Command (DoD)PAHO—Pan American Health OrganizationPEPPER—pre-event planning for post-event
recoveryPGDM—Post-Georges Disaster Mitigation (OAS)PINF—People in Need FoundationPIO—public information officerPLO—Palestinian Liberation OrganizationPPE—personal protective equipmentPPEW—Platform for the Promotion of Early Warning
(UN)PRCS—Pakistan Red Crescent Society
PRGF—Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility(IMF)
PRM—Department of State Bureau of Population,Refugees and Migration (US)
PSEPC—Public Safety and Emergency PreparednessCanada
PTSD—post-traumatic stress disorderPVC—polyvinyl chloridePVO—private voluntary organizationQIP—Quick Impact Projects Initiative (UNHCR)RCB—Response Coordination Branch (UNOCHA)RD—Regional Director (PSEPC)RDD—radiological dispersion deviceRDRT—Regional Disaster Response Teams (IFRC)RELSTAT—Strengthening Local Structures and Early
Alert Systems (CEPREDENAC)RESIS—Reduction of Natural Disasters in Central
America, Earthquake Preparedness and HazardMitigation (CEPREDENAC)
RETA—Regional and Technical Assistance (IMF)REWU—Regional Early Warning Unit (SADC)RFP—request for proposalsROE—rules of engagementRPG—rocket-propelled grenadeRMT—Response Management Team (OFDA)RRSU—Regional Remote Sensing Unit (SADC)SADC—Southern African Development CommunitySADCC—Southern African Development Coordina-
tion ConferenceSARS—severe acute respiratory syndromeSCHR—Steering Committee for Humanitarian Res-
ponse (UN)SEAR—WHO Regional Office for South-East AsiaSEWA—Self-Employed Women’s Association (India)SFHA—Special Flood Hazard Areas (US)SIDA—Swedish International Development Coopera-
tion AgencySMAUG—seriousness, manageability, acceptability,
urgency, growthSME—subject matter expertSO—United States Department of Defense Office of
Stability OperationsSOCOM—United States Special Operations Com-
mand (DoD)
xxii Acronyms
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SPR—Special Program Resources (UNDP)STAPLEE—social, technical, administrative, politi-
cal, legal, economic, environmentalSTART—simple triage and rapid transportSOUTHCOM—United States Southern Command
(DoD)TAG—Technical Assistance Group (OFDA)TCER—FAO Rehabilitation and Humanitarian
Policies UnitTCES—FAO Special Emergency Programmes
ServiceTCP—Technical Cooperation Programme (FAO)TRANSCOM—United States Transportation Com-
mand (DoD)TRT—Transition Recovery Team (UNDP)UN—United NationsUNAIDS—Joint United Nations Programme on
HIV/AIDSUNCCD—United Nations Convention to Combat
DesertificationUNCRD—United Nations Centre for Regional
DevelopmentUNDAC—United Nations Disaster Assessment and
CoordinationUNDMT—United Nations Disaster Management
TeamUNDP—United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDRO—United Nations Disaster Relief Coord-
inatorUNEP—United Nations Environmental ProgrammeUNESCO—United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural OrganizationUNFPA—United Nations Population FundUNHABITAT—United Nations Human Settlement
Programme (also called UN-Habitat)UNHCHR—United Nations High Commissioner for
Human RightsUNHCR—United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees
UNHRD—United Nations Humanitarian ResponseDepot
UNICEF—United Nations Children’s FundUNIFEM—United Nations Development Fund for
WomenUNISDR—see ISDRUNITAR—United Nations Institute for Training and
ResearchUNITES—United Nations Information Technology
ServiceUNJCL—United Nations Joint Logistics CenterUNMONUC—United Nations Mission in the CongoUNOCHA—United Nations Office for the Coordina-
tion of Humanitarian AffairsUNODC—United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeUSACOM—United States Atlantic Command (DoD)USAID—United States Agency for International
DevelopmentUSAR—urban search and rescueUSDA—United States Department of AgricultureUSFS—United States Forest ServiceUSGS—United States Geological SurveyUSTDA—United States Trade and Development
AgencyVOICE—Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in
EmergenciesWB—World Bank (UN)WBG—World Bank Group (UN)WFP—World Food Programme (UN)WHO—World Health Organization (UN)WMD—weapon of mass destructionWMO—World Meteorological Organization (UN)WPRO—WHO Regional Office for the Western
PacificWWI—World War IWWII—World War II
Acronyms xxiii
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