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Psych 260Psych 260
Kim SweeneyKim Sweeney
[email protected]@cogsci.ucsd.edu
www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260
Introduction to Introduction to
Physiological PsychologyPhysiological Psychology
What is an emotion?What is an emotion?
appraisal experiencephysiologicalresponse
behavior
Autonomic & Hormonal
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�� Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal
response which response which then then triggers emotiontriggers emotion�� Implication: Autonomic/skeletal response is Implication: Autonomic/skeletal response is necessarynecessary for emotionfor emotion
JamesJames--Lange TheoryLange Theory
appraisal experiencephysiologicalresponse
�� Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal
response response and and emotionemotion�� Implication: Autonomic/skeletal response is Implication: Autonomic/skeletal response is independentindependent of emotionof emotion
CannonCannon--Bard TheoryBard Theory
appraisal
experiencephysiologicalresponse
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TwoTwo--factor Theoryfactor Theory
�� SchacterSchacter and Singer and Singer (1962)(1962)
appraisal experience
physiologicalresponse
cognitive label
What is an emotion?What is an emotion?
appraisal
experience physiologicalresponse
Bottom-up AND Top-down influences!!
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The Limbic SystemThe Limbic System
�� Circuit implicated Circuit implicated
in crucial in crucial
emotions/instincts: emotions/instincts:
–– FeedingFeeding
–– FightingFighting
–– FleeingFleeing
–– Sexual behaviorSexual behavior
�� The “four F’s”The “four F’s”
HM “Tan”
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PhineasPhineas GageGage
He seemed He seemed almostalmost fine…fine…
�� I first noticed the wound upon the head before I alighted from my I first noticed the wound upon the head before I alighted from my
carriage, the pulsations of the brain being very distinct. Mr. Gage, carriage, the pulsations of the brain being very distinct. Mr. Gage,
during the time I was examining this wound, was relating the during the time I was examining this wound, was relating the
manner in which he was injured to the bystanders. I did not manner in which he was injured to the bystanders. I did not
believe Mr. Gage's statement at that time, but thought he was believe Mr. Gage's statement at that time, but thought he was
deceived. Mr. Gage persisted in saying that the bar went through deceived. Mr. Gage persisted in saying that the bar went through
his head(...). Mr. Gage got up and vomited; the effort of vomiting his head(...). Mr. Gage got up and vomited; the effort of vomiting
pressed out about half a teacupful of the brain, which fell upon pressed out about half a teacupful of the brain, which fell upon
the floor. the floor. (Williams, from Bigelow, 1950)(Williams, from Bigelow, 1950)
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PhineasPhineas GageGage
�� Extensive damage Extensive damage
to to ventroventro--medial medial
prefrontal and prefrontal and
orbitofrontal orbitofrontal
cortexcortex
–– Responsible for…Responsible for…
�� The equilibrium or balance, so to speak, between his The equilibrium or balance, so to speak, between his
intellectual faculties and animal propensities, seems to intellectual faculties and animal propensities, seems to
have been destroyed. He is fitful, irreverent, indulging have been destroyed. He is fitful, irreverent, indulging
at times in the grossest profanity (which was not at times in the grossest profanity (which was not
previously his custom), manifesting but little deference previously his custom), manifesting but little deference
for his fellows[…]. A child in his intellectual capacity for his fellows[…]. A child in his intellectual capacity
and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a
strong man. Previous to his injury, although untrained strong man. Previous to his injury, although untrained
in the schools, he possessed a wellin the schools, he possessed a well--balanced mind, and balanced mind, and
was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd,
smart businessman, very energetic and persistent in smart businessman, very energetic and persistent in
executing all his plans of operation. In this regard his executing all his plans of operation. In this regard his
mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his
friends and acquaintances said he was "no longer Gage."friends and acquaintances said he was "no longer Gage."
Harlow
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The The balancebalance
�� Gage lacked the cortex necessary to Gage lacked the cortex necessary to
inhibitinhibit his emotional responses…his emotional responses…
�� But it is also possible to not have But it is also possible to not have
emotional responses at all if the limbic emotional responses at all if the limbic
system can’t access the cortex!system can’t access the cortex!
–– Damasio’sDamasio’s patient “Elliott”patient “Elliott”
–– “I know this is horrible, I just don’t feel the “I know this is horrible, I just don’t feel the
horror”horror”
ElliottElliott
�� Operation to remove tumor also Operation to remove tumor also
damaged damaged vmPFCvmPFC
–– Normal IQNormal IQ
–– Normal MemoryNormal Memory
–– Ability to do calculations and Ability to do calculations and
deductionsdeductions
–– … but completely unable to … but completely unable to function!function!
�� Deprived of his feelings, he couldn’t Deprived of his feelings, he couldn’t
evaluate choices.evaluate choices.
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(Some)(Some) InputsInputs and and OutputsOutputs
of the Amygdalaof the Amygdala
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�� The job of the The job of the
cortex may be to cortex may be to
prevent prevent
inappropriate inappropriate
responses responses rather rather
than to produce than to produce
appropriate ones! appropriate ones!
Two pathwaysTwo pathways
Cortex
AmygdalaThalamus
Emotional stimulus Emotional response
Low road- 12 ms
High road- 30-40 ms
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The The balancebalance
�� Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
–– Receives input Receives input from the from the thalamusthalamus, temporal , temporal
cortex, cortex, olfactory olfactory system, and system, and amygdala amygdala
(among others!).(among others!).
–– Outputs Outputs to to cingulate cingulate cortex, cortex, hippocampus, hippocampus,
temporal cortex, temporal cortex, hypothalamushypothalamus, and , and
amygdala, as well as other areas of frontal amygdala, as well as other areas of frontal
cortex.cortex.
The The balancebalance
�� Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
–– Thus, its inputs provide it with information Thus, its inputs provide it with information
about what is happening in the environment about what is happening in the environment
and what plans are being made by the rest of and what plans are being made by the rest of
the frontal lobes, and its outputs permit it to the frontal lobes, and its outputs permit it to
affect a variety of behaviors and affect a variety of behaviors and
physiological responses, including emotional physiological responses, including emotional
responses organized by the amygdala.responses organized by the amygdala.
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Morality and the Morality and the vmPFCvmPFC
Effects of Effects of vmPFCvmPFC damage on moralitydamage on morality
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GreenGreen
YellowYellow
RedRed
PurplePurple
Blue Blue
RedRed
BlackBlack
YellowYellow
OrangeOrange
BlueBlue
Purple
Red
Green
Black
Blue
Yellow
Green
Red
Purple
Blue
Blue
Brown
Blue
Red
Green
Green
Yellow
Red
Yellow
Orange
BlueBlue
RedRed
GreenGreen
YellowYellow
BlackBlack
YellowYellow
OrangeOrange
RedRed
PurplePurple
BlueBlue
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BlueBlue
RedRed
GreenGreen
YellowYellow
BlackBlack
YellowYellow
OrangeOrange
RedRed
PurplePurple
BlueBlue
Purple
Red
Green
Black
Blue
Yellow
Green
Red
Purple
Blue
Green
Yellow
Red
Yellow
Orange
Blue
Brown
Blue
Red
Green
Emotion ResearchEmotion Research
�� A majority of emotion research (esp. in A majority of emotion research (esp. in
animals) has focused on fearanimals) has focused on fear
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Communication of EmotionsCommunication of Emotions
�� Several Several studies have found thatstudies have found that damage damage
to the to the amygdalaamygdala impairs impairs people’s ability people’s ability
to recognize facial expressions of to recognize facial expressions of
emotion, emotion, especially especially expressions of fear.expressions of fear.
Recognition of EmotionsRecognition of Emotions
�� The rapid response The rapid response suggests that visual suggests that visual information that the information that the amygdala receives amygdala receives directly from the directly from the subcortical visual subcortical visual system (which system (which conducts information conducts information very rapidly) permits very rapidly) permits it to recognize facial it to recognize facial expressions of fear.expressions of fear.
Cortex
AmygdalaThalamus
Emotional stimulus Emotional response
Low road- 12 ms
High road- 30-40 ms
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Recognition of EmotionsRecognition of Emotions
�� We recognize other people’s feelings by We recognize other people’s feelings by means of vision and auditionmeans of vision and audition——seeing their seeing their facial expressions and hearing their tone of facial expressions and hearing their tone of voice and choice of words.voice and choice of words.
�� Many studies have found that the right Many studies have found that the right hemisphere plays a more important role hemisphere plays a more important role than the left hemisphere in comprehension than the left hemisphere in comprehension of emotion.of emotion.
Recognition of EmotionsRecognition of Emotions
�� AdolphsAdolphs et al. (2000) discovered a possible link et al. (2000) discovered a possible link between between somatosensationsomatosensation and emotional recognition.and emotional recognition.
�� Examined Examined the locations of brain damage inthe locations of brain damage in ~100 ~100 patients patients with localized brain lesions and correlated with localized brain lesions and correlated this information with the patients’ ability to this information with the patients’ ability to recognize and identify facial expressions of emotionsrecognize and identify facial expressions of emotions..
�� They found that this ability was most compromised They found that this ability was most compromised by damage to the by damage to the somatosensorysomatosensory cortex of the cortex of the rightrighthemisphere.hemisphere.
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Lateralization of EmotionLateralization of Emotion
�� Two theories Two theories
–– RightRight--hemisphere model hemisphere model –– the right hemisphere the right hemisphere
is dominant for all aspects of is dominant for all aspects of emotionemotion
–– Valence model Valence model –– the right hemisphere the right hemisphere
specializes in negative specializes in negative emotions, and the LH…emotions, and the LH…
�� Both theories are probably too generalBoth theories are probably too general
Individual Differences in the Individual Differences in the
Neural Mechanisms of EmotionNeural Mechanisms of Emotion
�� Most (but not all) of nine patients with bilateral Most (but not all) of nine patients with bilateral amygdalaramygdalar lesions had difficulty recognizing fear lesions had difficulty recognizing fear in facial expressions in facial expressions ((AdolphsAdolphs et al, et al, 20032003))
�� Personality differences: Personality differences: –– both both high extraversion and high neuroticism healthy high extraversion and high neuroticism healthy subjects showed higher subjects showed higher amygdalaramygdalar activity while activity while viewing fearful faces; only extraverts showed higher viewing fearful faces; only extraverts showed higher amygdalaramygdalar activity while viewing happy faces activity while viewing happy faces ((CanliCanli et et
al, al, 2002)2002)
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Figure 10.11Perception of Emotions. The PET scans indicate brain regions activated by listening to emotions expressed by tone of voice (green) or by meanings of words (red).From George, M. S., Parekh, P. I., Rosinsky, N., Ketter, T. A., et al. Archives of Neurology, 1996, 53, 665–670.
Communication of EmotionsCommunication of Emotions�� Volitional facial paresis:Volitional facial paresis:
–– Difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily; Difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the face region of the primary caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its motor cortex or its subcorticalsubcortical connections.connections.
�� Emotional facial paresis:Emotional facial paresis:–– Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in people who have no difficulty moving emotions in people who have no difficulty moving these muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the these muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex, insular prefrontal cortex, subcorticalsubcortical white matter white matter of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus.of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus.
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PsychologyPsychology
�� “Positive” Thinking…“Positive” Thinking…
–– Greater life satisfaction Greater life satisfaction (Schwarz & Clore, 1983)(Schwarz & Clore, 1983)
–– More likely to help, more generous More likely to help, more generous (Isen, 1970)(Isen, 1970)
–– Better judgments of neutral possessions Better judgments of neutral possessions (Isen, 1978)(Isen, 1978)
–– More likely to ‘think outside the box’ More likely to ‘think outside the box’ (Isen, 1987)(Isen, 1987)
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Thinking when feeling “positive”Thinking when feeling “positive”
Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005
Thinking when feeling “positive”Thinking when feeling “positive”
–– More words from longer word More words from longer word (Smith & Larsen, 1989)(Smith & Larsen, 1989)
–– More (unusual) associations More (unusual) associations ((IsenIsen, 1985), 1985)
–– Broader, more inclusive categories Broader, more inclusive categories ((IsenIsen, , 19921992, Murray, , Murray,
1990) 1990)
–– Better at Remote Associates Test (RAT) Better at Remote Associates Test (RAT) ((IsenIsen, 1987), 1987)
�� worm, shelf, end… BOOKworm, shelf, end… BOOK
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�� Affective Neuroscience:Affective Neuroscience:
–– What brain structures are involved in processing What brain structures are involved in processing
affect and emotional stimuli? affect and emotional stimuli?
�� Psychology:Psychology:
–– What are emotions and moods? What are emotions and moods?
–– What effect does affect have on behavior?What effect does affect have on behavior?
�� But, there is relatively little neuroscientific But, there is relatively little neuroscientific
research on how affect influences cognition.research on how affect influences cognition.
QuestionsQuestions
�� (How) does being in a mood affect (How) does being in a mood affect
nonnon--affective language processing?affective language processing?
�� What is the nature and time course of What is the nature and time course of
the effect of mood?the effect of mood?
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs)Event Related Potentials (ERPs)
Event Related Potentials (ERPs)Event Related Potentials (ERPs)
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Beep.
P300P300-- Amplitude. Surprise! Amplitude. Surprise! Beep.Beep.Beep.BOOP. Beep.Beep.
�� Sensitive to semantic processingSensitive to semantic processing
�� Sensitive to semantic categorizationSensitive to semantic categorization
“apple”
“kiwi”
“desk”
_
+
0 200 400 600 800 ms
Semantic Relationships and the Semantic Relationships and the
N400N400
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VehicleVehicle
Car
PlaneTrain
Elevator
Camel
FeetApple
Ice Cream
The N400 is sensitive to semantic CATEGORIZATION
Mood affectsCATEGORIZATION
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In CATEGORIZATIONIn CATEGORIZATION
we would expect to we would expect to see effects of mood see effects of mood on the amplitude of on the amplitude of
the N400the N400
Categorization and the N400Categorization and the N400
“apple”
“A kind of fruit…”
“kiwi”
“desk”
_
+
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StimuliStimuli
�� 60 each of five sentence types:60 each of five sentence types:
High Typicality A kind of fruit: apple
Low Typicality A kind of fruit: kiwi
Non Member A kind of fruit: desk
Correct Opposite The opposite of black: white
Incorrect Opposite The opposite of black: way
Experiment 1 TimelineExperiment 1 Timeline
Time
Happy Mood
Induction
Categories
and
Opposites
Categories
and
Opposites
Categories
and
Opposites
Categories
and
Opposites
Categories
and
Opposites
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Experiment 1 TimelineExperiment 1 Timeline
Time
Sad Mood
Induction
Categories
and
Opposites
Categories
and
Opposites
Categories
and
Opposites
Categories
and
Opposites
Categories
and
Opposites
outYes or No?The opposite of inYes or No? pineappleA kind of fruit
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10 Female Participants10 Female Participants-- Positive MoodPositive Mood
10 Female Participants10 Female Participants-- Negative MoodNegative Mood
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Correct Opposite The opposite of black: white
Incorrect Opposite The opposite of black: way
High Typicality A kind of fruit: apple
Non- Member A kind of fruit: desk
Low Typicality A kind of fruit: kiwi
*
*
Five Sentence TypesFive Sentence Types
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Context MattersContext Matters
Next time… Next time…
�� Last QuizLast Quiz! !
�� Chapter 15: Schizophrenia, Affective Chapter 15: Schizophrenia, Affective
Disorders, Anxiety DisordersDisorders, Anxiety Disorders
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Fear, Defense, and AggressionFear, Defense, and Aggression
� Fear – emotional reaction to threat
� Defensive behaviors – designed to protect from threat or harm (motivated by fear)
� Submissive behaviors- indicate acceptance of defeat
� Aggressive behaviors – designed to threaten or harm
� Social aggression – unprovoked attacks on members of one’s own species to establish dominance
� Defensive attack – aggressive behavior, as when cornered