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INTRODUCTION TO PHYTOBACTERIOLOGY1
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
Dr. Jaap D. Janse
Department Laboratory Methods and Diagnostics
Dutch General Inspection Service (NAK) Emmeloord, The Netherlands
Observation, assimilation and sharing of knowledge
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
Mastaba of Nefermaat and Atet at Maydum Egypt (c. 2620 BC)
Huang Quan (ca.903-965 AD), Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Nature in its different habitats and forms put (cultivated) plants and animals under different forms of stress
Mediterraneanclimatenear AdanaTurkey
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
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1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Beeka valley Libanon
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Plains in Anatolia, TurkeyCOST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Mountain climate in FranceCOST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
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1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Beauties and/ortheir offspringmay attack:Cabbage whitebutterfly (Pieris brassicae)
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Another beauty: Corn companion (Agrostemma githago)but seeds are poisenous
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Deadly holyness: Mantis
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
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1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
In biology: observation and surprise
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Useful plants:Walnut (Juglans regia)
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Unwanted plants -weeds:Tall globe thistle (Echinops exaltatus)
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
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1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Useful and unwanted plants are attacked:gall mite (Aceria macrorhyncha=Phytoptus aceris) on Acer
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Manipulation of plants: galls of a gall-wasp (Diplolepsis rosae) on rose (Rosa villosa)
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Blocking of transport ofvital liquids:
Wilt caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearumin potato
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
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1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Bacteria are everywhere but you do not see themCOST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
Bacteria can be present on insects
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Honey bee(Apis mellifera)
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
Bacteria can be present on birds
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
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Bacteria can be transported by man
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
Bacteria on root surface of elder (Alnus glutinosa)
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
INTRO: history
Bacteria were first seen by Anthoni vanLeeuwenhoek, dutch merchant in 1683
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
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INTRO: history
Robert Koch (1843-1910) proved that bacteria can cause disease: experiments with Bacillus anthrax in sheep
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
INTRO: historyKOCH’S POSTULATES
1. The suspected pathogenic organism (here: the bacterium)must always be present in lesions of the diseased tissuesof an organism in question and absent in healthy organisms(here: plants).
2. The suspected organism must be isolated from thediseased tissues and grown in pure culture.
3. When the pure culture of the organism is inoculated into ahealthy host (here: plant) in the laboratory it must producea similar disease in this host.
4. The same organism must be found and reisolated from theexperimentally inoculated host (here: plant) in whichdisease developed.
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
INTRO: history
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - fermentation,spoilage,
spontaneous generation
Winogradski (1856-1953) - autotrophic bacteria, iron and sulfur cycles
Waksman (1888-1973) - streptomycin
Avery (1877-1953) - DNA (1944)
first complete genome of bacterium 1995
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
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Major lineages (kingdoms) of bacteriaas determined by 16S rRNA sequences
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
Place of bacteria in living world
Macro
organisms
Eukarya or
eukaryotes
Animals, man
plants (including
algae
and certain fungi)
Micro
organisms
Eukarya or
eukaryotes
Animals
(protozoa)
Plants (algae)
Most fungi
Prokarya or
prokaryotes
Bacteria Cyanobacteria
('blue-green
algae')1)
True bacteria
Rickettsias,
FXLB, FPLB and
chlamidias2)
incl. Liberibacter
Mycoplasmas, Phytoplasmas
Spiroplasmas3) Archaea4)
(Bacteria-like
micro organisms
living in extreme
environments)
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
TABLE
Differences between Prokaryotes
(Bacteria and Archaea) and
Eukaryotes
Characteristic Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Bacteria ArchaeaProkaryotic cell
structure
+ + -
DNA covalently
closed, circular
+ + -
Membrane-enclosed
nucleus
- - +
Peptidoglucan based(Muramic acid) cell
wall
+ - -
Ribosomes 70S 70S 80S
Plasmids + + rare
Sensitivity to
chloramphenicol,
streptomycin and
kanamycin
+ - -
Methanogenesis - + -
Nitrogen fixation + + -
Chlorophyll-basedphotosynthesis
+ - +
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse
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TABLEDifferent energy and carbon sources used by
bacteria
Bacterium: Energy source C-source
photoautotrophic light CO2
photoheterotrophic light organic compounds
chemoautotrophic anorganic compounds byoxidation-reductionreactions
CO2
chemoheterotrophic organic compounds organic compounds
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
COST FA1104 Training School
Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse