Introduction to Psycholgy 7-8-2011

8/6/2019 Introduction to Psycholgy 7-8-2011

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Fundamentals of PsychologyFundamentals of PsychologyFundamentals of PsychologyFundamentals of Psychology


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What is Psychology ?




Comprises of two Greek words Psyche and

Logos

Psyche the Soul Logos Study of

Early Definition - study of mental activity

Bio-Social Science


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DEFINITION

DEFINITION

DEFINITION

DEFINITION

Scientific Study of Behaviour

(human & animals) and mentalprocesses.


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A

IM OF PSYCHOLOGYA

IM OF PSYCHOLOGYA

IM OF PSYCHOLOGYA

IM OF PSYCHOLOGYTo understand, predict and control

behaviour.

i.e to find out how and why of thebehaviour, exploring the various causes of

the particular behaviour.

To predict or foretell the occurrence of abehaviour.

To control the occurrence of behaviours

using psychological treatment.


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Predict what will happen

Systematically observe events

Do events support predictions

Life Before PsychologyLife Before PsychologyLife Before PsychologyLife Before Psychology

Ren Descartes(1596-1650)

Philosophy asks questions about the mind: Does perception accurately reflect reality?

How is sensation turned into perception?

PROBLEM - NO |SCIENTIFIC} WAYOF STUDYING PROBLEMS

Physiology asks similar questions about the mind

SCIENTIFIC

METHOD


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Psychology Is BornPsychology Is BornPsychology Is BornPsychology Is Born

WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)

FIRST EXPERIMENTAL PSYCH LAB (1879FIRST EXPERIMENTAL PSYCH LAB (1879Focuses on the scientific study of the mind.

WW insists that Psych methods be as rigorous

as the methods of chemistry & physics.

University of Leipzig

Harvard UniversityYale University

Columbia University

Catholic University

Univ of Pennsylvania

Cornell University

Stanford University

WUNDTS STUDENTS START LABSACROSS USA (1880-1900)


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Psychology (prePsychology (pre--1920)1920)Psychology (prePsychology (pre--1920)1920)

WilhelmWundt (1832-1920)Physiologist & Perceptual Psychologist

Founder of Psychology as a ScienceExperiments

Edward Titchner (1867-1927)

Student ofWundt

Formed =at CornellIntrospection

William James (1842-1910)

Philosopher & Psychologist

Formed =at Harvard

Psychology

Understanding

Mental Processes


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S

tructuralismS

tructuralismS

tructuralismS

tructuralism

Structuralism was concerned with identifying theunits of conscious experience feelings, sensation,

thoughts, perception, images etc..

1879: Wundt founds psychologys first laboratory at

Leipzig

Titchener subdivided consciousness into physicalsensations, feelings, and images


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FunctionalismFunctionalismFunctionalismFunctionalism Functionalism was concerned with the ongoing use of

conscious experience & how men.

James argued that consciousness cannot be brokeninto elements.

coined the phrase stream of consciousness

attempts to understand how human beings learn and

adapt to the real world.

studies mental illness and attempts to help peopleafflicted with them.


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StructuralismStructuralism vsvs FunctionalismFunctionalismStructuralismStructuralism vsvs FunctionalismFunctionalism

William James(1842-1910)

Analyze consciousness into basic elements

and study how they are related

Introspection - self-observationof ones own conscious experiences

Investigate the function, or purpose

of consciousness rather than its structure

Leaned toward applied work

(natural surroundings)

STRUCTURALISMSTRUCTURALISM

FUNCTIONALISMFUNCTIONALISM

WilhelmWundt


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Psychology (1920sPsychology (1920s--1960s)1960s)Psychology (1920sPsychology (1920s--1960s)1960s)

John B.Watson (1878-1958)

Behavior without Reference to Thought

The RAT & S-RPsychology

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Behaviorism with a Twist

The PIGEON &

The Skinner Box

Psychology

Science ofObservable

Behavior

Behaviorism


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BehaviorismBehaviorismBehaviorismBehaviorismScientific Psychology should focus on

observable behavior.

John Watson

(1878-1958)

Ivan Pavlov

PSYCH THE SCIENCE OF BEHAVIOR

STIMULUSSTIMULUSRESPONSERESPONSE

PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

Mental Processes cannotbe studied directly


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For WatsonFor WatsonFor WatsonFor Watson

The only legitimate object of psychological study was

objective behavior.

Dont give me this stuff of the elementary units of

consciousness.

How do you know what it is?

Its not objective

Science cannot study the Mind, Consciousness, or

images because they are not observable.

Should study objective behavior.


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FocusFocusFocusFocus Focus is on the consequences of a behavior.

Rewards and punishers.

Has made major impacts in many areas ofpsychology,

education, and business.

Discover the laws that could predict and control

behavior. Make Psychology an objective science


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Gestalt PsychologyGestalt PsychologyGestalt PsychologyGestalt Psychology

Max Wertheimer

(1880-1943)

|THE WHOLE IS DIFFERENT THAN|THE WHOLE IS DIFFERENT THANTHE SUM OF ITS PARTS.}THE SUM OF ITS PARTS.}

Phi PhenomenonIllusion of movement created by

presenting visual stimuli in rapidsuccession.

A reaction against StructuralismAn attempt to focus attention back

onto conscious experience

(i.e., the mind)

WHY?WHY?


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The key principles of Gestalt systemsThe key principles of Gestalt systemsare emergence, reification,are emergence, reification,multistability and invariancemultistability and invariance

The key principles of Gestalt systemsThe key principles of Gestalt systemsare emergence, reification,are emergence, reification,multistability and invariancemultistability and invariance

EmergenceEmergence is demonstrated by

the perception of the DogPicture, which depicts a

Dalmatian dogDalmatian dog sniffing the

ground in the shade of

overhanging trees.

The dog is not recognizedby first identifying its parts

(feet, ears, nose, tail, etc.),


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Reification is the constructive or

generative aspect of perception,

by which the experienced percept

contains more explicit spatial

information than the sensory

stimulus on which it is based.

For instance, a triangle will be

perceived in pictureA, althoughno triangle has actually been

drawn.

In pictures B and D the eye

will recognize disparate shapes as

"belonging" to a single shape, in C

a complete three-dimensional

shape is seen, where in actuality

no such thing is drawn.


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MultistabilityMultistability (or multistable perception) is the

tendency of ambiguous perceptual experiences to pop

back and forth unstably between two or more

alternative interpretations.

This is seen for example in theNecker cubeNecker cube, and

in Rubin's Figure / VaseRubin's Figure / Vase illusion shown to the left


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Unconscious expressed in

dreams & slips of the tongue

Freud & PsychoanalysisFreud & PsychoanalysisFreud & PsychoanalysisFreud & Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)

PROPOSED THE IDEA OF THEPROPOSED THE IDEA OF THE

UNCONSCIOUSUNCONSCIOUS

Thoughts, memories & desires

exist below conscious awareness

and exert an influence on ourbehavior

Psychoanalytic Theory attempts to explain

personality, mental disorders & motivation in

terms of unconscious determinants of behavior


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THE ICEBERGTHE ICEBERGTHE ICEBERGTHE ICEBERG

HOW MUCH DO YOU SEE OF AN ICEBERG?


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ONLY10%OF

ANY ICEBERGIS

VISIBLE. THE

REMAINING90%

IS BELOW SEA

LEVEL.


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SEALEVEL

10%

90%

VISIBLE

ABOVE SEALEVEL

INVISIBLE

BELOW SEALEVEL


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The Iceberg phenomena is also

applicable on human beings


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SEALEVEL

BEHAVIOR

VALUES STANDARDS JUDGMENTS

Unfulfilled wishesMOTIVES ETHICS - BELIEFS

KNOWN

TOOTHERS

UNKNOWN

TOOTHERS


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Cognitive PsychologyCognitive PsychologyCognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology

Noam ChomskyLanguageVENT OF COMPUTERS (LATE 1950S) PROVIDESVENT OF COMPUTERS (LATE 1950S) PROVIDES

NEW MODEL FOR THINKING ABOUT THE MINDNEW MODEL FOR THINKING ABOUT THE MIND

Cognitive Psychologists return

to the study of learning,

memory, perception, language,

development & problem solving

Cognition the mental processesinvolved in acquiring, processing,

storing & using information


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Psychology (1960sPsychology (1960s--1990s)1990s)Psychology (1960sPsychology (1960s--1990s)1990s)

PsychologyScience of Behavior

& Mental ProcessesCognitive =

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

The Dynamic Unconscious Mind

Psychoanalysis

Computers as Metaphor for Mind

Study Mind through Inferences Drawn

F

rom Observable Behavior


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Women of PsychologyWomen of PsychologyWomen of PsychologyWomen of Psychology

MARY CALKINSMARY CALKINS - student of William James atHarvard but was not awarded a Ph.D.

Founded psych lab at Wellesley College (1891)

MARAGARET WASHBURNMARAGARET WASHBURN - first woman to receivePh.D. in Psychology. Wrote The Animal Mind,

which helped begin the Behaviorist movement.

LETA HOLLINGWORTHLETA HOLLINGWORTH - Debunked popular theoriesthat suggested women were inferior to men.

Did pioneering work on adolescent development,

mental retardation & gifted children.


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Different Perspectives inDifferent Perspectives in

PsychologyPsychology

Different Perspectives inDifferent Perspectives in

PsychologyPsychologyBiological Psychology

Behavioral/Clinical Psychology

Cognitive Psychology

Social-Cultural Psychology


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Biological PerspectiveBiological PerspectiveBiological PerspectiveBiological Perspective

Focus

How the body and brain create emotions, memories,

and sensory experiences.

Sample Issues

How do evolution and heredity influence behavior? How are messages transmitted within the body?

How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?


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Behavioral/ClinicalBehavioral/ClinicalPerspectivePerspective

Behavioral/ClinicalBehavioral/ClinicalPerspectivePerspective

Focus

How we learn from observable responses.

How to best study, assess and treat troubled people.

Sample Issues How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations?

What is the most effective way to alter certain behaviors?

What are the underlying causes of:

Anxiety Disorders

Phobic Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders


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Cognitive PerspectiveCognitive PerspectiveCognitive PerspectiveCognitive Perspective

Focus

How we process, store and retrieve information.

Sample Issues How do we use info in remembering and reasoning?

How do our senses govern the nature of perception?(Is what you see really what you get?)

How much do infants know when they are born?


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SocialSocial--Cultural PerspectiveCultural PerspectiveSocialSocial--Cultural PerspectiveCultural Perspective

Focus

How behavior and thinking vary across situations

and cultures.

Sample Issues How are we, as members of different races and

nationalities, alike as members of one human family? How do we differ, as products of different social contexts?

Why do people sometimes act differently in groups than

when alone?


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Indian cultural contextIndian cultural contextIndian cultural contextIndian cultural context


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One night two young men from Egulac went down to the river to hunt seals, and while they

were there it became foggy and calm. Then they heard war cries, and they thought: Maybe this

is a war party. They escaped to the shore, and hid behind a log. Now canoes came up, and they

heard the noise of paddles, and saw one canoe coming up to them. There were five men in the

canoe, and they said:

What do you think? We wish to take you along. We are going up the river to make war on

the people.

One of the young men said, I have no arrows.

Arrows are in the canoe, they said.

I will not go along. I might be killed. My relatives do not know where I have gone. Butyou, he said turning to the other, may go with them.

So one of the young men went but the other returned home.

And the warriors went on up the river to a town on the other side of Kalama. The people came

down to the water, and they began to fight, and many were killed. But presently the young man

heard one of the warriors say, Quick, let us go home, that indian has been hit. Now he

thought, Oh, they are ghosts. He did not feel sick, but they said he had been shot.So the canoes went back to Egulac, and the young man went ashore to his house and made a

fire. And he told everybody and said, Behold I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to fight.

Many of our fellows were killed, and many of those who attacked us were killed. They said I

was hit and I did not feel sick.

He told it all, and then became quiet. When the sun rose he fell down. Something black came

out of his mouth. His face became contorted. The people jumped up and cried. He was dead.

TheWar of the Ghosts


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Psychologists must be skeptical

and think critically

WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE?

HOW WAS IT COLLECTED?

Psychology is EmpiricalPsychology is EmpiricalPsychology is EmpiricalPsychology is Empirical

PSYCH CONCLUSIONS BASED ON RESEARCHPSYCH CONCLUSIONS BASED ON RESEARCH

NOT TRADITION OR COMMON SENSENOT TRADITION OR COMMON SENSE

Knowledge acquired through observation


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Psych Is Theoretically DiversePsych Is Theoretically DiversePsych Is Theoretically DiversePsych Is Theoretically Diverse

TheoryTheory

DREAMSDREAMS

BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICALPSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE

CLINICALCLINICALPSYCHOANALYTICPSYCHOANALYTIC

PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE

A system of interrelated ideas used

to explain a set of observations


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Psych &Psych & SociohistoricalSociohistorical

ContextContext

Psych &Psych & SociohistoricalSociohistorical

ContextContextTrends & IssuesIn Society

Advances In

Psychology

PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPS IN BOTH APSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPS IN BOTH ASOCIAL & HISTORICAL CONTEXTSOCIAL & HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Early PsychologyAffected by

physics & physiology

Society TodayAffected by

psychological testing

(IQ, SAT, GRE)


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What Causes Behavior?What Causes Behavior?What Causes Behavior?What Causes Behavior?


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Behavior is Shaped by CultureBehavior is Shaped by CultureBehavior is Shaped by CultureBehavior is Shaped by Culture

PERSONAL SPACEPERSONAL SPACEVALUE OFVALUE OF

EDUCATIONEDUCATION

PUNCTUALITYPUNCTUALITY

SOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL NORMS


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Influence of Heredity &Influence of Heredity &EnvironmentEnvironment

Influence of Heredity &Influence of Heredity &EnvironmentEnvironment

NATURE VERSUS NURTURENATURE VERSUS NURTURE


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Perception Is SubjectivePerception Is SubjectivePerception Is SubjectivePerception Is Subjective

INTERNAL INFORMATIONPrior Expectations

Current Mental State

Experience

EXTERNAL INFORMATIONActualWords/Actions

Image Reflected from Objects

SoundWaves

Both DetermineBoth DetermineOur ExperienceOur Experience

of the Worldof the World


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Work In Psychology (?)Work In Psychology (?)Work In Psychology (?)Work In Psychology (?)

Universities &

Colleges

27.2%

Elementary/

Secondary

Schools

4.2%

Hospitals,Counseling,

Clinics, etc.

22.3%

Business,Government or

Consulting

12.1%

Independent

Practice

33.1%


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Specialties In PsychologySpecialties In PsychologySpecialties In PsychologySpecialties In Psychology

Clinical,

Community

& Counseling51.1%

General/Quantitative

3.6%

Cognitive/Physio

5.2%

I/O5.7%

Social/

Developmental

6.4%Other

8.6%Ed & School

19.4%


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Areas by ResearchAreas by Research

InterestsInterests

Areas by ResearchAreas by Research

InterestsInterestsDevel ental

P si l i al

Ex eri ental

Pers nality

Social

ognitive

Psychometric

Other


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AreasAreas by Professionby ProfessionAreasAreas by Professionby Profession

Cli ic l

Counseling

Educ ion/

c ool

Industri l/

Organizational

Other

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Introduction to Psycholgy 7-8-2011

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