Date post: | 20-Jan-2017 |
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Engineering |
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R A K E S H K U M A R V E R M A
A S S T . P R O F E S S O R C I V I L E N G G . P . I . E . T .
Elements of Civil Engineering
Amer Fort, Rajasthan Agra Fort
TajMahal
Civil Engineering
One of the oldest of the engineering professions
Includes the designing, planning, construction, and maintenance of the infrastructure
Works include roads, bridges, buildings, dams, canals, water supply
Concerned with determining the right design for these structures and looking after the construction process
Egyptian pyramids and Roman road systems are based on civil engineering principles
Design
Planning
Construct
Field Surveying Planning and Drawing
Estimation & Implementation Maintenance
Civil Engg. in Daily routine
Water Treatment Plant
All have been designed and constructed by civil engineers
Morning
Shower
Water Supply System
Network of Roads
Structural Bridges
Tall Buildings
Importance and Applications of Civil Engineering
building good quality transportation systems like highways, airports, rail lines, sea ports, etc
fire control systems and installing quick fire exit points in the buildings
minimizing the loss of life during fire accidents
purify the contaminated air, water and soil
Continue……..
Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilised are
1. to fix the national and state boundaries;
2. to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;
3. to establish control points;
4. to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping; and
5. to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.
Diamond Crossing Indian Railway
Delhi
Palais Royale Mumbai
China’s Dawang Mountain Resort
ITC Maurya Hotel in New Delhi
Signature tower, Abu Dhabi
Survey
Opinion Survey
Surveying
American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM) defines as;
Surveying is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points or details.
This is being carried out by finding the spatial location (relative / absolute) of points on or near the surface of the earth.
Land Surveying
The science of determining the relative positions of points on the Earth’s surface
Primary Division of Survey( based on accuracy)
Geodetic Surveys
Plane Surveys
Takes into account the true size, shape, and gravity fields of the Earth
The geoid is the equipotential surface of the Earth’s gravity field which best fits global mean sea level
Provides significant precision
Establishes highly accurate control networks
Geodetic Survey
Surveying aims
to measure the Horizontal Distance between points.
to measure the Vertical elevation between points.
to find out the Relative direction of lines by measuring horizontal angles with reference to any arbitrary direction and
to find out Absolute direction by measuring horizontal angles with reference to a fixed direction.
Plane Survey
Assumes the Earth’s surface to be a plane (flat)
More common than geodetic surveys
Precise enough for small-scale surveys in a limited area, such as a construction site
Used to determine legal boundaries, construction surveys, and small-area topographic or control surveys
Plane Surveying
When radius of curvature of the earth is not taken into account.
Small area and small distances are covered
Degree of accuracy is comparatively low.
American survey put 250 km2 for treating survey as Plane, but controlling factor should be degree of precision rather than extent of area.
Based upon Nature of field
Based upon Method Employed
Land Survey
Marine Survey
Astronomical Survey
Triangulation
Traversing
Types of Surveying
Based upon Object of Survey
Based upon Instrument Used
Geological Survey(Object is to survey different strata in the earth crust)
Mine Survey (Mineral wealth such as coal, gold)
Military Survey(Points of strategic importance)
Surveying by Total Station
Chain Survey
Theodolite Survey
Compass Survey
Plane Tabling
Photographic and Aerial Surveys
Types of Surveying
Topographical Survey Cadastral Survey
Determine natural features of a country such as hills, valleys, lakes woods etc. and also arterial features such as roads, buildings, canals, towns etc.
Details such boundaries of houses, town, fields and other properties pathways are determined.
1. City Survey
2. Engineering Survey
Land Survey
Engineering Survey
Engineering Survey can be further divided into:
Reconnaissance (To determine the feasibility and rough cost of the scheme)
Preliminary Survey (For collecting more precise data)
Location Survey(For setting out the work on the ground)
Geodetic or Trigonometrical Surveying
When the radius of curvature of earth is taken in to account.
Large area and large distances are covered.
Object of geodetic survey is to determine precise positions on the surface of earth.
Refined Instruments and Methods are used.
Conducted by Government agencies.
No. Plain Surveying Geodetic Surveying
1 The earth surface is considered as plain Surface.
The earth surface is considered as Curved Surface.
2. The Curvature of the earth is ignored
The curvature of earth is taken into account.
3 Line joining any two stations is considered to be straight
The line joining any two stations is considered as spherical.
4. The triangle formed by any three points is considered as plain
The Triangle formed by any three points is considered as spherical.
5. The angles of triangle are considered as plain angles.
The angles of the triangle are considered as spherical angles.
6. Carried out for a small area < 250 km2
Carried out for a small area > 250 km2
‘Earth’ As considered
spherical in shape
Plumb Line
Geoid, Actual surface of earth
Geodetic survey line, equal elevation from center of earth
Horizontal survey line, equal elevation Horizontal plane
Rod Rod
Geodetic vs. Plane Survey
Types of Surveys
Control Survey
Topographic Survey
Property Survey
Site Survey
Construction Survey
Control Survey
Establish precise horizontal and vertical positions of points that serve as a reference for other surveys
Topographic Survey
Gathers data on the location of natural and man-made features, contours, and ground elevation to create a topographic map
Property Survey (or Boundary Survey)
Establishes property lines for a lot
Used to create a plat
Site Survey (Plot Survey or Lot Survey)
Combination of a property survey and topographic survey
May be required to receive a construction permit
Construction Survey
Locates points and elevations that can be used to establish correct locations and elevations for engineering and architectural projects
National Spatial Reference System (NSRS)
Common set of reference points for all surveys
Horizontal Datum = Collection of points of known latitude and longitude
Vertical Datum = Collection of points of known elevation
Benchmark (BM) = Permanent mark that establishes a point of known elevation
Optical Equipment
A theodolite measures
vertical and horizontal
angles
A total station is an
electronic/optical
surveying instrument
Optical Equipment
Automatic (Auto) Level
Commonly used on building sites
Internal compensator can automatically level the instrument
Measures difference in elevation between the line of sight and a point
Auto Level
Bulls Eye
Level
Telescope
Leveling
Screws
Horizontal
Angle
Rotation Ring
Eyepiece Horizontal
Tangent
Knob
Sight
Diopter
Adjustment
Ring
Mirror
Kennedy
Professional Tape Measure
Field Book
Other Equipment
Tripod Leveling Rod
Reading the Rod Stadia hairs
Horizontal
crosshair
Vertical
crosshair
View through the telescope
Reading the Rod
Upper Stadia Reading = 5.30 m
Rod Reading = 5.25 m
Lower Stadia Reading = 5.20 m
Stadia Readings
• Estimate distance between rod and instrument
• Rod intercept is the difference between stadia readings
• Estimated distance
• Stadia multiplier typically = 100
– Indicated on inside of instrument case or in Instructional Manual
Example
Upper Stadia Reading = 5.30 ft
Lower Stadia Reading = 5.20 ft
Rod Intercept = 0.10 ft
Differential Leveling
The establishment of differences in elevation between two or more points with respect to a datum
Earth Surface
Datum line or plane BM
BS FS Staff
Staff
Instrument
Point of unknown elevation
GPS Technology
Global Positioning System
A global navigation satellite system
Developed by the U.S. Department of Defense
A constellation of satellites that broadcast radio signals
Receivers intercept several satellite signals in order to determine precise location
GPS