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WORLD CIVILIZATION
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD CIVILIZATION
Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
What had shaped human society?Origin of man?How did the changes in environment, technology affect man’s lifeEffect of changes?
Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
History of Humanity involves two levels of struggle
Human & nature Humans against Human
Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Struggle explained through history of origin of man- Theories of origin of man
Creation Theory• Bible and Quran
Scientific Evolution• Theory explain that the origin of human kind traced
back in Africa• Apes and human have a common ancestor- Hominids• Influence of natural selection
Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Zinjanthropus (1.8m) – discovered in Olduvai GorgeAustralopithecus (4.4m), Afar, EthiopiaKenyapithecus (2.5)- BaringoHomo Habilis & Sapiens- (2m) Lake Turkana L. Chad- Michael Brunet- Saheln
Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Human development involves:Interaction between culture & biology
Culture evolutionRefers to continuous growth of culture from simple to complex & to homogenous to heterogeneous• Material culture• Linguistics
Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Paleolithic Age:Characterized by hunting, gatheringshelter- caves- cold seasonsSocial organization- lived in groups
Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Neolithic revolution most important aspect of human cultural development
- refers to transition from nomadic hunting and gathering communities to agriculture & settlement
Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Neolithic revolution most important aspect of human cultural development
- refers to transition from nomadic hunting and gathering communities to agriculture & settlementMarked by village settlement, domestication & new implements
•Adoption of farming techniques•Crop cultivation•Domestication of animals
Introduction: Impact of Neolithic revolution
Property ownershipSlavery systemIncrease in food productionIncrease in populationAdoption of farming techniquesCrop cultivation
Domestication of animals & plantsCivilization
Introduction: Impact of Neolithic revolution
Domestication of animals & plantsTame, to train or to adopt an animal or plant to live or be of use to human beingTaming- short term, no evolution of intimate relationship no human intervention with natural breeding
Introduction: Early Civilizations
Civilization:Acceptable forms of behavior- EurocentricLatin word- ‘civis’ or townman or citizenCivilization refers to a complex society or a state-level societyRefers social organization based on existence of institutions
Characteristics of Civilization
Settlement led to accumulation of property and individual land ownership
Hence laws, states & armies were developed to protect possession & inequality
Intense agricultural techniques- crop rotation, use of human labor, irrigationDivision of laborRise of permanent settlements- citiesRise of a form f social organizations
Characteristics of CivilizationInstitutionalized control of food by ruling class, government or bureaucracyEstablishment of complex social institutions- religion, educationDevelopment of forms of economic exchanges
Expansion of trade leading to money Market
Accumulation of materialsDevelopment of technologiesAdvanced development of arts especially writing Religion
Characteristics of Civilization
ArchitecturePatriachical society
Sources of Pre-history
Primary:Archaeology – study, observation, recording & experimentation
• Carbon 14- not older than 50000
AnthropologyOral sourcesGeology- development of earth crust with successive floras & faunasPaleontology- study of fossils- bones, teeth
Written- secondary
Sources of Pre-history
Dating:Based on Christian calendar- Zero year (Birth of Christ)BCE or BC- used until 4th c ADAfter 4th AD- new system of dating adopted- BP or BCE