TSDSI-M2M-TR-UCD_Environment and Pollution Control-V0.1.0 20150306
Technical Report
Machine-to-Machine Communication (M2M)
Study on Indian Use Cases
Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control
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Contents
1. Introduction 2. Purpose 3. Intended Audience 4. Scope 5. Definitions, Abbreviations, Acronyms 6. Use Cases for Environment Monitoring & Industrial Automation
6.1 Automotive Vehicel Pollution under Control 6.2 Urban Garbage Disposal Monitoring 6.3 Factory Waste Monitoring 6.4 Remote Pollution Monitoring in Public Areas 6.5 River Health Monitoring 6.6 Methane Gas Monitoring
Annexure – Pollution Monitoring
Bibliography
Document Revision History
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1 INTRODUCTIONCommunication infrastructure is the foundation of Process Automation, Instrumentation and Control industry, an industry that has been in existence for more than 50 years. Sensor/transducer based Remote Monitoring systems, and PLC/SCADA systems with remote control capabilities have always used dedicated communication wires or wireless (Radio/Satellite etc.) systems for providing connectivity between the end devices in the field and the control centre. In fact, several communication protocols were created in the Industrial Automation space.
On a different plane, the scorching pace of innovations in IT technologies has led to “commoditization” of devices. These devices are intelligent, have small and flexible form factor and, more importantly, can “talk”, by integrating standard communication chips/modules of any communication technology, almost in a plug and play fashion. Therefore, the world is now witnessing emergence of devices that can communicate with each other – thus elevating automation and control engineering industry to a new level altogether – the M2M/IoT.
Industries, especially in manufacturing and process industries have been leveraging the power of “connectivity enhanced automation systems” to create solutions for improving operational efficiencies and productivity of their assets and processes. They have created industry specific standards and protocols in automation space. While many of these standards are defined at the higher levels of the OSI model, the features have been standardized pre-assuming a certain communication layer to service the application.
Till date, in most applications implemented in India in any vertical segment, the communication infrastructure selected is a captive system that is used dedicatedly for the specific solution. In a few cases, in larger organizations, certain dedicated channels of the corporate communication backbone infrastructure (if it exists) are earmarked for such solutions.
The primary reason for this is driven by the need for a safe and secure operational regime, instead of operational efficiency improvement. Automation solutions do not have a good business case in several industry segments in India (especially in Smart Grids space) due to the high TCO (CAPEX +OPEX) of the required communication systems, if these are dedicated for the solution. Even a common communication backbone at the overall organization level for all business, automation and IT needs does not make the solutions financially attractive.
As the IT sector grows in maturity in terms of robust engineering practices, creation and usage of IT tools as “products”, user organizations are willing to migrate to digital shared platforms (example - cloud) in a Platform as a service (PaaS) mode. PaaS platforms help reduce the cost of service to individual clients and at the same time brings bare minimum standard features across all vertical segments. The time is ripe for offering a common communication platform (the “information” highway) for applications from various vertical segments (the “data” vehicles), in order to bring down the TCO of the communication piece to affordable levels.
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This brings the need for independent M2M platforms that can offer content transport capabilities in a seamless, reliable and affordable manner with universal standards for content handling and quality of service.
An independent M2M platform, that is based on a single or heterogeneous communication technology on the one hand, with a set of standard common services (OSS, BSS and much more), and standardized device interfaces, can be leveraged by multiple service providers, multiple user organizations and for multiple applications. Availability of standard interfaces on the communication and device facing sides of such a platform, will foster innovations in the communication and device segments, with assured quality of service.
One of the major responsibilities of TSDSI’s M2M group is to define an M2M framework to meet the above objectives. As part of this exercise, the group has undertaken study of various vertical segments to extract business requirements from an M2M/IoT platform perspective. This has helped the team bring out common requirements of all verticals, which in turn will become candidates for M2M platform functionalities. This document is a compilation of application use cases in various verticals studied by the team.
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2 PURPOSEIoT/M2M market is growing at the rate of approximately 8% CAGR (by no. of devices) and is expected to touch 20 billion No. of connected devices by 2020. As on date, “niche” services/solutions are being offered by players in key verticals in India as an end-to-end offering encompassing the devices, communication system and the controlling IT application. A few of these are – Automated Meter Reading in Power and Water Utilities, Electronic Toll Collection Systems in Transportation, OBD based vehicle eCall solutions in Vehicles, Telemedicine in Health, Remote Automated Cell Tower Monitoring, Street light Management systems in Smart City, Home security and Surveillance systems, Building Management Systems, Automated manufacturing in Industrial Automation etc. These qualify as M2M offerings in the specialized vertical segment.
In order to define a M2M service platform that can serve the needs of different verticals, it is important to understand the functional requirements of these verticals in sufficient depth for the appreciation of architecturally significant requirements.
TSDSI’s M2M group has undertaken study of various vertical segments to extract business requirements from an M2M/IoT perspective. This is intended to help cross pollinate useful features across different verticals for the overall benefit of the user community. Purpose of this exercise is to extract common requirements of all verticals which in turn will become candidates for M2M platform functionalities.
It also brings out the India specific implementation experience and learnings. This will help aspiring M2M platform providers to gain an understanding of the drivers for successful field implementation in the Indian ecosystem. It is believed that, India geographical market itself is a representative sample for emerging economies. Therefore, a framework that is defined to address this segment, will help to serve the needs of emerging economies market too.
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3 INTENDED AUDIENCEM2M Platform Solution providers (Solution and Technology Architects), Regulatory bodies and Policy makers.
Entrepreneurs who aspire to create products/Apps. for deployment on M2M platforms.
Underlying network service providers from various communication technology segments.
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4 SCOPEThe document gives a brief overview of M2M use case applications in Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Industrial Automation vertical for India geographical market.
It is intended to serve as a reference point for Architects, policy makers and Regulatory bodies to understand India specific requirements and/or drivers in each area.
A few “representative” use cases are elaborated in detail describing actors and scenarios with call flows. Architecturally considerations that are significant from an M2M perspective, ranging from information exchange interface requirements, data traffic, performance requirements, deployment considerations from Indian context are covered. Regulatory and statutory compliance requirements, currently prevalent standards are also provided. The elaborated use cases describe Indian Ecosystem specific aspects. Any foreseen constraints and challenges in such implementations are also described.
Use cases selected for elaboration were based on the criteria of their perceived architectural significance on the M2M platform and/or market potential. Architectural significance covers differentiated data requirements and India geography specific deployment requirements.
The list of use cases provided in this document is not meant to be exhaustive, rather, it is a representative of the verticals, compiled bases on contributions provided by TSDSI members and subject matter experts in this domain area. Some use cases contain evolving/future requirements also. Some use cases can “belong” to more than one vertical. These have been described in the vertical that is currently championing its implementation in India.
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5 DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS
M2M Machine to Machine
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6 Use Cases for Environment Monitoring & Pollution Control
Rapid economic growth has brought many benefits to India but the environment has suffered, exposing the population to severe environmental pollution. Air, noise and water pollution levels have increased drastically, and is a leading cause of rising health issues in many Indian cities.
The air pollution and the resultant air quality can be attributed to emissions from transportation, industrial and domestic activities. The annual average concentration of suspended particulate matter (PM10) is very high in Indian cities. These pollutants can lead to serious public health problems, including asthma, irritation of the lungs, bronchitis, pneumonia, decreased resistance to respiratory infections, and premature death. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution contributes to approximately 800,000 deaths and 4.6 million lost life years annually [1]. Developing nations are particularly affected by air pollution; as many as two thirds of the deaths and lost life years associated with air pollution on a global scale occur in Asia. In 2014 the Environmental performance Index (EPI) report placed India at 155th position out of 178 assessed Countries [2]. There is a need to constantly monitor the ambient concentration levels of small particulates of diameter less than 10 micron and/or 2.5 micron and take urgent steps to control emissions of these particles.
Moreover, the ambient noise levels in urban areas regularly cross legally permissible limits, ruining the already fragile environment. Some municipal authorities have initiated noise surveys to assess the noise levels. However, there is a need for a continuous ambient noise level monitoring mechanism to help address this growing menace.
There is an urgent need of a strategy for planning to improve urban environment (air, water and noise) quality. The Govt. of India has recently launched Air Quality Index (AQI) that will measure eight major pollutants impacting respiratory health in cities. The AQI will warn residents when pollution levels shoot past dangerous levels.
Monitoring of various parameters that cause pollution can be done remotely through energy efficient sensors. An M2M platform can connect the sensors to a centralized Pollution Monitoring Application, which can be accessed by the citizens as well as concerned stakeholders. The sensors can have long lasting batteries, which allows their flexible placement and unattended operations.
Based on this approach, a brief overview of some applications for Environment and Pollution Monitoring has been provided below.
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6.1 UC_Automotive_Vehicle_Pollution Under ControlTo control the pollution done by Vehicles, Indian Govt has recently mandated that the fuel to a vehicle will only be provided on producing valid PUC certificate. It is possible to enable the complete process of validation electronically, to ensure the mandate is easily adhered to. Vehicle Pollution checking test records will be uploaded online to a centralized Pollution monitoring server along with scanned vehicle details. The Central system will generate a PUC report online, that can be downloaded by the vehicle owner and more importantly, can be accessed by fuel dispensing owners, traffic police etc. Fuel pump owner will be able to check if vehicle has valid PUC, online from the Centralised server, on submitting vehicle details that are scanned from vehicle RFID tag. RFID tags on vehicle with a facility to upload the details of the vehicle condition on cloud.
Details of this Use Case are provided in the Transportation Vertical.
6.2 UC_Urban Garbage Disposal Management
Objective of this use case is to monitor waste collection and disposal electronically in urban areas. Waste collection vehicle is fitted with a GPS tracking device to monitor its location and movement. Waste bins are fitted with RFID tags that can be used to electronically handshake with the waste collection vehicle. Waste Bins will have sensors to monitor its capacity and the ability to provide alert notification when it is full. This will help Garbage collection vehicle to approach the bin to collect waste immediately.
6.3 UC_Portable Water Quality Monitoring
Water quality monitoring will ensure that the water is not contaminated from the source to the destination. Apart from sensors at water reservoir, distribution centre levels, portable sensors will be used in household and societies to monitor the quality of water and provide online reports for the same. A case study for portable sensor based water quality monitoring is available with Bombay Pollution Control Board.
6.4 UC_Factory Waste MonitoringThis use case is about online Sensor based remote monitoring of effluent discharge and waste at factory disposal units so that pollution can be checked at the source itself.
6.5 UC_Remote Pollution Monitoring in Public AreasThis use case envisages a network of online sensors, which capture the pollution parameters of the City. The sensors can be static and also mounted on public vehicles fitted with GIS/GPS system (in order to mark the location and time of sampling of pollution data). The sensor
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network can capture the parameters related to within the city for monitoring air, water, soil pollution and also radioactive waves. A Central monitoring centre acquires sensor data online and disseminates the same to relevant stakeholders and public. Pollution heat maps created from this online data can be useful for policy makers and controlling authorities to work out remedial actions.
6.6 UC_River Health monitoring Health of rivers and other water bodies can be monitored in real time using static sensor networks on banks of river and floating sensors which collect data with the location and time stamp and dump this data to the central monitoring centre whenever they obtain connectivity.
6.7 UC_Methane Gas monitoring
Loss to human life occurs due to methane gas in mines and drainages. This use case envisages an online portable device which can check the presence of methane and raise alert before a human enters to complete the operational activity.
Annexure on Pollution Monitoring describes a generic use case application that can be used for any of the applications described above.
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Annexure – Pollution Monitoring
1 Title
UC_Pollution Monitoring
2 Objective
Pollution management can be improved considerably through automated remote monitoring systems which can be achieved with suitably calibrated sensors. The sensors act as real-time informers of the ambient air and effluent discharge into air or rivers or ground water. It is imperative to check such discharge of pollutants and the sensors checking and monitoring the status will ensure pollution is checked at the source.
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3 Source
Akshay Mishra, IIT BombayBindoo Srivastava, IIT BombayNandan Kumar Jha, IIT BombayAnuj Ashokan, TTSLRajan Ma, TCS
4 Background
4.1 Current Practice
Each state has a Pollution Control Board (PCB) which is responsible for control of discharge of pollutants into the environment. The PCB monitors and grants licenses as well as periodically checks the industrial waste. Additionally there is also the environment ministry which creates up-to-date policy and regulatory measures, emission norms and SPM ratios that are safe based on scientific and statistical data. Accordingly industries are advised on discharge treatment plants and industries monitored for regulations.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a statutory organisation, was constituted in September, 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further, CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.Principal Functions of the CPCB, as spelt out in the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, (i) to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution, and (ii) to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country.
Central Pollution Control Board is executing a nation-wide programme of ambient air quality monitoring known as National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). The network consists of three hundred and forty two (342) operating stations covering one hundred and twenty seven (127) cities/towns in twenty six (26) states and four (4) Union Territories of the country.
The objectives of the NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (N.A.M.P.) are to determine status and trends of ambient air quality; to ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated; to Identify Non-attainment Cities; to obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive and corrective measures and to understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment through pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition, precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated.
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Under N.A.M.P., four air pollutants viz ., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM / PM10) have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind direction, relative humidity (RH) and temperature were also integrated with the monitoring of air quality.
The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to have one hundred and four (104) observations in a year. The monitoring is being carried out with the help of Central Pollution Control Board; State Pollution Control Boards; Pollution Control Committees; National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur. CPCB co-ordinates with these agencies to ensure the uniformity, consistency of air quality data and provides technical and financial support to them for operating the monitoring stations. N.A.M.P. is being operated through various monitoring agencies. Large number of personnel and equipments are involved in the sampling, chemical analyses, data reporting etc. It increases the probability of variation and personnel biases reflecting in the data, hence it is pertinent to mention that these data be treated as indicative rather than absolute.
4.2 Need for Use Case
As explained in the main section.
4.3 Indian Ecosystem Specifics
The adherence to regulation for pollution is flawed with polluting industries surviving scrutiny as well as penalty and we can see polluted river streams as well as atmosphere. We have reasons to believe that pollution parameters and statistics if updated directly to a central repository accessible by concerned officials, it may push the industries to comply. Additionally, spreading the sensor location over a larger geography will also get data in terms of effluent propagation, pollution gradient and thereby cover larger affected population. Indians have suffered during the Bhopal gas leakage, and while we have come a long way from the incident and matured as a nation technically as well as in terms of infrastructure, any advance warning system for pollutants crossing a threshold can be achieved automatically and the data can be shared outside the immediate department.The Mithi river in Mumbai or the state of Yamuna and Ganga are significant examples of water pollution in the country and the specifics which can be prevented. The another place that face pollution and need monitoring is at ports and within territorial waters where it has been observed that ships discharge their effluents thereby polluting the sea water. Effective monitoring will help catch the guilty with evidence.
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5 Description
The pollution control would rely upon the sensors in the field for data collection. The sensors would typically support a battery life of about 1-3 years (depending upon sensor, frequency of update etc) and host sensors for CO2, CO, SO2, Methane gases as well as dissolved pollutants in water. The static sensors would have location ID which would be fixed and the mobile sensors may be integrated with location sensors (GPS) as well.
These devices would (should) communicate for 1-5 kms depending upon the choice of spectrum, transmit power and the terrain.
The aggregator gathers and analyses the data.
A calibration of each sensor node would be essential periodically and this would require either a tool creation that can calibrate the sensors on the field or a method to periodically replace them. This calibration exercise could be in harmony with the expected battery life of the device.
High level diagram describing the use case:
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1. Real time monitoring of pollution ingredients2. Monitoring stations can check, whether the concentration of pollutants in atmosphere
and/or Water has cross the prescribed threshold level or not.3. Monitoring stations can instantly intimate appropriate authorities, when any industry
or organisation violate the regulation such that authorities can take instant action to circumvent the any casualty.
4. A User who lives in industrial region can also check the concentration of pollutants in his ecosystem and automatically trigger will warn the community about any potential health hazard.
6 Actors
Actor Name Actor Type (person, organization, device, system)
Role Description
Polluting Agency Organization The industry whose polluting output needs to be monitored and checked.
Pollution Monitoring Agency
Organization Get pollution data from various locations to help in monitoring absolute levels and trends, in order to formulate effective policy measures, and regulate pollution....
Citizen – affected person Check on pollution levels in their immediate environment
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7 Contextual Illustration – (as applicable)
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8 Pre-requisites (Assumptions):
n/a.
9 Pre-conditions (if any)
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10 Triggers (if any)
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11 Scenario description
12 Normal Scenario (as applicable)
Sensor Installation process- Whenever a new sensor has to be deployed in a geographical area, a unique id ( like IPV6 address ) must be assign to that sensor such that aggregator/Gateway easily identify their type (whether it is water/air/ industry effluent ), geographical location et.c. Mobile Sensors also have their GPS sensor for sensing variant locations. Sensor registration and configuration process- When a sensor starts sending data to aggregator/Gateway, it is first registered (to verify the authenticity of sensor) and configured (as per the requirement) by gateway.Once Sensor is registered and configured, it starts sending data to aggregator/ Gateway with a predefine periodicity. Some of the sensors directly sends their data to pollution monitoring data center/Server depending upon the application and location of the sensors.Aggregator/Gateway sends the collected data to Pollution Monitoring data center/ Server and this server can be hosted on cloud.Server push the data to pollution monitoring and control board, whenever it is demanded. An authentic user can also demands the pollutant’s data from server.Data is analysed by these monitoring organisations and ascertain that whether it is below or above the prescribed limit/norms and correspondingly they will take action.Pollution Monitoring organisations may demand instant monitoring or very frequent monitoring (as per the requirement, for example in diwali night) of pollutant concentration. Hence, network should be flexible in terms of periodicity of sampling of pollutants.
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13 Alternate Flow (if any)
14 Exception Flow (if any)
15 Post-conditions (if any)
16 Use Case process Flow diagram
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17 Potential New Requirements (as applicable)
n/a
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18 Information Exchange
Sensor Nodes to Gateway/Aggregator: Air pollutants (CO2, NO2, SO2, PM10, PM2.5 etc. ), water pollutants, industry effluents, meteorological data are measured by various static and/or dynamic sensors nodes and sends these measured data with sensor’s unique id to Gateway/aggregator with a predefine periodicity. Aggregator performs various aggregation function on received data and reduce network traffic, which helps to reduce energy consumption on sensor nodes. Aggregator connected to sensor nodes in star topology. Depending upon the application/requirement various QoS (Quality of service) has to be maintained in terms of latency, accuracy and data packages drop rate. In case of critical applications (for ex Monitoring of toxic gases, Nuclear plant’s effluents) latency and packages drop rate is intolerable. In other cases like meteorological data monitoring, a moderate level of latency and packages drop rate is admissible.Gateway/Aggregator to pollution monitoring data Center/Server:Aggregated data sent to Pollution Monitoring data Center/ server. Some of the sensors directly sends their data to server depending upon the application/location of that nodes.Server to Pollution Monitoring and/or controlling stations:Whenever pollution Monitoring stations demand for the data, server starts pushing the data. Data is now analyzed and ascertain whether it follows the standard norms or not. If it is not then it informs the pollution control board, that co-ordiantes these monitoring stations, to take the appropriate step/action.
19 Architectural considerations (Non-functional Requirements)
19.1 Interface Requirements (as applicable)
19.2 APIs to be exposed to the Application from platform
19.3 Performance Criteria
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19.4 Interoperability
19.5 User Interface
19.6 Communication Infrastructure
19.7 Deployment Considerations
19.8 Geographical consideration (for geographical spread and concentration of the constituent devices)
19.9 Security
Sensor Nodes needs to be protected from vandalism and also requires regularly calibration to ascertain the credibility of data. Hence network should be AAA (authentication, Authorization and accounting) framework enabled for intelligently controlling access to network resources. When a sensor node starts sending data, first network verifies its authenticity and then it accepts the data, otherwise just ignore that node.
In secure data aggregation two main security challenges confidentiality and integrity of data is there. While traditionally encryption is used to provide end to end confidentiality in wireless sensor network. The aggregators in a secure data aggregation scenario need to decrypt the encrypted data to perform aggregation. This exposes the plaintext at the aggregators, making the data vulnerable to attacks from an adversary. Similarly an aggregator can inject false data into the aggregate and make the Server to accept false data. Thus, while data aggregation improves energy efficiency of a network, it complicates the existing security challenges.
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19.10 Startup Shutdown process
Sensor nodes to get registered in the network Gateway with their unique id on startup and configured with their application. This will help administer authorization of authentic sensor nodes.
20 Potential market growth
Till now industries in INDIA submits the pollutant data offline to pollution control board, so a possibility of manipulation with actual data to escape from penalty, is exists. If the pollutants in industries will monitored in real time then no one can manipulate the actual data.It can be used to implement the other cases too. for example, there is a machine on BTS that gives the information about the power source used at BTS( Whether it is AC or DC). In case of DC power supply, diesel is used as fuel and combustion of diesel emits the particulate matters in environment, which is serious health hazard. If Govt. of INDIA will mandates each operator to have that machine on all BTS and sends online data of how much time diesel engine is used, then level of particulate matters in air can be monitored and controlled.
21 Contracts and Regulations
Contracts and Regulations Impact on Use case
EMI/EMC and SAR for Radio devices>
backhaul network usage – dedicated bandwidth procurement or transaction based>
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22 Constraints
23 Challenges
Timely calibration of sensors.Vandalism of the sensors, theft are significant threats to consider.
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Document Revision History
Version Date Released by Change Description
Rel 1.0 20150306 6th March, 2015
Principal Author: Akshay Mishra, IIT Bombay;
Contributors: Bindoo Srivastava, IIT Bombay; Nandan Kumar Jha, IIT Bombay; Anuj Ashokan, TTSL; Rajan Ma, TCS
Release 1.
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