INTRODUCTION - · PDF fileDravyaguna is essentially compilation of ancient Ayurvedic medical...

Monograph on Page 1

INTRODUCTION Dravyaguna is essentially compilation of ancient Ayurvedic medical knowledge. More

than 850 medicinal plants are used in Ayurveda. If history of Ayurvedic system is explored, it

can be seen that during the Vedic period, the mode of study was oral communication. Later on several texts (samhita) including Caraka Samhitā, Sushruta samhitā, Agnivesha samhitā, Bhela samhitā, Prashara samhitā, and Kashyapa samhitā were composed.

Later on, scholars in the medieval time felt the need to assemble the work on Ayurveda at one stage and several nighantus were composed. The roots of the word nighantu lie in nigama; which means a secretive thing. Nighantu are considered to be nucleus of

Ayurvedic philosophy. Majority of the work was done between eight to fifteenth century A.D. Critical study of Dravyaguna is essential for exploring its full strength. Drugs derived from medicinal plants, either single or polyherbal, have been subjected to animal (preclinical) testing and promising results have been published in indexed journals. Several coded formulations have been screened for large scale clinical trials. Dravyaguna has definite role to offer as far discovery of novel leads and hits are discovered. A fraction of plants described in

Ayurvedic texts has been scientifically tested. Dravyaguna has made significant contribution to the Herbal Materia Medica. The term ‘Herbal Materia Medica’ covers global medicinal plants and is not restricted to one or other traditional systems of medicine. Dravyaguna coupled with ‘Reverse Pharmacology’ can act as powerful tool for discovering cost-effective and potent medicines.

About 8,000 herbal remedies have been codified in Ayurveda. Unfortunately, much of the ancient knowledge and many valuable plants are being lost at an alarming rate. With the

rapid depletion of forests, impairing the availability of raw drugs, Ayurveda, like other systems of herbal medicines has reached a very critical phase. Medicinal plants are being widely used, either as single drug or in combination in health care delivery system. Kānchanār- Bauhinia variegata (Caesalpiniaceae) is a commonly found plant in moist waste

ground and open plantations. It is cultivated throughout India and in the forest lands in

central India. According to Ayurveda, Bauhinia variegata Linn is used as a tonic for the liver, in

treatment of leprosy, menorrhagia, impurities of blood, tuberculous glands, wounds, ulcers,

asthma, etc. The bark powder of the plant is a major ingredient of the herbal tonic Kanchanar

guggul , an ayurvedic remedy prescribed to increase the white blood cells. Phytochemical

characterization shows the presence of tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponin in

the stem bark of Bauhinia variegataLinn. The ethanolic extract of stem bark of Bauhinia

variegata Linn contains β sitosterol, lupeol, vitamin C, kaempferol, flavonone and quercetin.

Some studies have reported its antitumour, anti-ulcer, antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Bauhinia variegata is an indigenous medicinal plant with pharmacological properties similar

to rasayanas.

Monograph on Page 2

KĀNCHANĀRA IN SAMHITĀS

CARAKA SAMHITĀ(1000 BC)

- Editor-translator: Prof. P.V. Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2008.

Volume I

Sutrasthāna

dw'dwssf]ljbf/sa'{bf/gLkkljb'naDaLz0fk'ikL;bfk'iKfLk|Tos\k'ikf Olt bz]dflg jdgf]kuflg ejlGt .. $÷@#

Madhu, madhuka, kovidāra, karbudāra, nipa, vidula, bimbi, sanapuspi, arka, and apāmārga,

these ten are sub- emetics. Ca. S. Sut. 4/23. Page: 27

cfn'sflg ======== sa'{bf/M ;'jr{nf .

gikfjM sf]ljbf/Zr ======= dfl/if:tyf .

================ sa'{bf/ zfNdn]M . @&÷((–!)$

All legumes including karbudāra are the vegetables which are heavy, rough, and often

digested with distention. They are madhura, shita virya and purgative. They should be boiled,

the juice be expressed out and then added with same fat before intake. The flower of sana,

kovidāra, karbudāra, and sālmali are checking and are useful particularly in internal

haemorrhage. Ca. S. Sut.27/99-104.Page:201

Volume II

Cikitsāsthāna

sfZdof{dnsfgf+ ;sa'{bf/fg\ ============== k|j[Q]̃ lk . !$÷@)@–@)#

The khadas prepared in supernatant fatty layer of curd and soured with fruits of kāsmarya ,

āmalaka, and karbudāra, and salmali;ksirini, cukrika leaf-buds of myagrodha and flowers of

kovidāra should be administered in excessive bleeding. Ca. S.Ci. 14/202-203.Page: 244

Siddisthāna

j6flbkNnj]ij]k ===== sa"{bf/] ======== k|z:ot] . &÷^!–^@

In case of severe raktapitta, enema of goat's milk boiled with crushed freshed peduncles of

sālmali added with ghee and cooled should be given. The same preparation in prescribed with

tender leaves of vata etc, barley and sesamum, suvarchalā and upodikā and karbudāra. Ca. S.

Si. 7/61-62. Page: 638

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In cutting pain, cooled enema with Karbudāra, ādhaki, nipa and vidula boiled in milk and

added with honey and sugar is prescribed. Ca. S. Si. 10/34. Page: 660

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SUSRUTA SAMHITĀ (1000-1500 B.C.)

- K. Bhishagratna, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Vanarasi, Third Edition 2005.

Volume I

Sutrasthāna

======== sf]ljbf/sa'{bf/l/i6 ===========. #(÷@

The drugs known as kovidāra , karbudāra ,madanphala ,kutaja , vidanga etc.are processed of

emetic properties. Kovidāra and karbudāra have their roots emetic property. Su.S. Sut. 39/2.

Page: 332

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The oil obtained from the kirata tikta , karbudāra along with other specified dravays are

sweet in taste , potency and digestion and tend to pacify the deranged vayu and pitta.

Cooling in their potency , they increase the slimy secrection of the organ impairs digestion

and help the capions evacuation of stool and urine. Su. S. Sut. 45/107. Page:426

r'Rr"o"lysf =================sa'{bf/ =================== k|e[tLlg . $(÷@$&

The leaves of plant and trees known as cuccu , yuthika, karbudhar etc have an astringent ,

sweet and bitter taste, and prove curative in haemoptysis. They subdue the kapha ,genarate

the vayu and are astringent in their action and easily digestible. Su. S. Sut. 49/247. Page:493.

Volume III

Uttaratantra

jiff{e" ============== Tjs\sa'{bf/ ================ lka]t;'v]K;'M .. $&÷$&

The drugs known as varsābhu ,tvak, karbudāra , jiraka etc. should be given mixed with tepid

milk for the treatment of pana vibhrama. Su. S. Ut. 47/47. Page: 486

ASTĀNGA SANGRAHA OF VĀGBHATA (6TH CENTURY A.D.)

Translator: Prof. Dr. K.R.SrikanthaMurty, Chowkhamba Orientalia, Vanarasi,2007.

Volume I

Sutra sthāna

============ sf]ljbf/sa'{bfl/i6 ============ jdGff]kof]uLgL .. !$÷@

Root of kovidāra, karbudāra, arista, vidula, bilva along with other mentioned dravyas help in

producing vomiting. A. S. Sut. 14/2. Page 293.

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VĀGBHATA'S ASTĀNGA HRIDAYAM (7TH CENTURY A.D.)

- Translator: Prof. Dr. K.R.SrikanthaMurty, Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi,2012.

Volume II

Kalpasiddi Sthāna:

zj{/L+ ===== sa'{bf/:o ======= ljb'n:o jf . !÷&

The prescribed drugs powered nicely and kept soaked for one night in decoction of either

madhuyasti, kovidāra, karbudāra, bimbinipa, vidula, sanapuspi, sadapuspi or pratyakpuspi,

next morning it is filtered and consumed followed by drinking of the same decoction, in the

manner as described, in sutrasthana; by this, the patient vomits without any difficulty. A.H.

Ks. 1/7. page:530

KASHYAPA SAMHITĀ/ VRIDDHA JIVAKA TANTRA (12-13 CENTURY)

- Hemrāj Sharma, Chowkhambha Sanskrit Sansthana, Baranasi, Fourth edition, 2044 B.S. Page: 252

Khilasthāna

Zf0fzfNdln ==================================

================================= sa'{bf/ft\====.

c;[Ub/] ============================================ .

========================================= ;bfl8dM .$÷$&–$*

Yusha is made from the flowers of shana, shālmali, karbudāra along with other mentioned

dravyas which is medicated with dādima free of oil and acid. This preparation is useful in

treatment of pradara, raktapitta, dāha, udarroga and eye diseases. Kas. S. Kh. 4/47-48

BHELA SAMHITĀ

Samskartā-Girijā Dayalu Shukla, Chowkhamba Vidhyabhavan, Varanasi-1959

hGt' lg{tfGt g/l;+xjT;fb\

ej]Gg/M sf~rg/flzuf}/M .. !%÷%(

Kānchanār is described in bhallatakamrit yoga used in the treatment of baddhagudodara and

jalodara. Bh. S. 15/59. Page 178

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KĀNCHANĀRA IN CIKITSĀ GRANTHAS

CHAKRA DATTA (11TH CENTURY) - Hindi Commentary: Shree Jagadisvaraprasad Tripāthii, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Benaras,

1939.

Kanchanāra Kwāth:

lki6\jf =========== sf~rgf/TjrM =======.

=================================== k/fM . !*

The bark of kanchanar in powdered then and dissolved in chaulani . then the powder of

sunthi is added. On drinking this preparation gandamālā is used. Page:577

GADA NIGRAHA (12TH CENTURY)

Sri Indradeva Tripathi- Gada Nigraha of Sri Vaidhya Sodhala with the Vidyotini Hindi commentary Edited by Sri

Ganga Sahaya Pandey, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office Varanasi -1969

Volume I

Kānchanār guggulu in gandamālā

(Prayogkhanda; Gutikadhikara, sloka no. 408, Page: 278)

Bark of kanchanar 10 pal, Triphala 6pal, Vyosha 3 pal, Barun 1 pal, Dalchini, Ilayachi, Tejpatra

2-2 karsha – these dravyas are put in one place and powered. The pure guggulu equal in

quantity of powder are mixed for mardana. Then the gutika of 2 shan each are made. 2 gutika

are taken at a time every morning with suitable anupana according to disease. This is

prescribed in case of severe gandamālā , indigestion, cancer, gulmaroga, fistula etc.

Kānchanāra Gutika in gandamālā

(Prayogkhanda; Gutikadhikara, sloka no. 414, page: 279)

Triphala 3 part, vyosha 6 part, bark of kanchanar 12 part- these dravyas are mixed together

and powdered and pure guggulu is added in equal quantity. Then 10 part of honey is added

for mardana. Now, gutika are made which can cure gandamālā, galaganda, nadivrana and

vidradhi.

Volume III

Kanchanār yoga in gandamālā

(Shalyatantra; Granthyadhikar, sloka no.31, Page:253)

lki6\jf ===== sf~rgf/TRjr ============= k/fM.. #!

Monograph on Page 6

The soft bark of kanchanāra on crushing with warm water and mixing with powder of ginger

is drunk. This is an excellent remedy for gandamālā.

(Shalyatantra; Granthyadhikara, sloka no.35, Page: 254)

;sf~rgf/f lqkmnf ============================ .. #%

A kwatha preparation of kanchanāra with triphala in equal amount along with pippali can

cure galaganda and gandamālā.

(Shalyatantra; Granthyadhikar, sloka no.41, Page:255)

==================================== sf~rgf/Tjr+ kLTjf ======.$!

A patient of gandamālā can take powder of kanchanāra bark with rice water to cure it.

Sārangadhar Samhitā (13th century) Translator: Prof. Dr. K.R.Srikantha Murthy

Publisher: Chaukhambha Orientalia , Varanasi, 2007.

Kānchanārakwatha in Gandamālā:

sf~rgf/TjrM SjfyM z'07L r"0f]{g gfzo]t\ .

Uf09dfnf tyf SjfyM Iff}›]0f j?0fTjr . @÷!@$

Qwatha of bark of kānchanāra taken with the powder of shunthi relieves gandamālā

(enlarged gland in the neck). Sā. S. 2/124.Page: 71

Guttika kalpanā(pill):

sf~rgf/ u'Uu''n'M u08dfnf˜krLu|GyL euGb/fbf}

sf~rgf/Tjrf] u|fXo+ knfgf+ bzs+ a'w} ..

=====================================================

SjfyM vbl/;f/:o kYofSjfyf]˜o sf]i0fsd \ . &÷(%–!))

Ten palas of bark of kanchanāra , six palas of triphala, three palas of trikatu, one palas of bark

of varunaleh ,karoha each of ela, twak patra and guggulu equal to the total quantity of above

are rolled into pills taken in the morning with decoction of munditaka , khadirasara pathya or

warm water will relive chornic gandamālā (cervical adenitis),apaci (scrofula),arbuda (cancer),

granthi (tumor) , uranas (ulcer), gulma (abdominal tumors),kustha (leprosy and other skin

disease)and bhagandara (fistula-in-ano). Sā. S. 7/95-100. Page: 110.

Monograph on Page 7

YOGARATNĀKĀRA (17TH CENTURY)

- Editor: Krishna Sharma, Pandurang Jawaji, Nirnaya-Sagar Press, Bombay,1926 A.D. Page:313, 314

Gandamālāpacicikitsa:

The kwath prepared from bark of kanchanar along with sunthi churna cures gandamālā

Kanchanāra, the main constituent of kanchānara guggulu is very effective in treatment of

gandamālā , arbuda , kustha and bhagandara.

Churna of bark of kanchanar is one of the main constituent of gandamālā kandano rasa that

alleviates gandamālā and dārun.

AYURVEDA CHINTAMANI (1959 A.D.) - Baldevprasad Mishra, published by Ganga Vishnu shreekrishnadās,Mumbai. Page:88

sf~rgf/M sf~rgsf] u08fl/M zf]0fk'iksM .

======= ?If+;u|fxL lkQf;|k|bf/Ifosf;g't\ ..

Sanskrit synonyms: sf~rgf/, sf~rgs, u08fl/, zf]0fk'iks

Properties: Sheeta, dhārak, kasāya, kaphagna, pittanāsaka

Flower: Laghu, rukshya, dhārak, pittavikāra, raktavikāra, Pradara, Kāsanāsak, kshaya.

RASA CHINTAMANI (1967 A.D.) - Muralidhar Sharma, Published by Khemraj Shreekrishnadās, Bombai. 1981. Page:117

=============== sf~rgf/t/f]d"{nTjr+ >Lv08dlb{td\ . &÷!##

The bark of root of kanchanāra is one of the ingradient of a rasarāj known as kānchan potali.

It is useful in different types of jwora as in vataja and kaphaja jwora , it is given with warm

water and in pittaja jwora , it is given with cold water. Similarly it is equally beneficial in 18

types of kustha. In atisāra it is given with maricha and grita anupāna. Ra. Ch. 7/133

SIDDHA BHESAJA SAMGRAHA (1953 A.D.)

- Kavirāj Yugal Kishore Gupta, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Banaras, 1953. Page: 423

Kanchanāra guggulu is a preparation of bark of kanchnāra along with sunthi, amalā, tejpata,

dalchini, pure guggulu and other constituent drugs which is used in the treatment of

galaganda , gandamālā, indigestion tumor , granthi , varna ,gulma ,kustha and bhagandara.

Monograph on Page 8

ARKAPRAKĀSH (1981 A.D.)

- Shāligrām Vaishya, Published by Khemraj Shreekrishnadās, Bombai. 1981. Page:103

Gandamālāpara Arka:

Arka of bark of Kānchanāra along with sunthichurna if taken cures gandamālā.(6/3)

BHAISAJYA RATNĀVALI (18TH CENTURY)

- Govindadasji- Bhaisajya Ratnavali, Commented upon by Shastri Datta, English Translation By Dr Kanjiv

Lochan Vol II by chaukhamba Sanskrit Bhawan Varanasi-2006(1st Edition)

Volume II Kānchanāravarunakwathā:

sf~rgf/Tjr =============================== . $$÷!(

Treatment of gandamālā (lymphadenitis): Intake of decoction of kānchanāra bark (50ml)

and honey (25gm) cures even very chornic cases of the gandamālā. Bha. R. 44/19; page:710.

Kānchanārasunthiprayoga:

====== sf~rgf/Tjr ====== $$÷@)

Bark of kānchanāra should be boiled along with cow's urine . intake sunthi (1gm) cures

gandamālā (lymphadenitis). Bha. R. 44/20; page:711.

Kānchanāragudika:

====== sf~rgf/:o ============ . $$÷^!

3 parts of triphala ,6 parts of vyosa and bark of kānchanāra (13parts) combined together and

powdered. Mixing these in gradients with prescribed amount of guggulu and honey applying

suitable method , pills are prepared by using 3gm each and preserved in glass bottle after

drying them. This medicine in known as kānchanāra gudika and is capable of curing all types

of gandamālā , galaganda nadivrana and the like. Bha. R. 44/61; page:720.

Kānchanāraguggulu:

sf~rgf/:o ========================. $$÷^$

Bark of kānchanāra, dried ginger ,pippali, amalaki along with other mentioned ingredients

ane processed making a drug. Kānchanāra guggulu which on taken in prescribed dose with

suitable anupanas help in alleviating the indispositions of severe galaganda, apācii,tumour,

granthiroga, vrana, gulma kustha and bhagandara. Bha. R. 44/64; page:721.

Monograph on Page 9

KĀNCHANĀRA IN KOSHA AND NIGHANTUS

AMARKOSHA (5TH CENTURY) - Amarsingh, Commentary by Pandit Kulchandra Sharma Gautam,Nepal Rājakiya Pragyā Pratishthān,

Kathmandu, 2026 B.S. Page179.

Chamarik, Kovidāra, Kuddhālo, Yugapatraka are the Sanskrit synonyms of Kānchanāra.

MADANP ̅L NIGHANTU (14TH CENTURY) - Editor: Pandit Hari Prasad Tripathi,Chowkhamba Krishnadās Academy,2009. Page: 33

sf~rgf/M sf~rgsM kfsf/L /Qmk'iksM .

sf]ljbf/f]˜:o e]bM :ofTs'2fnM s'xnL s'nL .

cf:kmf]6f] bfnsM :jNks];/Zrd/L dtf .. !%(

sf~rgf/f] lxdf] u|fxL t'j/M Zn]idlkQg't\ .

s[lds'i7u'be||+zu08dfnfj|0ffkxM .. !^)

Sanskrit Synonyms: sf~rgf/, sf~rgs, kfsf/L, /Qmk'iks

Properties: Shital, malabandhaka, kasāya, kaphapittanāsak, krimi, kustha gudabhramsa,

gandamālā and vrananāsak.

Flower: shita, laghu, rukshya, malabandhak, raktapittanāshak, leucorrhoea, kshata,

kāsanāsak.

KAIYADEVA NIGHANTU (15th Century) - Acharya Priyavrata Sharma and Dr. Guruprasad Sharma, Chowkhamba Orientalia,2009. Page:173

sf]nLozfM sf~rgsf] e|d/]i6f] dgf]]x/M .

/Qmk'ikf]˜k/M Zj]tM kfsfl/M sf~rgf/sM .. ̂ #%

tb\jRr sf~rgf] 1]oM tof]M k'ik+ lxd+ u'? .

siffo+ dw/+ kfs] /;] ;+Uf|flx /f]rgd\ . ̂ #^

?If+ sf;IfoZjf;ktf;|k|b/fkxd\ .

Sanskrit Synonyms: sf]nLozf, sf~rgs, e|d/]i6, dgf]]x/, /Qmk'iks, kfsfl/ sf~rgf/

Gunakarma: Flower- Madhura, kasāya rasa, madhur vipāka, sheeta,guru, samgrahi, rukshya,

ruchikārak.

- Cure cough kshaya, swās, rakta, pitta and pitta and pradara.

Monograph on Page 10

BHAVPRAKĀSH NIGHANTU (16th Century) - Commentators: K.C. Chunekar, G.S. Pandey, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, 1986. Page:336-

339

Sanskrit Synonyms: sf~rgf/, sf~rgs, u08f/L, tfd|k'ik, zf]0fk'iks

Distribution: Found in lower Himalayan region, Sikkim, at all places.

It’s a medium sized deciduous tree.

Bark: brownish and heart wood lightly brownish.

Leaf: single, 3-6 inch long and of same breadth, divided into two lobes up to 1/4 or 1/3 part.

Tip rounded, 13-15 veined, nearly 1 inch long stalk.

Flower: In winter season, after the leaf fall down, the aromatic flower arises from the base of

the leaf that had fallen. Flower stalk short, violet or blue in colour, flower is big, white,

pink,bright purple in colour,one or more than one petal of white flower has yellowish linings,

petals have strong mid vein and from the base, reddish purple coloured vein arises.

Fruit: long, flat, slightly curved, nearly 1 foot long containing 10-15 seeds.

The young buds are used as vegetables.

Chemical Contituents: The bark contains tannin, a type of resin is also present.

Properties and Uses: :Bark is Grāhi, rasāyana,balya, Kasāya, vranashodhak ānd vranaropaka.

Flower is raktapittahara. The action of bark is on skin and secretory glands. In high dose

causes vamana and virechana.

The bark is very much useful in gandamālā and apaci. The decoction of the bark with

guggulu is used in Vranaprakshyalana. In scrofulous enlargements of the cervical glands, the

bark with sunthi and rice water is given as an emulsion. The paste made out of its bark is

applied. The decoction of the bark is given in kustha, charmaroga, atisāra nad vrana.A gargle

of the bark with Khadir fruit and pomegranate flowers is used in sore throats and salivation.

The flower churna with honey as well as its vegetable is given in raktapitta. A decoction of

the bud is given in menorrhagia, haemorrhoids and bleeding from the mucus surface. A

decoction of the buds is given in cough, bleeding piles, haematuria and menorrhagia. Flower

is used with sugar as mild purgative. Decoction of root is given in ādhmana.

Parts used: bark of root, leaf and flower.

Dose: root bark powder: 1-4 māshā

Flower bud powder: 2-6 māshā


ABHINAVA NIGHANTU (1850 A.D) - Dattaram Chaube, Sanskrit Books on Medicine, Chemistry & c.,1850. Page: 28

Sanskrit Name: Kānchanāra

Sworup: Green or red

Taste: Kasāya.

Guna, karma, prayog:

-Slow digestion, atriptikar, mamabaddhak, rukshya, bisthambhi, anti-diarrhoeal,

udarkrimināsak, raktavikārnāsak.

-Flower prevents blood discharge in mouth and excessive blood discharge during

Mentruation.

-Beneficial for internal vrana and gudavrana.

-Bark is beneficial for sukraprameha and on gargling, it cures mukhapaka and mukharoga.

NIGHANTU ĀDARSHA (Purvārdha)(1968 A.D) - Nighantu Ādarsa), Bāpālāl G. Vaidya, Chowkhamba Vidyabhawan, Varanasi,1968. Page:497

Sanskrit Synonyms: sf+rgf/, o'Udkq, s'2fn, odnkqs, sf]ljbf/

Chakrapanidatta has mentioned the difference between karbudāra and kovidāra.

sf]ljbf/M :jgfdVoftM ;M z/flb k'iolt .

sa'{bf/M sf~rgf/M ; j;Gt] lx k'iKolt ..

The one which flowers in sharada is kovidāra whereas the one which flowers in basanta in

karbudāra.

Parts used: root, bark and flower

Rasa: kasaya

Virya: shita

Vipaka: katu

Doshakarma : kaphapitta sāmaka.


SHANKAR NIGHANTU (1935 A.D.)

- Shankardatta Gaud Rajavaidhya- Shankar Nighantu, Banaushadhi Bhandar Jabalpur 1935

Page: 31


Demerit: Slow digestion

Hot spices overcome this demerit.

Properties: Malarodhak, Kapha-Pitta nāsak, krimi, gandamālā nāsak. Flower- Sheeta, khara, grāhi, madhura, laghu.

Useful in pitta, kshaya, pradara and rakta roga. When gargled with its bark, it cures and prevents mukharoga.

NEPALI NIGANTU ( नेपालीननघण्टु: ) (2025 B.S)

- Koshanath Devkota, Nepal Rājkiya Pragya Pratisthān, Kathmandu, 2025. Page: 149

Sanskrit Synonyms:

cZdGts, sgsf/s, s/s, sf~rgf/, sfGtk'ik, sfGtf/, sf~rfgs, s'2fn, s'07nL, u08f/L, lul/h, rdl/s,

tfd|k'ik, wjnR5b, o'Udk'ik, zf]0fk'iks, :jNks]z/L, ;'j0ff{/ .

Koirālo

It is of three types on the basis of colour of flower : red , white ,and yellow.

Charactersistics:

It is sweet and astringent , hard, sangrahi. It induces hunger and increase appetite. It pacifies

kapha , pitta and vayu. It is useful in mutrakrichra ,krimi ,kustha ,gudamamsa, tridoshbikar

and shiroroga. It promotes lactation in lactating mother. Specifically the white flower variety

alleviates swas ,kās ,pitta, rakta vikar, wounds and menstrual disorder where as yellow

flowered variety has the property of vranaropana.

Flower is as tringent, cool , light and retentive. It is useful in pitta vikār , raktavikār ,kshaya,

kāsa and menstrual disorder.


KĀNCHANĀRA IN DRAVYAGUNA TEXTS DRAVYAGUNA VIJNĀNA(MATERIA MEDICA- VEGETABLE DRUGS) - Dr. Gyanendra Pandey, Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi. Part II, Page: 59-64

Botanical Name: Bauhinia variegataLinn.

Synonym: Phanera variegata(L.) Benth.

Classical name: Kānchanāra

Sanskrit names: Kānchanāra, Gandari, Camarika, Jugapatraka, Karbudāra, Svalpakesari.

Description

Small to medium-sized trees with hairy branches. Leaves 4.5-15 cm. long, as broad as or

broader than long, cleft one-fourth to one third way down, 9 -15- nerved, lobes obtuse base

cordate.

Flowers in lax corymbose racemes, from leafless axils or terminating lateral branches; bracts

and bracteoles detoid. Calyx 2-2.7 cm long, pubescent, spathaceous, 5-toothed at apex.

Petals 4-5cm. long, obovate-oblong, clawed, the uppermost darker with purple veins.

Stamens 5 fertile; staminodes absent. Ovary pubescent.

Pods 15-30 to 15-25 cm. flat, glabrous; seeds 10-15.

Distribution

It occurs almost throughout India ascending to about 5,000 ft. elevation.

Kinds and varieties:

There are three varieties of Kānchanāra on the basis of flower-colour viz. White, yellow and

red. White and red varieties of kānchanāra are of kovidara which is botanically identified as

Bauhinia purpurea Linn commonly known as Koilar and also Peddare. Kovidāra flowers in

sarada ritu and fruits in sitaru(winter) which kānchanāra(Karbudara) flowers in spring

(Basanta) as indicated in classical description(Cakrapani annotating Caraka Samhita, Cikistsa.

4-70 and other texts) specifying two varieties of Kovidara.

Morphologically the flowers are showy more than 3mm. long generally in three species of

Bauhinia racemosa Lamk., B. variegata L. and B. purpurea. Linn. Besides other characteristic

difference (stamens fertile 10 in Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. while into others fertile stamens 3 -

5), mainly the characters of leaves and also flowers differentiate both species: Leaves cleft to

about half way down, hypanthium shorter than the calyx and fertile stamens three in

Bauhinia purpurea Linn. when the leaves cleft to about one-third way down, hypanthium

equalling the leaves calyx and fertile stamens five in Bauhinia variegate Linn. Another kind of

Kānchanāra or Pita Kānchanāra is botanically identified as Bauhinia tomentosa Linn. that

bears yellow flowers and it occurs in north-western India particularly and Sri Lanka.


Pharmacodynamics

Rasa : Kasaya

Guna: Laghu, ruksa

Virya: Sita

Vipaka: Katu

Doshakarma: Kaphapittasamaka

Properties and Action

Karma:

Gandamālā nasana

Vranasodhana-vranaropana

Sothahara

Stambhana

Krimigna

Vamaka

Raktastambhana

Lasikaghranthisothahara

Kasahara

Mutrasangrahaniya

Artavasravahrasaka

Lekhana-medapanayana

Roga:

Galaganda- Gandamālā

Granthi sotha

Vrana

Lasika

Granthi- Arbuda

Kustha

Carmavikara

Mukhapaka

Atisara-Pravāhika

Arsa-gudabhramsa-parikartika

Krimi

Vibandha


Raktapitta

Prameha

Raktapradara

Medoroga

Carmavikara-dadru.

Therapeutic uses:

The drug Kānchanāra is astringent, antiallergic, and vermifuge. It is used in cough, menstrual

disorders, glandular diseases and prolapsed of the rectum. Drug is frequently used in

traditional medicine in glandular ailments.

The drug Kānchanāra is excellent medicine for galaganda, gandamālā , granthi, and similar

other ailments in Ayurveda. The fresh bark of Kānchanāra mixed with Sunthi is pounded with

sour gruel and given in gandamālā (Cakradatta, 41-18).

The decoction of kānchanāra bark, added with Sunthi powder is given in Gandamālā .

Decoction of Kānchanāra bark added with three myrobalans or triphala and pippali churna is

recommended in gandamālā as well as galaganda. Besides these recipes, triphala ghrita, diet

of barley and green gram are advised in texts of clinical medicine in the management of

gandamālā. Kānchanāra guggulu is a prominent formulation in Indian medicine which is

frequently administered for treatment of galaganda, gandamālā, granthi and allied diseases.

In pox(masurika), the decoction of Kānchanāra bark added with svarnamaksika bhasma is

considered useful. Kānchanāra is useful in various other diseases such as kasa, svasa, pradara,

kshaya, krimi, kustha, gudabhramsa, vrana, mutrakrcchra, atisāra, pravahikā, prameha,

medoroga, charmaroga, parikartika and other diseases.

Parts Used: Bark, flowers.

Doses: Bark powder 1-6 gms. Decoction 40-80ml. Flower juice: 10-20 ml.

Formulations:

Kānchanāra guggulu, kancharadi kwatha, Kanchana gudikā.

Gana:

Vamanopaga (Caraka Samhita)

Urdhavabhagahara

Kasayavarga (Sushruta Samhita).


DRAVYAGUNA- VIJNĀNA PART 2 - Prof. P.V. Sharma, Choukhamba Bharati Acadamy, Banarasi, 2012. Page:234

Introduction

Gana:

Vamanopaga (Caraka Samhita)

Urdhavabhagahara

Kasayavarga (Sushruta Samhita).

Family: Leguminosae

Sub-family: Caesalpinioideae

Latin Name: Bauhinia variegata

Sanskrit Names: Kānchanāra, camarika, yugapatraka, karbudar, svalpakesari

Description:

A medium sized tree, bark externally rough, internally smooth.

Leaf: Simple, alternate, stalked, cleft at the apex into 2 rounded lobes, 10-15cm long,

palmately veined

Flower: In short raceme, fragnant, petals white, fifth darker with purple veins, flower appears

at the leafless branches.

Distribution: Up to 1200m in Nepal.

Chemical composition: Tanin, glycosides, a brown resin, seed contains fixed oil.

Types:

White : Bauhinia variegata

Red: Bauhinia purpurea

Yellow: Bauhinia tomentosa

Guna: Rukshya, Laghu

Rasa: Kasaya

Vipaka: Katu

Virya: Sita

Prabhava: Gandamālā nasana

Uses:

External: vranasodhana, vranaropana, kusthagna, sothahara


Internal:

Digestive System: sthambhana, krimigna, bamana in high dose

Circulatory System: raktasthambhana, lasikā granthi sothahara

Respiratory System: kāsahara

Urinary System: mutrasangrahaniya

Reproductive System: Ārtavshravarodhaka

Skin: Kusthagna

Satmikarana: Llekhana, medohara

Parts used: Bark and flower

Dose: Tvakchurna: 3-6 gm

Kwatha: 40-80 ml

Pusparasa: 10-20 ml

Specific Preparation: Kānchanāra guggulu, kancharadi kwatha, Kanchana gudika.

DRAVYAGUNA VIJNĀNAM SECOND PART

- Acharyopāvhena Tribikramatmājenayadavsharmanā,Nirnayasāgar Press, Bombai, 2007 B.S. Page: 179

Description :

It is abundantly found in indain sub continent. On the basis of flower colour . its is of two

types red and white young flowerbud is used as vegetable.

Guna karma :

Kasaya , sitavirya , grahi urdhabhaghar kapha, pitta, krimi, kustha gudabharamsa, gandamālā

and vrana nasak . flower is madhur , madhur vipak ,rukshya, grahi ,raktha pitta, pitta

raktapitta vikar , pradara kshaya and kās nasak.

The action of kanchanar is on skin and rasagranthi . in overdose it cause vomiting. It cases of

gandamālā and a pachi the kwath of its bark is given with guggulu.

Parts used: flower and bark

Dose :6 masa

Specific preparation :kanchanarguggulu


AYURVEDIC PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTIC USES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

DRAVYAGUNAVIGNYAN.

- Vaidya V. M. Gogte, Chaukhambha Publications, New Delhi. Page: 339-341

Kānchanāra ( Bauhinia variegata)

Gana: Vamanopag (C.), Urdhwabhaghara, Kashaya (S.)

Kula: Shimbi kula

Upakula: Putikaranja

Family: Leguminosae

Latin Name: Bauhinia( in memory of the two famous French Bbotanist brothers of the 16 th

century John and Casper (Bauhin); variegata (Variegated with patches of different colours)

Sanskrit Names: Kanchnar, Pakari, Kovidar, Dalak, Chanari, Girij, Yugmapatra, Mahapuspa.

Botanical Discription: It is a medium sized tree growing straight. The bark is rough. Flowers

are white, yellow or red in colour. Each pod contains 10-15 hard seeds. Flowering occurs in

rainy season, pods are seen.

Varieties: Depending on colour of the flower, it is classified into 3 types- 1) white 2) red and

3) yellow. The trees with white and red flowers are of same height but trees with yellow

flowers are taller. Trees with orange flowers are called kovidar.

Habitat: Found everywhere in India. Found in mountain ranges.

Chemical composition: The bark contains tannin, sugar and gum.

Guna: rukshya, laghu

Rasa: kasaya

Vipak: katu

Virya: sheeta

Prabhav: gandamālā nāsak

Dosha Karma: Kaphasamak by rukshya, laghu and tikta properties. It is pittashamak because

of sheeta veerya and therefore it is used in kapha pitta diseases.


External uses: It helps in wound cleaning and healing, it cures skin disorders and

inflammations. Decoction is used for washing wounds and skin disorders. The bark ground in

a paste is useful in lymphadenitis. Decoction made from its bark, pods of babool tree and

flowers of pomegranate is used in oral disorders. Decoction is used for fomentation in rectal

prolapse.

Internal uses:

Digestive system: It has astringent and anthelmintic properties but it causes vomiting in

excess dose. Being sweet, flowers are mild laxative. Astringent property is useful in

diarrrhoea, dysentery, rectal prolapse, haemorrhoids and helminthiasis. It enhances emetic

action when used in conjuction with emetic drugs. Gulkand prepared from the flowers is used

in constipation, while dried buds are used in haemorrhoids.

Circulatory System: It acts as haemostatic and reduces the inflammation of the lymph nodes.

It is effective in haemorrhagic disorders. (paste of bark, roots and flowers is used)

Respiratory system: It is used in cough (kaphagna).

Urinary system: controls polyurea in diabetes.

Reproductive system: In menorrhagia, it acts as a haemostatic by astringent property.

Skin: Used in skin diseases. Mixture of kanchanar bark, rice water and ginger is effective in

osteoporosis.

Satmikaran: Because of rukshya property, it is fat reducing. Used in lipid disorders.

Parts used: Leaves, root bark, and flowers.

Doses: Powder – 3-5gm, decoction- 40-80 ml.

Formulations: Kanchanar guggul, kānchanāradi kwath, kanchan gutika.

Srotogomitva:

Dosha: Kāphagna, pittagna.

Dhatu: Rakta, meda(Lymphadenitis), menorrhagic disorders.

Mala: Purisha (stops diarrhoes and prolapse)


Views of modern authors

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF NEPAL - Bulletin of the Department of Plant Resources No. 28; Government of Nepal Department of Plant

Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2007, Page: 73.

Koirālo

Scientific Name: Bauhinia variegata Linn.

Bauhinia candida Alton

Family: Leguminosae

Other Names: Mountain ebony, Variegated Bauhinia (English), Kachnar (Hindi),

Kānchanāra (Sanskrit)

Description:

A medium sized deciduous tree. Leaves simple, alternate, stalked, cleft at the apex into

two rounded lobes resembling a camel's foot print, 10-15 cm long, palmately veined.

Flowers in short racemes at the end of branches or in the axil of leaf, fragrant, 5 -6cm, 4

petals white and the fifth darker with purple veins. Flowers appear in leafless branches.

Fruits flat and hard pods, 20-30cm long, 2.5cm broad, slightly curved. Seeds 10-15 in a

pod.

Flowering and fruiting: April- May

Parts Used: Root and Bark

Uses:

The bark is alternative, tonic, and blood purifier. It is also useful in diarrhea, dysentery,

piles and liver complaints. The decoction of root is valuable drink for reducing corpulence.

Fresh flowers used as laxative.

Chemical Constituents:

Flowers contain flavonoids- Kaempferal-3-galactoside, kaempferol-3- rhamnoglucoside.

Stem contains 5,7-dihydroxy-flavanon-4'-0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-B-D-glucopyranoside.

From stem bark hentriacontane, octacosanol, B- sitosterol and stigmasterol are reported.

A new compound naringenin 5,7- dimethylether-4'- rhamnoglucoside have been isolated

alongwith lupeol from stems.

Distribution in Nepal: 150-1900m, east to west.


FLOWERS OF HIMALAYA

- Oleg polunin and Adam Stainton, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, Eleventh impression,2011). Page:

88-89

Distribution: Pakistan to Bhutan, India, Burma, China.

Upto 1800m. height.

Generally found in forest, it is also planted in villages.

It differs from Bauhinia purpurea in that it flowers in the spring on leafless branches; leaf cleft

to a third (in case of B. purpurea cleft to half), and calyx tube as long or longer than calyx

limb. Flowers fragrant, 5-6cm; petals all white, or 4 petals pale purple, and the fifth darker

with veins; fertile stamens 5; calyx spathe-like, not splitting.

Leaves cut for fodder; flowers eaten and pickled; bark used for dyeing and tanning; the wood

for building and implements. The bark is used medicinally.

A COMPENDIUM OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN NEPAL - S.R Baral and P.P Kurmi, Kathmandu, Nepal-2006. Page:269-270

Nepali Name: Koiralo, Seto koirālo, Kachnār

English Name: Mountain ebony, Orchid plant, Buddhist bauhinia.

Distribution: Kashmir to Bhutan, India, Myanmar, China

Description: Tree, with 3mm wide bark, externally rough, yellowish grey, internally smooth.

Leaves simple, entire, cordate, 5 -10 cm long, 2-lobed, about 1/3 of their length. Flowers

small, pubescent corymbs, light red purple, upper one darker and often tinged with cream

and red corolla.

Parts used: Root, bark, gum, leaves, flowers

Application: Decoction, gum

Use: Rroots are light,cool, astringent, anthelminthic, acrid and styptic. They cure ulcer,

swelling, leprosy, cough, menstrual disorder, glandular diseases and prolapse of uterus.


NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS OF NEPAL (IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION, ETHNIC USES AND CULTIVATION). - Prof. I. C. Dutta, Hill Side Press, Kathmandu, Nepal. Page: 52

Nepali Name: Koirālo

English Name: Mountain ebony

Family: Leguminosae

Habit: A medium sized deciduous tree

Flowering Period: February- April

Fruiting Period: June- August

Chemical Constituents: Fatty oil, isoquereetrin, astragalin. Flowers contain flaonoids. The

leaves and flower contain protein, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, Vitamin C.

Occurrence: Himalayan and Mahabharat Range of Nepal.

Description: A medium sized, deciduous tree, found throughout Nepal, ascending to an

altitude of 1300 meters. Bark velvety with longitudinal cracks, pale pink inside; leaves rather

broder than deep, rigidly sub-coriaceous, deeply cordate; flowers variously coloured , in few-

flowered, lateral, sessile, or short-peduncled corymbs; pods long hard, flat, glabrous,

dehiscent, 10-15 seeded.

Uses:

The root is carminative and is used in dyspepsia and flatulence. A decoction of the root is

reported to prevent obesity. Root is also taken as antidote to snake poison.

The Bark is astringent, tonic and anthelmintic. Bark is useful in scrofula and skin diseases. It is

also used in leprosy . A decoction of the bud is given in cough, piles , haematuria and

menorrhagia. The flowers are laxative.

The bark yields a fibre. It is also used for dyeing and tanning. The tree yields gum similar to

cherry gum. The leaves are used for preparation of beedis.


INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS (A COMPENDIUM OF 500 SPECIES)

- Arya Vaidya sala, Orient Longman, 2007, Volume 1. Chennai.Page: 256-260

Bauhinia variegata Linn.

Caesalpiniaceae

Sanskrit Names: Kancanarah, Kovidarah

Distribution: Throughout Indian sub-continent, in areas upto 1800 elevation.

The plant: A moderate sized deciduous tree with vertically cracked grey bark, wood

moderately hard, grayish brown with irregular darker patches; leaves of 2 leaflets, connate

for about two-thirds up, leaflets ovate, rounded at apex, 10-15cm long, pubescent beneath

when young, coriacious; flowers white or pink, the uppermost petal darker and variegated,

usually appearing before the leaves in short axillary or terminal racemes, stamens 5,

staminoides absent, fruits flat dehiscent pods, seeds 10-15.

Parts used: Roots, Bark

Properties and uses: The roots and bark are astringent, acrid, cooling, constipating,

depurative, anthelminthic, vulnerary, anti-inflamatory and stypic. They are useful in vitiated

conditions of pitta and Kapha, diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, leprosy, intestinal worms,

tumours, wounds, ulcers, inflammations, scrofula, protoptosis, haemorrhoids, haemoptysis,

cough, menorrhagia and diabetes.

Medicinal Plants of India

S.N. Lal, M. Singh, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. Kolkata, 2009. Page:12


Caesalpiniaceae

Distinguishing features:

A small tree. Leaves 11-13 nerved, base cordate. Flowers purple with the median petal purple

yellow, fragrant, in short recemes. Stamens 5, staminodes 0. Pods flat, glabrous.

Parts Used Medicinally: Bark-alternative, tonic astringent, useful in skin diseases, ulcers and

in scrofula. Dried buds- used in dysentery, piles and worms. Decoction of root used in

dyspepsia. Root is antidote to snake poison.


BANAUSADHI-NIDARSHIKA (AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPIA)

- Dr. Ramsushil Singh, Hindi Samiti, Suchanā Vibhāga, Lucknow,1969. Page: 60

Distribution:

It is found from Himalayan to terai region. It is abundantly found in forests of Indian sub

continent. It is also planted in garden.

Description:

It is medium sized tree leaf in 2-6 inch long and has width of same measurement , bilobed

lobes cut upto 1/4 to 1/3 part , entire margin it has 11-15 veins and stalk is 2.5-3.75 cm long .

peduncle is short arising from leaf base. It flowers after the leav es are fallen out. Flowers are

aromatic and arise in 4-5 corymbs. Petals are 5 in number . usually 2 inch long lanceolate 4

are white and one red which have one strong midvein and other arise from its base which

are of pueple colour .stamen are 5 in number ,sometimes 3-4 in number. Ovary with long

style . fruit pod is 6-10 inch long 0.7-0.9 inch broad, flat, hard , smooth slightly ,falcate which

rupture after ripened with 10-15 seeds. Leaves fall during spring after which flowering occurs.

Fruiting occurring during rainy season. The young flower bud is used make vegetable pickle.

The fully developed flower is also used to make gulkanda.

Parts used: bark , flower , leaf ,seed, and resin.

Dose: 3-6 gm

Purity test:

Bark is grey in colour innerpart bulky, fracture granular ,raddish broen in colour. Innermost

layer is white while the outermost layer contains small elliptic warts. When bark is grinded

the powder obtained is red in colour and kasaya in taste.

Collection and preservation

Generally on account of its easy availability at all places it can be obtained fresh but in case ,

it has to be collected for preservation , the bark is dired without sunlight and kept in a

airtight vessel in a non humidity cool place.

Constituents:

The bark contains tannin glycosides and a brownish resinous matter. It is used before one

year.

Characteristics:

Guna : rukshya ,laghus


Rasa :kasaya

Vipaka:katu

Virrya:shita

Prabhav :gandamālā nasak

Chief action: vramasodhana and ropana, staubhana , urine retentive , rakta stambhana

gandamālā and lasika-granthishoth nasak. Flower is shita and rukshya sarak.

Harmful effects:

It is heavy slow digesting and ānahkarake

Counteracting harmful effects:

Garam masala

Main preparations:

Kanchanarguggulu, kanchanadi kwath, kanchangutika , gandamālā , kandan rasa, gulkanda

kanchanar.

BANAUSADHI SHATAK - Vaidya Shree D. P. Sharma, Shree Vaidyanāth Ayurveda Bhavan P. Ltd., Kolkata, First Edition, 1965 A.D.

Page:26

It is 15-20 feet in height. The branches are weak and face downward. Bark is one inch thick,

brownish or whitish in colour . leaf in green flat. It is joint at base and bilobed at upper part

.leaves fall during poush – magh and new leaves arise in falgun – chaitra. Fruits is green and

long. Its flower is 1 inch long larger white , yellow, or red in colour slightly aromatic.

FLORA OF NARARJUN

Bulletin of Department of Medicinal Plants,Kathmandu,Nepal. 1973 A.D. Page:16-17

Leguminosae

Bauhinia variegata

A tree, 6m high. Lleaves petioled, divided into 2 lobes, obtuse, deeply cordate, sub-

coriaceous, middle sized. Corymbs few flowered. Flowers pink, standard rose coloured.

Flowers taken as vegetable.

Local name: Koirālo


PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CERTAIN MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN

AYURVEDA

- Central Council Research in Ayurveda & Sidda-1990 New Delhi.Page: 59-60

L.N.: Bauhinia variegata

Paryaya: Yugmapatraka

Vargikarana: Vamanopaga (Ca.)

Urdhabhagahara

Guna Karma:

Rasa: Kasaya

Guna: Lagu, Ruskhya

Vipaka: Katu

Virya: Sita

Pittakaphasamaka, Vranasodhana, Sothahara, Stambhana, Mutrasangrahana

Ghataka:

Kānchanāra- guggulu, candanasava, vidangasava

Chemistry:

From the flowers,hentriacontane, octacosanol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, betasitosterol-

D-glucopyranoside and one unidentified flavonoid have been.

Kaempferal-3-galactoside, kaempferol-3- rhamnoglucoside and four other unidentified

flavonoids were isolated from flowers. Seeds contain fatty oil whereas stem contains 5,7-

dihydroxy-flavanon-4'-0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-B-D-glucopyranoside. From stem bark

hentriacontane, octacosanol, B- sitosterol and stigmasterol were reported. A new compound

naringenin 5,7- dimethylether-4'- rhamnoglucoside have been isolated alongwith lupeol from

stems. Ascorbic acid, amino acids-aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline,

glycine, alanine, half cystein, valine, methionine, isoleusine, leusine, tyrosine, phenylalanin e,

histidine, lysine and arginine alongwith ammonia have been detected. Quercetol glycosides

were the dominant flavonoids of the plant while myricetol, glycosides were present in seeds.

Other flavonol glycosides identified were quercitroside, isoquercitroside, rutoside and a

taxifolin rhamnoside. Kaempferol-3-glucoside was reported in a taxifolin rhamnoside.

Kaempferol-3-glucoside was reported in the stems alongwith some sugars and amino acids.


A COMPARATIVE HINDU MATERIA MEDICA

- C. Chakraberty, Low Price Publications, 1993, Delhi. Page: 69-71

Kānchanāra: Bauhinia, a genus of leguminous plants of the family Caesalpiniaceae, tribe

Bauhinieae mainly consisting of tropical species under 9 distinct suborders, which are

usually twining vines, often stretching from tree to tree like cables, and distinguished by

having their leaves consisting of two lobes or parts.

Synonym: Phanera variegata

English Name: Mountain Ebony

It is a tree about 20 feet high, growing in tropical India, East indies and China, bearing

bifoliate leaves and rose-white flowers disposed in pairs. The wood is of dark colour, and is

called ebony. The bark is used as tonic, astringent, and alternative internally, and exteranally

in scrofula, ulcers and cutanious affections.

THE MATERIA MEDICA OF THE HINDUS

- U.C. Dutt, Mittal Publications, 1989, Delhi. Page: 156-157


Two species of Bauhinia, namely purple and white flowered are noticed in the Bhavaprakasha

under the names of Kovidara and Kānchanāra and the properties of both are said to be

identical. The bark of Bauhinia variegatais described as alternative, tonic, astringent and

useful in scrofula, skin diseases and ulcers.

Cakradatta recommends the bark of the red variety to be rubbed into an emulsion with rice

water and administered, eith theaddition of ginger, in scrofulous enlargement of the glands

of the neck. Sarangadhara gives the following preparation for the same affection.

Kānchanāra guggulu: Take off the bark of Kānchanāra eight folds, the three myrobalans sixty

tolas,ginger, black pepper, long pepper and the bark of varuna, eight tolas each, cardamons,

cinnamon, and tejpatra leaves, each two tolas, powder them all and rub together with

guggulu, equal in weight to the other ingredients. Dose, half a tola to be taken very morning

with a decoction of mundi or of catechu. This medicine is said to be useful in scrofulous

enlargements of glands, tumours, ulcers, skin diseases etc.


MEDICINAL DRUGS OF INDIA

- B.S. Mohan, Lahore. First Edition-1930. Page:74-75

Latin Name.: Bauhinia variegata

Family: Leguminoceae

Habitat: Found in the Sub-Himalayan tracts and throughout the forests of India.

Properties & Uses:

The bark is astringent, tonic, alternative, and yields a brown coloured gum. The root is

carminative and the flowers are digestive but in large doses the action is laxative. The

decoction of the bark with dry ginger and rice-water gives a good relief in scrofula glands. The

same as a wash to the affected part. It purifies the blood, checks diarrhea and being antifat in

action is available for corpulent persons.

Preparation: Kanchanar Ggugglu

Dose: 1 tola every morning with decoction of the same drug.

WILD EDIBLE PLANTS OF NEPAL

- Editors: Dr. Samar Bahadur Malla Et. Al., Department of Medicinal Plants, Thapathali, Kathmandu, 1982.


Family- Leguminosae

Local Name- Koirālo

English Name- Mountain ebony

Description- A tree, nearly 10m tall, either cultivated or growing wild. Leaves 10-15cm by 8-

18cm, stalked, heart-shaped, nearly circular, bi-lobed, and leathery in texture. flowers,

stalked, large, white with red blaze on the upper lip. Fruit - a pod, 10-30cm by 2cm.

Use- The flowers are pickled or taken as vegetable.

Flowering Period- March to May

Fruiting- September to October

Specimen collected from-

Yektin-Panchthar- 1600 Nagarjun-1500m

Pokhara-1700m Sitalpati-Salyan- 1219m North of Nepalgunj-750m


TREASE AND EVANS' PHARMACOGNOSY

- W C Evans, W B Saunders Company Limited 1997. 14TH EDITION, Page:497

Herbal ingredients of Asian medicines in use in Britain:

Bauhinia variegata:

Parts used: Bark

Constituents: Glycosides

Uses: Dysentery, diarrhea, leprosy, syphilis, skin diseases

VANAUSADHI-CHANDRODAYA

- C. Bhandari, Jnāna-Mandira, Bhānupurā, Part II

Tree upto 15-20ft high. Branches weak and facing downwards.

It contains a type of resin that dissolves in water. Bark in used as colouring agent.

According to shushruta , it is useful ingredient in the treatment of poisoning of snake and

scorpion. The tip of its seed in cut and applied at the place of bite of snake.

According to charakdatta , the bark powder mixed with rice water and sunthi can treat

kanthamālā and galaganda.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN AYURVEDA

- Vaidya Bhagwan and Lalitesh Kashyap, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, Part II, 1982. Page:434

Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis

Rajamrigankapattali rasa :

Juice of kanchanar along with other constituents make up rajamriganka pottali rasa which

cures aggravated kapha sprue syndrome ,asthma , cough , phthisis and anorexia.it cures

emaciation and loss of strength.


Some research work conducted on Bauhinia variegata around the world In vitro antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of Bauhinia variegata Linn.

- G.P. Rajani, Purnima Ashok, Indian J Pharmacol. 2009 October; 41(5): 227–232. doi:

10.4103/0253-7613.5851, PMCID: PMC2812783

Abstract:

Introduction

Oxidation is one of the destructive processes, wherein it breaks down and damages various

molecules. Oxygen via its transformation produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as

super oxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide. They provoke uncontrolled reactions.

Molecular oxygen is an essential component for all living organisms, but all aerobic species

suffer from injury if exposed to concentration more than 21%.

Free radicals attack and induce oxidative damage to various biomolecules including proteins,

lipids, lipoproteins, and DNA.The body possesses several defense systems comprising

enzymes and radical scavengers.Some of them constitute the repair systems for biomolecules

that are damaged by the attack of free radicals.

Antioxidants are compounds that act as inhibitors of the oxidation process and are found to

inhibit oxidant chain reactions at small concentrations and thereby eliminate the threat of

pathological processes. Phenolic compounds present in medicinal plants have been reported

to posses powerful antioxidant activity. Flavanoids are a major class of phenolic compounds

present in medicinal plants and are found to have a potential role in prevention of various

diseases through their antioxidant activity.

Bauhinia variegataLinn. (Ceasalpiniaceae) is a medium-sized deciduous tree found

throughout India. It is traditionally used in bronchitis, leprosy, and tumors. The stem bark is

used as astringent, tonic, and anthelmintic. Infusion of the leaves is used as a laxative and for

piles. Dried buds are used in the treatment of worm infestations, tumors, diarrhea, and piles.

The stem bark is used in ayurveda for its antidiabetic activity. So far, the stem bark has been

investigated and reported to have antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antiulcer, and

hepatoprotective activity. Flavanone glycoside from root is reported to have anti -

inflammatory activity. The stem bark is reported to contain 5,7 dihydroxy and 5,7 dimethoxy

flavanone-4-O-α-L rhamnopyrosyl-β-D-glycopyranosides, Kaempferol-3-glucoside, lupeol, and

betasitosterol. Seeds contain protein, fatty oil-containing oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic

acid, and stearic acid. Flowers contain cyanidin, malvidin, peonidin, and kaempferol. Root

contains flavanol glycosides.

Since polyphenolic compounds are present in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of stem

bark and root of B. variegata Linn., it was thought that it would be worthwhile to evaluate

the plant for antioxidant activity. Lipids are one of the most susceptible targets of free

radicals.This oxidative destruction is known as lipid peroxidation and may induce many

pathological events. Apart from antioxidant studies, the present study therefore also involves

evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity.


Materials and Methods

Plant material and extraction

The stem bark and root of B. variegata Linn. were procured and authenticated from Regional

Research Institute, Bangalore. The authenticated stem bark and root were dried in shade and

powdered coarsely. Extraction was done according to standard procedures using analytical

grade solvents. Coarse powders of the root (1 kg) and stem bark (1.1 kg) were separately

Soxhlet extracted with 90% ethanol. The aqueous extract was prepared using the same marc

by the process of maceration. The extracts obtained were concentrated under reduced

pressure to yield the ethanolic extract of stem bark and root (4.3 and 4.2%, respectively) and

the aqueous extract of stem bark and root (2.4% each).

The method of Tamasi et al. was used for evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity. Albino

Wistar rats weighing between 190 and 250 g were assigned to various groups of six animals

each. Animals were fasted for 16 h prior to the experiment with water ad libitum. The various

extracts, B. variegata stem-water extract (BVSW), ethanolic extract (BVSA), B. variegata root-

water extract (BVRW), and ethanolic extract (BVRA) each at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body

weight, simvastatin at 4 mg/kg and fenofibrate at 20 mg/kg, were administered p.o. to groups

II to XI, respectively. Group I served as control. On the day of the experiment, the animals of

the groups II-XI received the respective drugs by oral route. Simultaneously, all the animals

received Triton WR-1339 at 100 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal route. The control

animals were given only Triton WR-1339 at 100 mg/kg body weight. Serum cholesterol,

triglyceride, and HDL were estimated at 6, 24, and 48 h using AGAPPE diagnostic kits. Blood

samples were withdrawn by retroorbital puncture. Total cholesterol was estimated by CHOD-

PAP methodology, Triglycerides by GPO-PAP methodology, and HDL by the precipitation

method using phosphotungstate magnesium acetate reagent.

Results

There was no mortality and noticeable behavioral changes in all the groups tested. The

aqueous and ethanolic extracts of stem and root of B. variegata Linn. were found to be safe

upto 2000 mg/kg body weight.

Conclusion

The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of B. variegata Linn. have shown significant antioxidant

activity. In the preliminary studies, it was found out that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts

of B. variegata Linn. have shown promising antihyperlipidemic activity. B. variegata may

partly owe its antihyperlipidemic activity to its antioxidant activity.


EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE STEM BARK OF Bauhinia variegata LINN. - MM Ghaisas, SA Shaikh, AD Deshpande, Department of Pharmacology, Pad. Dr. D.Y.

Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune - 411 018, India, International Journal of Green Family

To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegate Linn, to justify the traditional claim endowed upon this herbal drug as a rasayana in Ayurveda. The effect of the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata(EBV) on the primary and secondary antibody responses was evaluated by the humoral antibody response for a specific immune response. The effect of EBV on the phagocytic activity was evaluated by the carbon clearance test and neutrophil activation was evaluated by the neutrophil adhesion test for a nonspecific immune response. The data was analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramar multiple comparison tests. On oral administration, EBV showed a significant increase in the primary and secondary humoral antibody responses, by increasing the hemagglutinating antibody titre at doses of 250 and 500mg/kg/p.o. There was a significant increase in the phagocytic index and percentage neutrophil adhesion at doses of 250 and 500mg/kg/p.o. The present study reveals that the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegataLinn holds a promise as an immunomodulatory agent, which acts probably by stimulating both the specific and nonspecific arms of immunity. BAUHINIA VARIEGATA LEAF CAPITATE STIGMA EXTRACTS EXHIBIT CONSIDERABLE ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES.

- Mishra A1, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Saxena AK, Pandey AK, PMID: 24093108 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE], http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24093108

The present study reports the phytochemical profiling, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Bauhinia variegataleaf extracts. The reducing sugar, anthraquinone, and saponins were observed in polar extracts, while terpenoids and alkaloids were present in nonpolar and ethanol extracts. Total flavonoid contents in various extracts were found in the

range of 11-222.67 mg QE/g. In disc diffusion assays, petroleum ether and chloroform fractions exhibited considerable inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Several other extracts also showed antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of E. coli, Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of potential extracts were found between 3.5 and 28.40 mg/mL. The lowest MBC (3.5 mg/mL) was recorded for ethanol extract against Pseudomonas spp. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared with standard antioxidants. Dose dependent response was observed

in reducing power of extracts. Polar extracts demonstrated appreciable metal ion chelating activity at lower concentrations (10-40 μg/mL). Many extracts showed significant antioxidant response in beta carotene bleaching assay. AQ fraction of B. variegata showed pronounced cytotoxic effect against DU-145, HOP-62, IGR-OV-1, MCF-7, and THP-1 human cancer cell lines with 90-99% cell growth inhibitory activity. Ethyl acetate fraction also produced considerable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and THP-1 cell lines. The study demonstrates notable antibacterial,

antioxidant, and anticancer activities in B. variegata leaf extracts.


BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF LEGUMINOSAE- CAESALPINIACEAE

- (Modern Plant Taxonomy, N.S. Subrahmanyam, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.Ltd.,First Edition,1995) Page:286-287,295-297

The leguminosae is one of the largest families of flowering plants. The family has 590 to 690

genera and 12000 to 17000 species.

Bentthem and Hooker(1865) treated the Leguminosae as a "vast order, clearly natural divided

into three suborders by adequately defined characters."

The suborders are: Papilionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Mimoseae.

Caesalpiniaceae

Habit: Mostly shrubs or trees.

Leaves: Large, pinnately compound and stipulate. Stipules are either small or aurriculate;

spiny or leafy. Leaf base is typically swollen and pulvinate.

Floral characters

Inflorescence: A many flowered raceme, terminal corymbs or like corymbose panicles.

Flowers: big and showy forming cluster; bracteates, ebracteolate, complete, bisexual,

perigynous, pentamerous.

Calyx cocsists of green sepals, united or free, may be only 4 in some. Sepals are petaloid in

genera where petals are completely absent; valvate in aestivation or imbricate.

Corolla consists of 5-4 petals, free aestivation is ascending imbricate; Anterior two petals are

completely suppressed or represented by glands or bristles in Āmherssita and Tamarindus.

Petals are absent in Saraca.

Androcium consists of 10 stamens, diplostemonous; usually free. Only 3 fertile stamens are

produced in Tamarindus. Anthers are dithecous, basifixed or versatile, dehiscing by

longitudinal slits. In some species some of the posterior stamens are sterile. Gynoecium is

monocarpellary; ovary is cylindrical with terminal style and capitate stigma; unilocular with

numorous ovules; placentation in marginal.

Flowers are entomophilous.

Fruit is a legume but rarely samara as in Pterolobium.

Seeds non- endospermic or endospermic.

Important characteristics: compound leaves, inflorescence is a corymb or corymbose raceme. Flower perigynous, pentamerous and slightly zygomorphic, ascending imbricate aestivation of petals, ten stamens in two rings.


TAXONOMY OF KĀNCHANĀRA Division: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae Sub Class: Polypetalae Series: Calyciflorae Order: Rosales Family:Leguminosae Sub-family: caesalpiniasae Genus: Bauhinia Species: variegata Botanical Description

Key Characters

Flower: Complete, Perfect . Floral Symmetry: Bilateral. Perianth: +, Differentiated. Calyx (K): 5, Distinct or Coalescent, inserted on Perigynous Zone (PZ). Corolla (C): 5, Distinct, inserted on Perigynous Zone. Androecium (A): 10 or fewer, Distinct or variously united, inserted on Perigynous Zone. Gynoecium (G): Monocarpous, Pistil=1, Carpels/pistil=1, Locules/pistil=1, Ovules/locule=2 Ovary: Superior. Placentation: Marginal. Infloresence: Cymes, Raceme, or Spike. Fruit: Legume. Phyllotaxy: Alternate. Leaves: Compound, usually Pinnate or Bipinnate (rarely Simple). Stipules: Present. Other distinctive features: Petals Imbricate in bud with Banner (Standard) inside Wings; Petiole with basal Pulvinus; Anthers opening by pores or slits.

Floral Formula:

http://www.herbarium.hawaii.edu/BOT461/query/details.php?field=family&family=Fabac

eae%20-%20Caesalpinioideae


CONCLUSION

Dravyaguna is the science which deals with the Guna (principle) and Karma (action) of a drug.

Dravyaguna can be considered both as a basic and an applied science and is interpreted as

clinical pharmacology. It forms the backbone of rational therapeutics. Correct and skillful

application of drugs is impossible without a proper understanding of their basic

pharmacology. Practice of medicine is transforming fr om experience (impression) based to

evidence based. Keeping this in mind, the most relevant information from Ayurvedic classics

and Nighantus as well as Dravyaguna texts and other modern texts with regard to Kānchanāra

has been compiled along with precise botanical description as far possible.

Vrihattrayi viz. Caraka Samhita, Susruta Samhita and Astānga Hridaya have mentioned

Karbudār and kovidāra as Kānchanāra of which Karbudāra (Bauhinia variegata) has been

taken into consideration in this compilation. They have described it primarily as an emetic

drug combined with other suitable drugs. The nighantus have given different synonyms for

Kānchanāra along with its properties, parts used, dosesvand indications as well as harmful

effects.Two species of Bauhinia, namely purple and white flowered are noticed in the

Bhavaprakasha under the names of Kovidara and Kānchanāra and the properties of both are

said to be identical. The bark of Bauhinia variegata is described as alternative, tonic,

astringent and useful in scrofula, skin diseases and ulcers.Cakradatta recommends the bark of

the red variety to be rubbed into an emulsion with described Kānchār rice water and

administered, eith theaddition of ginger, in s crofulous enlargement of the glands of the neck.

Sārangadhara gives the preparation of Kānchanāra guggulu to be useful in scrofulous

enlargements of glands, tumours, ulcers, skin diseases etc. The dravyaguna texts have

described classification, synonyms, botanical characters along with internal and external uses

with doses and specific preparations and so have been done by modern texts. To sum up,

Kānchanāra is an important medicinal plant occupying significant place in treatment of cough,

menstrual disorders, Glandular diseases and prolapse of the rectum among others.


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