Monograph on Page 1
INTRODUCTION Dravyaguna is essentially compilation of ancient Ayurvedic medical knowledge. More
than 850 medicinal plants are used in Ayurveda. If history of Ayurvedic system is explored, it
can be seen that during the Vedic period, the mode of study was oral communication. Later on several texts (samhita) including Caraka Samhitā, Sushruta samhitā, Agnivesha samhitā, Bhela samhitā, Prashara samhitā, and Kashyapa samhitā were composed.
Later on, scholars in the medieval time felt the need to assemble the work on Ayurveda at one stage and several nighantus were composed. The roots of the word nighantu lie in nigama; which means a secretive thing. Nighantu are considered to be nucleus of
Ayurvedic philosophy. Majority of the work was done between eight to fifteenth century A.D. Critical study of Dravyaguna is essential for exploring its full strength. Drugs derived from medicinal plants, either single or polyherbal, have been subjected to animal (preclinical) testing and promising results have been published in indexed journals. Several coded formulations have been screened for large scale clinical trials. Dravyaguna has definite role to offer as far discovery of novel leads and hits are discovered. A fraction of plants described in
Ayurvedic texts has been scientifically tested. Dravyaguna has made significant contribution to the Herbal Materia Medica. The term ‘Herbal Materia Medica’ covers global medicinal plants and is not restricted to one or other traditional systems of medicine. Dravyaguna coupled with ‘Reverse Pharmacology’ can act as powerful tool for discovering cost-effective and potent medicines.
About 8,000 herbal remedies have been codified in Ayurveda. Unfortunately, much of the ancient knowledge and many valuable plants are being lost at an alarming rate. With the
rapid depletion of forests, impairing the availability of raw drugs, Ayurveda, like other systems of herbal medicines has reached a very critical phase. Medicinal plants are being widely used, either as single drug or in combination in health care delivery system. Kānchanār- Bauhinia variegata (Caesalpiniaceae) is a commonly found plant in moist waste
ground and open plantations. It is cultivated throughout India and in the forest lands in
central India. According to Ayurveda, Bauhinia variegata Linn is used as a tonic for the liver, in
treatment of leprosy, menorrhagia, impurities of blood, tuberculous glands, wounds, ulcers,
asthma, etc. The bark powder of the plant is a major ingredient of the herbal tonic Kanchanar
guggul , an ayurvedic remedy prescribed to increase the white blood cells. Phytochemical
characterization shows the presence of tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponin in
the stem bark of Bauhinia variegataLinn. The ethanolic extract of stem bark of Bauhinia
variegata Linn contains β sitosterol, lupeol, vitamin C, kaempferol, flavonone and quercetin.
Some studies have reported its antitumour, anti-ulcer, antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Bauhinia variegata is an indigenous medicinal plant with pharmacological properties similar
to rasayanas.
Monograph on Page 2
KĀNCHANĀRA IN SAMHITĀS
CARAKA SAMHITĀ(1000 BC)
- Editor-translator: Prof. P.V. Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2008.
Volume I
Sutrasthāna
dw'dwssf]ljbf/sa'{bf/gLkkljb'naDaLz0fk'ikL;bfk'iKfLk|Tos\k'ikf Olt bz]dflg jdgf]kuflg ejlGt .. $÷@#
Madhu, madhuka, kovidāra, karbudāra, nipa, vidula, bimbi, sanapuspi, arka, and apāmārga,
these ten are sub- emetics. Ca. S. Sut. 4/23. Page: 27
cfn'sflg ======== sa'{bf/M ;'jr{nf .
gikfjM sf]ljbf/Zr ======= dfl/if:tyf .
================ sa'{bf/ zfNdn]M . @&÷((–!)$
All legumes including karbudāra are the vegetables which are heavy, rough, and often
digested with distention. They are madhura, shita virya and purgative. They should be boiled,
the juice be expressed out and then added with same fat before intake. The flower of sana,
kovidāra, karbudāra, and sālmali are checking and are useful particularly in internal
haemorrhage. Ca. S. Sut.27/99-104.Page:201
Volume II
Cikitsāsthāna
sfZdof{dnsfgf+ ;sa'{bf/fg\ ============== k|j[Q]̃ lk . !$÷@)@–@)#
The khadas prepared in supernatant fatty layer of curd and soured with fruits of kāsmarya ,
āmalaka, and karbudāra, and salmali;ksirini, cukrika leaf-buds of myagrodha and flowers of
kovidāra should be administered in excessive bleeding. Ca. S.Ci. 14/202-203.Page: 244
Siddisthāna
j6flbkNnj]ij]k ===== sa"{bf/] ======== k|z:ot] . &÷^!–^@
In case of severe raktapitta, enema of goat's milk boiled with crushed freshed peduncles of
sālmali added with ghee and cooled should be given. The same preparation in prescribed with
tender leaves of vata etc, barley and sesamum, suvarchalā and upodikā and karbudāra. Ca. S.
Si. 7/61-62. Page: 638
===========sa'{bf/f9sLgLkljb'n}M IfL/;flwt}M . !)÷#$
In cutting pain, cooled enema with Karbudāra, ādhaki, nipa and vidula boiled in milk and
added with honey and sugar is prescribed. Ca. S. Si. 10/34. Page: 660
Monograph on Page 3
SUSRUTA SAMHITĀ (1000-1500 B.C.)
- K. Bhishagratna, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Vanarasi, Third Edition 2005.
Volume I
Sutrasthāna
======== sf]ljbf/sa'{bf/l/i6 ===========. #(÷@
The drugs known as kovidāra , karbudāra ,madanphala ,kutaja , vidanga etc.are processed of
emetic properties. Kovidāra and karbudāra have their roots emetic property. Su.S. Sut. 39/2.
Page: 332
ls/ftltQmsf˜ltd'Qms ====== sa'{bf/ =========== r]lt . $%÷!)&
The oil obtained from the kirata tikta , karbudāra along with other specified dravays are
sweet in taste , potency and digestion and tend to pacify the deranged vayu and pitta.
Cooling in their potency , they increase the slimy secrection of the organ impairs digestion
and help the capions evacuation of stool and urine. Su. S. Sut. 45/107. Page:426
r'Rr"o"lysf =================sa'{bf/ =================== k|e[tLlg . $(÷@$&
The leaves of plant and trees known as cuccu , yuthika, karbudhar etc have an astringent ,
sweet and bitter taste, and prove curative in haemoptysis. They subdue the kapha ,genarate
the vayu and are astringent in their action and easily digestible. Su. S. Sut. 49/247. Page:493.
Volume III
Uttaratantra
jiff{e" ============== Tjs\sa'{bf/ ================ lka]t;'v]K;'M .. $&÷$&
The drugs known as varsābhu ,tvak, karbudāra , jiraka etc. should be given mixed with tepid
milk for the treatment of pana vibhrama. Su. S. Ut. 47/47. Page: 486
ASTĀNGA SANGRAHA OF VĀGBHATA (6TH CENTURY A.D.)
Translator: Prof. Dr. K.R.SrikanthaMurty, Chowkhamba Orientalia, Vanarasi,2007.
Volume I
Sutra sthāna
============ sf]ljbf/sa'{bfl/i6 ============ jdGff]kof]uLgL .. !$÷@
Root of kovidāra, karbudāra, arista, vidula, bilva along with other mentioned dravyas help in
producing vomiting. A. S. Sut. 14/2. Page 293.
Monograph on Page 4
VĀGBHATA'S ASTĀNGA HRIDAYAM (7TH CENTURY A.D.)
- Translator: Prof. Dr. K.R.SrikanthaMurty, Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi,2012.
Volume II
Kalpasiddi Sthāna:
zj{/L+ ===== sa'{bf/:o ======= ljb'n:o jf . !÷&
The prescribed drugs powered nicely and kept soaked for one night in decoction of either
madhuyasti, kovidāra, karbudāra, bimbinipa, vidula, sanapuspi, sadapuspi or pratyakpuspi,
next morning it is filtered and consumed followed by drinking of the same decoction, in the
manner as described, in sutrasthana; by this, the patient vomits without any difficulty. A.H.
Ks. 1/7. page:530
KASHYAPA SAMHITĀ/ VRIDDHA JIVAKA TANTRA (12-13 CENTURY)
- Hemrāj Sharma, Chowkhambha Sanskrit Sansthana, Baranasi, Fourth edition, 2044 B.S. Page: 252
Khilasthāna
Zf0fzfNdln ==================================
================================= sa'{bf/ft\====.
c;[Ub/] ============================================ .
========================================= ;bfl8dM .$÷$&–$*
Yusha is made from the flowers of shana, shālmali, karbudāra along with other mentioned
dravyas which is medicated with dādima free of oil and acid. This preparation is useful in
treatment of pradara, raktapitta, dāha, udarroga and eye diseases. Kas. S. Kh. 4/47-48
BHELA SAMHITĀ
Samskartā-Girijā Dayalu Shukla, Chowkhamba Vidhyabhavan, Varanasi-1959
hGt' lg{tfGt g/l;+xjT;fb\
ej]Gg/M sf~rg/flzuf}/M .. !%÷%(
Kānchanār is described in bhallatakamrit yoga used in the treatment of baddhagudodara and
jalodara. Bh. S. 15/59. Page 178
Monograph on Page 5
KĀNCHANĀRA IN CIKITSĀ GRANTHAS
CHAKRA DATTA (11TH CENTURY) - Hindi Commentary: Shree Jagadisvaraprasad Tripāthii, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Benaras,
1939.
Kanchanāra Kwāth:
lki6\jf =========== sf~rgf/TjrM =======.
=================================== k/fM . !*
The bark of kanchanar in powdered then and dissolved in chaulani . then the powder of
sunthi is added. On drinking this preparation gandamālā is used. Page:577
GADA NIGRAHA (12TH CENTURY)
Sri Indradeva Tripathi- Gada Nigraha of Sri Vaidhya Sodhala with the Vidyotini Hindi commentary Edited by Sri
Ganga Sahaya Pandey, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office Varanasi -1969
Volume I
Kānchanār guggulu in gandamālā
(Prayogkhanda; Gutikadhikara, sloka no. 408, Page: 278)
Bark of kanchanar 10 pal, Triphala 6pal, Vyosha 3 pal, Barun 1 pal, Dalchini, Ilayachi, Tejpatra
2-2 karsha – these dravyas are put in one place and powered. The pure guggulu equal in
quantity of powder are mixed for mardana. Then the gutika of 2 shan each are made. 2 gutika
are taken at a time every morning with suitable anupana according to disease. This is
prescribed in case of severe gandamālā , indigestion, cancer, gulmaroga, fistula etc.
Kānchanāra Gutika in gandamālā
(Prayogkhanda; Gutikadhikara, sloka no. 414, page: 279)
Triphala 3 part, vyosha 6 part, bark of kanchanar 12 part- these dravyas are mixed together
and powdered and pure guggulu is added in equal quantity. Then 10 part of honey is added
for mardana. Now, gutika are made which can cure gandamālā, galaganda, nadivrana and
vidradhi.
Volume III
Kanchanār yoga in gandamālā
(Shalyatantra; Granthyadhikar, sloka no.31, Page:253)
lki6\jf ===== sf~rgf/TRjr ============= k/fM.. #!
Monograph on Page 6
The soft bark of kanchanāra on crushing with warm water and mixing with powder of ginger
is drunk. This is an excellent remedy for gandamālā.
(Shalyatantra; Granthyadhikara, sloka no.35, Page: 254)
;sf~rgf/f lqkmnf ============================ .. #%
A kwatha preparation of kanchanāra with triphala in equal amount along with pippali can
cure galaganda and gandamālā.
(Shalyatantra; Granthyadhikar, sloka no.41, Page:255)
==================================== sf~rgf/Tjr+ kLTjf ======.$!
A patient of gandamālā can take powder of kanchanāra bark with rice water to cure it.
Sārangadhar Samhitā (13th century) Translator: Prof. Dr. K.R.Srikantha Murthy
Publisher: Chaukhambha Orientalia , Varanasi, 2007.
Kānchanārakwatha in Gandamālā:
sf~rgf/TjrM SjfyM z'07L r"0f]{g gfzo]t\ .
Uf09dfnf tyf SjfyM Iff}›]0f j?0fTjr . @÷!@$
Qwatha of bark of kānchanāra taken with the powder of shunthi relieves gandamālā
(enlarged gland in the neck). Sā. S. 2/124.Page: 71
Guttika kalpanā(pill):
sf~rgf/ u'Uu''n'M u08dfnf˜krLu|GyL euGb/fbf}
sf~rgf/Tjrf] u|fXo+ knfgf+ bzs+ a'w} ..
=====================================================
SjfyM vbl/;f/:o kYofSjfyf]˜o sf]i0fsd \ . &÷(%–!))
Ten palas of bark of kanchanāra , six palas of triphala, three palas of trikatu, one palas of bark
of varunaleh ,karoha each of ela, twak patra and guggulu equal to the total quantity of above
are rolled into pills taken in the morning with decoction of munditaka , khadirasara pathya or
warm water will relive chornic gandamālā (cervical adenitis),apaci (scrofula),arbuda (cancer),
granthi (tumor) , uranas (ulcer), gulma (abdominal tumors),kustha (leprosy and other skin
disease)and bhagandara (fistula-in-ano). Sā. S. 7/95-100. Page: 110.
Monograph on Page 7
YOGARATNĀKĀRA (17TH CENTURY)
- Editor: Krishna Sharma, Pandurang Jawaji, Nirnaya-Sagar Press, Bombay,1926 A.D. Page:313, 314
Gandamālāpacicikitsa:
The kwath prepared from bark of kanchanar along with sunthi churna cures gandamālā
Kanchanāra, the main constituent of kanchānara guggulu is very effective in treatment of
gandamālā , arbuda , kustha and bhagandara.
Churna of bark of kanchanar is one of the main constituent of gandamālā kandano rasa that
alleviates gandamālā and dārun.
AYURVEDA CHINTAMANI (1959 A.D.) - Baldevprasad Mishra, published by Ganga Vishnu shreekrishnadās,Mumbai. Page:88
sf~rgf/M sf~rgsf] u08fl/M zf]0fk'iksM .
======= ?If+;u|fxL lkQf;|k|bf/Ifosf;g't\ ..
Sanskrit synonyms: sf~rgf/, sf~rgs, u08fl/, zf]0fk'iks
Properties: Sheeta, dhārak, kasāya, kaphagna, pittanāsaka
Flower: Laghu, rukshya, dhārak, pittavikāra, raktavikāra, Pradara, Kāsanāsak, kshaya.
RASA CHINTAMANI (1967 A.D.) - Muralidhar Sharma, Published by Khemraj Shreekrishnadās, Bombai. 1981. Page:117
=============== sf~rgf/t/f]d"{nTjr+ >Lv08dlb{td\ . &÷!##
The bark of root of kanchanāra is one of the ingradient of a rasarāj known as kānchan potali.
It is useful in different types of jwora as in vataja and kaphaja jwora , it is given with warm
water and in pittaja jwora , it is given with cold water. Similarly it is equally beneficial in 18
types of kustha. In atisāra it is given with maricha and grita anupāna. Ra. Ch. 7/133
SIDDHA BHESAJA SAMGRAHA (1953 A.D.)
- Kavirāj Yugal Kishore Gupta, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Banaras, 1953. Page: 423
Kanchanāra guggulu is a preparation of bark of kanchnāra along with sunthi, amalā, tejpata,
dalchini, pure guggulu and other constituent drugs which is used in the treatment of
galaganda , gandamālā, indigestion tumor , granthi , varna ,gulma ,kustha and bhagandara.
Monograph on Page 8
ARKAPRAKĀSH (1981 A.D.)
- Shāligrām Vaishya, Published by Khemraj Shreekrishnadās, Bombai. 1981. Page:103
Gandamālāpara Arka:
Arka of bark of Kānchanāra along with sunthichurna if taken cures gandamālā.(6/3)
BHAISAJYA RATNĀVALI (18TH CENTURY)
- Govindadasji- Bhaisajya Ratnavali, Commented upon by Shastri Datta, English Translation By Dr Kanjiv
Lochan Vol II by chaukhamba Sanskrit Bhawan Varanasi-2006(1st Edition)
Volume II Kānchanāravarunakwathā:
sf~rgf/Tjr =============================== . $$÷!(
Treatment of gandamālā (lymphadenitis): Intake of decoction of kānchanāra bark (50ml)
and honey (25gm) cures even very chornic cases of the gandamālā. Bha. R. 44/19; page:710.
Kānchanārasunthiprayoga:
====== sf~rgf/Tjr ====== $$÷@)
Bark of kānchanāra should be boiled along with cow's urine . intake sunthi (1gm) cures
gandamālā (lymphadenitis). Bha. R. 44/20; page:711.
Kānchanāragudika:
====== sf~rgf/:o ============ . $$÷^!
3 parts of triphala ,6 parts of vyosa and bark of kānchanāra (13parts) combined together and
powdered. Mixing these in gradients with prescribed amount of guggulu and honey applying
suitable method , pills are prepared by using 3gm each and preserved in glass bottle after
drying them. This medicine in known as kānchanāra gudika and is capable of curing all types
of gandamālā , galaganda nadivrana and the like. Bha. R. 44/61; page:720.
Kānchanāraguggulu:
sf~rgf/:o ========================. $$÷^$
Bark of kānchanāra, dried ginger ,pippali, amalaki along with other mentioned ingredients
ane processed making a drug. Kānchanāra guggulu which on taken in prescribed dose with
suitable anupanas help in alleviating the indispositions of severe galaganda, apācii,tumour,
granthiroga, vrana, gulma kustha and bhagandara. Bha. R. 44/64; page:721.
Monograph on Page 9
KĀNCHANĀRA IN KOSHA AND NIGHANTUS
AMARKOSHA (5TH CENTURY) - Amarsingh, Commentary by Pandit Kulchandra Sharma Gautam,Nepal Rājakiya Pragyā Pratishthān,
Kathmandu, 2026 B.S. Page179.
Chamarik, Kovidāra, Kuddhālo, Yugapatraka are the Sanskrit synonyms of Kānchanāra.
MADANP ̅L NIGHANTU (14TH CENTURY) - Editor: Pandit Hari Prasad Tripathi,Chowkhamba Krishnadās Academy,2009. Page: 33
sf~rgf/M sf~rgsM kfsf/L /Qmk'iksM .
sf]ljbf/f]˜:o e]bM :ofTs'2fnM s'xnL s'nL .
cf:kmf]6f] bfnsM :jNks];/Zrd/L dtf .. !%(
sf~rgf/f] lxdf] u|fxL t'j/M Zn]idlkQg't\ .
s[lds'i7u'be||+zu08dfnfj|0ffkxM .. !^)
Sanskrit Synonyms: sf~rgf/, sf~rgs, kfsf/L, /Qmk'iks
Properties: Shital, malabandhaka, kasāya, kaphapittanāsak, krimi, kustha gudabhramsa,
gandamālā and vrananāsak.
Flower: shita, laghu, rukshya, malabandhak, raktapittanāshak, leucorrhoea, kshata,
kāsanāsak.
KAIYADEVA NIGHANTU (15th Century) - Acharya Priyavrata Sharma and Dr. Guruprasad Sharma, Chowkhamba Orientalia,2009. Page:173
sf]nLozfM sf~rgsf] e|d/]i6f] dgf]]x/M .
/Qmk'ikf]˜k/M Zj]tM kfsfl/M sf~rgf/sM .. ̂ #%
tb\jRr sf~rgf] 1]oM tof]M k'ik+ lxd+ u'? .
siffo+ dw/+ kfs] /;] ;+Uf|flx /f]rgd\ . ̂ #^
?If+ sf;IfoZjf;ktf;|k|b/fkxd\ .
Sanskrit Synonyms: sf]nLozf, sf~rgs, e|d/]i6, dgf]]x/, /Qmk'iks, kfsfl/ sf~rgf/
Gunakarma: Flower- Madhura, kasāya rasa, madhur vipāka, sheeta,guru, samgrahi, rukshya,
ruchikārak.
- Cure cough kshaya, swās, rakta, pitta and pitta and pradara.
Monograph on Page 10
BHAVPRAKĀSH NIGHANTU (16th Century) - Commentators: K.C. Chunekar, G.S. Pandey, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, 1986. Page:336-
339
Sanskrit Synonyms: sf~rgf/, sf~rgs, u08f/L, tfd|k'ik, zf]0fk'iks
Distribution: Found in lower Himalayan region, Sikkim, at all places.
It’s a medium sized deciduous tree.
Bark: brownish and heart wood lightly brownish.
Leaf: single, 3-6 inch long and of same breadth, divided into two lobes up to 1/4 or 1/3 part.
Tip rounded, 13-15 veined, nearly 1 inch long stalk.
Flower: In winter season, after the leaf fall down, the aromatic flower arises from the base of
the leaf that had fallen. Flower stalk short, violet or blue in colour, flower is big, white,
pink,bright purple in colour,one or more than one petal of white flower has yellowish linings,
petals have strong mid vein and from the base, reddish purple coloured vein arises.
Fruit: long, flat, slightly curved, nearly 1 foot long containing 10-15 seeds.
The young buds are used as vegetables.
Chemical Contituents: The bark contains tannin, a type of resin is also present.
Properties and Uses: :Bark is Grāhi, rasāyana,balya, Kasāya, vranashodhak ānd vranaropaka.
Flower is raktapittahara. The action of bark is on skin and secretory glands. In high dose
causes vamana and virechana.
The bark is very much useful in gandamālā and apaci. The decoction of the bark with
guggulu is used in Vranaprakshyalana. In scrofulous enlargements of the cervical glands, the
bark with sunthi and rice water is given as an emulsion. The paste made out of its bark is
applied. The decoction of the bark is given in kustha, charmaroga, atisāra nad vrana.A gargle
of the bark with Khadir fruit and pomegranate flowers is used in sore throats and salivation.
The flower churna with honey as well as its vegetable is given in raktapitta. A decoction of
the bud is given in menorrhagia, haemorrhoids and bleeding from the mucus surface. A
decoction of the buds is given in cough, bleeding piles, haematuria and menorrhagia. Flower
is used with sugar as mild purgative. Decoction of root is given in ādhmana.
Parts used: bark of root, leaf and flower.
Dose: root bark powder: 1-4 māshā
Flower bud powder: 2-6 māshā
Monograph on Page 11
ABHINAVA NIGHANTU (1850 A.D) - Dattaram Chaube, Sanskrit Books on Medicine, Chemistry & c.,1850. Page: 28
Sanskrit Name: Kānchanāra
Sworup: Green or red
Taste: Kasāya.
Guna, karma, prayog:
-Slow digestion, atriptikar, mamabaddhak, rukshya, bisthambhi, anti-diarrhoeal,
udarkrimināsak, raktavikārnāsak.
-Flower prevents blood discharge in mouth and excessive blood discharge during
Mentruation.
-Beneficial for internal vrana and gudavrana.
-Bark is beneficial for sukraprameha and on gargling, it cures mukhapaka and mukharoga.
NIGHANTU ĀDARSHA (Purvārdha)(1968 A.D) - Nighantu Ādarsa), Bāpālāl G. Vaidya, Chowkhamba Vidyabhawan, Varanasi,1968. Page:497
Sanskrit Synonyms: sf+rgf/, o'Udkq, s'2fn, odnkqs, sf]ljbf/
Chakrapanidatta has mentioned the difference between karbudāra and kovidāra.
sf]ljbf/M :jgfdVoftM ;M z/flb k'iolt .
sa'{bf/M sf~rgf/M ; j;Gt] lx k'iKolt ..
The one which flowers in sharada is kovidāra whereas the one which flowers in basanta in
karbudāra.
Parts used: root, bark and flower
Rasa: kasaya
Virya: shita
Vipaka: katu
Doshakarma : kaphapitta sāmaka.
Monograph on Page 12
SHANKAR NIGHANTU (1935 A.D.)
- Shankardatta Gaud Rajavaidhya- Shankar Nighantu, Banaushadhi Bhandar Jabalpur 1935
Page: 31
Sanskrit Name: Kānchanāra
Demerit: Slow digestion
Hot spices overcome this demerit.
Properties: Malarodhak, Kapha-Pitta nāsak, krimi, gandamālā nāsak. Flower- Sheeta, khara, grāhi, madhura, laghu.
Useful in pitta, kshaya, pradara and rakta roga. When gargled with its bark, it cures and prevents mukharoga.
NEPALI NIGANTU ( नेपालीननघण्टु: ) (2025 B.S)
- Koshanath Devkota, Nepal Rājkiya Pragya Pratisthān, Kathmandu, 2025. Page: 149
Sanskrit Synonyms:
cZdGts, sgsf/s, s/s, sf~rgf/, sfGtk'ik, sfGtf/, sf~rfgs, s'2fn, s'07nL, u08f/L, lul/h, rdl/s,
tfd|k'ik, wjnR5b, o'Udk'ik, zf]0fk'iks, :jNks]z/L, ;'j0ff{/ .
Koirālo
It is of three types on the basis of colour of flower : red , white ,and yellow.
Charactersistics:
It is sweet and astringent , hard, sangrahi. It induces hunger and increase appetite. It pacifies
kapha , pitta and vayu. It is useful in mutrakrichra ,krimi ,kustha ,gudamamsa, tridoshbikar
and shiroroga. It promotes lactation in lactating mother. Specifically the white flower variety
alleviates swas ,kās ,pitta, rakta vikar, wounds and menstrual disorder where as yellow
flowered variety has the property of vranaropana.
Flower is as tringent, cool , light and retentive. It is useful in pitta vikār , raktavikār ,kshaya,
kāsa and menstrual disorder.
Monograph on Page 13
KĀNCHANĀRA IN DRAVYAGUNA TEXTS DRAVYAGUNA VIJNĀNA(MATERIA MEDICA- VEGETABLE DRUGS) - Dr. Gyanendra Pandey, Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi. Part II, Page: 59-64
Botanical Name: Bauhinia variegataLinn.
Synonym: Phanera variegata(L.) Benth.
Classical name: Kānchanāra
Sanskrit names: Kānchanāra, Gandari, Camarika, Jugapatraka, Karbudāra, Svalpakesari.
Description
Small to medium-sized trees with hairy branches. Leaves 4.5-15 cm. long, as broad as or
broader than long, cleft one-fourth to one third way down, 9 -15- nerved, lobes obtuse base
cordate.
Flowers in lax corymbose racemes, from leafless axils or terminating lateral branches; bracts
and bracteoles detoid. Calyx 2-2.7 cm long, pubescent, spathaceous, 5-toothed at apex.
Petals 4-5cm. long, obovate-oblong, clawed, the uppermost darker with purple veins.
Stamens 5 fertile; staminodes absent. Ovary pubescent.
Pods 15-30 to 15-25 cm. flat, glabrous; seeds 10-15.
Distribution
It occurs almost throughout India ascending to about 5,000 ft. elevation.
Kinds and varieties:
There are three varieties of Kānchanāra on the basis of flower-colour viz. White, yellow and
red. White and red varieties of kānchanāra are of kovidara which is botanically identified as
Bauhinia purpurea Linn commonly known as Koilar and also Peddare. Kovidāra flowers in
sarada ritu and fruits in sitaru(winter) which kānchanāra(Karbudara) flowers in spring
(Basanta) as indicated in classical description(Cakrapani annotating Caraka Samhita, Cikistsa.
4-70 and other texts) specifying two varieties of Kovidara.
Morphologically the flowers are showy more than 3mm. long generally in three species of
Bauhinia racemosa Lamk., B. variegata L. and B. purpurea. Linn. Besides other characteristic
difference (stamens fertile 10 in Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. while into others fertile stamens 3 -
5), mainly the characters of leaves and also flowers differentiate both species: Leaves cleft to
about half way down, hypanthium shorter than the calyx and fertile stamens three in
Bauhinia purpurea Linn. when the leaves cleft to about one-third way down, hypanthium
equalling the leaves calyx and fertile stamens five in Bauhinia variegate Linn. Another kind of
Kānchanāra or Pita Kānchanāra is botanically identified as Bauhinia tomentosa Linn. that
bears yellow flowers and it occurs in north-western India particularly and Sri Lanka.
Monograph on Page 14
Pharmacodynamics
Rasa : Kasaya
Guna: Laghu, ruksa
Virya: Sita
Vipaka: Katu
Doshakarma: Kaphapittasamaka
Properties and Action
Karma:
Gandamālā nasana
Vranasodhana-vranaropana
Sothahara
Stambhana
Krimigna
Vamaka
Raktastambhana
Lasikaghranthisothahara
Kasahara
Mutrasangrahaniya
Artavasravahrasaka
Lekhana-medapanayana
Roga:
Galaganda- Gandamālā
Granthi sotha
Vrana
Lasika
Granthi- Arbuda
Kustha
Carmavikara
Mukhapaka
Atisara-Pravāhika
Arsa-gudabhramsa-parikartika
Krimi
Vibandha
Monograph on Page 15
Raktapitta
Prameha
Raktapradara
Medoroga
Carmavikara-dadru.
Therapeutic uses:
The drug Kānchanāra is astringent, antiallergic, and vermifuge. It is used in cough, menstrual
disorders, glandular diseases and prolapsed of the rectum. Drug is frequently used in
traditional medicine in glandular ailments.
The drug Kānchanāra is excellent medicine for galaganda, gandamālā , granthi, and similar
other ailments in Ayurveda. The fresh bark of Kānchanāra mixed with Sunthi is pounded with
sour gruel and given in gandamālā (Cakradatta, 41-18).
The decoction of kānchanāra bark, added with Sunthi powder is given in Gandamālā .
Decoction of Kānchanāra bark added with three myrobalans or triphala and pippali churna is
recommended in gandamālā as well as galaganda. Besides these recipes, triphala ghrita, diet
of barley and green gram are advised in texts of clinical medicine in the management of
gandamālā. Kānchanāra guggulu is a prominent formulation in Indian medicine which is
frequently administered for treatment of galaganda, gandamālā, granthi and allied diseases.
In pox(masurika), the decoction of Kānchanāra bark added with svarnamaksika bhasma is
considered useful. Kānchanāra is useful in various other diseases such as kasa, svasa, pradara,
kshaya, krimi, kustha, gudabhramsa, vrana, mutrakrcchra, atisāra, pravahikā, prameha,
medoroga, charmaroga, parikartika and other diseases.
Parts Used: Bark, flowers.
Doses: Bark powder 1-6 gms. Decoction 40-80ml. Flower juice: 10-20 ml.
Formulations:
Kānchanāra guggulu, kancharadi kwatha, Kanchana gudikā.
Gana:
Vamanopaga (Caraka Samhita)
Urdhavabhagahara
Kasayavarga (Sushruta Samhita).
Monograph on Page 16
DRAVYAGUNA- VIJNĀNA PART 2 - Prof. P.V. Sharma, Choukhamba Bharati Acadamy, Banarasi, 2012. Page:234
Introduction
Gana:
Vamanopaga (Caraka Samhita)
Urdhavabhagahara
Kasayavarga (Sushruta Samhita).
Family: Leguminosae
Sub-family: Caesalpinioideae
Latin Name: Bauhinia variegata
Sanskrit Names: Kānchanāra, camarika, yugapatraka, karbudar, svalpakesari
Description:
A medium sized tree, bark externally rough, internally smooth.
Leaf: Simple, alternate, stalked, cleft at the apex into 2 rounded lobes, 10-15cm long,
palmately veined
Flower: In short raceme, fragnant, petals white, fifth darker with purple veins, flower appears
at the leafless branches.
Distribution: Up to 1200m in Nepal.
Chemical composition: Tanin, glycosides, a brown resin, seed contains fixed oil.
Types:
White : Bauhinia variegata
Red: Bauhinia purpurea
Yellow: Bauhinia tomentosa
Guna: Rukshya, Laghu
Rasa: Kasaya
Vipaka: Katu
Virya: Sita
Prabhava: Gandamālā nasana
Uses:
External: vranasodhana, vranaropana, kusthagna, sothahara
Monograph on Page 17
Internal:
Digestive System: sthambhana, krimigna, bamana in high dose
Circulatory System: raktasthambhana, lasikā granthi sothahara
Respiratory System: kāsahara
Urinary System: mutrasangrahaniya
Reproductive System: Ārtavshravarodhaka
Skin: Kusthagna
Satmikarana: Llekhana, medohara
Parts used: Bark and flower
Dose: Tvakchurna: 3-6 gm
Kwatha: 40-80 ml
Pusparasa: 10-20 ml
Specific Preparation: Kānchanāra guggulu, kancharadi kwatha, Kanchana gudika.
DRAVYAGUNA VIJNĀNAM SECOND PART
- Acharyopāvhena Tribikramatmājenayadavsharmanā,Nirnayasāgar Press, Bombai, 2007 B.S. Page: 179
Description :
It is abundantly found in indain sub continent. On the basis of flower colour . its is of two
types red and white young flowerbud is used as vegetable.
Guna karma :
Kasaya , sitavirya , grahi urdhabhaghar kapha, pitta, krimi, kustha gudabharamsa, gandamālā
and vrana nasak . flower is madhur , madhur vipak ,rukshya, grahi ,raktha pitta, pitta
raktapitta vikar , pradara kshaya and kās nasak.
The action of kanchanar is on skin and rasagranthi . in overdose it cause vomiting. It cases of
gandamālā and a pachi the kwath of its bark is given with guggulu.
Parts used: flower and bark
Dose :6 masa
Specific preparation :kanchanarguggulu
Monograph on Page 18
AYURVEDIC PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTIC USES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
DRAVYAGUNAVIGNYAN.
- Vaidya V. M. Gogte, Chaukhambha Publications, New Delhi. Page: 339-341
Kānchanāra ( Bauhinia variegata)
Gana: Vamanopag (C.), Urdhwabhaghara, Kashaya (S.)
Kula: Shimbi kula
Upakula: Putikaranja
Family: Leguminosae
Latin Name: Bauhinia( in memory of the two famous French Bbotanist brothers of the 16 th
century John and Casper (Bauhin); variegata (Variegated with patches of different colours)
Sanskrit Names: Kanchnar, Pakari, Kovidar, Dalak, Chanari, Girij, Yugmapatra, Mahapuspa.
Botanical Discription: It is a medium sized tree growing straight. The bark is rough. Flowers
are white, yellow or red in colour. Each pod contains 10-15 hard seeds. Flowering occurs in
rainy season, pods are seen.
Varieties: Depending on colour of the flower, it is classified into 3 types- 1) white 2) red and
3) yellow. The trees with white and red flowers are of same height but trees with yellow
flowers are taller. Trees with orange flowers are called kovidar.
Habitat: Found everywhere in India. Found in mountain ranges.
Chemical composition: The bark contains tannin, sugar and gum.
Guna: rukshya, laghu
Rasa: kasaya
Vipak: katu
Virya: sheeta
Prabhav: gandamālā nāsak
Dosha Karma: Kaphasamak by rukshya, laghu and tikta properties. It is pittashamak because
of sheeta veerya and therefore it is used in kapha pitta diseases.
Monograph on Page 19
External uses: It helps in wound cleaning and healing, it cures skin disorders and
inflammations. Decoction is used for washing wounds and skin disorders. The bark ground in
a paste is useful in lymphadenitis. Decoction made from its bark, pods of babool tree and
flowers of pomegranate is used in oral disorders. Decoction is used for fomentation in rectal
prolapse.
Internal uses:
Digestive system: It has astringent and anthelmintic properties but it causes vomiting in
excess dose. Being sweet, flowers are mild laxative. Astringent property is useful in
diarrrhoea, dysentery, rectal prolapse, haemorrhoids and helminthiasis. It enhances emetic
action when used in conjuction with emetic drugs. Gulkand prepared from the flowers is used
in constipation, while dried buds are used in haemorrhoids.
Circulatory System: It acts as haemostatic and reduces the inflammation of the lymph nodes.
It is effective in haemorrhagic disorders. (paste of bark, roots and flowers is used)
Respiratory system: It is used in cough (kaphagna).
Urinary system: controls polyurea in diabetes.
Reproductive system: In menorrhagia, it acts as a haemostatic by astringent property.
Skin: Used in skin diseases. Mixture of kanchanar bark, rice water and ginger is effective in
osteoporosis.
Satmikaran: Because of rukshya property, it is fat reducing. Used in lipid disorders.
Parts used: Leaves, root bark, and flowers.
Doses: Powder – 3-5gm, decoction- 40-80 ml.
Formulations: Kanchanar guggul, kānchanāradi kwath, kanchan gutika.
Srotogomitva:
Dosha: Kāphagna, pittagna.
Dhatu: Rakta, meda(Lymphadenitis), menorrhagic disorders.
Mala: Purisha (stops diarrhoes and prolapse)
Monograph on Page 20
Views of modern authors
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF NEPAL - Bulletin of the Department of Plant Resources No. 28; Government of Nepal Department of Plant
Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2007, Page: 73.
Koirālo
Scientific Name: Bauhinia variegata Linn.
Bauhinia candida Alton
Family: Leguminosae
Other Names: Mountain ebony, Variegated Bauhinia (English), Kachnar (Hindi),
Kānchanāra (Sanskrit)
Description:
A medium sized deciduous tree. Leaves simple, alternate, stalked, cleft at the apex into
two rounded lobes resembling a camel's foot print, 10-15 cm long, palmately veined.
Flowers in short racemes at the end of branches or in the axil of leaf, fragrant, 5 -6cm, 4
petals white and the fifth darker with purple veins. Flowers appear in leafless branches.
Fruits flat and hard pods, 20-30cm long, 2.5cm broad, slightly curved. Seeds 10-15 in a
pod.
Flowering and fruiting: April- May
Parts Used: Root and Bark
Uses:
The bark is alternative, tonic, and blood purifier. It is also useful in diarrhea, dysentery,
piles and liver complaints. The decoction of root is valuable drink for reducing corpulence.
Fresh flowers used as laxative.
Chemical Constituents:
Flowers contain flavonoids- Kaempferal-3-galactoside, kaempferol-3- rhamnoglucoside.
Stem contains 5,7-dihydroxy-flavanon-4'-0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-B-D-glucopyranoside.
From stem bark hentriacontane, octacosanol, B- sitosterol and stigmasterol are reported.
A new compound naringenin 5,7- dimethylether-4'- rhamnoglucoside have been isolated
alongwith lupeol from stems.
Distribution in Nepal: 150-1900m, east to west.
Monograph on Page 21
FLOWERS OF HIMALAYA
- Oleg polunin and Adam Stainton, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, Eleventh impression,2011). Page:
88-89
Distribution: Pakistan to Bhutan, India, Burma, China.
Upto 1800m. height.
Generally found in forest, it is also planted in villages.
It differs from Bauhinia purpurea in that it flowers in the spring on leafless branches; leaf cleft
to a third (in case of B. purpurea cleft to half), and calyx tube as long or longer than calyx
limb. Flowers fragrant, 5-6cm; petals all white, or 4 petals pale purple, and the fifth darker
with veins; fertile stamens 5; calyx spathe-like, not splitting.
Leaves cut for fodder; flowers eaten and pickled; bark used for dyeing and tanning; the wood
for building and implements. The bark is used medicinally.
A COMPENDIUM OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN NEPAL - S.R Baral and P.P Kurmi, Kathmandu, Nepal-2006. Page:269-270
Nepali Name: Koiralo, Seto koirālo, Kachnār
English Name: Mountain ebony, Orchid plant, Buddhist bauhinia.
Distribution: Kashmir to Bhutan, India, Myanmar, China
Description: Tree, with 3mm wide bark, externally rough, yellowish grey, internally smooth.
Leaves simple, entire, cordate, 5 -10 cm long, 2-lobed, about 1/3 of their length. Flowers
small, pubescent corymbs, light red purple, upper one darker and often tinged with cream
and red corolla.
Parts used: Root, bark, gum, leaves, flowers
Application: Decoction, gum
Use: Rroots are light,cool, astringent, anthelminthic, acrid and styptic. They cure ulcer,
swelling, leprosy, cough, menstrual disorder, glandular diseases and prolapse of uterus.
Monograph on Page 22
NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS OF NEPAL (IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION, ETHNIC USES AND CULTIVATION). - Prof. I. C. Dutta, Hill Side Press, Kathmandu, Nepal. Page: 52
Nepali Name: Koirālo
English Name: Mountain ebony
Family: Leguminosae
Habit: A medium sized deciduous tree
Flowering Period: February- April
Fruiting Period: June- August
Chemical Constituents: Fatty oil, isoquereetrin, astragalin. Flowers contain flaonoids. The
leaves and flower contain protein, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, Vitamin C.
Occurrence: Himalayan and Mahabharat Range of Nepal.
Description: A medium sized, deciduous tree, found throughout Nepal, ascending to an
altitude of 1300 meters. Bark velvety with longitudinal cracks, pale pink inside; leaves rather
broder than deep, rigidly sub-coriaceous, deeply cordate; flowers variously coloured , in few-
flowered, lateral, sessile, or short-peduncled corymbs; pods long hard, flat, glabrous,
dehiscent, 10-15 seeded.
Uses:
The root is carminative and is used in dyspepsia and flatulence. A decoction of the root is
reported to prevent obesity. Root is also taken as antidote to snake poison.
The Bark is astringent, tonic and anthelmintic. Bark is useful in scrofula and skin diseases. It is
also used in leprosy . A decoction of the bud is given in cough, piles , haematuria and
menorrhagia. The flowers are laxative.
The bark yields a fibre. It is also used for dyeing and tanning. The tree yields gum similar to
cherry gum. The leaves are used for preparation of beedis.
Monograph on Page 23
INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS (A COMPENDIUM OF 500 SPECIES)
- Arya Vaidya sala, Orient Longman, 2007, Volume 1. Chennai.Page: 256-260
Bauhinia variegata Linn.
Caesalpiniaceae
Sanskrit Names: Kancanarah, Kovidarah
Distribution: Throughout Indian sub-continent, in areas upto 1800 elevation.
The plant: A moderate sized deciduous tree with vertically cracked grey bark, wood
moderately hard, grayish brown with irregular darker patches; leaves of 2 leaflets, connate
for about two-thirds up, leaflets ovate, rounded at apex, 10-15cm long, pubescent beneath
when young, coriacious; flowers white or pink, the uppermost petal darker and variegated,
usually appearing before the leaves in short axillary or terminal racemes, stamens 5,
staminoides absent, fruits flat dehiscent pods, seeds 10-15.
Parts used: Roots, Bark
Properties and uses: The roots and bark are astringent, acrid, cooling, constipating,
depurative, anthelminthic, vulnerary, anti-inflamatory and stypic. They are useful in vitiated
conditions of pitta and Kapha, diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, leprosy, intestinal worms,
tumours, wounds, ulcers, inflammations, scrofula, protoptosis, haemorrhoids, haemoptysis,
cough, menorrhagia and diabetes.
Medicinal Plants of India
S.N. Lal, M. Singh, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. Kolkata, 2009. Page:12
Bauhinia variegata Linn.
Caesalpiniaceae
Distinguishing features:
A small tree. Leaves 11-13 nerved, base cordate. Flowers purple with the median petal purple
yellow, fragrant, in short recemes. Stamens 5, staminodes 0. Pods flat, glabrous.
Parts Used Medicinally: Bark-alternative, tonic astringent, useful in skin diseases, ulcers and
in scrofula. Dried buds- used in dysentery, piles and worms. Decoction of root used in
dyspepsia. Root is antidote to snake poison.
Monograph on Page 24
BANAUSADHI-NIDARSHIKA (AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPIA)
- Dr. Ramsushil Singh, Hindi Samiti, Suchanā Vibhāga, Lucknow,1969. Page: 60
Distribution:
It is found from Himalayan to terai region. It is abundantly found in forests of Indian sub
continent. It is also planted in garden.
Description:
It is medium sized tree leaf in 2-6 inch long and has width of same measurement , bilobed
lobes cut upto 1/4 to 1/3 part , entire margin it has 11-15 veins and stalk is 2.5-3.75 cm long .
peduncle is short arising from leaf base. It flowers after the leav es are fallen out. Flowers are
aromatic and arise in 4-5 corymbs. Petals are 5 in number . usually 2 inch long lanceolate 4
are white and one red which have one strong midvein and other arise from its base which
are of pueple colour .stamen are 5 in number ,sometimes 3-4 in number. Ovary with long
style . fruit pod is 6-10 inch long 0.7-0.9 inch broad, flat, hard , smooth slightly ,falcate which
rupture after ripened with 10-15 seeds. Leaves fall during spring after which flowering occurs.
Fruiting occurring during rainy season. The young flower bud is used make vegetable pickle.
The fully developed flower is also used to make gulkanda.
Parts used: bark , flower , leaf ,seed, and resin.
Dose: 3-6 gm
Purity test:
Bark is grey in colour innerpart bulky, fracture granular ,raddish broen in colour. Innermost
layer is white while the outermost layer contains small elliptic warts. When bark is grinded
the powder obtained is red in colour and kasaya in taste.
Collection and preservation
Generally on account of its easy availability at all places it can be obtained fresh but in case ,
it has to be collected for preservation , the bark is dired without sunlight and kept in a
airtight vessel in a non humidity cool place.
Constituents:
The bark contains tannin glycosides and a brownish resinous matter. It is used before one
year.
Characteristics:
Guna : rukshya ,laghus
Monograph on Page 25
Rasa :kasaya
Vipaka:katu
Virrya:shita
Prabhav :gandamālā nasak
Chief action: vramasodhana and ropana, staubhana , urine retentive , rakta stambhana
gandamālā and lasika-granthishoth nasak. Flower is shita and rukshya sarak.
Harmful effects:
It is heavy slow digesting and ānahkarake
Counteracting harmful effects:
Garam masala
Main preparations:
Kanchanarguggulu, kanchanadi kwath, kanchangutika , gandamālā , kandan rasa, gulkanda
kanchanar.
BANAUSADHI SHATAK - Vaidya Shree D. P. Sharma, Shree Vaidyanāth Ayurveda Bhavan P. Ltd., Kolkata, First Edition, 1965 A.D.
Page:26
It is 15-20 feet in height. The branches are weak and face downward. Bark is one inch thick,
brownish or whitish in colour . leaf in green flat. It is joint at base and bilobed at upper part
.leaves fall during poush – magh and new leaves arise in falgun – chaitra. Fruits is green and
long. Its flower is 1 inch long larger white , yellow, or red in colour slightly aromatic.
FLORA OF NARARJUN
Bulletin of Department of Medicinal Plants,Kathmandu,Nepal. 1973 A.D. Page:16-17
Leguminosae
Bauhinia variegata
A tree, 6m high. Lleaves petioled, divided into 2 lobes, obtuse, deeply cordate, sub-
coriaceous, middle sized. Corymbs few flowered. Flowers pink, standard rose coloured.
Flowers taken as vegetable.
Local name: Koirālo
Monograph on Page 26
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CERTAIN MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN
AYURVEDA
- Central Council Research in Ayurveda & Sidda-1990 New Delhi.Page: 59-60
L.N.: Bauhinia variegata
Paryaya: Yugmapatraka
Vargikarana: Vamanopaga (Ca.)
Urdhabhagahara
Guna Karma:
Rasa: Kasaya
Guna: Lagu, Ruskhya
Vipaka: Katu
Virya: Sita
Pittakaphasamaka, Vranasodhana, Sothahara, Stambhana, Mutrasangrahana
Ghataka:
Kānchanāra- guggulu, candanasava, vidangasava
Chemistry:
From the flowers,hentriacontane, octacosanol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, beta- sitosterol-
D-glucopyranoside and one unidentified flavonoid have been.
Kaempferal-3-galactoside, kaempferol-3- rhamnoglucoside and four other unidentified
flavonoids were isolated from flowers. Seeds contain fatty oil whereas stem contains 5,7-
dihydroxy-flavanon-4'-0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-B-D-glucopyranoside. From stem bark
hentriacontane, octacosanol, B- sitosterol and stigmasterol were reported. A new compound
naringenin 5,7- dimethylether-4'- rhamnoglucoside have been isolated alongwith lupeol from
stems. Ascorbic acid, amino acids-aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline,
glycine, alanine, half cystein, valine, methionine, isoleusine, leusine, tyrosine, phenylalanin e,
histidine, lysine and arginine alongwith ammonia have been detected. Quercetol glycosides
were the dominant flavonoids of the plant while myricetol, glycosides were present in seeds.
Other flavonol glycosides identified were quercitroside, isoquercitroside, rutoside and a
taxifolin rhamnoside. Kaempferol-3-glucoside was reported in a taxifolin rhamnoside.
Kaempferol-3-glucoside was reported in the stems alongwith some sugars and amino acids.
Monograph on Page 27
A COMPARATIVE HINDU MATERIA MEDICA
- C. Chakraberty, Low Price Publications, 1993, Delhi. Page: 69-71
Kānchanāra: Bauhinia, a genus of leguminous plants of the family Caesalpiniaceae, tribe
Bauhinieae mainly consisting of tropical species under 9 distinct sub- orders, which are
usually twining vines, often stretching from tree to tree like cables, and distinguished by
having their leaves consisting of two lobes or parts.
Synonym: Phanera variegata
English Name: Mountain Ebony
It is a tree about 20 feet high, growing in tropical India, East indies and China, bearing
bifoliate leaves and rose-white flowers disposed in pairs. The wood is of dark colour, and is
called ebony. The bark is used as tonic, astringent, and alternative internally, and exteranally
in scrofula, ulcers and cutanious affections.
THE MATERIA MEDICA OF THE HINDUS
- U.C. Dutt, Mittal Publications, 1989, Delhi. Page: 156-157
Sanskrit Name: Kānchanāra
Two species of Bauhinia, namely purple and white flowered are noticed in the Bhavaprakasha
under the names of Kovidara and Kānchanāra and the properties of both are said to be
identical. The bark of Bauhinia variegatais described as alternative, tonic, astringent and
useful in scrofula, skin diseases and ulcers.
Cakradatta recommends the bark of the red variety to be rubbed into an emulsion with rice
water and administered, eith theaddition of ginger, in scrofulous enlargement of the glands
of the neck. Sarangadhara gives the following preparation for the same affection.
Kānchanāra guggulu: Take off the bark of Kānchanāra eight folds, the three myrobalans sixty
tolas,ginger, black pepper, long pepper and the bark of varuna, eight tolas each, cardamons,
cinnamon, and tejpatra leaves, each two tolas, powder them all and rub together with
guggulu, equal in weight to the other ingredients. Dose, half a tola to be taken very morning
with a decoction of mundi or of catechu. This medicine is said to be useful in scrofulous
enlargements of glands, tumours, ulcers, skin diseases etc.
Monograph on Page 28
MEDICINAL DRUGS OF INDIA
- B.S. Mohan, Lahore. First Edition-1930. Page:74-75
Latin Name.: Bauhinia variegata
Family: Leguminoceae
Habitat: Found in the Sub-Himalayan tracts and throughout the forests of India.
Properties & Uses:
The bark is astringent, tonic, alternative, and yields a brown coloured gum. The root is
carminative and the flowers are digestive but in large doses the action is laxative. The
decoction of the bark with dry ginger and rice-water gives a good relief in scrofula glands. The
same as a wash to the affected part. It purifies the blood, checks diarrhea and being antifat in
action is available for corpulent persons.
Preparation: Kanchanar Ggugglu
Dose: 1 tola every morning with decoction of the same drug.
WILD EDIBLE PLANTS OF NEPAL
- Editors: Dr. Samar Bahadur Malla Et. Al., Department of Medicinal Plants, Thapathali, Kathmandu, 1982.
Bauhinia variegata Linn.
Family- Leguminosae
Local Name- Koirālo
English Name- Mountain ebony
Description- A tree, nearly 10m tall, either cultivated or growing wild. Leaves 10-15cm by 8-
18cm, stalked, heart-shaped, nearly circular, bi-lobed, and leathery in texture. flowers,
stalked, large, white with red blaze on the upper lip. Fruit - a pod, 10-30cm by 2cm.
Use- The flowers are pickled or taken as vegetable.
Flowering Period- March to May
Fruiting- September to October
Specimen collected from-
Yektin-Panchthar- 1600 Nagarjun-1500m
Pokhara-1700m Sitalpati-Salyan- 1219m North of Nepalgunj-750m
Monograph on Page 29
TREASE AND EVANS' PHARMACOGNOSY
- W C Evans, W B Saunders Company Limited 1997. 14TH EDITION, Page:497
Herbal ingredients of Asian medicines in use in Britain:
Bauhinia variegata:
Parts used: Bark
Constituents: Glycosides
Uses: Dysentery, diarrhea, leprosy, syphilis, skin diseases
VANAUSADHI-CHANDRODAYA
- C. Bhandari, Jnāna-Mandira, Bhānupurā, Part II
Tree upto 15-20ft high. Branches weak and facing downwards.
It contains a type of resin that dissolves in water. Bark in used as colouring agent.
According to shushruta , it is useful ingredient in the treatment of poisoning of snake and
scorpion. The tip of its seed in cut and applied at the place of bite of snake.
According to charakdatta , the bark powder mixed with rice water and sunthi can treat
kanthamālā and galaganda.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN AYURVEDA
- Vaidya Bhagwan and Lalitesh Kashyap, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, Part II, 1982. Page:434
Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
Rajamrigankapattali rasa :
Juice of kanchanar along with other constituents make up rajamriganka pottali rasa which
cures aggravated kapha sprue syndrome ,asthma , cough , phthisis and anorexia.it cures
emaciation and loss of strength.
Monograph on Page 30
Some research work conducted on Bauhinia variegata around the world In vitro antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of Bauhinia variegata Linn.
- G.P. Rajani, Purnima Ashok, Indian J Pharmacol. 2009 October; 41(5): 227–232. doi:
10.4103/0253-7613.5851, PMCID: PMC2812783
Abstract:
Introduction
Oxidation is one of the destructive processes, wherein it breaks down and damages various
molecules. Oxygen via its transformation produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as
super oxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide. They provoke uncontrolled reactions.
Molecular oxygen is an essential component for all living organisms, but all aerobic species
suffer from injury if exposed to concentration more than 21%.
Free radicals attack and induce oxidative damage to various biomolecules including proteins,
lipids, lipoproteins, and DNA.The body possesses several defense systems comprising
enzymes and radical scavengers.Some of them constitute the repair systems for biomolecules
that are damaged by the attack of free radicals.
Antioxidants are compounds that act as inhibitors of the oxidation process and are found to
inhibit oxidant chain reactions at small concentrations and thereby eliminate the threat of
pathological processes. Phenolic compounds present in medicinal plants have been reported
to posses powerful antioxidant activity. Flavanoids are a major class of phenolic compounds
present in medicinal plants and are found to have a potential role in prevention of various
diseases through their antioxidant activity.
Bauhinia variegataLinn. (Ceasalpiniaceae) is a medium-sized deciduous tree found
throughout India. It is traditionally used in bronchitis, leprosy, and tumors. The stem bark is
used as astringent, tonic, and anthelmintic. Infusion of the leaves is used as a laxative and for
piles. Dried buds are used in the treatment of worm infestations, tumors, diarrhea, and piles.
The stem bark is used in ayurveda for its antidiabetic activity. So far, the stem bark has been
investigated and reported to have antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antiulcer, and
hepatoprotective activity. Flavanone glycoside from root is reported to have anti -
inflammatory activity. The stem bark is reported to contain 5,7 dihydroxy and 5,7 dimethoxy
flavanone-4-O-α-L rhamnopyrosyl-β-D-glycopyranosides, Kaempferol-3-glucoside, lupeol, and
betasitosterol. Seeds contain protein, fatty oil-containing oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic
acid, and stearic acid. Flowers contain cyanidin, malvidin, peonidin, and kaempferol. Root
contains flavanol glycosides.
Since polyphenolic compounds are present in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of stem
bark and root of B. variegata Linn., it was thought that it would be worthwhile to evaluate
the plant for antioxidant activity. Lipids are one of the most susceptible targets of free
radicals.This oxidative destruction is known as lipid peroxidation and may induce many
pathological events. Apart from antioxidant studies, the present study therefore also involves
evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity.
Monograph on Page 31
Materials and Methods
Plant material and extraction
The stem bark and root of B. variegata Linn. were procured and authenticated from Regional
Research Institute, Bangalore. The authenticated stem bark and root were dried in shade and
powdered coarsely. Extraction was done according to standard procedures using analytical
grade solvents. Coarse powders of the root (1 kg) and stem bark (1.1 kg) were separately
Soxhlet extracted with 90% ethanol. The aqueous extract was prepared using the same marc
by the process of maceration. The extracts obtained were concentrated under reduced
pressure to yield the ethanolic extract of stem bark and root (4.3 and 4.2%, respectively) and
the aqueous extract of stem bark and root (2.4% each).
The method of Tamasi et al. was used for evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity. Albino
Wistar rats weighing between 190 and 250 g were assigned to various groups of six animals
each. Animals were fasted for 16 h prior to the experiment with water ad libitum. The various
extracts, B. variegata stem-water extract (BVSW), ethanolic extract (BVSA), B. variegata root-
water extract (BVRW), and ethanolic extract (BVRA) each at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body
weight, simvastatin at 4 mg/kg and fenofibrate at 20 mg/kg, were administered p.o. to groups
II to XI, respectively. Group I served as control. On the day of the experiment, the animals of
the groups II-XI received the respective drugs by oral route. Simultaneously, all the animals
received Triton WR-1339 at 100 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal route. The control
animals were given only Triton WR-1339 at 100 mg/kg body weight. Serum cholesterol,
triglyceride, and HDL were estimated at 6, 24, and 48 h using AGAPPE diagnostic kits. Blood
samples were withdrawn by retroorbital puncture. Total cholesterol was estimated by CHOD-
PAP methodology, Triglycerides by GPO-PAP methodology, and HDL by the precipitation
method using phosphotungstate magnesium acetate reagent.
Results
There was no mortality and noticeable behavioral changes in all the groups tested. The
aqueous and ethanolic extracts of stem and root of B. variegata Linn. were found to be safe
upto 2000 mg/kg body weight.
Conclusion
The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of B. variegata Linn. have shown significant antioxidant
activity. In the preliminary studies, it was found out that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts
of B. variegata Linn. have shown promising antihyperlipidemic activity. B. variegata may
partly owe its antihyperlipidemic activity to its antioxidant activity.
Monograph on Page 32
EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE STEM BARK OF Bauhinia variegata LINN. - MM Ghaisas, SA Shaikh, AD Deshpande, Department of Pharmacology, Pad. Dr. D.Y.
Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune - 411 018, India, International Journal of Green Family
To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegate Linn, to justify the traditional claim endowed upon this herbal drug as a rasayana in Ayurveda. The effect of the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata(EBV) on the primary and secondary antibody responses was evaluated by the humoral antibody response for a specific immune response. The effect of EBV on the phagocytic activity was evaluated by the carbon clearance test and neutrophil activation was evaluated by the neutrophil adhesion test for a nonspecific immune response. The data was analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramar multiple comparison tests. On oral administration, EBV showed a significant increase in the primary and secondary humoral antibody responses, by increasing the hemagglutinating antibody titre at doses of 250 and 500mg/kg/p.o. There was a significant increase in the phagocytic index and percentage neutrophil adhesion at doses of 250 and 500mg/kg/p.o. The present study reveals that the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegataLinn holds a promise as an immunomodulatory agent, which acts probably by stimulating both the specific and nonspecific arms of immunity. BAUHINIA VARIEGATA LEAF CAPITATE STIGMA EXTRACTS EXHIBIT CONSIDERABLE ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES.
- Mishra A1, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Saxena AK, Pandey AK, PMID: 24093108 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE], http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24093108
The present study reports the phytochemical profiling, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Bauhinia variegataleaf extracts. The reducing sugar, anthraquinone, and saponins were observed in polar extracts, while terpenoids and alkaloids were present in nonpolar and ethanol extracts. Total flavonoid contents in various extracts were found in the
range of 11-222.67 mg QE/g. In disc diffusion assays, petroleum ether and chloroform fractions exhibited considerable inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Several other extracts also showed antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of E. coli, Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of potential extracts were found between 3.5 and 28.40 mg/mL. The lowest MBC (3.5 mg/mL) was recorded for ethanol extract against Pseudomonas spp. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared with standard antioxidants. Dose dependent response was observed
in reducing power of extracts. Polar extracts demonstrated appreciable metal ion chelating activity at lower concentrations (10-40 μg/mL). Many extracts showed significant antioxidant response in beta carotene bleaching assay. AQ fraction of B. variegata showed pronounced cytotoxic effect against DU-145, HOP-62, IGR-OV-1, MCF-7, and THP-1 human cancer cell lines with 90-99% cell growth inhibitory activity. Ethyl acetate fraction also produced considerable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and THP-1 cell lines. The study demonstrates notable antibacterial,
antioxidant, and anticancer activities in B. variegata leaf extracts.
Monograph on Page 33
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF LEGUMINOSAE- CAESALPINIACEAE
- (Modern Plant Taxonomy, N.S. Subrahmanyam, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.Ltd.,First Edition,1995) Page:286-287,295-297
The leguminosae is one of the largest families of flowering plants. The family has 590 to 690
genera and 12000 to 17000 species.
Bentthem and Hooker(1865) treated the Leguminosae as a "vast order, clearly natural divided
into three suborders by adequately defined characters."
The suborders are: Papilionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Mimoseae.
Caesalpiniaceae
Habit: Mostly shrubs or trees.
Leaves: Large, pinnately compound and stipulate. Stipules are either small or aurriculate;
spiny or leafy. Leaf base is typically swollen and pulvinate.
Floral characters
Inflorescence: A many flowered raceme, terminal corymbs or like corymbose panicles.
Flowers: big and showy forming cluster; bracteates, ebracteolate, complete, bisexual,
perigynous, pentamerous.
Calyx cocsists of green sepals, united or free, may be only 4 in some. Sepals are petaloid in
genera where petals are completely absent; valvate in aestivation or imbricate.
Corolla consists of 5-4 petals, free aestivation is ascending imbricate; Anterior two petals are
completely suppressed or represented by glands or bristles in Āmherssita and Tamarindus.
Petals are absent in Saraca.
Androcium consists of 10 stamens, diplostemonous; usually free. Only 3 fertile stamens are
produced in Tamarindus. Anthers are dithecous, basifixed or versatile, dehiscing by
longitudinal slits. In some species some of the posterior stamens are sterile. Gynoecium is
monocarpellary; ovary is cylindrical with terminal style and capitate stigma; unilocular with
numorous ovules; placentation in marginal.
Flowers are entomophilous.
Fruit is a legume but rarely samara as in Pterolobium.
Seeds non- endospermic or endospermic.
Important characteristics: compound leaves, inflorescence is a corymb or corymbose raceme. Flower perigynous, pentamerous and slightly zygomorphic, ascending imbricate aestivation of petals, ten stamens in two rings.
Monograph on Page 34
TAXONOMY OF KĀNCHANĀRA Division: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae Sub Class: Polypetalae Series: Calyciflorae Order: Rosales Family:Leguminosae Sub-family: caesalpiniasae Genus: Bauhinia Species: variegata Botanical Description
Key Characters
Flower: Complete, Perfect . Floral Symmetry: Bilateral. Perianth: +, Differentiated. Calyx (K): 5, Distinct or Coalescent, inserted on Perigynous Zone (PZ). Corolla (C): 5, Distinct, inserted on Perigynous Zone. Androecium (A): 10 or fewer, Distinct or variously united, inserted on Perigynous Zone. Gynoecium (G): Monocarpous, Pistil=1, Carpels/pistil=1, Locules/pistil=1, Ovules/locule=2 Ovary: Superior. Placentation: Marginal. Infloresence: Cymes, Raceme, or Spike. Fruit: Legume. Phyllotaxy: Alternate. Leaves: Compound, usually Pinnate or Bipinnate (rarely Simple). Stipules: Present. Other distinctive features: Petals Imbricate in bud with Banner (Standard) inside Wings; Petiole with basal Pulvinus; Anthers opening by pores or slits.
Floral Formula:
http://www.herbarium.hawaii.edu/BOT461/query/details.php?field=family&family=Fabac
eae%20-%20Caesalpinioideae
Monograph on Page 35
CONCLUSION
Dravyaguna is the science which deals with the Guna (principle) and Karma (action) of a drug.
Dravyaguna can be considered both as a basic and an applied science and is interpreted as
clinical pharmacology. It forms the backbone of rational therapeutics. Correct and skillful
application of drugs is impossible without a proper understanding of their basic
pharmacology. Practice of medicine is transforming fr om experience (impression) based to
evidence based. Keeping this in mind, the most relevant information from Ayurvedic classics
and Nighantus as well as Dravyaguna texts and other modern texts with regard to Kānchanāra
has been compiled along with precise botanical description as far possible.
Vrihattrayi viz. Caraka Samhita, Susruta Samhita and Astānga Hridaya have mentioned
Karbudār and kovidāra as Kānchanāra of which Karbudāra (Bauhinia variegata) has been
taken into consideration in this compilation. They have described it primarily as an emetic
drug combined with other suitable drugs. The nighantus have given different synonyms for
Kānchanāra along with its properties, parts used, dosesvand indications as well as harmful
effects.Two species of Bauhinia, namely purple and white flowered are noticed in the
Bhavaprakasha under the names of Kovidara and Kānchanāra and the properties of both are
said to be identical. The bark of Bauhinia variegata is described as alternative, tonic,
astringent and useful in scrofula, skin diseases and ulcers.Cakradatta recommends the bark of
the red variety to be rubbed into an emulsion with described Kānchār rice water and
administered, eith theaddition of ginger, in s crofulous enlargement of the glands of the neck.
Sārangadhara gives the preparation of Kānchanāra guggulu to be useful in scrofulous
enlargements of glands, tumours, ulcers, skin diseases etc. The dravyaguna texts have
described classification, synonyms, botanical characters along with internal and external uses
with doses and specific preparations and so have been done by modern texts. To sum up,
Kānchanāra is an important medicinal plant occupying significant place in treatment of cough,
menstrual disorders, Glandular diseases and prolapse of the rectum among others.
Monograph on Page 36
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