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INTRO TO MICROBIOLOGY Spring 2015 “Peering through the microscope into a drop of seawater is like looking at stars with a telescope on a clear night.” Dr. Gallardo, ocean researcher
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What will you be studying in microbio?
• OBJECTIVES: • What is microbiology? • What are microbes? • Several ways microbes affect our lives
• Brainstorm session…
• Microbes -‐ are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
• Fun facts: • Microbes account for more than 60% of all of Earth’s organic maAer. • Less than 1% of known microorganisms cause disease • There are millions of different kinds of microbes • A microbe isn’t necessarily alive!
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Microbes in Our Lives • A few are pathogenic (disease-‐causing)
• West Nile, AIDS, mad cow, diarrhea, bacterial infecPons, etc..
• Some are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis • Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone
• Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread
• Produce products used in manufacturing (e.g., cellulose) and treatment (e.g., insulin, penicillin)
• Treat sewage and clean up pollutants
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Where are the microbiologists?
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Microbes in Our Lives • Microbes are master recyclers!
• Take-‐in nutrients and inorganic elements that other life-‐forms can’t use. • They are the base of many food chains
• Cycle and recycle elements such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, etc.. So that other plants and animals can use these nutrients.
• Allows humans to: • Prevent food spoilage • Prevent disease occurrence
• Many microbes in our body, keep us healthy! • Microbes do much of your digesPng for you.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Applications of Microbiology, p. 3
Designer Jeans: Made by Microbes? • Stone-‐washing: Trichoderma • CoAon: Gluconacetobacter • Debleaching: Mushroom peroxidase • Indigo: E. coli • PlasPc: Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate
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Check Your Understanding • Describe some of the destructive and beneficial actions of
microbes. Awesome articles… q 2015 will be the year of the microbiome! (Fortune
magazine) q Are viruses alive?
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS & IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBES Chapter 1.2
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Types of Microorganisms (microbes)
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Two basic cell types & a virus
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell Summary: Similarities: Plasma membrane, DNA, and cell wall (plant cells) Differences: 1. Eukaryotic DNA is in a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane 2. Prokaryotic DNA is in a nuclear region not surrounded by a membrane 3. ProkaryoPc cells have a single circular chromosome; EukaryoPc cells have paired chromosomes 4. ProkaryoPc cells lack histone proteins; EukaryoPc cells have histone proteins 5. ProkaryoPc cell wall has pepPdoglycan; plant and fungal cells have both cellulose and chiPn
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Microbe Tree Microbes
Viruses (acellular) Prokaryotes
Bacteria Archea
Eukaryotes
Protists Fungi Algae Parasites (at young stage)
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Monday homework
OBJECTIVES: • Differentiate the major characteristics
of each group of microorganisms: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and helminths
• Distinguish which groups of microbes
are prokaryotes? Which are eukaryotes?
• List several ways in which microbes
affect our lives. • Name and define the primary areas
included in microbiological studies.
• Size estimate worksheet
• Read pg 1-11
& articles
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.5b
Prokaryotes: Archaea • Archaea – single-‐celled • Lack pepPdoglycan • Live in extreme environments • Include
• Methanogens • (produce methane as a waste product)
• Extreme halophiles (salty environments) • Extreme thermophiles
• Archaea are not known to cause disease in humans
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1a
Prokaryotes: Bacteria • Bacteria – single-‐cell organisms
• PepPdoglycan cell walls • Composed mainly of _______+ _________
• Asexually reproduce by binary fission
• For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
• Many bacteria can “swim” using flagella
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1c
Eukaryotes: Protozoa • Unicellular but EukaryoPc!
• Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
• May be moPle via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
• Can reproduce sexually or asexually
• Come in a variety of shapes
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1b
Eukaryotes: Fungi • Examples of fungi:
• yeast, molds, and mildews • Molds and mushrooms are mulPcellular, consisPng of masses of mycelia (long filaments that branch and intertwine)
• Yeasts are unicellular • ChiPn cell walls • Use organic chemicals for energy
• Reproduce sexually or asexually
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1d
Eukaryotes: Algae • Only 2 types of algae are microbes: • Microbial green algae • Red algae (live in ocean)
• phytoplankton
• Cellulose cell walls • Use photosynthesis for energy
• Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1e
Acellular: Viruses • Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
• Consist of DNA or RNA core • Core is surrounded by a protein coat
• Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
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Check Your Understanding • Which groups of microbes are prokaryotes? Which are
eukaryotes? 1-3
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Basic Cell Types
� Prokaryote: single-‐celled organisms, and all are bacteria or archaea.
� Eukaryote: single-‐celled or multi-‐cellular organisms � Pro = before � Eu = true � Karyon = nucleus
