IP Addressing

S.K.Gochhayat.

What Happened to IPv5?

0 IP March 1977 version (deprecated)

1 IP January 1978 version (deprecated)

2 IP February 1978 version A (deprecated)

3 IP February 1978 version B (deprecated)

4 IPv4 September 1981 version (current widespread)

5 ST Stream Transport (not a new IP, little use)

6 IPv6 December 1998 version (formerly SIP, SIPP)

7 CATNIP IPng evaluation (formerly TP/IX; deprecated)

8 Pip IPng evaluation (deprecated)

9 TUBA IPng evaluation (deprecated)

10-15 unassigned

IPv6

IPADDRESSING 3

What is an IP address?

• Each host on a TCP/IP network is uniquely identified at the IP layer with an address.

• An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies the location of a host or client on the Internet.

• The IP address is also known as Protocol address

• The IPv4 address is 32 bits long

IPADDRESSING 4

IPv4 Address Scheme

• What the Internet machines see an IP address?

11001010000011100100000000000001

• For human understanding the 32 bits of IP address are separated into 4 bytes of 8 binary digits

• Each binary byte is converted into decimal and is separated by a dot hence also known as Dotted Decimal Notation

• How we see an IP address? 202.14.64.1

IPADDRESSING 5

IPv4 Address Scheme

• In decimal the address range is

0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

• The IP address is of the form

<networkID,hostID>

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

Network Host

32 Bits

172 . 16 . 122 . 204

IPADDRESSING 6

IPv4 Address Scheme

• Two types of addressing schemes for IPv4

– Classful

– Classless

• Classful

– Original style of addressing based on first few bits of the address.

– Generally used in customer sites.

• Classless

– A new type of addressing that disregards the class bit of an address and applies a variable prefix (mask) to determine the network number.

IPADDRESSING 7

IPv4 Address Scheme

• There are five classes of addresses A, B, C, D & E.

• A, B & C classes are used to represent host and

network address.

• Class D is a special type of address used for

multicasting.

• Class E is reserved for experimental use.

IPADDRESSING 8

IPv4 Address classes

H H H N Class-A:

H H N N Class-B:

H N N N Class-C:

Class-D: For Multicast

Class-E: For Research

•N=Network number assigned by IR.

•H=Host number assigned by network administrator.

IPADDRESSING 9

Identifying a class of address

Address Identifier Network Address Host Address

0 7 bits Network Address 24 bits Host Address A

10 14 bits Network Address 16 bits Host Address B

110 21 bits Network Address 8 bits Host Address C

1110 Multicast address (224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255) D

1111 Reserved for future use E

IPADDRESSING 10

Address space utilisation

0 1

0

127

00000000

01111111

A-50%

1

0

128

191

10000000

1011111

1

B-25%

0

1

192

223

11000000

11011111 C-12.5%

240 255

11110000 11111111 E-6.25%

0

224

239 11100000

11101111

D-6.25%

0

1

100%

IPADDRESSING 11

Networks Vs Hosts

• In Classless environment we can have

232=4294967296 Hosts

• Class Networks Hosts/Network

• A 126 16777214

• B 16384 65354

• C 2097152 254

– Having 16777214 hosts for Class-A and

254 hosts for Class-C were not working

well

IPADDRESSING 12

Subnetting

• Chopping up of a network into a number of smaller

networks is called subnetting.

• Allows to assign some of the bits, normally used

by the host portion of the address, to the network

portion of the address.

• The format of subnetted IP address would be

<network number, subnet number, host number>

• Efficiently uses the full network address.

• Subnet is a real network under a network.

• Any of the classes can be subnetted.

IPADDRESSING 13

Subnetting (2 Bits)

000000 - 0

000001 - 1

000010 - 2

. .

. .

111110 - 62

111111 - 63

N.N.N.H N.N.N.00hhhhhh

N.N.N.01hhhhhh

N.N.N.10hhhhhh

N.N.N.11hhhhhh

0

1

1

0

0 1

Hosts:62 Hosts:62

Hosts:62

(1-62)

Hosts:62

(1-62)

SN3

N.N.N.128/26

SN1

N.N.N.0/26

SN2

N.N.N.64/26

SN4

N.N.N.192/26

IPADDRESSING 14

Subnetting (8 Bits)

IP Address H H 172 16

Network Host

0 0 255 255 Default / Natural Mask

Network Host

•Default / Natural Mask : 172.16.H.H /16

•8 bit Subnetting : 172.16.N.H /24

8 bit Subnet Mask

Network Subnet Host

255 0 255 255

IPADDRESSING 15

Identifying Network Address

•Five bits of subnetting

•Subnet address: 201.222.5.120 (0+64+32+16+8)

•Host Number : 1

201.222.5.121/29 11001001 11011110 00000101 01111001

ANDing 11001001 11011110 00000101 01111000

Network

201 222 5 120

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 Subnet Mask

IPADDRESSING 16

Variable Length Subnet Mask

• Subnetting creates subnets with equal number of

hosts, in a network.

• The number of bits subnetted i.e. the length of

subnet mask will be same for all the subnets.

• To co-op with the variable number of hosts in

subnets, in a network, number subnetted bits i.e.

the length of subnet mask for the subnets will

also vary.

• The method of achieving subnetting, with variable

length of subnet mask, is known as Variable

Length Subnet Mask.

IPADDRESSING 17

CIDR

• Classless Inter Domain Routing

• Pronounced as - cider

• Also known by the name supernetting

• RFC 1519

• Helps in reducing number of route table

entries – 192.168.0.0/24

– 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.0.0/22

– 192.168.2.0/24

– 192.168.3.0/24

IPADDRESSING 18

198.0.0.0/8

198.32.1.0

NAP

198.0.0.0/8

ISP3

198.32.0.0/16

ISP1

198.32.2.0 198.32.3.0 198.33.1.0

198.33.0.0/16

ISP2

198.33.0.0/16 198.32.0.0/16

With CIDR

IPADDRESSING 19

CIDR • Initially IP addresses were arbitrarily handed out

without regard to geographic location and were

overtaxing the Internet routing tables

• Class A stopped being handed out and Class-B was exhausted

• With the remaining Class-C addresses the whole

world has been divided into 4 zones

• Each zone is given a portion of Class-C addresses

– 194.0.0.0 to 195.255.255.255 (Europe)

– 198.0.0.0 to 199.255.255.255 (North America)

– 200.0.0.0 to 201.255.255.255 (C&S.America)

– 202.0.0.0 to 203.255.255.255 (Asia & the Pacific)

IPADDRESSING 20

CIDR

• Each zone is given about (2x224) 32 million addresses to allocate

• Another (20x224) 320 million Class-C addresses 204.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 are reserved for future.

• 32 million address entries have been compressed to one router table entry.

• Any route outside Europe that gets packet addressed to 194.0.0.0 to 195.255.255.255 can just send it to Standard European Gateway.

• Once a packet gets to Europe (2x28x28) 131072 network entries are needed, if /16 bits prefix is used.

IPADDRESSING 21

Private Address Space

• IANA has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private internets (RFC 1918):

– 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8 prefix)

• 24-bit block

• Complete class-A network number

– 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12 prefix)

• 172.0001/0000.0.0-172.0001/1111.255.255

• 20-bit block

• Set of 16 contiguous class-B network numbers

– 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16 prefix)

• 16-bit block

• Set of 256 contiguous class-C network numbers

Need of IPv6

Why IPv6?

– Problems with IPv4

– “Address is running out!”

Internet is expanding very rapidly in developing countries like India, China

New devices like phones need IP address

End-to-End Reachability is not possible without IPv6

New Features like Autoconfiguration,

better support for QoS,

Mobility and Security,

Route Aggregation. Routing table explosion

IPv6

IPv4 Addressing Crisis

IPv4 has 32 bit addresses.

Initially classful addressing scheme

Classless scheme

Natting

More Natting(444)

Addresses not available.

(As per the info. available on http://www.ipv6forum.com)

IPv4 is victim of its own success.

IPv6 Address

IPv4: 32 bits or 4 bytes long

4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes

• IPv6: 128 bits or 16 bytes

• 3.4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes

• 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432,768,211,456

• 5 * 1028 addresses per person

IPv6

Address Crisis

IPv6

• Larger address

space

• Efficient IP

header and

datagram

• Mandatory

features 5 * 1028 addresses per person

Larger Address Space From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables:

– Global reachability:

• No hidden networks, hosts

• All hosts can be reachable and be "servers"

3/14/2013 27

Natting

Consequences of the Limited IPv4 Address Space: NATs

Internet

192.168.0.10

131.107.47.119

157.60.13.9

NAT

Host

Web

server

Destination address:

157.60.13.9

Destination TCP

port: 80

Source address:

131.107.47.119

Source TCP port:

5000

The NAT keeps the mapping of {192.168.0.10, TCP 1025} to {131.107.47.119, TCP

5000} in a local translation table for future reference.

Destination

address:

192.168.0.10

Destination TCP

port: 1025

NATs and Peer-to-Peer Applications

Internet NAT

Host A

Host B

Host C

Intranet

31

NAT444 = NAT44 + NAT44

Large-Scale

NAT

(LSN)

NAT44 NAT44

Home network ISP network

IPv4private IPv4private IPv4

Internet

Routing in IPv6

IPv6

Aggregation of prefixes announced in the global

routing table

Efficient and scalable routing

IPv6 Addressing

Lesson Objectives

• IPv6 address space

• IPv6 address syntax

• Unicast IPv6 addresses

• Multicast IPv6 addresses

• Anycast IPv6 addresses

• IPv6 interface identifiers

• IPv4 addresses and IPv6 equivalents

The IPv6 Address Space

• 128-bit address space – 2128 possible addresses

– 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses (3.4 x 1038)

• 128 bits were chosen to allow multiple levels of hierarchy and flexibility in designing hierarchical addressing and routing

• Typical unicast IPv6 address: – 64 bits for subnet ID, 64 bits for interface ID

Current Allocation

Format Fraction of Allocation Prefix address space

Reserved 0000 0000 1/256

NSAP Allocation 0000 001 1/128

Aggregatable Global Unicast 001 1/8

Link-Local Unicast 1111 1110 10 1/1024

Site-Local Unicast 1111 1110 11 1/1024

Multicast 1111 1111 1/256

IPv6 Address Syntax

• IPv6 address in binary form: 0010000111011010000000001101001100000000000000000010111100111011

0000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010

• Divided along 16-bit boundaries: 0010000111011010 0000000011010011 0000000000000000 0010111100111011

0000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010

• Each 16-bit block is converted to

hexadecimal and delimited with colons:

21DA:00D3:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A

• Suppress leading zeros within each 16-bit

block:

21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A

Compressing Zeros • Some IPv6 addresses contain long sequences

of zeros

• A single contiguous sequence of 16-bit blocks

set to 0 can be compressed to “::” (double-

colon)

• Example: – FE80:0:0:0:2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2 becomes

FE80::2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2

– FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 becomes FF02::2

• Cannot use zero compression to include part of

a 16-bit block – FF02:30:0:0:0:0:0:5 does not become FF02:3::5.

IPv6 Prefixes • Prefix is the part of the address where the

bits have fixed values or are the bits of a

route or subnet identifier

• IPv6 subnets or routes always uses

address/prefix-length notation

– CIDR notation

• Examples:

– 21DA:D3::/48 for a route

– 21DA:D3:0:2F3B::/64 for a subnet

• No more dotted decimal subnet masks

Types of IPv6 Addresses • Unicast

– Address of a single interface

– One-to-one delivery to single interface

• Multicast

– Address of a set of interfaces

– One-to-many delivery to all interfaces in the set

• Anycast

– Address of a set of interfaces

– One-to-one-of-many delivery to a single interface in

the set that is closest

• No more broadcast addresses

Unicast IPv6 Addresses

• Aggregatable global unicast addresses

• Link-local addresses

• Site-local addresses

• Special addresses

• Compatibility addresses

• NSAP addresses

IPADDRESSING 42

Internet Registry (IR)

• An Internet Registry is an organisation that is

responsible for distributing IP address space to

its members or customers and for registering

those distributions. IRs can be classified as:

• RIRs (Regional Internet Registery)

• NIRs (National Internet Registery)

• LIRs (Local Internet Registery)

IPADDRESSING 43

Internet Registries

IANA

National

Local

Consumer

InterNIC

America

RIPE

Europe

APNIC

Asia Regional

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

1. African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC) for Africa

2. Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) for Asia, Australia, New

Zealand, and neighboring countries

3. American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)[ for the United States, Canada,

several parts of the Caribbean region, and Antarctica.

4. Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC) for Latin

America and parts of the Caribbean region

5. Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) for Europe,

Russia, the Middle East, and Central Asia

Regional Internet Registry

45

Sub-

Allocation

/23

/8

APNIC Allocation

Allocation and Assignment

/24

/21

Member Allocation

Customer Assignments /25 /26 /27 /26

APNIC

Allocates

to APNIC Member

APNIC Member

Customer / End User

Assigns

to end-user

Allocates

to downstream

Downstream

Assigns

to end-user

46

IPv6 addressing structure

0 127

LIR

/32

32

128 bits

Customer site

/64 - /48

16

Subnet /64

16 64

Device /128

BSNL

• IPv6 address range allocated to BSNL by

APNIC is 2001:4490::/30. However since

BSNL is entitled for /24 address space and

a larger address space will be future safe,

the same should be requested to APNIC.

• Following would require IPv6 addressing

• BSNL servers, backbone and access

equipment.

• Leased Line Customers

• Enterprise customer with multiple location

(connected through leased lines or over MPLS)

• Broadband (ADSL) Customers

• Mobile Wireless (GSM, CDMA, 3G) customers

• Multiplay Customers

• WiMAX Customers

• ISPs who are taking bandwidth from BSNL

– Allocate address range to various PoPs as

follows:

• /34 for A1 & A2 PoPs

• /36 for A3 & A4 PoPs

• /38 for B1 & B2 PoP s

– Within each PoP, allocate address range as

follows:

• In all A1 & A2 PoPs, use /38 for various services like

Broadband, Mobile, Multiplay, WiMAX, leased line

customers (including ISPs) and BSNL service

networks.

• In all A3 & A4 PoPs, use /40 for various services like

Broadband, Mobile, Multiplay, WiMAX, leased line

customers (including ISPs) and BSNL service

networks.

• In all B1 & B2 PoPs, use /42 for various services

like Broadband, Mobile, Multiplay, WiMAX, leased

line customers (including ISPs) and BSNL service

networks.

– Allocate address range to customers as

follows:

• Allocate /64 IP address to broadband, mobile

wireless, WiMAX and multiplay customers.

• Allocate /56 to large Leased Line customers & /60

for small leased line customers and BSNL service

networks.

• Allocate multiple /56 or /60 to multi-location leased

line customer.

• Allocate multiple /56 to ISPs.

• Allocate 1 /40 address range for all the routers

and other network devices. All the IPv6 related

routing and IPv6 SNMP management should be

done using these IPs.

IPv6 Address Types

Unicast Address is for a single interface.

IPv6 has several types (for example, global and IPv4 mapped).

Multicast One-to-many

Enables more efficient use of the network

Uses a larger address range

Anycast One-to-nearest (allocated from unicast address space).

Multiple devices share the same address.

All anycast nodes should provide uniform service.

Source devices send packets to anycast address.

Routers decide on closest device to reach that destination.

Suitable for load balancing and content delivery services.

IPv6

Aggregatable Global Unicast

Addresses

• Top-Level Aggregation ID (TLA ID)

• Next-Level Aggregation ID (NLA ID)

• Site-Level Aggregation ID (SLA ID)

• Interface ID

TLA ID Interface ID

13 bits 64 bits

SLA ID

24 bits

001 NLA ID

16 bits

Res

8 bits

Topologies Within Global

Addresses

• Public Topology

• Site Topology

• Interface ID

TLA ID Interface ID

64 bits

SLA ID 001 NLA ID

16 bits

Res

48 bits

Public Topology Site Topology Interface Identifier

Local-Use Unicast Addresses

• Link-local addresses

– Used between on-link neighbors and for

Neighbor Discovery

• Site-local addresses

– Used between nodes in the same site

Link-Local Addresses

• Format Prefix 1111 1110 10

– FE80::/64 prefix

• Used for local link only

– Single subnet, no router

– Address autoconfiguration

– Neighbor Discovery

1111 1110 10 Interface ID

10 bits 64 bits

000 . . . 000

54 bits

Site-Local Addresses • Format Prefix 1111 1110 11

– FEC0::/48 prefix for site

• Used for local site only

– Replacement for IPv4 private addresses

– Intranets not connected to the Internet

– Routers do not forward site-local traffic outside the

site

1111 1110 11 Interface ID

10 bits 64 bits

000 . . . 000

38 bits

Subnet ID

16 bits

IPv6 Addressing

Unspecified

• Used as a placeholder

when no address

available

– Initial DHCP request

– Duplicate Address

Detection (DAD)

• Like 0.0.0.0 in IPv4

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::

Loopback

• Identifies self

• Localhost

• Like 127.0.0.1 in IPv4

• 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1

• To find if your IPv6 stack

works:

– Ping6 ::1

3/14/2013 58

Compatibility Addresses

• IPv4-compatible address

– 0:0:0:0:0:0:w.x.y.z or ::w.x.y.z

• IPv4-mapped address

– 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:w.x.y.z or ::FFFF:w.x.y.z

• 6over4 address

– Interface ID of ::WWXX:YYZZ

• 6to4 address

– Prefix of 2002:WWXX:YYZZ::/48

• ISATAP address Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol

– Interface ID of ::0:5EFE:w.x.y.z

NSAP Addresses

Network Service Access Point

0000001 NSAP-mapped address

7 bits 121 bits

Multicast IPv6 Addresses

• Flags

• Scope

• Defined multicast addresses

– All-Nodes addresses

• FF01::1 (Node Local), FF02::1 (Link Local)

– All-Routers addresses

• FF01::2 (Node Local), FF02::2 (Link Local),

FF05::2 (Site Local)

1111 1111 Group ID

8 bits 112 bits

Flags

4 bits

Scope

4 bits

Recommended Multicast IPv6

Addresses

• Only 32 bits are used to indicate the

Group ID

– Single IPv6 multicast address maps to a

single Ethernet multicast MAC address

1111 1111 Group ID

8 bits 32 bits

Flags

4 bits

Scope

4 bits 80 bits

000 … 000

Solicited-Node Address

• Example: – For FE80::2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A, the corresponding solicited-

node address is FF02::1:FF28:9C5A

• Acts as a pseudo-unicast address for very

efficient address resolution

Interface ID

64 bits

Unicast prefix

64 bits

FF02:

24 bits

:1:FF 0:0:0:0

Anycast IPv6 Addresses

• Not associated with any prefix

• Summary and host routes are used to

locate nearest anycast group member

• Subnet router anycast address:

Subnet Prefix 000 . . . 000

n bits 128 - n bits

Addresses in URL

• In a URL, it is enclosed in brackets

– http://[2001:1:4F3A::206:AE14]:8080/index.html

– URL parsers have to be modified

– Cumbersome for users

• Mostly for diagnostic purposes

• Should use Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN)

3/14/2013 65

IPv6 Addresses for a Host

• Unicast addresses:

– A link-local address for each interface

– Unicast addresses for each interface (site-local or

global addresses)

– A loopback address (::1)

• Multicast addresses:

– The node-local scope all-nodes multicast address

(FF01::1)

– The link-local scope all-nodes multicast address

(FF02::1)

– The solicited-node address for each unicast address

– The multicast addresses of joined groups

IPv6 Addresses for a Router

• Unicast addresses: – A link-local address for each interface

– Unicast addresses for each interface

– Loopback address (::1)

• Anycast addresses – Subnet-router anycast address

– Additional anycast addresses (optional)

• Multicast addresses: – The node-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF01::1)

– The node-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF01::2)

– The link-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF02::1)

– The link-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF02::2)

– The site-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF05::2)

– The solicited-node address for each unicast address

– The multicast addresses of joined groups

Subnetting the IPv6 Address Space

• Subdividing by using high-order bits that

do not already have fixed values to create

subnetted network prefixes

• Two-step process:

1. Determine the number of bits to be used for

the subnetting

2. Enumerate the new subnetted network

prefixes

IPv6 Interface Identifiers

• The last 64 bits of unicast IPv6 addresses

• Interface identifier based on:

– Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 address

• Either assigned to a network adapter card or

derived from IEEE 802 addresses

– Temporarily assigned, randomly generated

value that changes over time

– A value assigned by a stateful address

configuration protocol

– A value assigned during a Point-to-Point

Protocol connection establishment

– A manually configured value

IEEE 802 Addresses

• Company ID

• Extension ID

• U/L bit (u)

– Universally (=0)/Locally (=1) Administered

• U/G bit (g)

– Unicast (=0)/Group (=1) Address

ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc

24 bits 24 bits

xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

IEEE-administered company ID Manufacturer-selected extension ID

IEEE 802 Address Conversion

Example • Host A has the MAC address of 00-AA-00-3F-2A-1C

• 1. Convert to EUI-64 format – 00-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C

• 2. Complement the U/L bit – The first byte in binary form is 00000000. When the seventh bit is

complemented, it becomes 00000010 (0x02).

– Result is 02-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C

• 3. Convert to colon hexadecimal notation – 2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1C

• Link-local address for node with the MAC address of 00-

AA-00-3F-2A-1C is FE80::2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1C.

Larger Address Space

• "Plug and play"

– By auto configuration

3/14/2013 72

(Single Subnet

Scope, Formed from

Reserved Prefix and

Link Layer Address)

SUBNET

PREFIX

IPv6 Auto-Configuration

• Stateless (RFC2462) –Host autonomously configures its own address

–Link local addressing •i.e.: FE80::80:9341:A892

• Stateful –DHCPv6

–Provides not only IP address, also other configuration parameters like DNS

• Addressing lifetime –Facilitates graceful renumbering

–Addresses defined as valid, deprecated or invalid

SUBNET PREFIX +

MAC ADDRESS SUBNET PREFIX +

MAC ADDRESS

SUBNET PREFIX +

MAC ADDRESS SUBNET PREFIX +

MAC ADDRESS

Stateless Autoconfiguration

Stateless Address Configuration (IP Address, Default Router Address)

Routers sends periodic Router Advertisement

Node gets prefix information from the Router advertisement and generates the complete address using its MAC address

Global Address=Link Prefix + EUI 64 Address

Router Address is the Default Gateway

IPv6

Stateless Autoconfiguration Example

MAC address: 00:0E:0C:31:C8:1F

EUI 64 Address: 20E:0CFF:FE31:C81F

Router Solicitation is sent on FF01::2 (All Router Multicast Address) and Advertisement sent on FF01::1 (All Node Multicast Address)

IPv6

3/14/2013 76

Multi-homing

Multi-homing • When a network is connected to many ISPs

, the technique is called Multi homing.

• Multihoming is a technique used to

increase the reliability of the Internet

connection for an IP network.

• Single Link, Multiple IP address (Spaces)

• Multiple Interfaces, Single IP address per

interface.

• Multiple Links, Single IP address (Space)

IPv6 Mobility

IPv6 Internet

Mobile Node

Correspondent Node

Home

Agent

1. TCP SYN to Home Address

2. TCP SYN tunneled to Care-of Address

3. TCP SYN-ACK with Binding Update

4. TCP ACK with Binding Acknowledgment

Home

Link Foreign

Link

HA

Virtual

Mobile Node

New Correspondent Node Initiates a TCP Connection with a Mobile Node

IPv6 Internet

Mobile Node

Home

Agent

1. Multicast Neighbor Solicitation

2. Proxied unicast Neighbor Advertisement

3. TCP SYN to Home Agent’s link-layer address

4. Tunneled packet to Mobile Node

5. TCP SYN-ACK with Binding Update

6. TCP ACK with Binding Acknowledgment Host

Home

Link Foreign

Link

Home Link Host Sends Data to a Mobile Node

Mobile Node

Correspondent Node

Home

Agent

1. Multicast Router Solicitation

2. Unicast Router Advertisement

3. Binding Update to Home Agent

4. Binding Update to Correspondent Node

5. Binding Acknowledgments

IPv6 Internet

Home

Link

Foreign

Link

Mobile Node Changes to a New Foreign Link

Mobile

Node

Correspondent Node

Home

Agent

1. Multicast Router Solicitation

2. Unicast Router Advertisement

3. Binding Update to Home Agent

4. Binding Update to Correspondent Node

5. Binding Acknowledgments

6. Multicast Neighbor Advertisement

IPv6 Internet

Home

Link

Mobile Node Returns Home

Enable IPv6 on a PC

• Windows 2000

– Download tcpipv6-001205-SP4-IE6.zip

• Windows XP

– ipv6 install

– netsh interface ipv6 install

• Redhat Linux

– /etc/sysconfig/network :

NETWORKING_IPV6=yes

Installing and Configuring the IPv6 Protocol

• Install

– Add the “Microsoft TCP/IP version 6” protocol

when configuring the properties of a LAN

connection in Network Connections

– Execute netsh interface ipv6 install at a

command prompt

• Configure

– IPv6 is self-configuring

– For manual configuration, use commands in

the netsh interface ipv6 context

IPv6-enabled Utilities

• Ipconfig

• Route

• Ping

• Tracert

• Pathping

• Netstat

IPv6 Command Line Utilities

• Netsh.exe

– interface ipv6

– interface ipv6 6to4

– interface ipv6 isatap

– interface portproxy

• Ipsec6.exe

Review

• Architecture of the IPv6 protocol for the

Windows .NET Server family

• Features of the IPv6 protocol for the

Windows .NET Server family

• IPv6-enabled applications, application

programming interfaces (APIs), and

common utilities

• IPv6 command-line utilities

Current Status of IPv6 Deployment

IPv6