Iricen Journal Sept. 2008

IRICEN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

www.iricen.gov.inVOLUME 1, NO. 4 SEPT. 2008

Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering, Pune

Readers View

In response to article "Maintenance of steel Foot Over Bridges" published in Vol. No. 1, Issue No. 3, June 2008, a response have been received from our reader. Following are the excerpts of letter received from Shri. Sudhir Kumar, CRS, Central Circle, Mumbai.

1. I have gone through the various articles. The content and presentation are very good. However, on the subject of light steel structures, such as FOBs and Ops. I had an occasion to inquire into the failure of 1 FOB and 1 COP (Cover on Platform). Following additional comments are offered in the design, construction and maintenance of these light steel structures.

2. On Central Railways, FOBs at Akola 3 x 28 m span, Bhigwan 30 m span and Dombivali 33m span cllapsed immediately after fabrication and erection on 29.09.1994, 23.09.1999 and 02.01.2004 dates respectively. Details of other similar FOB collapses at Pulgaon and other could not be traced by Central Railway.

3. In addition, the COP structure had collapsed at ABH on 04.07.2008 and the COP at Govandi had collapsed on 05.08.2008 on Mumbai Division of Central Railway. Following aspects have emerged

4. Design Aspect FOBs are designed by Zonal Railways on Central Railway in 30 m span FOB, top bracings were not provided. Instead of that, end raker were provided. The column consists of 2 ISMBs. The bottom beam was in 3 pieces. The end member of the girder was fixed with the web of the column with nuts and bolts. After the collapse, following modifications have been done in the detailing of FOBs structure. a. Top bracings have been provided; b. Bottom member has been made of single piece;c. Column consists of 4 ISMBs pressed togetherd. On Western Railway no such failure has been reported and it is told that for FOBs span for more

than 20 m instead of fixing girder with the column the girder is being supported over the columns.

5. Construction Aspects The quality of welding should be minutely observed in case of FOB. It is noticed that the Ex. Engineers and SSE (W) do not pay due attention to learn and ensure good quality welding in case of light structures. This aspect needs improvement.

6. Maintenance Aspects : It is noticed that COP and FOB are not being inspected periodically by SE (W) and ADEN as per Para 228 at IRWM 2000, treating them as light structures. After the collapse of COP on Central Railway following aspects have been suggested : Branch officers should ask a certificate of zero missing fittings from ADEN and SE(W) every year to ensure that they inspect the light structures, periodically as per Manual.

7. The copies of Inquiry Reports of failure of FOBs at Akola and Bhigwan are enclosed herewith and the copy of Inquire Report of failure of FOB at Dombivali is available in the IRICEN Library. These should be meticulously analysed and discussed in bridge course at IRICEN to avoid similar failures, in future.

(Sudhir Kumar)Commissioner of Railway Safety

Central Circle, Mumbai

VOLUME 1, NO. 3

JUNE 2008

Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering, Pune

www.iricen.gov.in

WORKS

Shri Naresh LalwaniSr. Professor/IRICENEditor

Shri Manoj AroraProfessor/IRICENMember

BRIDGEShri Ajay GoyalSr. Professor/IRICENEditor

TRACK

Shri V. B. SoodProfessor/IRICENMember

EDITORIAL BOARD

Shri A. K. GoelDirector/IRICENChairman

Shri Suresh GuptaDean/IRICENExecutive Editor

I n d e x

II) Other News

01

03

I) World Railway News

III) Technical Papers

IV) Literature digest

VI) New products

1. Renewal of corroded head plate screws and bearing plates on PSC fan shaped layout

2. Launching of fish belly PSC girders inNeemuch-Ratlam GC project

3. Innovative method for regirdering as plate girders by lifting frame method

4. Strengthening of distressed bridge No. 462 between HWH-NGP

5. Beijing olympics an excellence inarchitecture & construction too

6. Re - building of stone top bridges & arch bridgesopting blasting technique.

7. “Raising of Road Over Bridge on Western Railway”

8. Improved tools of training at IRICEN: Its new website

9. Suggested good practices for digitization of engineering drawings”

Guidelines to contributors

Articles on the Railway Civil Engineering are always welcome from the authors. The authors who are willing to contribute articles in the IRICEN Journal of Civil Engineering are requested to please go through the following guidelines :

1. The paper should be about the Railway Civil Engineering. The article should be detailing the advancement in technology in Railway Civil Engineering.

2. The paper may be a review of conventional technology, possibilities of improvement in the technology or any other item which may be of interest to the readers. The paper should be reasonably detailed so that it could help the reader to understand the topic. The paper may contain analysis, design, construction, maintenance of railway civil engineering assets. The paper should be concise.

3. The journal is likely to be printed in a paper of size 215 mm X 280 mm. While sending the articles the author should write in 2 columns. Sketches, tables and figures should be accommodated in a 2 column set up only.

4. Author should send the original printout of photograph along with the digital copy of the photograph.

5. Soft copy as well as hard copy of article must be invariably sent to the editors of concerned subject.

6. Only selected articles will be included in the IRICEN Journal of Civil Engineering.

The papers & articles express the opinions of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of IRICEN editorial panel. The institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publication.

Shri Rajesh KumarSr. Professor/IRICENMember

05

08

11

16

36

41

45

21

25

27

33

From director's Desk:Dear readers,

Today, the structure and maintenance requirements of track, bridges and works

have quite changed from some 30 years back. Majority of track is now machine

maintained, the increase of axle loads by 10% with a likely hood of further increase to

15% (25 T) has been adopted rather well by Engineers, without much inputs of

additional technology and change in work culture. The bridges were attended under

SRSF as a one time measure. The state of the Works and Projects has improved inspite

of severe pressures but does not give us reason to complement ourselves. However,

strength shown by the Engineers of working under adverse conditions does not entitle

us to be complacent and overlook the weaknesses in our working ethos.

The time and cost overruns in projects are normal. The Gang man now called

Trackman still walks every day, under all weathers, about 8-10 km. with 20-25 kg of tools

on his shoulder to reach work site. Works cadre is shrinking and departmental capacity

depleted to insignificant levels. BRI's inspect and maintain concrete/PSC, welded steel

bridges without necessary safety, equipment and skilled staff. The living conditions and

health of workers is unsatisfactory and they age before their time. There are vacancies

in all cadres, filling of the posts is being found to be insurmountable task. The only

recourse left is to outsource a large no. of activities to contractors, outcome of the

contracts also has not been as satisfactory as one would like it to be.

Survival of the Railway as a healthy organization depends on increased

throughput of freight. The age old dictum,“ Passenger traffic is a drain on Railway

resources but has to be done, Railway being the National Carrier ” is giving way to a

fresh focus on this sector, due to spurt in economy and increased paying capacity of

more than 30% of the population, mostly living in cities. Providing fast and good services

to passengers is now making a political and economic sense. Increase of speeds to 160

Kmph with prospects of dedicated corridors with speeds of 300-350 Kmph and existing

routes upgraded for speeds of 200 Kmph , are developments on horizon. These are new

challenges before us.

Railway Board has been addressing many of these issues. Funds are not a

problem in most of the plan heads any longer. Lots of structural changes have been

made in the Tendering and contract procedures based on the feedback of the field

engineers. Project Management consultants, design consultants, Project preparation

consultants have been allowed to be engaged on projects, much enhanced financial

powers have been delegated to Zones, besides many other long felt changes have

been done. More machines are being procured for track and bridge inspection and

maintenance. It is now time for all Engineers to respond and make the best of the

changed environment and live up to the name our predecessors have earned to the

department. This calls for a commitment from us to succeed, the will to change our

traditional attitudes toward our juniors and contractors from that of 'Master and Servant

relation', to that of mutual respect, and to work in a more transparent manner.

World Railway News

TGV hits lorry: A serious accident occurred on a level crossing on Pris-Geneve TGV line on 19-12-07. The accident occurred when a lorry carrying special oversized load got caught under the level crossing height gauge set at 4.4m. The level crossing barriers lowered and came to rest on lorry. A little later TGV traveling at about 100 kmph dashed into the lorry, killing the lorry driver. The lorry and train suffered severe damage. The accident occurred as the level crossing barriers in France are activated by double contact before a train passes and if powers fail, the barriers lower automatically. This is considered a fail safe system but no return signal to train that the barrier has reached its end position.

Ref.: Railway Update, 2/2008, Page 62, 63

1

Under-designed Gusset Plates Cited by NTSB in I-35W Bridge Collapse Investigation:

thOn 15 January 08, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) of USA issued interim findings of its investigation into the collapse of the Minneapolis bridge over Mississippi river on 01-08-07 in which 13 people were killed and 145 others injured. The Board has discovered the under designed gusset plates on panel points U10 and L11 of the steel deck truss failed, leading to the collapse. These gussets were 12.7mm thick, roughly half the required thickness. The demand to capacity ratio (D/C) for the gussets was over 1.45 whereas it shall be less than 1. U10 gusse ts a l so v i o l a ted t he unsupported edge limitation. The bridges completed in 1967, had been renovated in 1977 and 1988, adding weight to structure and another upgrade using construction equipment/ material was in progress when collapse occurred. The role of this increase in loads in the collapse is being investigated.Ref.: Civil Engineering, Feb 2008,

Vol.78, No.2, Pge 10-11.

Close to catastrophe in the Landrucken tunnel On 26 April 2008, ICE 885, traveling at 215 kmph hit a flock of sheep and derailed in the Landrucken tunnel. There were two dozen passengers injured and no casualty in the accident which saw 20 sheep killed. The accident occurred minutes after ICE 782/732 travailing in opposite direction hit several sheep which was reported by driver to traffic controller but the driver of derailed train was not informed. The public prosecutor has initiated as investigation against the shepherd responsible for the stray sheep. The accident revived discussion about fencing of the railway lines, especially on high speed routes. Ref.: Railway Update, March 2008,

Page 118-119.

New Stadler articulated multiple units for NetherlandsIn the new multiple units built by stadler, a new system for alighting from the train has been provided with two level steps. When the platform is higher, top level step comes out and when the platform is lower, through a mode selection switch, a lower level step comes out and the top level step remains retracted. This considerably reduces the gap between the platform and the step making boarding/alighting lot easier.Ref.: Railway Update, March 2008,

Page 123-130

The path is clear for partial privatization of DBGermany's government has agreed to a flotation on the stock Market. Up to 24.9% of the passenger and freight rail transport will be allowed to be sold off to private investors whereas railway stations and rail network will remain entirely in state hands. The staff participation in share holding was also agreed to. The sale proceeds are expected in the range of EURO five to eight billion.

Ref.: Railway Update,March 2008, Page110.

Beijing- Hamburg in 14 days: A trial freight train traveled from China to Germany covering 10,000 kms in 14 days. During the journey, the container cargo had to trains-shipped twice, once at China-Mongolian border and then at Belarus Poland border. This was part of efforts to develop rail freight transport link between Asia and Europe.

Ref.: Railway Update,2/2008, Page 85

India Mumbai-For a 11 km long, Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar section of proposed Mumbai Metro, CSR Nanjing Puzhen Rolling stock company is to supply 16 four car trains for line no.1. The whole fleet of these rakes is expected to arrive in Mumbai by mid 2010.

Ref.: Railway Gazette International-August 2008

page 478

Alaska Railroad “Daylights” Moody Tunnel

Moody tunnel, constructed in 1920s on Alaskan Railway and supported on timber strut has been 'day lighted'. The tunnel was having very less clearances to run double stack containers and the tunnel had a history of collapses inside as well as landslides sinkholes etc on the approaches. The tunnel was removed by first reducing the overburden from 70ft thickness to 10 ft thickness, working carefully under running traffic conditions and then, during a block, the tunnel was imploded and debris cleared from the track.Ref.: “Civil Engineering” July 2008,

Page 19-20.

2

Replacement of Bridges

Work to replace bridge over river Rhein between kehl and strashoura was launched on july 8, 2008.Scheduled to open in 2010, the new truss bridge will replace current-bridge structure, contracted in 1954. This new bridge comprises of two spans of 131 m & 107 m and clearance along the river will be 7.0M. running speed on the bride will be raised to 160 KMPH as compared to existing 100 KMPH.

Ref.: Railway Gazette International-August 2008

page 482

Swiss part ic le f i l ters for Eurotunnel Diesels In 1991 and 1992, Mak and ABB supplied five four-axle diesel electric locomotive for rescue and works train duties to Eurotunnel. The locomotives were operated in pairs on 50 km long tunnel with a two-axle exhaust gas purification car between them. This was not a satisfactory system. A Swiss firm has fitted in particle filters by redesigning the hood, and as a world first, fitted in urea injection system to improve exhaust emission.

Ref.: Railway Update,March 2008, Page-07.

Rail traffic grows in India and

China in 2007. As per UIC annual statistics, the

passenger traffic growth for India

and China was 8.5% and 12.9%

respectively whereas in freight

traffic, the growth was 9.4% and

7.2%. The growth in other countries

was modest except UK where

passenger traffic grew by 10%.

Russia saw decrease in passenger,

Kilometers by 2.4%.

Ref.: Railway Update,

March 2008, Page 112.

BETTER HEALTH OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGCivil engineering is in better health now than in May 2003.The profession is more visible than it was, the

decline in university applicants has reversed, graduate shortages combined with a high workload means employment and starting salaries are relatively good, and most engineers are fairly happy in their work.

However, civil engineering is notoriously 'boom and bust' industry, and one of narrow profit margins. The danger is that the next downturn in workload will reduce salaries again and re-establish macho long hour culture at the expense of many of the flexible, family-friendly working practices that have been adopted. This can only result in the profession regaining its 'unhappy' tag with relatively low status, a poor image and recruitment and retention problems.

The climatic extremes of the summer of 2007, whether a blip of nature or a precursor of global warming , have brought to the public attention the problems of flood protection , drainage, water supplies, sanitation and transportation systems. There have been few better opportunities for the civil engineering professions to present itself as the key provider of the essential services that have so been taken for granted. Civil engineering is not about the past, it is about the future, and civil engineers can make a difference.

The time to ensure the future is when things are going well and the high point of the sigmoid curve has not yet been reached. By the time the peak has passed it is too late. The profession should aim to maintain into the future progress that has already been made, continue to improve the areas that are still unsatisfactory and give some thought to new initiatives that might be introduced to enhance further both the image and reality of the civil engineering.

Did You Know ?Now a days in market such types of glasses are available in which degree of transparency can be changed by

user. Sain Gobain Glass India has launched its latest offering SGG Priva-lite. The intelligent glass offers privacy at

the flick of a switch. Its unique technology allows it to be from an ordinary looking clear glass to a whitish translucent glass, ensuring optimal vision control. SGG Priva-lite is a laminated glass comprising two panes of glass, either clear or tinted, and a liquid crystal interlayer film. When the glass is switched off from its special power supply (transformers provided), the liquid crystals are randomly scattered, preventing both sides from seeing through the glass. By switching the glass on, the liquid crystals line up and reorient themselves, turning the SGG Priva-lite totally transparent.

SGG Priva-lite has various applications. It can be used for partitions as the quantity of light transmitted is the same (approximtely 77%) in both transparent and translucent states. Glass being more hygienic and easier to clean than fabric, curtains and blinds become redundant. Besides its excellent acoustic insulation properties, SGG Priva-lite can also be combined with companies' other range of sound-proof glazing.

3

Steel Turns Green

Indian born professor Veena Sahajwalla, of Material Science and Engineering at the University of New South Wales in Sydney developed a technique to use waste plastic in steel making.

In manufacture of steel, carbon is used to add strength to steel. The higher the carbon content, the stronger but less ductile it is. To achieve ductility and strength by carbon generally coal and coke are used.

Coke can be partially replaced with waste plastic thus reducing the amount of coal inside the furnace. Like coke, polythene plastic contains carbon along with hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon which is an essential raw material used in electric arc furnace steel-making can be derived from plastic waste. Plastic give off less amount of carbon dioxide than equivalent amounts of coal. Also plastics do not produce the other noxious by p r o d u c ts . S h o p p i n g b a g s , containers and drink bottles contains high levels of carbon to be useful in steel making. It was found that a 50/50 mixture of coke and plastic works just as well as a furnace filled with coke.

Plastic, much ends up as waste destined for land fills can be used in the manufacture of steel by using this process. This is an alternative technology for disposal of plastic which is an environmentally friendly process.

If this technology succeeds on large scale and commercially, the environmental problems faced by plastics waste will disappear and in fact, plastics waste would provide a value addition.

Veena Sahajwalla has won the prestigious Australian science award for her work and hopes that an environmental headache would run in to a valuable resource.

Ref. The Master BuilderMarch-08

Masdar- A Sustainable City

The world's first zero-carbon, zero-waste, car-free city is being built in Abu Dhabi. This is being developed by the government-owned Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company and master-planned by London-based Faster and Partners as an integrated green community.This is scheduled to be completed by 2015.

T h e p r i n c i p l e o f M a s d a r development is a dense walled city to be constructed in energy efficient two-stages. Stage one relies on the creation of a large photovoltaic power plant, which later becomes the site for the city's second phase, allowing for urban growth.

Water will be available from a solar powered desalination plant, while the landscaping and crops in the city will be watered using grey water and treated waste water from the city's water treatment plant.

The city will fulfill its energy requirements using state-of-the-art renewable technologies l ike photovoltaic (for electricity), concentrated solar power (for heating and cooling needs) waste to energy etc. A conventional city of this size would need 800 MW of installed power capacity but here the requirement will be only 200 MW

Ref. MGS Architecture July-August 2008)

Bathroom Remodeling.org has

launched an on online platform for

discussing bath room remodeling

and bath room fixtures. Besides

the discussion amongst the regular

visitors, a group of plumbers,

contractors and industry experts will

weigh in on questions and issues

posted on the forum.

Ref.: Times Journal of Construction and Design,

Feb.08, Page 51

Formwork ForumIf you have not heard the name of the firm DOKA, then better hear it. This name was splashed in construction magazines around the world recently for providing formwork solutions for the highest building in the world 'The Burj Dubai'. The firm used the climbing formwork system for this building. This Austrian formwork technology group recently showcased its new

22500 m seminar and education centre in Vienna, dedicated to formwork technology. The firm has expertise in different areas of formwork like walls, tunnels, shafts, high rises etc. Just think for a moment how important you had c o n s i d e r e d t h e f o r m w o r k technology in your professional life. But if you deal with buildings as high as half a kilometer high, or thin long chimneys, or any other important stricture you realize the importance of the formwork.

Ref. page 9 of Concrete Engineering International Spring

2008

Performance Based Repairs Of ConcreteWe are living in the world of concrete (it's a better word to use in place of concrete jungle) and in days to come repairs to concrete will become a major activity, as is already there in the West and even Metros in India. But the quality of concrete repairs is still to come out of age not only in India but in the World. A survey done in Europe revealed that 55% of repairs failed within 10 years. The performance based approach to concrete repairs is the requirement of the day and gradual shift in that direction will pave the way for the improvement of the specifications as well as the quality control procedures.


2008

Other News

4

Maps predict places at greatest risk of dengue Malaysia : Imagine opening a map and immediately being able to identify the area where a dengue outbreak is going to occur. Now imagine doing this monthly and prevent ing an outbreak. This would be the reality next year if Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency Director General Darus Ahmad has his way. Preferring to focus on prevention rather than the cure, Darus came up with the idea of using remote sensing technology to come up with a dengue risk map. “ The idea came about when we realised that current approaches are only used to address the issue after it had already happened. So we thought of preventing it before it happened by narrowing down the likely areas to be affected before the dengue outbreak even occurred”, Darus said. The map, which is expected to be ready by the end of the year, would identify dengue “hot-spots” on a monthly basis. The map will also be able to identify areas which are not dengue-prone in the past but may be in the future. It will also show the exact locations and severity of dengue outbreaks.

Ref : GIS Development, Vol.12, Issue 6, June 2008, Page 9

Tilt-up Structures - This is an inventive construction method in which the panels of the structure are cast in the sleeping position and then tilted up using the cranes. The advantage of this technology is ease of casting, better quality control, more durable structures and speed of construction. For more information visit www.tilt-up.org.

Ref. page 26 & 27 of Concrete Engineering International Spring

2008

B e c h t e l I n f r a s t r u c t u r e corporation, San Francisco, and Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB), New York City, which served together in a joint venture as the management consultant on the Boston Central Artery/Tunnel project have agreed t o s e t t l e c l a i m s b y t h e commonwealth of Massachusetts for their role in the collapse of a ceiling panel in Interstate 90 connector tunnel, which killed a woman in 2006, and defects in the slurry walls of Interstate 93 tunnel, which experienced a breach in 2004. Bechtel has agreed to pay $352 million, whereas PB will pay $47.2 million and 24 other design consultants will pay a total of $51 million to the settlement, most of which will be used to establish a trust fund dedicated to any “non-routine” repair and maintenance operations that may be required on the project in the future.

Ref.: Civil Engineering, March 08, Vol.78, No.3, Page 22-24

Red Carpet For Civil Engineers

There is a red carpet welcome for civil engineers in India as the construction industry reels under dire need of civil engineers. According to a recent study, the current pace of infrastructure g rowth needs 50 ,000 c iv i l engineers per year while only 12,000 new civil engineers step out from engineering institutes. The shortage of civil engineer is so acute that companies are substituting roles of graduate engineers with diploma holders and are tying up with engineering institutes for training them. The companies are hiring experienced civil engineers at salaries not heard before.

Ref : NB M & C W May 2008

A Unique Highway Extension

Project (n B M & C W May 2008)

Extension construction work as a 2,

600 year old city buried under a

mound will be transplanted to make

way for highway extension project

off Kanpur. A massive work force

with the expert help of archeologists

are at work digging up the 6,000

sqm Jajmau mound on Kanpur

outskirts which contains remnants

of buildings and other relics dating

back to sixth century BC to AD 1700.

The excavated walls and rooms will

be placed in the same order to retain

the original design. The state

government has already ear

marked land in Kanpur for the

transplant.

Ref : NB M & C W May 2008

World's Deepest Immersed Tunnel In The Sea

As a part 8.2 Km long Busan-Geoje

Fixed link road project in South

Korea's, 3.2 Km was undersea

roadway tunnel, 48 meter below

mean water level. First component

(of the total of 18 components)

which was 180 m long component

we igh ing 45000 t ons was

successfully placed on the sea bed.

This is the world's deepest

undersea roadway tunnel and

second longest one too. This

technology is a promising one and

has the potential of changing the

face of commuting in the coastal

metros of India.


2008

Concrete for high rise buildings

The construction of high rise buildings requires the provision of concrete with a combination of high strength, pumpability and excellent rheology properties. The use of high strength concrete is not necessarily a requirement, particularly at the top of the building, but may be a consequence of the need to pump to the full height of the building.

As a guide, the maximum aggregate particle size should be less than one-third of the diameter of the pump line, with the fine mortar paste having good cohesion to prevent segregation during pumping. A continuously graded particle size distribution, with no discontinuous gradation ( i.e. 4-8 mm) is desirable. It is also essential to keep the water content low.

SYNOPSISPSC layouts are having steel bearing plates and plate screws. In the coastal area as well as on the line where passenger traffic is quite high there is a severe problem of corrosion on bearing plates and plate screws. While attempting to open the plate screws for replacement of corroded part the head of the plate screw often breaks which makes the sleeper irreplaceable if the broken screw is not removed form the ferrules of the sleeper. A methodology which can be followed to deal with such situation so as to save replacement of sleeper has been described in the paper.

tracks. The WAT-GPT & WAT-DVD section is an acute 1.0 INTRODUCTION:corrosion prone area due to heavy passenger traffic. As has been explained above, the corrosion is the primarily while approaching the major yards in the morning. As the train enters the stopping places, the points and crossing zone is subjected to heavy corrosion due to the slow speed of trains. The problem is more acute on the plate screws inside the rails due to more train droppings on them as compared to the plate screws outside the rails. The WAT station is a dead end and the trains go towards the WAT yard and then return back, therefore the intensity of the passenger train movement is very high. The total GMT of the track is 51 for UP line, 49 for DN line and 37 for the third line. 86 number of passenger trains run in either direction, making the corrosion a very acute problem.

.

4.0 THE PROBLEM:2.0 CORROSION:

In the points and crossing area, the fittings like slide chairs, The corrosion is cause in rails mainly form two phenomena: plate screws, ERCs etc. are badly corroded. The ERCs are a) Location in coastal areas being protected against jamming by regular greasing by the b) High density passenger traffic. keymen or trackmen. However, the plate screws pose a The salty environment in coastal area (within 10-15 KMs of difficult problem. The corrosion affects the head of the plate the sea) causes general corrosion in the rails and there is screw more than the shank. The corrosion is quite general loss of section. However the passenger traffic pronounced even though the plate screws are galvanized causes very high corrosion in the rail foot on the inside of and a plate screw cannot be opened out after 1.5-2 years of the track due to the falling of human waste onto the track service at the acute corrosion locations. The figure 1 shows from the running trains. It has been seen that the tracks the corroded and bent plate screws on the inside of the where the trains are approaching the destination in the track. This causes various problems in maintaining the morning are subjected to more corrosion as compared to track:the other tracks. This can be seen at the approach of major A] If there is corrosion in the slide chairs or other stations where one line where the trains enter the station in problems, the renewals become a difficult task. the morning is having, more corrosion as compared to the

B] There is safety concern as the plate screws hold the other line where most of the passenger trains leave in the entire track in position and the corroded plate screws can evening. render the gauge holding under train load suspect.

C] Forcible removal of the screws and slide chairs will 3.0 INTRODUCTION OF THE SECTION:render the sleeper damaged and will require odd sleepers

East Coast Railway track mostly runs along the Eastern from the complete set to be brought for replacement and Coast of India in the states of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. will create logistic nightmare to the maintenance engineer. The entire railway is facing the problem of corrosion in

Corrosion is a very acute problem in track. The corrosion is leading to very high amount of premature renewals in track. The 60 Kg rails are being renewed after as low as 50 % of designed GMT life. There is quite a bit of research going on in the field of corrosion protection of the rail, which is the costliest component of track. However the corrosion affects the track as a whole and there are other problems like seizure of ERC clips, corrosion in fittings etc. Efforts are on to improve the performance of the rail- sleeper system as a whole under the corrosion. There are certain other issues which are creating problems to the field engineers. This paper deals with one such problem i.e. what action shall be taken when the plate screws in concrete sleeper track get corroded.

5IRICEN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

by K. C. Gouda*

*ADEN/Track/Waltair/S.E. Railway

Renewal of corroded head plate screws and bearing plates

on PSC fan shaped layout

5.0 THE SOLUTION:

e) With help of 90R spanner remove the Plate screw, it will easily come out as dowel becomes soft due to heating by gas flame/ welding and all the rust also leaves the screw shank. (Fig 6) Normally, the welded nut on top has enough grip to un-screw the shank.

f) Clear the hole with wire brush. Fill inside of hole with grease to eliminate the possibility of any water getting entrapped. (Fig 7)

g) Put the new plate screws in the hole after placing the rubber pad and old/new slide chair in position. Tighten the plate screws with help of box spanner.

This method can be used for overhauling the entire switch portion of a fan shape layout. Slide chairs also can be replaced with new one if it is unserviceable.

A simple method was developed and adopted in WAT yard for the replacement of corroded slide chairs using which the PSC sleepers could be saved and new plates and screws can be provided very effectively. The following procedure may be adopted:

a) First of all the plate screws which are in good condition and feasible to be opened are to be taken out by Box spanner.

b) Gas cut the heads of the badly corroded plate screws which cannot be opened by box spanners. The head shall be cut at the level of the slide chair.

c) Lift the track and remove the broken/corroded slide chair. (Fig 2)

6. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

l Welding generator with cable connectors

l Box spanners

l Gas set with cutter

l Electrode

l Released 90R/52Kg. nuts

l 5 to 6 Trackmen with their tools

d) The shank of the plate screws remain inside the hole, which has to be removed. Since the screws are cut at the level of plate, some portion of the shank remains projecting outside. ( Fig 3) Put released nuts on the projected portion of Plate screw. ( Fig 4) Weld the bolt thoroughly on the inside by manual Arc welding. (Fig 5)

6

FIG 2: OLD CORRODED SLIDE CHAIRBROKEN DURING REMOVAL

FIG 1: CORRODED PLATE SCREWS AND SLIDE CHAIR

FIG 3: SLIDE CHAIR REMOVED.ENDS OF PLATE SCREWS CAN BE SEEN

FIG 4: NUT PLACED OVER THE END OF PLATE SCREW

7

8. CARE TO BE TAKEN IN THE WORK:

While executing the work, the following care has to be taken:

a. The screw shall be tackled as soon as the welding of nut is completed and some cooling of the weld has taken place. If the cooling of the dowel takes place, the same gets hard again and it becomes more difficult to remove the screw.

b. While taking out the released slide chairs, signal gears as well as setting of tongue rails shall not get disturbed.

c. This operation shall preferably be done under block, but the work can also be carried out in margin between trains but setting of tongue rail may get disturbed during lifting and signal failure may take place.

l Two Trackmen for protection

l Grease, wire brush

l Spare fittings like slide chairs and plate screws, Dowels etc.

7. COMPLICATIONS IN THE PROCEDURE:

Even though the procedure is straight forward, sometimes complications may arise:1. If the plate screw is already broken due to corrosion, some portion of the shank must project outside the sleeper else the above procedure cannot be used. However, normally it is seen that some portion of plate screw is available for welding even in extreme corrosion cases.

d. While carrying out the welding/ gas cutting work near running rail, it must be ensured that the running rail is not affected due to the flames/ arc. The rail metallurgy may get affected and over time, fracture may take place at the location.

e. If the old slide chair is good to be reused, the cutting of plate screws shall be done carefully as to not damage the slide chair.

9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

The above procedure for renewal of corroded fittings at WAT yard was adopted for 4 points and found very effective in dealing with the problem. With this we could save points and crossings sleepers which is not only very costly but also difficult to arrange and replace in piece meal manner.

2. Sometimes dowels also come out along with plate The above procedure is for the old corroded fittings. Now

screws if it is jammed by corrosion and dust. In this case that we have got wiser to the problem posed by the

epoxy is to be filled up after cleaning the hole in concrete corrosion, it will be very helpful if further periodical

sleeper and new dowel is to be fixed.greasing of plate screws is done so as to avoid the

3. Sometimes, if the plate screw is badly corroded, the corrosion in head and jamming of the screws. This will

same may break in the middle, and some portion of the increase the life of the fittings and make the life of

same remains inside. If the length of embedded plate permanent way engineer lot easier. RDSO may specify

screw is short, the new plate screw to be provided shall be the periodicity of such greasing for uniform adoption over

shortened in length by gas cutting, equal to the length all Indian Railways.

remained inside and then the screw shall be tightened.

FIG 5: NUT WELDED ON THE SCREW

FIG 6: PLATE SCREW WITH NUT BEING OPENED

FIG 7: HOLE CLEARED OF THE PLATE SCREW

by- Mukesh Kumar Kuclourya*

Kuldeep Kumar**Ram Singh***

was 12 days). Due to difference in height of bearing and 1.0 GENERALgirder above bed block a level difference of approximately

Bridge No. 338 (8x18.3 m) MG was to be re-girdered with 250 mm was created at the junction of PSC and steel girder, PSC fish belly girders of MBG for gauge conversion (calculations are given below) which was ramped out in two project. spans by lifting steel girder and supporting on wooden All the girders were precast with M-45 PSC concrete using packing (providing grade of ramp as 1 in 160).12.7mm x 7 ply strands of HTS wires for MBG 1987 standard of loading. Longitudinal pre-stressing force was 289 MT ( on each of the 2 Nos. 19T13 cable) in first stage and 151 MT ( on each of the 2 Nos. 12T13 cable) in second stage in middle girders and 179 MT ( on each of the 2 Nos. 12T13 cable) in first stage and 168 MT ( on each of the 2 Nos. 12T13 cable) in second stage in end girders. Cross pre-stressing force was 100 MT (on each of the 8 Nos. 7T13 cable) in intermediate diaphragm and 47.5 MT (on each of the 2 Nos. 7T13 cable) at end diaphragms of each girder. Each span converted for 4 segments - 2 middle girders & 2 end girders with tying by cross prestressing

1.1 DIMENSIONAL COMPUTATIONS:2.0 LAUNCHING PROCEDURE :

Due to variation in spans (clear and effective both) and The entire launching procedure were devided into three dimensions of bed block from pier to pier, computation of stages as under :end plugs at bottom and top pre-stressing cable was very

essential in order to accommodate the girder in the -Pre block activities.available space. After casting the bare minimum end plugs -Activities during block.the working space available for launching was 2 to 3” only

-Post block activities.and hence launching was required to be done very precisely and cautiously. After discussions with well-experienced crane operators it 2.1 PRE BLOCK ACTIVITIES :was concluded that site conditions (Height of bridge,

- Making approaches and working platform for cranes by availability of location for placement of crane for launching, earth filling in river bed.and working angle of elevation etc.) Only 30% of the crane

- Fixing of neoprene bearing in the location of end girder, capacity would be available. Accordingly minimum two to reduce activities during block period and facilitate cranes of 100 MT capacity were required to launch a single launching of end girder immediately after the traffic girder (Wt. Approx. 63 MT). However the launching was block, so that traffic is not continued on middle two done by three road cranes of 100 to 150 MT capacity, girders for longer time.keeping one crane as stand-by.

- Collection of ballast in bags on both the approaches of 1.2 It was not possible to launch all the spans in one day bridge, so that they are easily transportable and spread-because of non availability of longer traffic block. Hence the able on the girders.launching was completed in 3 days ( The period of TWO

- Launching of middle girders on either side of the steel

*AXEN (C) Ratlam, W. Rly.**AXEN (Br.) Delhi, N. Rly.***AXEN (C) Bathinda, N. Rly.

Launching ofFish belly PSC girders in

Neemuch Ratlam GC project

Height in mm Height/ depth Steel Girder PSC Girder

Bearing 40 85 Girder 750 750

Wearing Coat 0 90 Cushion 0 75 Sleeper

(250mm) 210

( Due to 40 mm notching) 250

Rail 114 114 Total 1114 1364

Difference = 1364 – 1114 = 250 mm

8 IRICEN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SYNOPSISReplacement of girder in gauge conversion projects is one area which requires innovative approach to form schemes which are feasible and easy in execution. This was a scheme which involved least disturbance to MG running traffic and also enable completion of the bridge work prior to mega-block. An attempt has been made to give a detail of the scheme successfully employed.

girder, so that only shifting of girders inside to final spreaded uniformly.position in involved during traffic block. Thus saving a - Corresponding track panel placed place back.huge amount of time, in main block of six hours.

- A built-up / rolled T-section (ISNC-100) should be - Transportation of ballast bags on the launched girders. placed at each pier at lateral junction of each span to - Part lifting of track on both the approaches to check falling of ballast on the pier.

accommodate the vertical difference in super - To make up the vertical level difference at fifth span the structures. steel girders of next two i.e. 5 th & 6 th spans were lifted

- Guard rail was also removed. and supported on wooden packing so as to ramp out the level difference in two spans. (Ramping grade was - Shifting of end girder nearer to span in river bed so that 1 in 160)end girders are launched to position immediately after

traffic block. - Alignment, lining, levelling, gauging and packing of track was done after launching of all track panels.- On the day of block following activities were done 2 3

hours before commencement of block to reduce - Traffic block was cleared and traffic was allowed to quantum of work and save time during traffic block. pass on middle two girders with dead slow speed.

- Cutting holding down bolts of steel girders.2.3 ACTIVITIES DURING SUBSEQUENT BLOCKS:-- Removal of two bolts from all the fish plates.

- End girders from ground were launched to their - Tightening of all fittings, so that while dismantling the position in short block from one end.track panels, the panel structure is not disturbed much

and entire panel lifts as one unit, which saves time in - Longitudinal gaps were filed by concrete mortar.linking after launching.

- Cross pre-stressing done.

- Sealing of butt joints of draphram to be done by epoxy 2.2 ACTIVITIES DURING BLOCK :and cross pre-stressing duct grouted.

- Traffic block of 6 hours taken on (D+3)th day. d starsts - Next four spans were launched on (D+5)th day and from the day T.W.O. commences.

end girders on (D+6)th day and other related activities - The left over two bolts of fish plate are also removed followed as sequenced above.

and track panels were removed.

- Lifting on bridge approach at working end to final 2.4 POST BLOCK ACTIVITIES:-requirement is started.

- Ballasting was done by ballast buckets and spreaded. - Steel girder removed.Track properly lifted to give required cushion (150mm - Bed plate removed. Projected holding down bolts were initially) aligned, gauged and packed.cut and area for fixing neoprene bearing for middle

- After 14 days of grouting all the four girder were lifted girders to be prepared.simultaneously at one end just above the neoprene - Neoprene bearing for middle girder to be fixed on bearing level, so that bearings if deformed slightly location. A template was used for quick work. This was during cross pre-stressing are distressed. All girders prepared in advance.were lowered simultaneously and slowly to their

- Middle girder which had already been launched earlier position.on bed block adjoining to the steel girder were shifted

- After three rounds of packing and lifting the track to inside to their location on neoprene bearings.final required level and attending slacks the traffic was

th- One of the crane shifted for launching the next span. restored to normal on (D+11) day.- Longitudinal gaps between girders along the span - After lapse of min. 14 days of cross pre-stressing all the

filled by rich cement mortar. Wooden planks were girder ends of one span on a pier/abutment should be hanged in advance to serve as bottom shuttering for lifted just above the bearing level and to be released to cement mortar. GI sheet brackets were also hanged to destress the bearings occurred during cross pre-facilitate as shuttering for sealing of diaphragms by stressing.epoxy mortar.

- Casting of parapets.- Ballast already available in bags on the girder

Bridge Portion

- Portion lifted before

250 mm lifting

Bridge approaches Bridge approaches

Rail level before launching

Rail level after launching

9

3.0 DETAILS OF DAY WISE ACTIVITIES, SPEED RESTRICTIONS AND BLOCK REQUIRED FOR SAFETY OF STRUCTURE AND TRAFFIC DURING REPLACEMENT OF EXISTING GIRDER ON THE BRIDGE BY PSCGIRDER

10

Days RemarksActivities to be carried out

st1 day SR 10 KmphImposition of SR 10 Kmph and placement of two middle girders for all spanalongwith bearings on pier by side of steel girder and lifting of track on approaches of bridge by 150mm

nd2 day SR 10 KmphCutting of holding down bolts of steel girders and loosening of fittings of track

rd3 day SR 10 KmphCutting of existing continuous steel bearing plates to saperate it for each steel girder

(i) Dismantling of existing track of bridge portion and removal of existing girder

(ii) Fixing of neoprene bearing and placement of two middle girder

(iii) Cement mortar fillsealing of diaphragm joints by epoxy mortar and fixingjunction arrangement ing in longitudinal joint of two middle girders

(iv) Junction raising and levelling arrangement to make up the level

difference caused by different height of PSC and Steel Girder.

(v) Spreading of ballast and linking of track

(vi) Packing and levelling of track

6 Hrs block ( for 4 spans out of 8 spans) Traffic allowed

after block

with SR 10Kmph. MG traffic running overthe middle girders only without cross prestrassing

th4 day

(i) Placement of two end girders

(ii) Cement mortar filling in longitudinal joint of girders and sealing of

diaphragm joints by epoxy mortar.

(iii) Insertion of HTS wires and Cross prestressing and grouting cables.

th5 day 4 Hrs block ( 2 blocks of 2 Hrs each ) for 4 spans Traffic allowed

after block

with SR 10

Kmph

(i) Dismantling of existing track of bridge portion and removal of existing girder

(ii) Removal of junction raising arrangement

(iii) Fixing of neoprene bearing and placement of two middle girder

(iv) Cement mortar filling in longitudinal joint of two middle girders sealing

Spreading of ballast and linking of trackof diaphragm joints by epoxy mortar and fixing junction arrangement

(v)

(vi) Packing and levelling of track

th6 day 6 Hrs block ( for remaining 4 spans ) Traffic allowed

after block

with SR 10

Kmph

(i) Placement of two end girders(ii) Cement mortar filling in longitudinal joint of girders and sealing of

diaphragm joints by epoxy mortar.(iii) Insertion of HTS wires and Cross prestressing and grouting cables.

th7 day 4 Hrs block ( 2 blocks of 2 Hrs each ) for remaining 4 spans Traffic allowed

after block

with SR 10

Kmph

th8 dayth9 day

th10 day

Cross prestressing of remaining girders(if any), full ballasting,

picking up of slacks SR 10 Kmph

th11 day SR 45 KmphFinal round of packing and speed relaxed

th12 day 75 KmphSpeed relaxed to normal

4.0 PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS :-

- During cross pre-stressing the girders are shifted inside and results in eccentric bearings therefore neoprene bearings should be finally fixed after cross pre-stressing.

- Cross pre-stressing force to be kept minimum possible during design to avoid inside tilting of end girders. During execution of work the cross pre-stressing force was reduced to 25 % as advised by the consultant.

- Due to fish belly shape of the girder the inspection of Neoprene bearing is very difficult.

byDipankar Dasgupta*

SYNOPSISRe-girdering of Railway Bridges is a common phenomenon all over Indian Railways. Due to age factor and increased loading standards, there is a need to replace most of the existing girder bridges. Already replacement of Early Steel Girders is on the verge of completion all over Indian Railways. Introduction of DFC & 25T axle load will also require re-girdering of some bridges. Moreover, the recent instruction of Railway Board reducing the life of Steel Girders from 100 years to 60 years and that of Masonry Bridges to 100 years will also necessitate regirdering of more bridges.Engineering cranes are now obsolete in Indian Railway. Hence, we are now dependent on 140T BD cranes of Mechanical Department. These cranes are having limitation of working over bridges without propping. Different methods have been introduced for re-girdering of steel girders bridges according to site condition. This method has been adopted by some Railways and may be adopted as an unified system for all bridges irrespective of site condition. This method has a big advantage of doing the entire work from the track level.

1.0 INTRODUCTION: i. Permission of Mechanical Department: Utilization of this crane requires prior approval of CME/CMPE.

A large majority of bridges in Indian Railway were According to prevalent culture of Railway, it takes a lot constructed more than 100 years ago. During their of time in receiving such permission and has even construction, design practices were not advanced enough caused numerous delays in scheduled dates of to cater to fatigue life. It was only for high value of factor of launching.safety and robust design and construction, these bridges

ii. Huge preparatory arrangement: These cranes can be have faithfully served Indian Railway for more than a ready only after full propping for which prior preparation century.is required. Moreover, these cranes require removing and re-fixing of OHE in the over-head traction zone.Construction of new bridge and re-girdering/re-habilitation

of bridges involves high quality of technical efficiency iii. Limitation of jib length: Jib length of this crane is backed by experience. Constructions of new bridges are 16.0m mostly, only a few are available with 17.0m jib difficult as the accessibility to bridge site is difficult. length. The centre of the jib to buffer end of crane is Whereas, rehabilitation/re-girdering involves time 6.5m which leaves only 10.5m (11.5 in case of 17.0m jib constrains as they are to be done under running traffic length) effective working length. It is suitable only for which demands lot of attention and energy towards single/double span bridges upto 18.3m span and upto maintaining safety. 12.2 m standard spans free launching on wheel.

iv. Uncertainty of crane: These cranes are mainly meant Re-girdering of steel girder bridges was previously tackled for derailment management. During a programmed day with Engineering Cranes. Most of these Engineering if there is any such situation this crane will be diverted cranes were steam driven having self counter weight and a there, wasting all the arrangements and labour.larger jib length. Hence, these cranes were able to move freely with load. Though the capacity of these cranes was B. Utilization of Road Crane: Although this is also a very much less and became obsolete due to requirement of coal good method for launching of girders including as fuel. The alternate remains with 140T BD crane of replacement, there are some limitations and difficulties Mechanical Wing or utilization of Road crane or some other in using these cranes as are discussed below:method as found suitable according to site condition. i. Road access is not available in many places over Indian

Railway.2.0 NECESSITY OF ALTERNATE METHOD: ii. Availability of Road crane, especially for a remote

location is difficult and expensive.A. Utilization of 140T BDF Crane : Although this is a very iii. This method can only be used where the river bed is dry.good method for launching of girders including

replacement, there are some limitations and difficulties in C. Utilization of other methods: These depend on the site using these cranes as discussed below:

condition. Different methods are adopted based on the

Innovative methodfor regirdering as plate girders by

lifting frame method

11* Dy. Chief Engineer/Dep. Works, Eastern Railway, Kolkata, IRICEN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

experience of Bridge Officials according to site on the other side of the track to pull the lifting frame, condition. But no standardized system has been new girder & special trolleys.adopted till date which is easy and can be adopted in all B. Block period activities:situations. Lifting frame, specially designed, for re- i. Fixing of a piece of rail with the rail placed below girdering plate girders, was adopted for re-girdering girder.more than 100 span of 18.3 M and 12.2 M & is described ii. Fixing of pulling arrangement with girder, lifting below. brackets, special trolleys.

iii. Pulling of Lifting frames & Special Trolleys on running track.

iv. Lifting of existing girder over rail. Simultaneously release of 60% bolts & nuts from bracings of existing girder.

v. Pulling of new girder over special trolleys over track.3.0 OUTLINE OF THE PRESENT SCHEME:vi. Pushing of lifting frame of far end to the

A. Pre-block activities: pier/abutment followed by new girder and lifting i. Assembling & Riveting of Girder over staging on frame of near end over existing girder and near end

approach at a safe distance from running track. pier/ abutment respectively.ii. Patch painting of damaged locations during vii. Propping of lifting frame and removal of front set of

transportation and handling. wheels from lifting frame.iii. Final painting of girder after riveting.

iv. Assembling of Lifting crane and Special trolley on approach at a safe distance from running track.

v. Placement of rails below girder.

vi. Fixing of bed plates over bed blocks with the help of HD bolts, nuts & washers. One layer of tarfelt to be placed between bed blocks and bed plates.

vii. Hanging of bed blocks below girder with the help of Pulling & Lifting machine.

viii. Dismantling of existing bed block with the help of out-rigger arrangement after imposition of 20kmph Speed restriction (If bed blocks/ stone are to be replaced) and place the existing girder over wooden block.

ix. Cutting of rivets from the existing girder bracings for isolation of I - sections and fixing with bolt, nuts & washers.

x. Fixing of Lifting & Pulling machine of suitable capacity

12

Ph1 - Arrangement for lifting of girder Ph 2 - Arrangement for slewing the lifting frame &

girder over the track during block

Ph 3 - Pushing of girder & lifting frameto the span location

xi. Removal of wooden blocks from pier/ abutment and cleaning of pier/ abutment top.

xii. Laying of epoxy mortar 25mm thick over pier/ abutment top.

xiii. Releasing of new bed block in position after 30 minutes.

xiv. Placing of new girder in position.

xv. Holding the released I -sections with lifting frame.

xvi. Release the propping and fixing wheels in position.

xvii. Placing the released girders over special trolleys.

xviii. Removing all lifting frames and special trolleys loaded with girder from bridge and then slew it out from track at approach.

xix. Linking of rails and remove block.viii. Lifting of new girder from special trolleys.

C. Post-block activities:ix. Pushing of specials trolleys below lifting frame.i. Grout the holding down bolts with epoxy compounds.

x. Slewing of existing girder to either end after removal ii. Stack the released girder at a safe distance.of track structure and connecting bracings.

13

Ph 4 - New girder over a span to be replacehanging form the lifting frame

4.0 TIME STUDY DURING BLOCK PERIOD:

TimeRequired

inMinutes

i. Fixing of rails for pulling of girders 5

ii. Fixing of wire ropes for pulling girders.

iii. Pulling of lifting frames 10

iv. Pulling of special trolleys over track

v. Placing of lifting frames over running track 10

vi. Placing of special trolleys over running rack after removal of rails and sliding arrangements

vii. Pulling of new girder over track 10

viii. Placing of new girder over special trolleys 10after removal of rails and slidingarrangements 10

ix. Pushing of lifting frame of far end overpier/ abutment.

x. Pushing of special trolleys loaded with 10new girder over existing girder.

xi. Pushing of lifting frame of near endover pier/ abutment.

xii. Propping of lifting frames 10

xiii. Fixing of chain pulley block with new girder

xiv. Lifting of girder by lifting frames. 10

xv. Placing of trolleys over pier/ abutments 5below lifting frame.

xvi. Lifting of existing girder, placing of rails 10and skidding arrangement between rails 10and existing girders

xvii. Removal of bracings and track structure 20 from existing girders.

TimeRequired

inMinutes

Activities Activities

xviii. Slewing of girders in either side of 10pier/ abutment 10

xix. Cleaning of pier/ abutment top 10

xx. Laying of epoxy mortar over pier top 15

xxi. Setting time for epoxy 30

xxii. Lowering of bed blocks and girderkeeping a gap of 100mm between bed block and epoxy layer

xxiii. Placing of bed blocks 5

xxiv. Placing of girders in position 10

xxv. Holding of released I-sections

xxvi. Linking of rails over new girder 15

xxvii. Placing of released I- sections overspecial trolleys

xxviii. De-propping of lifting frames and 10re-fixing front wheel set

xxix. Removal of all frames and trolleys from 10track

xxx. Removal of all materials from track 15

Total Time Required 240

Add time for unwanted occurrences 30

Total block required 270

xxxi. Simultaneous activity on adjacent piers/ abutments for breaking of bed stones/ bed blocks and placing girders overwooden blocks.

5.0 TOOLS & PLANTS:

Name of Equipments Quantity Required

i. Lifting Frame 2 sets.

ii. Special Trolleys 2 sets.

iii. Pulling of lifting machines 10+5 spares =15 nos.10T capacity

iv. Pulling of lifting machines 4+2 spares = 6 nos.3T capacity

v. Chain Pulley Block 10T 8+4 spares=12 nos.capacity

vi. Air Compressor 260 cfm 1 set. with accessories like hose pipe, nozzles etc.

vii. Riveting equipments 2 sets.

viii. Roller Frame with roller for 6 sets.slewing of girders andframes.

ix. Hydraulic/ Mechanical 6 nos.Jacks 25T capacity

x. Traverser Base 6 nos.

xi. Crow Bar/ Tommy Bar and As per requirement.other small tools like punch,drifts etc.

14

6.0 CONSUMABLES:

Name of Consumable Quantity Required

i. MS Snap Head Rivets As per requirement

ii. Coal for riveting + 20% extra.

iii. MS Service Bolt & Nutsfor assembling

iv. HS Turn Bolts & Nuts/ HSFGBolts & Nuts for replacingbracing rivets of existinggirder.

v. Finish Paints for final paintingafter assembling.

vi. Paint primer for paintinghidden portion and patchpainting of damaged location

vii. Washers

viii. Oxy-cutting equipment for 2 sets.cutting of existing HD boltsnuts & washers.

7.0 STAFF REQUIRED:

Designation Nos.

i. Supervisor 2

ii. Fitter 2

Designation Nos.

iii. Sareng/ Rigger 16

iv. Khalasi 20

v. Gas-cutter 2

vii. Helper for Fitter & 4Gas-cutter

viii. Black Smith 2

ix. P. Way gang One gang consists

of 12 staff and

1 Mate.

x. Chowkidars, Storeman, etc 4

Total 75

8.0 IMPORTANT ITEMS TO BE MONITORED:

A. General arrangement drawing:

i. During site measurement all the spans of a bridge to be measured individually. It is not essential that all the spans will be identical in length, both for effective & clear span.

ii. Each individual abutment and pier to be measured in respect to the position of girder.

iii. Details of obstructions, like traction mast, Trolley refuges in pier/ abutment should also be incorporated in the drawing

iv. 50m approach on either side to be checked for facility of assembling of girders etc.

B. Assembling of girder:

i. Girder to be assembled as far as possible on the approach bank.

ii. Before riveting check the alignment of girder.

iii. After riveting draw the girder nearer to the track and keep at a safe distance as per SOD.

iv. Top level of girder to be in true alignment for placement of channel sleepers.

C. Laying of channel sleepers over girder:

i. All fittings placed accurately with proper adhesive.

ii. After fixing of table-rail, check the rail level.

iii. Check the Gauge & Alignment and position of hook bolts.

D. Erection of Lifting Frame & Trolleys:

i. Erected in true line & level and perfectly squared.

ii. Placed over rail support for pulling at a safe distance and the rolling arrangements secured properly. It is better to place the rolling arrangement in the morning of replacement.

iii. Calculated counter-load provided on the backside of lifting frame.

iv. Wheels are properly rolling and fitted tightly.

15

E. During movement to bridge and return: distance for auction from site. Small parts to be kept at a safe custody till delivery of girders.i. Pushing should be equal and longitudinally

directed otherwise derailment may take place.9.0 CONCLUSION:

ii. Loading of girder over specially designed trolleys should be evenly placed. i. This method has been adopted as a guideline for re-

iii. Movement should be as less as possible, thus, girdering of plate girders at any site condition.assemble all the girders and gadgets near the ii. Easier method can be adopted according to the site bridge as much as possible. condition like side slewing, utilization of Rail or Road

cranes, etc.F. Pl acing of Bed-block:

iii. This method has been developed in consultation i. Level should be checked so that both the bed with M/s BBJ Construction Co. Ltd., Kolkata, under

blocks over adjacent piers/ abutments should be the guidance of Sri Chahatey Ram, DRM/ in same level. Lucknow/NR & Sri R. N. Dwivedi, CTE/ TM/ WR

ii. Agency supplying epoxy should explain in details (Previously CBE & Dy.CE/Bridge, Eastern Railway about the procedure of mixing hardener & resign, respectively).the proportion, the temperature effect, setting iv. Eastern Railway has successfully adopted this time, etc. method and replaced more than 100 girders all over

iii. There should always be a layer of tar felt placed Eastern Railway.between bed blocks and bed plates. v. To be an expert in this method, Railway should adopt

iv. During casting of Bed Blocks provision should be this method departmentally. This will provide good kept for adjustment of bed plates to experience and further development/ refinement accommodate girder in position. can be done during course of execution.

G. Released girder: All released girders to be marked and kept at a safer

MATERIAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Multichem Group manufactures complete range of floor protection systems to give long term performance of

concrete floors. Floor Hardeners: Floor-Hard NM and M Series Floor Hardeners are being used as dry shakes for

increasing abrasion and impact resistance and compressive strength along with varied colors. Floor Hardeners are

available in metallic and non-metallic types depending on requirement of floor usage.

Four basic concept were discovered for making the floor harder.

a) When the surface of the concrete is dandified by hard steel troweling, the abrasion resistance of the

concrete is greatly increased.

b) A second method for increasing abrasion resistance is to increase the density of the concrete through

control of the mix design.

c) The third method treats concrete surfaces with a chemical hardener. Most chemical hardeners are rich in

silica in the form of soluble silicate or siliconates. These siliceous compounds, when placed on the surface

of hardened concrete, chemically react with calcium hydroxide, a weak by-product of the hydration of

cement to produce a hard compound known as calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). The formation of C-S-H

hardens and densities the concrete surface. This chemical treatment is effective primarily in the Protection

is only beneficial in the zone area, as this protection is only beneficial in that zone area.

d) Finally, the fourth method for improving the hardness and abrasion resistance of concrete uses a very hard

aggregate that is placed on the surface of the concrete.

1.0 INTRODUCTION:-

This work was carried out on Bridge No. 462 UP situated between station DGS - NPI in Group 'A' Rout (HWH NGP) at km 744/13-43.

Technical Details of Bridge:- Span - 14 x 150' (open web Girder).Type of Girder BA 11101Strength of Girder BGML Standard.Year of construction 31.03.1964.Completion drawing No. DEN (c)/BSP No. BR/CD/1/65

2.0 DETAILS OF CRACKS IN STRINGERS.

First crack was noticed during Nov. 2003 by a trollyman in span no. 9. Then after thorough inspection of complete 2.1.1 - Pre Block Activities.bridge cracks were seen in Span no 1,4,5,6 and 9. at

(a) Making working platform for labours.similar locations. All the cracks were emanating from ends (b) Dismantling the guard rail, pathway for the Span to of stringer angle(Photograph no:1).

be tackled in block.

(c) To cut all the rivets of cracked stringers and replace them by turn bolts.

(d) To cut all the rivets of "intermediate vertical stiffeners” and “end vertical stiffeners” of cross girder and replace the rivets by turn bolts.

2.1.2. Block Activities.

(a) Dismantling the running track, existing bridge timber for the panel to be tackled.

(b) Taking out all the turn bolts and remove the cracked stringer.

(c) Place the cracked stringer angle over the new angle for marking the rivet holes diameter, pitching and other dimensions. (This is only for first block)

(d) Cracked stringer is placed back in the girder and all the bolts fixed again for cancellation of block (This is only for first block)

e) New stringer is placed replacing the cracked stringer and all the bolts tightened for cancellation of block. (After first block)

2.1 - Method I:- Replacement of cracked stringer by Note: Item(c) and (d) will be not executed after first new angle under traffic Block.

block.

Cracks were seen on both the left and right stringer angle. Also number of loose rivets were noticed on those panels. At one of the location (Span 14, Panel 1) metal piece had separated and dropped form the stringer angle (Ref photograph no: 2 ).

byAkshaya Kumar*

A. B. Gupta**

Strengthening of Distressed bridge No. 462

between HWH-NGP

Photo No:1 (Cracks in stringer angle starting from ends)

16 *ADEN/Bhatapara, SECR.**Sr. DEN/I/Raipur, SECR

Cracks initiating in stringer angle (130X130X12 mm)

SYNOPSISOn steel bridges cracking of stringers takes place at many vulnerable locations. These cracked stringers are to be detected and replaced in time. In the present paper 2 methods of strengthening the cracked stringers have been described. Such cracks were observed during Nov 03 and a speed restriction of 20 kmph was imposed immediately after detection of the crack. This speed restriction could be relaxed to normal after changing the stringers.

Dropped piece fromstringer angle

Photo no:2 Stringer with dropped metal due to crack


17

Since all the stringers are symmetrical (In respect to length, dia, pitch etc) no measurement is required further.All the turn bolts will be removed and riveting has to be done.

(b) Fixing the pathways, guard rail and other fittings in place.

Note: Item(a) will not be executed after first block.(Refer photograph no: 3) That is after changing of

cracked stringer with new angle.

Eight number of cracked stringers were changed. Work was stopped since block available was not sufficient. Also use of gas cutting of rivet heads was unavoidable. Then a sample (No. 164/04/1) was send to RDSO for metallurgical investigation. The details of metallurgical investigation is as follows:

(c) Tensile Test

Sample No. Y.S in UTS in % ElN/mm² N/mm² (GL = 5.65 A)

2.1.3. Post- Block Activities 164/04/1 316.6 456.6 30

Specified as per 250 410 23.0(a) As per the markings taken in the new angle it is IS: 2062/92 Gr. A min min mincut for changing in the next block.

(d) Hardness Test

Sample No. Observation in BHN (3000 Kg/10 mm/15 Secs)

164/04/1 149, 149t

(e) Bend Test

One bend test sample was made as per specification from Sample No. 164/04/1 and subjected to bend test. It shows satisfactory.

(a) Visual Examination

Sample No. 164/04/1Visual examination revealed that the stringer was cracked at one end and gas cut at other end. the crack had taken place from base vertical arm towards the horizontal flat extended portion of angle. The crack had initiated from edge of base of vertical arm in shear mode and taken place in slant manner separating a small piece.

(b) Chemical Analysis

The test results are as follows.

Sample No. %C % Mn % Si % S % P

164/04/1 0.20 0.57 0.05 0.022 0.21

Specified as per 0.23 1.5 0.4 0.050 0.050

IS: 2062/92 Gr. A Max Max Max Max Max

Changed stringer angle

Photo No. 3 (Photograph showing the changed stringer angle)

Details of location of crack in bridge No. 462 UPat Km 744/13 - 43 as on 03.09.2004.

20 Kmph Speed restriction was imposed since detectionof cracks. GMT on this line is about 40.

SL. Span Panel Left / Right Inner /Outer Size of

No. No. No. stringer crack (mm)

1 1 3 Left Stringer Outer 100

2 1 4 Right Stringer Outer 50

3 1 6 Right Stringer Inner 300












15 7 8 Right Stringer Inner 300
















(f) Micro examination 2.2 - Method II: Fixing 32mm thick plate over the cracked portion:

A piece adjacent to the cracked location was examined under optical microscope. It revealed normalized ferrite In this method M.S. plates of size (1050x245x32mm) were pearlite structure with grain size ASTM 6 to 7. fixed above the cracked angle. The plates were welded to Adjacent to fracture initiation zone, towards the end the top of stringers along the length for the full length. (Ref: surface it revealed heat affected zone (HAZ) having coarse Drawing No. 1) Length of the plate was fixed as 1050mm pearlite structure with decarburisation. assuming the maximum size of crack as 700mm and

350mm edge distance. If crack is located at any (g) Discussion (RDSO) intermediate location plate should be fixed such that equal

edge distance of minimum 480mm length is available Chemical analysis is satisfactory.booth sides of the crack. Steel channel sleepers were fixed Yield strength, tensile strength (UTS) and Elongation directly over the welded MS plate and at other locations % are satisfactory.pad plates with rubber pad were used below it.Hardness though not specified, yet it is satisfactory for

such material.2.2.1. Pre Block Activities.Bend test is satisfactory.

Micro examination of parent metal shows mormalised (a) All pitch of the rivet in the outstand of top flange structure, which is satisfactory. Micro examination further

angle and all other relevant measurements to be shows heat affected area adjacent to fracture initiation taken and plates to be cut accordingly and holes to zone. This indicates that the vertical arm of stringer be drilled in new plates to suit the spacing of rivets was gas cut.at site.

(b) All fabricated plates to be brought at work site well It is evident from visual examination that the stringer in advance after painting with two coats of red lead.sample No. 164/04/1 had cracked from edge of vertical arm

towards the horizontal flat extended portion of the stringer. (c) Before block, temporary speed restriction of 20 The crack had taken place in a slant manner initiating from kmph is to be imposed for preparatory work and edge of base in shear mode. Visual examination further during entire block period.revealed formation of similar type of crack at vertical arm in the sample No. 164/04/2 of stringer, which was received 2.2.2. Block activities:afterwards. Sign of gas cut also revealed in the vertical arm

(a) During suitable Engineering block existing rails indicating that the stringer was fabricated from angle iron and sleepers to be shifted and new fabricated M.S. by gas cutting of vertical arm. The gas cutting was further plates to be fixed at proper position and hold with confirmed by micro examination showing structural sufficient 'U' clamps.variation due to heating affect during gas cutting.

(b) After fixing of plate and holding with 'U' clamps, first The gas cutting of vertical arm during fabrication of stringer tack welding is to be done and thereafter through from angle iron has resulted in uneven surface/dragging welding is to be done as per IRS welding bridge lines and heat affected zone. The uneven surface/dragging code.lines acted as stress raiser, especially at landing of vertical (c) Sleepers and rails are to be re-fixed after touch arm where stress concentration is higher, for initiation of painting on weld.shear crack. Further presence of heat affected area due to

(d) Temporary speed restriction shall be relaxed heat input in gas cutting had caused localized brittleness in gradually to normal.vertical arm. The combined affect of dragging lines of gas

cutting and heat affected area at landing of vertical arm had caused formation of shear crack and resulted in formation of shear crack and resulted in formation of crack.

(h) Conclusion by RDSO

Cracking of stringer at transition of vertical to horizontal arm adjacent to horizontal extended portion is attributed to improper practice of fabrication of stringer by gas cutting of the vertical arm of angle iron. Gas cutting has resulted in formation uneven surface and heat affected area and resulted in crack. The crack has initiated at landing of vertical arm where arm where stress concentration is higher.Stringer material conforms to IS 2062 grade A

(i) Recommendations by RDSO

Fabrication of stringer by gas cutting may not be permitted as it will cause formation of gas cutting marked & heat affected area, which may result crack formation.

18

Details of 32 mm plate fixed in Bridge No. 462MID between DGS-NPI at Km. 744/13-41.

Sl. No. Span No Panel No. No of platessets fixed

1 1 3 1

2 1 4 1

3 1 6 1

4 1 8 1

5 2 1 1

6 2 2 1

7 2 5 1

8 3 2 1

9 3 5 1

Sl. No. Span No Panel No. No of platessets fixed

10 3 6 1

11 4 3 1

12 4 7 1

13 5 2 2

14 5 7 1

15 5 8 1

16 6 4 3

17 6 6 3

18 7 1 1

19 7 2 2

20 7 3 1

21 7 7 1

22 7 8 1

23 8 4 1

24 8 7 1

25 9 2 2

26 9 7 1

27 10 2 1

28 10 3 1

29 10 5 1

30 11 1 1

31 11 4 1

32 11 7 1

33 12 1 1

34 12 3 1

35 12 7 1

36 14 2 1

37 14 5 1

38 14 6 1

3.0 - CONCLUSION:

a. After changing the cracked stringers by the above mentioned two methods and fixing steel channel sleepers speed restriction of 20 Kmph was raised to normal.

b. It is clear from the above discussion that never use the gas cutting equipment in bridge works for changing any of its component. The adverse affect will not be reflected soon but it may be seen any time afterwards.

c. Any alteration in the bridge component should not be planned during traffic block unless no other method is feasible.

d. Both the angles and plates are performing good till date. It has been kept under observation for any other defect.

32mm MS plate fixed over cracked stringer

(Photo No. 4 - Showing the 32mmplate welded above the cracked stringer)

TOP PLAN OF SINGLE PANEL

CRACKED PORTION OF STRINGERS

CENTRE LINE OF CROSS GIRDER

130x130x12 8 mm ELECTRIC ARC WELDING

EDGE DISTANCE CRACK

SIDE ELEVATION

32mm THICK 245mm WIDE STRENGTHENING LATE

130X130X12mm

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM NOT TO SCALE

Drawing No. 1 - Strenthenging of crack stringerfor Bridge No. 462 MID bet DGS-NPI

19

20

RAILWAY ENGINEERING TECHNICAL SOCIETY

1. Price variation clause for P.Way fittings:

PVC formula for supply of P.Way fittings should be revised in which price of steel component should be linked

with actual increase / decrease of price of steel item in market.

2. Criteria for provision of joggle fish plate: oJoggle fish plates should be provided only on themit welds on outer rails of curve sharper than 2 , on major and

important bridges along with approaches and on high banks having bank height more than 5.5m.

3. Engineering time allowance of sanctioned works:

For sanctioned P.Way & Bridge Works, ETA should be over and above 12 minutes per 200 km section permitted

by Board.

4. Implementation of MCNTM Report:

Due to non-filling of vacancies in gang, activities related with regular track maintenance of track (in addition to 20

activities specified in MCNTM Report) should also be permitted to be executed through contract and expenditure

should be charged to the saving achieved due to vacant post in gang.

5. Qualification of Machine Staff:

All track machine staff should be skilled and technically qualified. Entry level post in Group D should be of

Technician and minimum qualification should be ITI Pass.

6. Norms of creating post for small track machines:

List of small track machines required by PWI should be reduced to 19 only. Manpower required for operation and

routine maintenance for each SE should be 11 skilled and 26semi-skilled and cadre of these staff should be

merged with cadre of track machines.

7. Supply of tamping banks for CSM/Unimat as capital spares:

Sufficient number of imported tamping banks should be procured as capital spare as life of overhauled tamping

bank is less and performance is also not satisfactory.

Some of the recent lively discussions F Vetting of variationsF Contingency charges in rate analysis

Track ForumF Raising of speed on turnout to 30 KMPH General ForumF Software for realignment of curve F New IRICEN websiteF Corrosion under Liner - A serious Problem F Sixth Pay CommissionF Pulling out 20 rail panel between the ohe masts for F Creation of posts of DEN (Special) For works in

Laying in New 3rd Line Under Construction divisions.

Bridge Forum Visit the discussion forum for many more interesting F Construction of New ROB's, Approval of Gads discussions.F Concrete foot over bridge on Indian Railways

Interested in participating, become a members of Works Forum IRICEN website. Contact Webmaster with F Percentage of test check for AXEN/XENs in photograph and details at [email protected]

construction wing.

Important Recommendations made during CTE Seminar 2008

Discussion is On,Where Are You ?

IRICEN DISCUSSION FORUM, THE PLACE TO PUT UP

YOUR PROBLEMS, PLACE TO HEAR OTHERS' VIEWS,

AND THE PLACE TO SHARE YOUR EXPERIENCE AND VIEWS

th thThe Olympic Games 2008 were held at Beijing from 8 Sept 2008 to 24 Sept 2008. These games were a great success in terms of organization and sporting activities. Not only maximum gold medals were won by China but hearts of billions of spectators in stadium as well as on TV watching games were won by grand & beautiful structures built by Chinese authorities. The whole world was mesmerized by structural concept and construction by the host country. The theme of architectural designs, use of technology in structural design and construction and the overall aesthetics were beyond imagination. Although the structures were quite world class, but still the cost of construction was controlled and limited as compared to European nations. Details of few most prominent structures used for Beijing Olympics are given here so that one can appreciate the efforts put in conceptualization, planning and project management.

Inauguration & closing ceremonies and many sports new steel can withstand earthquakes, low temperatures were held in this stadium. Because of crisscross pattern of and is suitable for welding. Steel plates used were 10 mm steel members the stadium has been compared to a bird's thicker than that of China's national standard. CATIA nest, which had become it's nick name. The National software was also used for the first time in steel structure Stadium covers an area of 258,000 square meters. design. CATIA software played a vital role in stadium

design; the software has formidable functions in modeling It is world's largest steel structure. The design was three dimensional examination and duplication. Engineers awarded to Swiss architecture firm Merzog and de Meuron. used it to solve complex modeling question in spatial It is 333m. long from North to South, 294 m. wide from East

th structure.to West and 69 m. tall. Stadium was opened for use on 28 The crisscrossed interwoven steel roof structure was June 08 after completion. It has seating capacity of 91,000

supported by 78 temporary steel columns during erection. spectators. All 91,000 seats are made of modified For additional stability huge twigs were welded on to the polypropylene . Total cost of construction was 423 million supports. After completion of the structure the twigs had to US dollars.be cut off the support pier before dismantling of temporary The stadium consists of 2 independent structure, steel columns could be started. For the lowering of standing 50 feet apart, a red concrete seating bowl and the temporary supports the structure is required to be lifted off outer steel frame around it. The primary structures are the its support with the help of synchronically lifting hydraulic 24 towers made of massive steel box section on the jacks. For load control the 78 support points were divided stadium's perimeter. Each tower weighs approximately into 10 regions. Every region was supposed to have its own 1000 tons. The towers are joined by a series of trusses that satellite controller. For the process of stage lifting and also connect to a ring in the centre. Secondary beams span lowering each support pier is equipped with two 150 ton the primary members to complete the stadium's skeleton. double acting hydrolic jacks. Full process of lifting and Q460 grade plate steel was used for the bird's nest. This

National Stadium

lowering was pre-programmed in computer. . For added safety, control and accuracy, multi-functional valves, load sensors, stroke sensors, shift detection and a digital feedback system were integrated. During the stage lowering process the stadium structure is alternatively supported by hydraulic cylinder and the leveling plates on temporary supports. The entire process of stage lifting and lowering including central computer, satellite computer controllers, 156 double acting high pressure hydraulic cylinder, power unit was designed and organized by ENERPAC

100 years. The revised proposal resulted in 22.3 percent less steel used and a 13 percent reduction in membrane material by abandoning the convertible cover and enlarging the opening in the roof. However, upper section of roof was altered to protect spectators from weather. The membrane covering of the Bird's Nest is curved and double-layered, providing decorative, soundproof, wind-proof, rain-proof, and even UVA protection to its already impressive body.The outer layer is made of ETFE panels and the inner layer consists of PTFE material.

Maximum of 17000 workers worked for construction. Original design was having a retractable roof but after All 45,000 MT of steel was made in China making it the collapse of roof of the Charles de Gaulle International thlargest steel structure in the world. On 14 May 2008 grass Airport, its design was reviewed and retractable roof was field of 7811 sq. mts was laid in the 24 hours. Beijing removed to reduce weight and to increase its capacity to national stadium officially opened at a ceremony on June withstand seismic activity. The Bird's Nest is designed to 28, 2008.withstand a magnitude 8 earthquake, and its frame to last

Swimming & diving events were held in this mm thick. ETFE cladding allows more light and heat centre.It is also known as water cube on ice cube although penetration than traditional glass. Swimming pool requires building is design as cuboid (not cube). Comprising a steel a lot of heating. So water cube has been designed to be space frame, it is the largest ETFE clad structure in the highly energy efficient. Approximately, 90% of the solar

2 energy falling on the building will be trapped within the world with over 100000 m of ETFE pillows that are only 2

Beijing National Acquatic Centre

Designed by Dutch architect Rim Koolhas

the CCTV building in the headquarters for China's

state Television network. The architect describes it as “loop of

interconnected activities” rather than a sky

scrapper in the hopeless, race for ultimate height.”

The new building involves two 'L' shaped high-rise

towers linked at the top and the bottom at an angle

to form a loop, which has been described as a 'Z'

criss-cross.The building contains 9 to 13 storey base.

0Two towers lean at an angle of 6 from vertical in

each direction 9 to 13 storey over-hang is

suspended 36 stories in the air. The highest point is

768 feet from ground. Building has a complex

pattern of steel members along its facade. To arrive at this pattern building engineers

began by applying uniform series of diagonals

braces to a model of the structures surface. A

computer model revealed where structure loads

were greatest the pattern of steel members was

adjusted to provide support where necessary. The total construction cost is estimated at

€600 million ($750 million). The CCTV tower will

employ 10,000 people after completion. But the

construction was delayed because of the

opposition against this buildings cost, so the

developers say the building will probably not be

completed before 2009.

CCTV Headquarters

structure and used for heating of pools and other areas.

Looking for a link to theme of water, architects and engineers adopted the idea of bubbles as structural form. The idea of architecture was to give building of spirit of water. The bubble like steel structure was covered by pillows made of a transparent plastic called ethylene tetrafluoroethene (ETFE) filled with air. Water cube' external cladding is made of 4000 ETFE bubble some as large as 9.14 mts across with seven different sizes for the roof and is for the walls.

Creating a structure that mimics the natural thformation of bubbles is complicated. 19 Century scientist

devised a solution but with aid of computer a more efficient solution merged that involves a series of interlocking cells with either 12 or 14 faces that can be repeated to form a larger volume or cube. One slice along the top and other along the side produces the basic shape of the building. Pattern within slice will become the structural steel members for the building and they will form the bubble geometry on the exterior facades.

It was designed and built by PTW Architects (an Australian architecture firm), Arup international engineering group, CSCEC (China State construction Engineering Corportion) and CCDI (China Construction Design International) of Shanghai.

Beijing gets very less of rain hence design takes care of it by recycling most of backwater that would normally be drained away and also by rain water harvesting of all water falling on the structure.

At first glance a foam design might appear less robust than a more conventional structure but water cube design is ideally suited to absorb energy from earthquake.

Ground was broken on Dec 14, 2003 and centre was completed and handed over for use on Jan 28, 08.

byP. Aruna Prasad*

D. Suresh, **N. Somashekhar***

SYNOPSISOn various railways there large numbers of stone top culverts available, large proposition of these bridges are required to be re-built. These natural stone top culverts are having restriction to its clear span not more then 0.60 m, due to the restriction for the span and water way these bridges are normally falling under IW(Insufficient water way), and not reliable for present scenario of increased axle loads & traffic density. These bridges are to be replaced with upgraded technology. Re building with pre-cast R.C.C. box segments is a suitable option. This method is simple and involves less requirement of traffic blocks.

Re - Building of Stone Top Bridges & Arch Bridges By

Opting Blasting Technique.

1.0 BRIEF HISTORY: 3.1 MATERIAL REQUIRED

The following equipment are required to be brought on to Bridge No:378. at K.M.270/29-31between stations ALER-the site Road crane ( hydraulically operated ) 40 to 50T PEMBARTI on KZJ-SC, 4 spans of 0.60 m tone top bridge capacity with one stand by crane of equal capacity. was constructed during the year 1937 with CR masonry for Excavator ( proclain/ Hitachi) with one JCB as stand by. pier, abutment, splayed wing and return walls. The past Leveling equipment.history of this bridge was seen as per the records. DuringFor lifting of track and aligning, track lifting jacks and crow heavy rains in the year 2005 on the up stream side of the bars.bridge flood water headed up due to in adequate water way Wire ropes.resulting in damaging the approaches due to over flow of Cement bag filled with sand /Moorum.flood water. Although it did not cause disruption to the Jack hammer along with compressor.through traffic, but speed restriction was in force for a long Tractors.duration.Sufficient number of CC cribs and released wooden sleepers2.0 AVAILABLE METODS FOR RE- BUILDING THE

BRIDGE UNDER TRAFFIC CONDITIONS:

1. Temporary diversion. 3.2 PRE BLOCK ARRANGEMENTS:

2. Introducing relieving girder (insertion of restricted 1. Casting of RCC BOX segments, verification of site height girder). condition for box placement

3. Box pushing.2. Reference lines are marked on both the sides of the

4. Blasting the exiting bridge under line block and placing track for correct alignment and levels are fixed by dumpy the pre Cast RCC-box segments. level w.r.t. rail level or OHE structure etc.

3. Speed restriction of 20 kmph is imposed and rail closure 3.0 THE LAST METHOD AT SR. NO. 4 WAS ADOPTED of 6.5 to 13 m as required at site is cut from existing LWR FOR THE REASON AS BELOW and 1m long f ish plate with clamps is provided.

In SECUNDERABAD KHAZIPET section, available time 4. The existing wing and return walls are dismantled; allowance has been occupied by the track works required excavation is done before the block in the sanctioned under SRSF and no time allowance is available vicinity of track as far as possible from safety for undertaking the bridge works. Introducing R.H. Girder or consideration. At the end of the day before the actual BOX pushing will take about 27 to 30 days for which line block is obtained sufficient number of holes are imposition of SR is difficult to get. Therefore a method made for providing the explosive (Gelatin sticks).which needed less number of days of speed restriction,

5 . Centre line is marked on the boxes and wire rope should was adopted. This involved blasting the stone masonry be inserted in to the lifting hooks with proper locking under line block, removal of debris using heavy earth arrangements.movers like JCBs for clearing of site, placing pre-cast RCC

BOX with the help of hydraulic operated heavy duty crane 6. Submitting the application for line block of four hour as in position, filling the gaps with gravel already collected at planned duly advising the OHE department officials.site, spreading ballast on the top of box and placing the pre 7. Imposition of speed restriction on the adjoining track in fabricated box units in position.

25*ADEN/Pakala, SC Railway**AXEN, C/Gantur, SC Railway***AXEN/C, Hubli, SW Railway IRICEN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

case of double line as a safety measure in view of traffic is allowed, the first train passed at stop and proceed blasting and also for safety of the men, machinery with 10 kmph and the subsequent trains with the existing working at site although the track centers have sufficient SR of 20kmph.distance .

3.4 ACTIVITIES AFTER LINE BLOCK3.3 ACTIVITIES DURING THE LINE BLOCK

1 . Joints between the Box segments are filled with epoxy.Protection of track on either lines and dismantling the track 2. Welding the closure rails after giving required packings of 6.50 to 13m with the help crane kept aside. and partial distressing, speed is relaxed to 50 kmph on Before obtaining the line block explosives are placed in the second day, and after three days SR is relaxed to normal.pre drilled holes and soon after the dismantling of track in 3. Till such time the ballast retaining walls are constructed line block the explosives are connected in serial and to the the ballast on the box is supported using sand bags.megger. After ensuring both track are protected and all the

4. The wing and return walls are constructed in due course staff working at the site are moved away to a safe distance as per drawing .duly ensuring the machinery also kept away from the bridge

site then the megger is operated for blasting the bridge.4.0 CONCLUSION

After the completion of the blasting earth movers are The entire execution part of work requiring speed brought on to the site to clear the debris and further restrictions is 4 to 5 days and disturbance to the track excavation is made as required at site. Immediately after structure and embankment is very less in case of smaller completion of leveling to the required bed level, concrete is span bridges.made by using admixtures and bed layer laid. Then the pre

cast RCC box segments are placed in the position. More number of line blocks in series are not necessary as such it is comparatively economical when compared with The pre assembled track panel of 6.5 to 13.0m is placed in insertion of RH Girder procedure.the position with the help of the crane after spreading

required ballast on top of box and then track is linked. After The man power requirement is also minimized by using giving one round of packing the line block is cleared and the earth movers and heavy duty cranes.

26

Art museums going 'green'

Now a days apart from commercial and residential buildings, museums also are being constructed with

Green Building concepts in USA. The new Grand Rapids Art Museum in Michigan, the $75 million, 125,000 sq. ft building, has become the first

art museum in the US to receive a LEED Gold certification from the US Green Building Council in Washington. LEED,

which stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is considered the benchmark for green

construction. The fact that a second museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Denver, will soon gain Gold status

is just one sign of the greening of US museums. The developers of Michigan's Grand Rapids Art Museum planned to conserve energy, while also providing a

climate controlled venue for the works it houses. Museums need strict temperature and humidity controls to protect

their holdings. The Grand Rapids Art Museum solved this by funneling outside air underground where the 0temperature is a consistent 55 F Humidity and heat can be added before the air is pumped into the museum.

SAIL in A New Role

Sail is planning to enter into equipment manufacturing to cash on the boom in domestic steel sector. The

company plans to convert its engineering shops as separate profit centres to manufacture medium and small

equipment for commercial sale. It is finalizing a joint venture arrangement with an existing equipment manufacturer to

scale up its manufacturing activities. Its workshops have already statutory licences for manufacturing activities. Its

workshops have already statutory licences for manufacturing specialized equipment such as high pressure vessels,

medium size cranes, electro-magnets. These workshops are already undergoing expansion as the company is set to

increase its steel manufacturing capacity from 15 million tonnes to 26 million tonnes. These workshops will function

as a separate entities.

by N D Chumber *

R Tolani **

SYNOPSISThe paper describes the raising scheme adopted in raising of the ROBs at Sidhpur in Delhi Ahmedabad Section, Ahmedabad Division of Western Railway. This work was carried out in connection with operation of Double Stack Container (9.50 ft. high) between Palanpur Mehsana Viramgam section of Western Railway. The ROB, 779 M long, is having 34 Nos. of spans of different length. These all spans were raised within a period of 2 months using Hydraulic Synchronized lifting of Girders without taking any traffic block. The scheme of raising of Girders have been illustrated in the paper.

1.0 INTRODUCTION : The traffic from the ports is carried on various ways such as Indian Railways with network of Approx 63000 Route Kms BOXN, BCX, container wagons etc. Amongst these, the across the length and the breadth of the country is the containerization of the freight is going on at a very rapid largest railway system under a single management in the pace due to the obvious benefits of the same. The ports are world. The transportation of goods for consumption, for gearing up in a big way to handle large volumes of import and exports has grown exponentially in the recent container traffic. The railway is also called upon to make its past. Transportation of goods globally takes place network ready for the additional traffic anticipated. Line predominantly by sea routes and ports are very important capacity on the existing routs of Western Railway between links in the transportation. Gujarat has developed ports Ahmedabad and Delhi is otherwise saturated and one of along its coast line to meet the growing demand of the the ways to easily upgrade the capacity is by operation of galloping economy. Since the newly developed ports are source of additional goods traffic, the railways face a continuous challenge to augment the system to meet its obligation towards country with the sectional capacities getting over-saturated on all routes connecting ports to the Northern hinterland. There are various ways by which the capacity augmentation has been done by traffic facility

double stack containers on the same train.

The route is not electrified and the running of double stack containers was found feasible after initially feasibility studies was coordinated by RITES, PRC and CANAC. The route Rewari-Jaipur-Palanpur-Mehsana-Viramgam Rajula - Pipavav was initially identified for the double stack containers. Subsequently, the Palanpur-Gandhidham- works/ yard remodeling etc, upgradation of signaling Mundra Port and Mehsana-Sabarmati were also identified system, gauge conversions, doublings etc.

“Raising of Road Over Bridge on

Western Railway”

27* Sr. DEN/HQ/Ahmedabad/W.RLY* ADEN/MG/Sabarmati/W. RLY

CITY SIDE APPROACH

HIGHWAY SIDE APPROACH


l Foundationfor the double stack container operations. The physical Open trapezoidal sedimentary.survey undertaken by mounting a flexible box structure on

a wagon, to identify various infringement like ROBs, FOBs 4.0 PLANNING: to HT lines and signaling port etc. This paper describes the

planning and execution of the work of lifting of Road Over The ROB was under construction when the planning for the Bridge at Sidhpur for getting the required clearances and raising was being done. The railway span had already been the various problems encountered during execution of the constructed by the construction organization of Western works.Railway and the approach spans were already cast by the state government. The detailed drawings of the existing 2.0 LOCATION OF THE SIDHPUR ROB:ROB collected from the respective organizations to study the feasibility of raising the ROB. The ROB is situated near Sidhpur Yard, Ahmedabad

Division on Ahmedabad-Delhi group B line (BG/SL) at Km. The revised gradient of approach roads after lifting the Railway span by 450mm was calculated. In the case of Sidhpur ROB the length of approached road could not be increased due to space constraints at the city end. The existing gradient on Approach Road was approximately 1:24.5 and after raising the Railway span by 450mm, the gradient on approach span became 1:23.5. This was within the limits of gradient laid down in IRC and hence it was decided that the length of the existing approaches be maintained and the gradient be changed. This also avoided earthwork and raising/ altering the approach retaining walls and the entire raising was done in the girders only.

By the time the preparations for the raising were done, the state government had completed the work and was ready for opening the ROB for public. The decision of raising only the girders increased the speed of work, and this helped in securing the permission of the state government for closing

682/11-12. The ROB is Connecting Sidhpur City to NH8. the ROB for the lifting work. For the duration of the work, the The ROB crosses railway track near the Sidhpur yard and level crossing in lieu of which the ROB had been the nearest points and crossing is within 50 m of the ROB. constructed was kept open to give the alternate way to the The gradient in the yard is 1 in 400 i.e. already at the ROB users.minimum allowed gradient in the yards. The creation of As per planning, the GAD was prepared and submitted to clearance for the double stack containers required the track Western Railway H.Q. design office for approval along with to be lowered by 45 cm. This would have necessitated an the original design document to check the stability of ROB increase in gradient. This would have required the approval at raised position. The existing sub structure and of CRS and condonation of Railway Board. Such foundation were found fit even for the raised girders. After condonation also requires provision of extra safety accepting the approval from H.Q. design office, the GAD measures such as catch/ slip siding or operating and design was submitted to R&B Department, Gujarat restrictions. Since this would have required more time for Government for approval. execution, and was not a preferred long term arrangement for the running of the trains, the raising of the ROB was 5.0SELECTION OF RAISING SCHEMEdecided as the better alternative.

The main aim of the scheme made was to execute the work as speedily as possible to meet the railway's requirements of early completion of work as well as to mitigate the

l Existing vertical clearance from Rail Level: 6.85m problems being faced by the ROB users as early as possible. The work was a difficult one as handling the PSC l Length of ROB: 779mgirders requires skill. The spans consisted of multiple I-

l Total No. of spans: 34section PSC girders tied together by RCC deck slab and 01 No Railway Span of 47m long diaphragms. All the I-girders have to be raised 18 spans of 15m towards Highway side.simultaneously else the RCC components can very easily 15 spans of 15m towards city side.get cracked. Any such failure in the girders would have led

l Retaining wall for the earthwork: to increase in the time for completing the work. Since the 147m towards highway girders belonged to the state government, the work was to 98m towards City be done extra cautiously lest the railway's reputation be

l Super Structure: sullied during the execution of the work.T-Beam, deck slab supported on neoprene bearing.

It was deemed that the work was of specialized nature, l Sub- Structurerequiring precise handling of the girders, with adequate RCC pier, RCC abutment and RCC wall. care and safety margins. This required the agency chosen

3.0 TECHNICAL DATA OF ROB SIDHPUR:

28

SIDHPUR ROB

29

for the work to be well versed in the ROB works. The 6.2 Hydraulic Pump of 2 litre per minute capacity with contractors in the area who had constructed large number hand pump.of ROBs in the area and one agency who had prior 6.3 Hydraulic power pack of 5 litre per minute capacity experience of the raising of the ROB for Mundra Port with 5 HP motor.authorities were chosen as the parties capable of carrying 6.4 Hydraulic Pipes of different length suitable for out the work, and accordingly, six parties were short listed working pressure up to 450 Kg./ sqcm.and Special Limited tender was called with finance vetting

6.5 Chain Pulley block 4 Nos.of 5 T capacity.and PCE approval.

6.6 Scaffolding arrangement in sufficient numbers.

6.7 Tirfor 2 Nos. of 2 T capacity. For ensuring safety and speed of the work, the following points were incorporated in the special conditions: 6.8 Stair case arrangement.

6.9 Wooden blocks in sufficient quantity of different l To avoid differential lifting of the girders, it was thickness.

stipulated that the raising of the girders is to be done 6.10 Welding equipment using synchronous jacks only. It was specified that the

6.11 Portable Grinding Machine with disc.jacks used shall have single feed.6.12 Portable Chipping Machine.

l The jacks with self locking only were permitted.6.13 Two set of hand tools ie , spanners, chisel ,

l The contractor had to carry out the work carefully and if hammer etc.during lifting, there is any damage to the girders due to

6.14 Dial gauges 4 Nos.differential lifting/ lowering, if any, in the girders the

6.15 Electric Generator and lighting system.same were to be repaired at their own cost.6.16 Steel packing plates.

l The packing under the girders was planned with steel 6.17 Pipes for making tripod.stools so that the time required for curing of concrete be 6.18 Guy ropes, Steel ropes, Clamping bolts, Hooks etc.eliminated. The contractor could get the stools

fabricated at workshop independent of the preparations 6.19 Safety Slingsof the raising work.

l There were concerns regarding the strength of the diaphragms and the seat of bearing to take the jacking loads. The same is due to the fact that the concrete is poured in very closely spaced reinforcement at the location. Unless extra care is taken, the concrete is likely to be honey combed in this area. In the tender documents, the repairs of these areas before the start of work, and using steel plates on top of jack to prevent failure of concrete were provided for.

l The work in railway span was to be done under moving traffic only, so special conditions were laid down so that the train safety is not jeopardized at any point of time due to the work. Special conditions for providing the scaffolding and supports were laid down for the railway span.

The process of the lifting of girders hydraulically is a very interesting activity. It involves precision devices. Each jack was equipped with a locknut and accompanied by a pressure gauge, a flow control valve and a solenoid valve and dial gauges sensors.

7.0 COMPUTATIONS FOR CARRYING OUT THE The position dial gauges sensor indicates any slant in the WORK: girder to prevent any fracture or tilt while of the girder is

being lifted by the hydraulic lift cylinders. All the hydraulic Weight of each Span:cylinders are connected through hydraulic pipe to a The weight of each span was calculated using the volume hydraulic pump and a main hydraulic oil distributor to of concrete as per the cross section, and adding lump sum ensure the equal distribution of pressure to lift the girders. for the appurtenances. There are three types of spans:

1) Main Railway Span 47m long weight approximately 6.0EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL USED2100MT.

6.1Hydraulic Jack of different capacity Ranging from 2) Adjoining Railway Span 15m long - weight 100-300 MT. approximately 410MT.

3) Other Approach Span 15m long - weight 100 T 10 Nos.

approximately 345MT.200 T 10 Nos.300 T 05 Nos.

EQUIPMENT USED: DRILL MACHINE, GRINDING MACHINE, TAPE, GAS CUTTER ETC

LOAD ON VARIOUS JACKING LOCATIONS: CHECKING THE AVAILABLE JACKS:The safe working pressure of the Hydraulic Jacks should 1) Main Railway span was having 05 I-girders supported be checked with the help of testing rig or got tested from on 10 pedestals, so there was 210MT load on each reputed laboratory before using the Hydraulic Jacks. In this bearing. 300T/200T jacks were used for this spancase, Hydraulic jacks were tested on pressure of 450

2) Adjoining Railway Span having 04 I-girders supported 2 2Kg/cm and the working pressure was around 280 Kg/cm .on 08 pedestals, so there was 51.25MT load on each All pressure pipes, connected with various jacks and bearing. 200T jacks were used for this span hydraulic pump should have more capacity than the

3) Other Non Railway Spans having 03 I-girders ultimate hydraulic pressure in the jacks. Good quality seals supported on 06 pedestals, so there was 57.50MT load and connectors shall be used else there are chances of on each bearing. 200T/100T jacks were used for this failures are there. In this case, the seals and connectors span from reputed manufacturers were used. Along with the

jacks, all the other arrangements including the locking arrangement for the jack ram were checked under load.

8.0 PRELIMINARY WORKS

1) Remove all expansion joints between the spans

2) Remove all obstructions such as railings, cables, pipelines etc.

3) Provide scaffolding arrangement for working platform at suitable height.

4) The scaffolding shall be strong enough as to not fail/ settle during the execution of the work.

5) Provide arrangements to ensure that nothing falls on the tracks

6) Inspect the all existing pedestals and remove the loose concrete or mortar surrounding it.

7) Arrange wooden blocks in sufficient quantity required during raising of spans.

8) Check the jacking points strength by just gently hammering the bottom surface. Hollow sound

BEARING SIZE: indicates defects due to the 'Honeycombing defect' in Railway Span bearing size was 800x520x52 mm. For other diaphragm concrete.spans, bearing size was 500x320x52mm. 9) Mark the position of each girder with respect to

pedestals means marking the clearance between IDENTIFICATION OF JACKING POINT: pedestals and girder. This is very useful to check the Prior to the lifting of the span, jacking point are required to raising of span. be identified and detailed design drawing was referred to 10) Fix the dial gauge at the each end of the span to ensure conform the position of the Jacking points. Jacking points the uniform lifting of the span.are required to be identified because these are only

11) Steel stool or steel packing plates required to be locations where load can be applied to raise, after used should be fabricated well in advance.identification of the jacking points number of jack required

and their capacity can be decided. The jacking points were under the diaphragm and center of jack was approximately 300 mm away from joining line of girder and diaphragm.

CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF JACK REQUIRED AND THEIR CAPACITY:Considering the number of jacking point and weight of the span to be raised, the number of jack and their capacity was decided, to raise the span uniformly.

The jacks were chosen with the consideration of 25% more than the expected load. The load at each end is taken as 60% of the weight of the span. This 25 % extra is a factor of safety to account for the eccentricity of loading, minor mis-calculations, jerks due to mis-handling etc. This factor of safety is over and above the factor of safety built-in in the jacks for the rated capacity which is less than the ultimate load capacity on the jacks.

IDENTIFICATION OF JACKING POINTS

STEEL STOOL FABRICATION

30

9.0 STAGES IN RAISING OF ROB

9.1 The jack were placed under the diaphragms of girders. One jack was provided under each support point of the diaphragm. The jacks were supported on the piers. All the jacks were connected with Hydraulic Distribution connector & all jacks were synchronized. The Hydraulic pressure through Hydraulic pumps was applied on jack.

9.2 Before starting the lifting operation, it was checked that there is no obstruction to the smooth lifting. This includes the gap between the girders taking the tilted position of the girder into consideration. The span is lifted by a small amount, say, 2 -3 mm and the equal lifting of each girder was checked by marking a reference line on each girder with respect to pedestal. It is very important that all girders should lift equally otherwise it may damage the RCC connecting parts of the span.

9.3 If pressure increased beyond working pressure and the lifting is not taking place, it means that there is

9.6 The jacks were released by placing wooden block obstruction in the lifting or the jacking load is less than under each girder. Before releasing the jacks, the load required for raising. In such circumstances, neoprene bearing under the girder was removed and the Hydraulic system may fail during working, which pedestal cleaned with the help of wire brush, hand may cause damage to girders. If such a situation is grinder etc.encountered, the lifting is stopped and the

calculations have to be re-done, and the girder is 9.7 The other end of span was raised by about 120mm, physically checked for obstructions. same precaution & method adopted as explained

above. Here it should be ensured that the difference 9.4 The lifting of Girders was done in stages and after between the raising of two ends should not be more every lift of 10 mm, the jacks were locked with their than 50-60mm to avoid any development of stress in locking arrangement. This is essentially required the span. At each stage, the equal lifting of each of the because in case of failure of hydraulic system, the girders shall be measured.jack shall not come down suddenly.

9.8 Same cycle is repeated till final raising of the span is 9.5 The one end of span was raised by about 25mm. All achieved. The raising was calculated at 15-20 mm girders were checked with respect to reference point more than the final raising of the girders required as for uniform lifting. If found uniform then only can be per calculations to account for settlement of packing continued for further lifting upto 50 - 60mm, if not then etc. rate of lifting at each jack can be altered by altering

the hydraulic pressure. 9.9 After achieving the required raising of the girder, all pedestals were cleaned & a layer of epoxy mortar was applied for smooth & level surface for seating of stool. Epoxy mortar took around 4-6Hrs. to achieve the full strength.

9.10 After 4-6Hrs, the pre fabricated steel stool/plates was placed on the pedestal. The neoprene bearing were already fixed on top of the stool and the span was lowered in stages to avoid any sudden jerks on the girders.

9.11 The raising was checked for each girder with respect to previous marking on pedestals. In case of any discrepancy, additional steel packing plates could be provided under the stools.

9.12 Steel stool/plate were fixed by providing 04 numbers holding down bolts at the corner of steel stool/plate which were fixed in holes made in concrete in piers. These were further embedded in concrete by providing jacketing around pedestals.

9.13 The expansion joints, hand railings, and other appurtenances opened for carrying out the work were re-provided. Some components of the rubber

CLEANING OF PEDESTALS

SPAN LOWERED ON STEEL PLATES / STOOL

31

expansion joints had to be replaced as the old ones were rendered useless during the removal.

10.0 PROBLEMS FACED DURING EXECUTION:

10.1 HONEYCOMBED CONCRETE AT DIAPHRAGM: As was apprehended beforehand, during lifting of spans, it was found that quite a few spans had badly honey combed concrete in the diaphragms. When load was applied at jacking point, the concrete cracked and reinforcement got exposed. The diaphragm was made fit for applying load, by using epoxy mortar. It was good that the failure took place in the initial lifting only. If the failure had taken place after some lifting was achieved, damage to the girders was possible.

10.2 HYDRAULIC HAND PUMPS ARE INSUFFICIENT TO LIFT HEAVY SPANS: The work was done using

by RCC deck slab and diaphragms by 450 mm could be hand operated pumps. However, due to the very accomplished within a period of 45 days. The contractor's heavy girders, the progress was very slow. The efforts engineers, workers were skilled and adopted good required for operation of the jacks was also very practices for the handling of the jacks and lifting work and much. It would have expedited the work if motorized due to them only such a difficult work could be done without low flow rate pump were used.any mishap and without any problem for the trains or the girders. In such intricate works, therefore, the key to getting

11.0 CONCLUSION:the work executed is meticulous planning, disciplined working and a no-risk approach.Due to the proper precautions taken, and careful working,

the extremely difficult work of raising the PSC girders tied

REPAIRING HONEY COMBING DEFECT BY EPOXY MORTAR

3OVER 650000M CONCRETE PRODUCED IN 12 MONTHS.

The Ghatghar pumped Storage Project is a hydraulic power generation project sponsored by the irrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra, India. It is made up of two reservoirs of different heights. The upper basin consists of three dams two saddle dams and the upper dam. The lower dam forms the lower lying basin.

3During the construction of 86 m high and 450m long lower dam, approximately 650000m of concrete was manufactured by three Stetter mixing plants. The systems concerned were two type HN 3-0

3 3(120m /hr) plants and one type HN (160 m /hr), which were all linked together. The plants were 4.0

equipped with two shaft, forced action mixers and a Stetter type MCI 300 control system. Their 3

maximum monthly performance peaked at over 90000m with a maximum daily output in the region of 3 346000m . On averge, the mixers produced 51000 m of concrete per month.

32

WORLD'S TALLEST TOWER ?thThe Burj Dubai Skyscraper under construction here reached its 100 story early two thirds of the way in its relentless

climb to become the world's tallest building. With 3000 laborers adding a new floor nearly every three days.

When finished in two years, the silvery steel and glass building is expected to rise beyond 2300 feet and more than 160 floors dozens of stories taller than the world's current tallest building, the Taipei 101 tower in Taiwan, which measures 1671 feet. In addition, it will assume the title of the world's tallest structure, surpassing tallest free standing structure on land Toronto CN Tower and the guyed KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, the latter setting a minimum height for the tower at almost 630m. Emaar isn't releasing its plans for the final height of the Burj Dubai so it can add more stories if a competing developer mounts a challenge.

by *V B Sood

SYNOPSIS

adopting latest technologies for the benefit of all stakeholders, the officers, Railways and the other clients. The website is one of the ways by which, IRICEN has not only adopted the latest technology but also has outreached its traditional audience and reached out to the supervisors and officers who might not be able to come to IRICEN for training but who want to learn. To meet the growing challenges, a need was felt to improve the website and a new website was designed and launched on 1st of August 2008 at the hands of Sh R Velu, Hon'ble Minister of State for Railways in the IRICEN auditorium. This paper describes the features and facilities of the new website.

IRICEN is the premier training institute on Indian Railways. It has been on the forefront in

actual problems. Due to this approach, the training at 1. INTRODUCTION:IRICEN is very popular amongst the participants. The

IRICEN is striving to become a world class training institute. training at IRICEN in the fields such as Contracts and The institute is catering to the training needs of the Arbitration are much sought after and all the departments probationers, and officers of the engineering department of attend these courses. Indian Railways. In addition, there is a tremendous demand for the training at IRICEN from the public sector 2. NEED FOR WEBSITE: undertakings, project management consultants and some

The classroom training is the primary mode of training at foreign railways. The training at IRICEN is not just IRICEN, supplemented by the field demonstrations. But theoretical one dealing with the abstract ideas, but totally there is one element which gets left out, namely, the training aligned with the practical aspects of the railway working and requires physical presence of the officers in the IRICEN towards managing the day to day working and solving the

campus. In a year IRICEN trains between 1400 and 1500 officers, which covers approximately 20 % of the officers. Given the variety of courses being run, it is not possible for an officer to cover all of them in any reasonable period of time. Further, learning in a course attended today will get outdated over time as the technology and policies change. Also, the learning at IRICEN is not the end of it. There might be doubts, new conditions and situations which require further study or guidance. Further, there are supervisors who are a very important part of the organization but who do not come to IRICEN for training but are interested in learning/ knowing about various things. Absence of a supplementary effort to imparting knowledge to the people not physically present at IRICEN is not in the interest of the railways. To meet the above objectives, the IRICEN started the use of information technology in big way. Since 2004, IRICEN has started a website which is delivering knowledge to the railway civil engineers at the click

Improved Tools of Training at

IRICEN: Its New website

Professor / Track-2 / IRICEN, Pune 33IRICEN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

of the mouse. To tap the potential of the website, IRICEN circulars which take time to reach the field offices are has started providing computers with internet facility in the uploaded in the Members' area so that these are hostel and recently, 100 % of the rooms have been available as soon as possible to the members. provided with computers. A need was felt to upgrade the

IV. Technical Guidance: IRICEN provides lot of material facilities available on the website as per the changing

for the technical guidance to the members through demands of the people. The new website was completed

some e-learning modules, projects, seminar and launched on 1st August 2008 and the website was

proceedings, RDSO documentation/ drawings etc to inaugurated by Sh R Velu, Hon'ble Minister of State for

the members. Railways at the IRICEN auditorium. The website address is www.iricen.gov.in and the server is hosted at IP address V. Software for railway Civil Engineers: IRICEN has 203.199.146.196. The server is hosted at the IRICEN office provided 10 nos software for the specialised use in the premises itself and the maintenance of the server and the field by Railway Civil Engineers. other hardware is done in house only.

VI. IRICEN publications: IRICEN website provides the technical features rich quarterly 'IRICEN Journal of

3. ABOUT IRICEN WEBSITE:Civil Engineering' and biennial 'Compendium of Correction Slips' which publishes all the correction The IRICEN website is meant for distance learning. The slips issued to the manuals pertaining to the IRICEN website is a platform for dynamically generating engineering department in the last six months.content using all the stakeholders. The important portions

of the website are accessible only to the members of the website. The membership of the website is given FREE to c. Others' Contribution: The learning of the members is all the officials coming for training to IRICEN. It is also given as much by knowing about the theoretical aspect of the to all the visiting faculty who come and teach at IRICEN. issue as the work which has been practically done by the Further, the interested railway persons who want to others in similar situations. The IRICEN website has become members of the website are given the user id and provided space to all the railways' Construction and Open password if they send the request to the webmaster. The Line organizations, Railway Board, RDSO and PSUs email id of the webmaster is [email protected]. The photo related to engineering department so that they can share and details of the members are a must for accessing the the good work, innovations etc for the benefit of all website. The various means for the same in the IRICEN concerned.website are as follows:

d. Messages: IRICEN website hosts the messages of the a. Members' Contribution: The most popular section of Member Engineering and Director IRICEN so that the the website is the discussion forum. The discussion forum visitors are enlightened regarding the challenges and the is a democratic forum where all the members can ask opportunities in front of railways and the direction being questions and all the members can come together and taken by the organization. The remarks given by visiting share the views, technical solutions, references, dignitaries to IRICEN are also posted on the website.experiences and other aspects of the problems raised by the members regarding various issues related to the e. Training Management: The basic job of IRICEN is engineers in their working. The discussion forum is divided training and so the website has been designed such that into four parts : Track, Bridges, Works and General for ease the courses are run on the website itself. The website is in navigation. used for the registration of the trainee officials and

thereafter the statistics are generated and viewed at the b. IRICEN's Contribution: IRICEN has put in lot of website. The website shows the people who have attended technical material for the use of the members of the IRICEN courses at any point of time, the list of officers who have website. The members' area is the portion where IRICEN attended the mandatory courses can be compiled on the shares the technical content generated by IRICEN with the website. This facilitates the nomination of the officers to the members. This area has various sections and provides the courses by the railways. Further, the complete calendar of following to the members: courses for the year along with the course plan is posted

and can be used by the officers to get them nominated to I. Manuals: IRICEN has uploaded a large number of the courses of their requirement.

manuals in soft copy which are useful for the reference of the members. The manuals are available in as- f. Extending the Library: IRICEN has provided its rich printed form. Some manuals are in the audio versions library for searching on the website. Anyone who requires which can be listened to by the members. Further, some book, journal article etc can find the status i.e. 'internet version' of manuals are available where whether available or not, rack no etc are on the website. IRICEN has digitally pasted the correction slips so that The synopsis of the articles in the journals subscribed to by there is no confusion for the reader. Correction slips to IRICEN are posted on the website and on request IRICEN the manuals are also uploaded in this area. sends any particular chapter of a book, or any particular

article by fax/ post. The requests for such articles/ technical II. Books and Films: IRICEN has published 24 books material shall be made to the librarian at IRICEN. and 16 films on various technical topics. These are

available for viewing of the members in the Members' g. Transfer/ Posting Orders and Notifications: The Area. website has provided a platform for the immediate

III. Railway Board Circulars: Important Railway Board

34

dissemination of the information on the transfer/ the people coming on training.promotions and the notifications issued by the Railway

VII. On line Nomination: To promote paperless working, Board, which otherwise take a lot of time reaching the

a module is being developed where the secretary to concerned officials. These orders are coming on the

PCEs, and Secretary to CAO(C)s can nominate website within a day or two of publishing

officers as per the calendar of courses. Alerts are built-in in the page and the person using the "on line

h. Members' Search: The IRICEN website provides a nominations" module will be given guidance regarding

facility for searching the members. The members' profile the pending nominations, inadequate nominations.

can be viewed and any body who wishes to search for any The nominations can be viewed directly at IRICEN

batchmate (for IRSE officers only) or any colleague/ and the need for the fax on paper will get eliminated

acquaintance can search the same. Since most of the through this.

officers keep visiting IRICEN for training, the chances of finding him/her here are very high. If the members update their profile on the website, the current contact numbers, k.Other Facilities: address, posting etc can be seen very easily.

I. A facility has been provided on the website for posting the transfer/ promotion orders and vacancy i. Other Information: The website disseminates the notifications issued by Railway Board for the benefit of information about the institute, faculty, their expertise, the members. The orders are being posted directly contact numbers at IRICEN, and other information from Railway Board. This has fulfilled a long standing such as tenders, notifications etc on the website. requirement of the members.j. Improvements in the New IRICEN Website: In the

II. Sitemap has been provided on the top right hand new website, efforts have been made to improve lot of corner of the homepage. If there is some problem in features. Some of the improvements for the members navigation in the website, the entire link structure can are: be seen in one page.

I. Separate Members' Area: In the website, the III. A link "IRICEN Location Map" has been provided which members' area was accessible through the web

gives the satellite picture showing the location of address and the login was not mandatory for viewing IRICEN institute and hostel and the road map from the pages. In the new website, the login is must before railway station and airport for the convenience of the the Members' Area can be viewed.people visiting IRICEN.

II. Security: The new website has been made such that it is hacking proof. In the website programming has been done to automatically logout the people who accidentally leave their computers after logging into the website. This will prevent misuse of the identity. The user id shall not be revealed anywhere on the website. The photo of the users and details are available on the website. To prevent misuse and identity theft, the photos have been watermarked with the letters "IRICEN". The photos cannot now be downloaded without the watermark.

III. Improved Protection of Members' Data:The Members' data is protected by suppressing the display of residence details on the new website.

IV. Zonal Railways' Sites: A space has been provided to all zonal railways, engineering related PSUs, Railway Board, etc to share the improvements, innovations etc on the new website. This feature was not available in the old website.

4. CONCLUSION: V. Shared Images' Homepage: The new website has provided a homepage for the members' images which IRICEN website is a very feature rich website. Lots of they want to share with others. These can be content is published here by IRICEN, and lots more comes searched and viewed easily. form the various stake holders. The website, thus is

providing a yeoman service for promoting the cause of the VI. On line Registration: Members who are coming to spreading awareness, knowledge and learning in the field IRICEN sometimes like inform regarding their of railway civil engineering. It is hoped that with more program for arrival and the family details or other features in the new website, in days to come, the website correspondence. A module is under development so will be even more popular and will meet its objectives more that this program can be easily given on the website meaningfully. Active contribution from the members is a and the message will go to concerned persons, i.e. must for the website to meet its desired objectives, and to hostel, transport and course in charge who can plan keep the team engaged in running the website motivated.the further activities. This will provide convenience to

IV. A facility has been provided to the members to do PNR enquiry direct from the site.

V. The google search facility for searching the website as well as the internet has been provided on the homepage.

l. Improvements Required:

I.At the moment, the website is accessible on internet only. It shall be made available on Railnet also to improve the accessibility of the website to the engineering officials down the line.

II. In due course, the website shall be modified and the classes shall be held as a full fledged remote teaching aid and the live virtual classroom on the website to be conducted by IRICEN faculty with question/answer sessions shall be possible to be held over internet/ railnet.

35

ByVijay Bhargava*

SYNOPSISMarch 2008 issue of IRICEN Journal of Civil Engineering carried a write-up on “System for Management of Engineering Drawings”. The present article is an attempt to structure the process of digitization and manage both paper copy and digital copies. The formulation of standards, in many international institutions suggest “Good Practices” before creating standards.This article is presented using the knowledge based on processing (Digitization, Restoration and Long Term Preservation) of a substantial quantities of the drawings of Railways. 9 stages deal with practically all aspects of management of old drawings. Though this is mainly addressed to 'Civil Engineering' wing of Railways (Civil engineering wing creates and manages longest lasting assets) the suggested practices are/should be equally applicable to engineering drawings of the other wings of the Railways.Organizations managing important documents have established procedures for the same. One such organizations is National Archives and Record Administration (NARA) of U.S.A. The idea to write this article came after I read their report “Technical Guidance 2004”. A substantial amount of information on Archiving and digitization is available on website: www.archives.gov.us. They have detailed report as their scope is for managing the records of Government of U.S.A. The second input for this article comes from the practical experience of processing a substantial volume of drawings of Railways and other organizations.

1. INTRODUCTION: market/ competition strategies. There is, therefore, a need to have the maximum information available at the finger tips

The Railways are operating in a highly competitive to aid in decision making. As a part of the same, there is a

environment. With the world economy on the upswing, need for digitizing the drawings so that they could become

there are great growth opportunities. There is a part of the information, which can be retrieved and

requirement for fast response to the emerging situations transmitted with speed.

and to upgrade/ improve the services in response to the

Suggested Good Practices for Digitization of

Engineering Drawings”

Sr. Element Purpose

1 Codification Essential for storage, retrieval, database preparation specially for digital files.

2 Data Base Preparation Information compilation with relevant variables

3 Storage Safe, secure storage with systematic approach is pre-requisite for efficientoperation

4 Classification Will assist storage and retrieval system based on importance of the drawings

5 Restoration/Digitization Process for converting Analog to Digital. Removal of noise.

6 Retrieval/Search Text and image data base help in storage and retrieval for quick reference o information in physical or digital form.

7 Dissemination Providing the information to various users at the earliest. Choice is Analog or digital.

8 Adding/Modifying Data Software for editing Raster Images, adding new drawings.

9 Disaster Plan Long term preservation and securing against earthquake, fire or any other disaster.

2. ELEMENTS OF GOOD PRACTICES FOR DIGITIZATION OF DRAWINGS:

The elements for the digitization of drawings for the railways shall have the following components:

Table 1

The above factors are discussed in detail further

* Director of B.B. Scima, New Delhi.36 IRICEN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

3. CODIFICATION: a railway, maximum numbers of storage points are less than 9. Therefore 2 digits for railway and a single

Unique identification code for each drawing is essential digit for division. One digit provided for departments input for digitization. The speed with which Railway is like Bridges, Land, Buildings etc. last 4 digits are for modernizing and upgrading will require digitization of serial number.drawings for efficient working.

This suggestion can be applicable to all the Railways. The drawing nos. by which drawings were recognized in manual system was a long one. Railway should consider All the drawings will have unique ID. This will create a evolving a system for providing unique ID for each drawing system which is “Mutually Exclusive” and for all Railways. We suggest following :- “Collectively Exhaustive.”

4.0 DATABASE:

Compiling information about drawings has been done historically on registers, loose papers, files etc. Very few variables were noted and balance of the relevant data was in the memory of people. The location of drawings has been person specific. With the computers being inducted in working system, it is strongly recommended that database of the drawings should be made.

At the moment, there are 16 Railways, 66 Divisions A suggested table of variables for use in preparing thus storage points are minimum 66 + 16 = 82. Within database of different departments may be as follows:

RailwayAlpha

Numeric

1 2 3

DivisionNumeric

4

ContentAlpha

5 6 7 8

Serial No. Numeric

The above table is meant to assist the users in deciding variables of data base.

Table 2

37

5. STORAGE SYSTEMS The floor area required for large format documents has to be large. In the absence of proper regime for looking after

Engineering Drawings are large format documents and the drawings, the storage space is often sacrificed for the therefore need different planning than library or office for a additional office space. This compression of space could proper storage. Drawings are loose leaf documents and do mean storing the drawings in bad condition (say filling them not have protection and organization that exists for books in Gunny bags), partially storing in unused covered area (binding) or office documents (file covers) (say attic or in basement) or even destruction.

As has been discussed in the paper published in the The destruction of drawings could take place if the alternate IRICEN Journal of Civil Engineering, March 2008 issue, the container or area is not found. Therefore, it is very important drawing paper gets affected by Temperature, Humidity, that the engineers shall plan for the proper storage and Light and Chemical pollution. Efforts have to be made to upkeep of the drawings. An example of the plan for storing minimize the impact of above elements on storage area. drawings is given below to show the requirements of an

effective storage system with good planning.In the Railway System, Engineering Drawings are stored at Headquarter Office of the Railways, Division Offices, An attempt has been made to structure the items required Support Offices and manufacturing wings. Within these to store 1000 drawings of A0 size. It is supposed to provide offices, there could be storage points for different a check list in the event officers of Railway want to disciplines of engineering. As a rough estimate, there build/upgrade/modify the drawing storage area.could be more than 300 storage rooms. For archives, there might be separate areas.

I will be overstepping my limits, if I suggest any layout plan processing and timing for each classification could vary.as the readers of this article are experienced and qualified 3. Fine Tuning of Search Systemin civil engineering. I am sure that if contents of this article

Normally there is no unanimity in deciding the importance are of interest to them, then best possible “secure and of drawings. A good practice could be to select few officers systematic area” for storage can be created. I intend to who generally use the drawings and give them the repeat the question as to 'How important are the electronic file of data base as well as print outs. They drawings for discharge of the duties?”should be requested to classify as per their perception. Combining such views could give basis for acceptable and 1. CLASSIFICATIONappropriate classification.

Every drawing in the storage will have different importance One of the alternatives is to classify the drawings in :-depending on the applicability. Having prepared the data

base of the drawings, the exercise for the classification can A. Regularly Requiredbe started. The variables for the data base must have B. Required Occasionallybeen chosen by the responsible officers and therefore the

C. Required only in special circumstancesbasis of classification can be evolved.The classification will help in :- This classification will help in deciding the location of the

storage and the drawings in category A can be stored in a 1. Designing Storage Systemstorage room in the office itself and those in the latter two 2. Reduction and spread of cost as the method of

Sr. Item Purpose Quantity

1 Plastic Pouches To keep 25 rolled drawings together with index 40 Drgs/Pouchavailable in pocket on out side.

2 Slotted angle Matrix of 12 x 8 or 10 x 10 to give 96 or 100 pigeon 4 x 100 x 40 = 1600 DrawingsShelf holes to store 4 pouches

3 Fire Proof To store film negatives and digital media 2000 NegativesBox/Cabinet

4 Computer For administrative work and search 2 Nos.

5 Plotter 40” or 44” width. For plotting digitized file on paper, 1 No.

tracing paper or polyester paper base material.

6 Photocopier A0 size For providing copies to the users 1 No.

7 Air-Conditioners Temperature and Humidity control As per advise of Vender

8 Lights Ultra violet to be avoided As required(Incandescent only)

9 Table 5' x 4' For seeing drawings 1 No.

Table 3

38

categories can even be stored at remote locations. consider the A. Total Quantity

7. DIGITIZATION & RESTORATION B. Percentage of drawings having poor optical quality

C. Percentage of drawings having poor physical Railway's history is more than 150 years and therefore qualitysubstantial volume of drawings is 75 years to 150 years of

age. Depending on base media, storage history and physical handling, they could be varying in optical and This will help the agency which is engaged in digitizing the physical conditions. The data base and subsequent drawings to quote the rates appropriately. classification would assist in deciding the choice of method/technology for digitization. Technically, there are · Quality of Scanning: Scanning is the process used to three methods : convert the analog image to the digital image. The

scanning can be done in three modes:1. Redraw in a CAD SoftwareA. Color scan where the original colors will be seen in 2. Film and Scan

digitized image.3. Direct Scanning

B. Gray scale where the image will be converted to 256 shades of gray. Black is one extreme and

Within film, there are two types:-white is at other.

· Conventional MicrofilmC. Black & White or line art. In this mode the colors · Macro Film (RADS)

including black & white are converted to either black dots or white dots. One has the option of The advantages of digitization are many, and these have choosing the 'threshold level' which determines been discussed in the IRICEN Journal of Civil Engineering, the levels above which the dots will be black and March 2008 issue. below white.

This article is arguing need for “good practices of This method is very good, if the original is with “white management of drawings” and therefore, it is stressed background and black content”. However, in old here that a prior step should be of “Documenting the drawings and blue prints, the color shades are many. quality requirement of digitized output”. Based on the level of threshold, either the images will have missing parts (converted to white dots) or unreadable The basis for quality requirement should be :-black portion (converted to black dots)· “The Engineering Integrity of the original drawing

can not be compromised”. The digitized output should The scanning method to be used shall be decided on the give same engineering interpretation as original would basis of the drawing quality. For the drawings in good have given. For this purpose, it is important that the optical quality, any method will be good enough but for the contractor or agency involved in the restoration process drawings having poor optical quality/ colours in drawings has sufficient experience or technical knowledge etc, the method is to be chosen carefully and the final regarding the details mentioned in the drawings. Any output will depend on the method of scanning as well as normal computer fellow with a scanner will not be able to the skill of the persons engaged in the scanning process. do justice to maintaining the engineering integrity of the The close specifications shall be laid down, especially for drawing.the drawings having slightly poor quality, otherwise, there are chances of the drawing getting further damaged in the · The second step suggested is of documenting the process of scanning without any advantages to the railway. technical specifications. The contents of this should

An image of old drawing scanned with different levels of threshold gives totally different results as can be seen below :-

Desired Final quality Image with fading type blue print

39

Threshold value - 15 Threshold value - 20

Threshold value - 40 Threshold value - 30 Threshold value varies from 1 to 100 in Black & White scanning (1 black 100 white).

40

8.0 ADDING AND MODIFYING engineering drawings to be important enough to be considered for protection against disasters”. In the present economic situation of India, the railways are

a dynamic organization in terms of growth, modification It is human nature to assume that disasters will not strike and upgradation. Therefore, it is logical to presume that their place and therefore why plan for it. The interest in this new drawings will be added to drawing management activity will be generated if there are resources allocated. system. Therefore this activity has to be a strategic decision. It will

be prudent to store drawings in fire proof and flood proof The good practices should include a “Unique ID storage rooms, and take further safeguards in storing the Allocation System”. Along with this, a procedure for drawings as mentioned in the paper published IRICEN including the newly prepared drawing into the drawing Journal of Civil Engineering, March 2008 issue. Further management system should be laid out. Since, new care can be taken if new storage room is being constructed drawings are prepared mostly in digital format, there will to build in the features of safety during earthquake also.not be much problem in integrating the same into the

existing database. Whenever a drawing is approved, the 10.0 SUMMARY:Unique id shall be generated through the computer and the The decision point for the records is whether the drawings in number shall be continued till the alterations/ additions are their custody are important and valuable assets or not. If made and the final completion drawings come into they are important, then what is the process by which to fix a existence. The proper storage of the drawings in physical value? If the value is accepted by the railways, then form shall be ensured. Whatever storage system is carrying out “cost-benefit analysis” and proposing planned shall take into account the rate of accrual of new resources would become more systematic. The benefits are drawings and the storage system shall cater for all existing unquantifiable at present academic level of working. Some drawings as also new drawings for a longish period, say 30- research in this direction will assist in giving this topic, the 40 years. importance it deserves.9.0 DISASTER PLAN This paper is meant to introduce the concept. A substantial The Central and State governments are stressing the need amount of academic thinking supported by the instances of for minimizing the damage done by the natural and practical experience is required to lay down the manmade disasters. One of things Indian Railways may specifications for management of the drawings, which an want to consider is the safeguarding of the important organization of the size and importance of the railways must documents against the possible disasters. have. It is hoped that in short time, such a document will

emerge and the engineering drawings will be maintained The again raises the point “Whether Railway considers properly for the benefit of the organization.

41

Non Destructive Testing of Buildings

Infrared thermography (IRT) can be def ined as the sc ience of acquisition and analysis of data from non-contact thermal imaging devices. The process of thermal imaging has simplified over the years with the availability of efficient, high resolution infrared cameras that convert the radiation sensed from the surfaces into thermal images. Thermography literally means 'writing with heat', just as photography implies 'writing with light'. The invisible infrared radiation emitted by bodies is converted into temperature and displayed as thermal images (thermographs). The recent developments in thermography and image processing has made the technique a valuable addition to the repertoire of non-destructive testing methods. Thermography is not only a non-contact technique but also totally non-destructive.Infrared thermography is a powerful tool to investigate structural condition and equally useful for damage assessment. It is a non-contact and non-destructive method that enables rapid investigations. Highly efficient infrared cameras and versatile s o f t w a r e h a v e s i m p l i f i e d thermography considerably over the years. Whi le infrared t h e r m o g r a p h y h a s w i d e applications in process industries, it is not yet extensively adopted in the investigation of buildings. The paper presents a brief historical account of infrared thermography, t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f electromagnetic radiation, thermal imaging and applications in civil engineering. Numerous other applications of thermal imaging are also discussed briefly along with the advantages and limitations.

Ref. : D.S. Prakash Rao, “Infrared Thermography and its Applications

in Civil Engineering”, The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol.82, No.5,

May 2008, pp 41-50.

Journal Details

Based on extensive tests and analyse, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The mechanical frozen condition of the lower link pin was the root cause of the failure of the Southeast strut of the Paseo Bridge. As a result, the strut was subjected to significant bending in addition to its design axial act ion as the temperature dropped to below zero. T h e r e f o r e , t h e s t r u t w a s overstressed and fractured when its fracture toughness was reduced at low temperatures.

2. Fatigue was not a contributing factor for the strut failure. If the lower link pins were free to rotate, the crack initiation life of the strut is practically infinite even under the worst scenario of live loads and at low temperatures.

3. Fracture initiated at the point where the flange of the rolled section S24x120 was coped from the web. The mechanical freezing of the lower link pin has been attributed to salt and sand accumulation in the lower link housing, discovered during the bridge inspection two months prior to failure.

4. Greasing the upper and lower pins during normal in sections would have prevented the freezing condition of the lower link pin. However, the original design of the lower link pin housing did not allow for the routine maintenance of the pin without dissembling the housing system. An engineering lesson learned from this incidence was lack of access to the lower link area for proper maintenance.

BY:- M.S.HAJI Sheik Mohammed & G,M,SAMUEL KNIGHT

Ref. :Journal of structural engineering, Vol.35. No.1, April-

May 2008)

Jacketing of Columns

Following previous studies, the authors described an experimental study performed to analyze the influence of the interface treatment on the seismic behaviour of c o l u m n s s t r e n g t h e n e d b y reinforced concrete (RC) jacketing to increase their ultimate bending moment. A numerical study, subsequently conducted to further investigate this subject, is also presented. I has been concluded that, for undamaged columns with a bending moment/shear force ratio greater than 1.0, it is not necessary to consider any type of interface treatment before casting a RC jacket with a thickness less than 17.5% of the column width to obtain a monolithic behaviour of the composite element.

Ref. : Eduardo N.B.S. Julio and Fernando A.B. Branco,

“Reinforced Concrete Jacketing Influence on Cyclic Loading

Response”, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 105, No.4, July-August 2008,

pp 471-477.

The stabilized Mud Block:This paper deals with energy efficient low carbon emission alternative for masonry buildings. Clay is used in building after burning to improve its strength and imperviousness. The consumption of bricks in India is over 150 billion per annum. The manufacture of burnt bricks requires energy, releases green house gases and natural resources including fertile top soil. Stabilized Mud Block (SMB) is one of the alternatives to these bricks. SMB is a dense solid block manufacture from local materials like soil and sand, and stabilizers like cement/lime, without burning. Majority of soils including black cotton soil can be used for SMBs with varying quantity of lime. These bricks can be manufactured at the construction site itself.Author: Dr. BV Venkatrama ReddyRef.: Time Journal of Construction

and Design February 2008, Page 26 to 28.

Literature Digest

42

Development Of Soil-cement Fly Ash Slab Panel For Cost- Effective Housing

During investigation carried out to study the strength and durability of soil-cement fly ash block (SCF block) locally available soil was blended with 5% cement and fly ash varying from 5 to 50 % with the increment of 5%. Blending of two different soil with sand was done to achieve the grading of blended soil which closely matches the fuller curve of minimum voids. Optimum fly ash content to be added in the m i x was de te rm ined f r om experimental programme. Standard SCF block specimens of size 215x100x75 mm were prepared and cured. These SCF blocks having wet compressive strength of 3.3 to 5.3 MPa and satisfying the performance in terms of durability were used to develop slab panels. The slab panel of size 180x350x75 mm were cast using SCF blocks and were subjected to flexural test. The test results indicate higher experimental load carrying capacity and moment carrying capacity w h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h e corresponding theoretical value. The slab panels were then assembled to form a roof over 3mx3m room and integrated performance of slab was tested for deflection recovery as per Indian Standard Code procedure. The test results indicate satisfactory performance complying with the requirements given in relevant Indian Standard Codes. Further, the slab also indicates satisfactory performance in terms of durability requirements.

Ref. : Master builder Feb-08

Cable Replacement in Bridge:

The Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge over river Mississippi, Louisiana (USA) has a cable stayed 372m main span and 837m overall length. At the time of construction (1983), the prefabricated cables had came in protective HDPE pipe. After erection, the space between wires and pipe of each cable was filled with a cementitious grout and the entire pipe was wrapped in tape to protect from UV rays. However even early on, inspections revealed protective sheathing to have split and cracked at places. After initial inspections, measuring in situ forces and damping levels in exist ing cables using laser vibrometer, detailed inspection of cables was done using visual i n s p e c t i o n a n d i n f r a r e d thermography. The inspections gave evidence of wire corrosion at few isolated locations. Upon cost benefit analysis of various repair schemes, to preclude the need for continuing maintenance of existing cables, complex cable replacement has been planned. This aims to extend service life by approximately 75 years, at an estimated cost of $20 million to $30 million. The new cables will have their own corrosion protection system as against grout in old cables. The construction sequence is to be made in such a manner as to avoid any transfer of load to old suspect cables. Temporary cables will be used for the same.

Ref. : Author: Jeff L BrownRef.: Civil Engineering, March 08,

Vol.78, No.3, Page 24-27

Aerial Mapping and Surveys

Surveying and mapping has tremendous scope in a developing country like India. With the opening up of the Indian economy, there is a great demand for infrastructure services. The work is getting more diverse from wind farms, SEZs, telecom infrastructure to traditional areas l ike roads, pipelines, irrigation networks and townships. New and exciting technologies like LIDAR Mapping and Mobile Video Mapping are starting to make inroads. These technologies are still in their infant stage in India though they have existed in countries like the USA for over a d e c a d e . P r i v a t e S e c t o r photogrammetric mapping is also making a beginning. We foresee stunted and restricted growth in the private sector aerial mapping unless the permission process is made friendlier and the permit processing time is cut down drastically. There is large scope for C a d a s t r a l m a p p i n g a n d development of Land Information Systems is the country and this provides a tremendous opportunity. Andhra Pradesh has made the first steps with its Bhubharathi program and other s ta tes are a lso developing similar programmes. All these projects demand aerial mapping since the areas are very large and widely distributed. We must liberalise the permitting process to be on similar lines as other developed nations, if these projects are to be implemented in a rapid and timely manner.

Ref. : Dhyan Appachu & Lalitha R, “The Future of Surveying in India”, GIS Development, Vol. 12, Issue 7,

July 2008, pp 45.

Did You Know ?

Most of the Track engineers have a feeling that after packing of track by tamping machine the versine at the

central circular curves are quite uniform (or the variation of versine between station to station is reasonable) but in

the transition portion difference of versine between station to station is higher and some goose neck or S curve like

track is formed at the end. This may happen because of non application of transition correction. Normally the

machine has been provided with tables which indicate the transition correction in terms of versine is to be fed

through Slew Potentio Meter in the front tower. The maximum value of versine correction for transition depends on

the radius of curve and length of transition and the pattern of increase and decrease of slew correction is also given

in the machine catalogue which can be obtained from the machine operator.

If such a versine correction for transitin operation is applied properly the Track Geometry obtained in the

transition portion will be far better.

43

Sugarcane Waste As Pozzolanic Material

Did this idea ever cross your mind while drinking the sugarcane juice in the hot summer afternoons that the waste pulp being generated can be used to build your dream home? This is one area of research now in Cuba, where the disposal of the sugarcane waste is a b ig environmental problem. It has been seen that the ashes of sugar straw

C o r r o s i o n p r o t e c t i o n o f reinforced Bars Based on the various tests conducted, the performance evaluation of coating systems is done and the following conclusions were drawn;l Inhibited cement slurry coating, Cement polymer composite coating and Cement polymer anticorrosive coating possesses the necessary corrosion resistance properties as required by the Indian Standards.l Galvanization offers excellent sacrificial protection to steel rebars in the tested mediums except 3M NaOH. The performance of Galvanized rebars in controlling corrosion under accelerated corrosion condition is for a limited period.l Cement polymer composite coating prolongs the time required for cracking to a factor of 6 compared to uncoated bar. Inhibited cement slurry coating, Galvanization and Cement Polymer anticorrosive coating appreciably increases the crack resistant time to a factor of 1.5-2.3l Open circuit potential test results revealed a low corrosion risk for all the coating systems in the tested period.l Bond strength development of coated rebars with concrete is adequate for all the coating systems and pass the codal requirements of Indian Standards.l All the coating systems had the necessary impact resistance properties as required by the Indian Standard and ASTM.l Cement polymer composite coating and Galvanized coating exhibited excellent flexibility characteristics and pass the codal requirements as per Indian Standards and ASTM. Based on test results it was suggested that Inhibited cement slurry coating and Cement polymer anticorrosive coating has to be applied after the cutting and bending operation is over.

BY:- G.D.CHEN,C.COURTRIGHT,L.R.D

HARANI,B.XU,B.HARTNGEL

Ref. :Journal of structural engineering, Vol.35. No.1,

April-May 2008)

Plankton Power

This paper discusses a system that takes advantage of the natural bacterial decomposition of biomass in the world's oceans and seas. This can not only produce biomethane to replace dwindling fossil fuels but also, by harnessing the absorptive power of algae, remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Ref. : Author: Mark E. Caproy Ref.: Civil Engineering, March 08,

Vol 78, No.3, Page 52-57

Recycled Aggregate Concrete

The increase in the utilisation of concrete produced with recycled aggregate is gaining popularity of late, with the prospect of becoming a widely diffused product in the near future. Therefore, research on this material is still arousing the interest of the scientific medium, having in mind the need of searching the al ternat ives for sustainable deve lopment and lower ing environmental impact. In the present work, an experimental programme was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the viability of the physical properties of recycled aggregate for utilisation in concrete is being examined for different recycled aggregate replacement as per Indian Standard code provisions for aggregates. In the second stage, an experimental work was conducted to develop 40 Mpa concrete using higher recycled aggregate replacements and silica fume. It was found that the required compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength could be developed using recycled aggregate rep lacements in concrete. It can be concluded from the study that recycled aggregate concrete is not inferior to normal concrete.

Ref. : M.L.V. Prasad & P. Rathish Kumar, “Utilisation of Recycled

Aggregate Concrete from Demolished Waste for Structural

Concrete”, The Bridge & Structural Engineer, March 2008, pp 13-26.

This paper deals with the problem in construction sector which is notorious for the dichotomy between (a) its intensive use of information in its decision-making processes and (b) its limited access to, and insufficient use of, the pertinent information that is potentially available. In the context of the potential availability of valid information on the Web. Author have developed a question-and-answer system, which enables construction practitioners to seek for information by posing questions in English or French, instead of entering a list of relevant keywords. Based on a modular systems approach using natural language, relevant answers to questions are selected and presented in a convivial way, thus improving and speeding up the classical Web search procedure. The system consists of two main components: An intelligent robot that traverses a Web space and decides whether a page is construction oriented or not, and a question-answer (Q-A) component (comprising three modules) that uses a domain-specific thesaurus to extract meaningful parts of a question and to detect, process, and present paragraph passages extracted from relevant Web pages. The robot is trained on positive and unlabeled examples using a machine learning a p p r o a c h , w h i l e t h e Q - A component uses natural language processing techniques.Providing Answers to Questions

from Automatically collected web pages for Intelligent

Decision Making in the Construction Sector:

1By Milos Kovacevic ; Jian-Yun 2Nie and Colin Davidson.;

Ref.: Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, Jan./Feb.08, Vol 22,

No.1

44

and sugar bagasse burned at a temperature of 800 to 100OC in a furnace have pozzolanic properties. Even mixing of sugar cane straw with the clay and calcining with mixture has shown good pozzolanic properties. It has also been revealed that bagasse has comparatively less pozzolanic activity than sugar cane straw and that its pozzolanic properties exhibit variat ion with the calcining tempera tu re . The d i f fe ren t pozzolanic rates of these materials in fact give a technological advantage by giving a choice of materials required for different kind of construction activities. So next t ime when you par take of sugarcane juice don't look at the waste with disdain. On a serious note this could change the plight of sugarcane farmers.

Ref : Ernesto Villar-Cocinq moisesfrias rojas eduardo valencia

morales ACI material Journal May-June 2008

Data Compression

In 1948, Dr. Claude E. Shannon formulated the theory of data compression. After that, a variety of data compression theories and methods have been developed. Today, they are an integral part of the applications software and not explicitly mentioned, but they certainly contribute a great deal of convenience to our daily life. There a re va r i ous ' r eady - to -use ' compression tools available for many different types of usage. You may have heard of some of them, such as MP3, AAC, WMA formats, which were designed for audio data compression, JPEG, for picture compression, and ZIP, for the compression of data. Data compression technologies always work behind the scenes to improve the usability, conformability, and

convenience of hardware and related services.Today, Location-Based-Services (LBS) is focussed on expanding their markets and becoming as popular as other IT services. Especially in the mobile phone market in advanced countries, almost every mobile phone is equipped with a GPS and is LBS-ready. Yet people do not use these services unless they are as easy and comfortable to use as MP3 players and music download services.Now new data compression technologies especially designed for LBS/GIS data are in high demand.

Ref. : Naoki Ueda, “Data Compression”, GIS Development,

Vol. 12, Issue 6, June 2008, pp 40-44.

There are various types waterproofing methods adopted for the area (as mentioned in the article) using traditional as well as chemical based waterproofing compounds. They are as follows :

Type of substrate Waterproofing method adopted

Basement waterproofing : Membrane based, bitumen based coatings, cementatious grouting, epoxy grouting, Emulsion polymers based grouting, saline and silicone based grouts, etc.

Vertical walls/dead walls : Cementatious, grouts, solvent/water-based sealers, cement modified polymer coating film forming paints/coatings, etc.

Kitchen/WC/toilets/balconies: Brickbat, cement modified polymers coatings, bitumen based coating and polymers modified compounds.

Terrace waterproofing : Conventional brickbat, polymers modified cement based coating, flexible coating in combination with membranes based on modified plastics and textiles, saline/silicone modified coating, impregnating coating, use spl admixtures to make the concrete denser to reduce the porosity of the concrete.

Swimming pools : Special cementations groups, polymeric groups, Bitumen based membranes, water reducing admixtures, crystalline based waterproofing compounds, acrylic polymers based compounds, etc.

Treatment for expansion joints : Special silicone based scalars, Polysulphide Sealants, PE based Rods in combination with sealants.

Over head and underground : Water reducing admixtures, polymer, modified cement based compounds, crystalline water tanks cased waterproofing, flexible polymer based sandwich layer waterproofing Injection grouting based on polymers and epoxy copounds.

Terrace garden and sloping roots : Bitumenbased, Polymer modified membrane based coatings, flexible membrane along with polymer based waterproofing APP modified hot cold applied membrane based coating.

DID YOU KNOW ?

45

NEW PRODUCTSDry Air Desiccant Dehumidifier Concrete, due to its reactive characteristics, requires protection from many common conditions found in the industrial and marine areas; However coating concrete for protection is more complex than other surfaces. Moisture in concrete is required for gain of strength of concrete. Excess moisture in concrete will travel to surface and cause fish eye or bubbling on the coating. This may cause coating failure. Normally this moisture is removed in six months (6” thick concrete) but it may lead to delay in projects. To remove the excess moisture, ventilation, heating and dehumidification etc are employed. Dry-Air Desiccant Dehumidifier is an economical and reliable method of concrete drying and it removes moisture from the air, through a process of continuous physical adsorption, and can maintain the humidity conditions required. It can maintain room humidity(RH) as low as one percent at conduct level regardless of ambient conditionsRef.: Time Journal of Construction

and Design March 08, Page 41

Concrete Floors For Platforms

The trend in the western world is to have concrete floors as compared to vinyl tile/quarry tile/wood or carpet even for indoor retail shop f loors . Th is is not a new development and concrete floors with good finishes were used few decades back. Present trend is not motivated only because of the economic considerations but is guided by other factors likel These require less and cheaper daily maintenance as compared to vinyl and other floorsl The concrete floors are more permeable to vapors from ground moisture and help in reducing the pressure and main tenance p rob lems as compared to impermeable vinyl fixed with epoxy.l Good penetrating breathable sealers are available in the market like Sodium and Lithium silicatesl Good qual i ty of coloring compounds in liquid form are now availablel Good gloss finish with high abrasion resistance can be achieved with the availability of good grinding systemsl Aesthetics offered by decorative flooring make the option of concrete attractivel Concrete floors are green floors and earn the owners the Leed ratingDiamond polishing is a popular way to improve the floor reflectivity and results in elegant looking floors, which can be used in place of kota stone and granite.

Ref.: Concrete Construction June 2008

Sweet sorghum produces 'GREEN' ethanol

International Crops Research Institute for semi-arid tropics has found that individual stalks of sweet sorghum can be used to create ethanol as well as food. The plant grows in dry conditions. It requires 33% less energy for ethanol production than from corn.

Re.: Civil Engineering, June 2008, Page-30

Pergo Floars Pergo, a Swedish Company, has come out with new technology called Pergo SoftTech which makes extremely durable laminate floors, which are more silent and more comfortable to walk in. The secrete behind the technology is the sound proofing layer just under the hard laminate surface. This innovation complements the earlier Pergo Sound Bloc, which was an underlay material glued to bottom of the plank of all Prego floors. Thus Pergo SoftTech floor employs two sound blocks, and gives better performance.

Ref.: Times Journal of Construction and Design,

March 08, Page 61

Quippo Infra's All New Rotary Piling Rig In Kolkatta

Quippo Infrstructure Equipment Limited (QIEL), has acquired new Rotary Piling Rig for infrastructural development. This Rotary Piling Rig can work at a depth of 40 mtrs., with a radius of 2000 mm and can drill any type of ground with different drilling techniques and is developed with the help of a CAD system. QIEL had started operations by lending it to Tantia Construction Ltd. (TCL) in Kolkatta which would use it for the 1117 mtr long flyover at Salt Lake Rajarhat bye pass aimed at easing heavy vehicular traffic in the area Kolkatta.

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) Delhi and Banglore Metro Corporation Banglore have also engaged Quippo's pilling rigs.

Ref.: Master builder July-08

Tac TilesInterface FLOR, recently launched 'Tac Ti les ' and innova t i ve installation system for carpet tiles, in India. Tac Tiles is a new adhesive product, which is an eco friendly alternative that simplifies the process of carpet installation. Tac Tiles are 3” x 3” adhesive squares made from a chemically inert polymer, the same material used to create soda bottles. These stickers are affixed to the backing of adjoining carpet tiles, bonding them together to create “floating floor”.

Ref.: Time Journal of Construction and Design Jan 2008, Page 54

Specialty Mall initiates operation of Construction Retail Store: Ishanya has reportedly announced the commencement of home town a new retail concept spread over 1,20,000 sq.ft. The Home Town outlet at Ishanya will apparently provide all the materials required for building and furnishing a house.

Ref.: Times Journal of Construction and Design

Jan 2008, page 52

46

Flexible Concrete

Flexible concrete which becomes stronger as it cracks has not only been made but used in the construction of multistory buildings in Japan. Japan as you all know is known is famous for its tea ceremony as a lso fo r the devastating Earthquakes. The flexible concrete uses polymer fiber having a thickness of a human hair, which prevents the concrete from cracking. Not only that this concrete can stretch 100 times more than the regular concrete.

Ref- Concrete Engineering International Spring 2008

“Fenesta unplasticized polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC) window and doors”

Fenesta UVC windows and doors promise to add comfort and ambicuce to modern off ice atmosphere. This product has triple sealing system to completely cut out noise and dust and there is no leakage of cold air from inside or hot air from outside. Since these are termite proof, fire resistant, do not fade or discolour even in harsh weather and are strong due to steel reinforcement, the product is markedly superior to other products in the category.

Re.: Times Journal of Construction and design, April 2008, Page 64.

"Theam Concrete Conveyor Belt"

Theam Concrete Conveyor Belt when equipped on concrete mixer trucks can place any type of concrete from 2-20cm slump, mortar and aggregates (sand, gravel, stone etc) at the final location with only on man. It is ideal for small / medium job sites where small quantity of concrete are required or in narrow areas where pumps and cranes cannot be used. The conveyor belt is 8 times cheaper than a concrete pump, and maintenance is easy.

Re.: Time Journal of Construction and Design, April 2008, Page 58

“Concrete to Grancrete”

Grancrete is a novel ceramic material which is twice as strong as concrete. Grancrete is 50% sandy oil, 25% ash and 25% binding material (magnesium oxide and potassium phosphate). Grancrete is fire resistant and can withstand high as well a low temperatures. Grancrete hardness very quickly and can be used for fast pace construction of buildings.

Re.: Times Journal of Construction and Design, April 2008, PP-30-31.

CORROSHIELD (Construction fasteners)

Corroshield is the fastening solution using welding technology in which shear connector and substrate are used. Shear connector is placed perpendicular to substrate, welding machine introduces current to ignite welding tip. After welding is complete, the ferrule is broken. This is the product of Engineering edge (Singapore) PTE LTD and m a r k e t e d b y A S O N S ENTERPRISE, Chennai.

Re.: Master builder May-08For further details readers may

refer to website www.corroshield.net

Correct Cement: The Indian cement market is obsessed with strength. Ordinary Portland cement grade 53 has the highest initial strength and thus, is perceived as the best product by the market. In the cement plants rated by GRP, grade 53 accounts for 58 percent of the total OPC m a n u f a c t u r e d . B u t m o s t construction activities do not need stronger grade cement than OPC 33. In fact, PPC cement prides strength comparable to OPC 43-53 grade and is sufficient for most construction activities. The use of OPC-33, therefore, represents misuse of limestone and waste of energy.

Ref.: Time Journal of Construction and Design

March 08, page 18.

INDIAN GRANITE FOR BEIJING GAMESIndian granite industry has hogged the limelight in China contributing significantly for the Beijing Games 2008

for its huge construction programme. Indian granite varieties such as pure black, tan brown, white galaxy, blue

from Visakhapatnam and grey from Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh were extensively used in construction of

various facilities. China also imports granite from Brazil and countries in Africa but the export momentum from

India would continue till next year. For instance in 2005, China imported 23.89 lakh tonne of marble block

valued at around $380 million or Rs. 1700 crore and 20.46lakh tones of granite block worth around $400 million

or Rs. 1800 crore and India's share was over ten percent in terms of volume and worth more than Rs. 600 crore.

The numbers for this year would be much more, says the industry. China usually imports dimensional block

granite stone from India, give value addition and sends finished products to various other countries. China as

such has a number of quarries but it still depends on India for colors such as pure black, grey and white

varieties.

Woodwork and Carpentry Water Supply, drainage and PlumbingThe book is meant to serve as a guide book with The book is illustrated with sketches and drawings and simplified concepts and working procedure explained in explains the finer details of wood working and carpentry steps, profusely illustrated with sketches and diagrams, trade. There are several thumb rules to guide and instruct for skilled artisans and Engineers alike. It has been a the proper method of working and improve the workman

ship of artisans. The JE/SE (Works) can coach the deliberate attempt to avoid including complicated theory, carpenters by simple step wise procedure explained for all reproduction of codes, and any involved mathematical the details required for constructing and maintaining formulae. It covers all the issues which concern the SE or woodwork. Assistant Engineers and senior officers will

JE/Works in day to day maintenance and construction of find it very handy for conducting Trade tests and other

PLUMBING SYSTEMS in any colony or township. This departmental examinations.book will also be helpful in answering the LDCE, GDCE

Table of Contents and AMIE Examination.)Chapter-1. Carpentry tools

Table of ContentsChapter 1- Plumbing toolsChapter-2. Wood for carpentry

1. General 2. Hard Woods Chapter 2- Pipes and fittings3. Soft Wood 4. Manufactured Woods 1. Introduction,

2. Cast Iron Pipes, fittings, joining procedureChapter-3. Wood screws nails3. Ductile Iron Pipe, fittings, joining procedure 1. General 2.Nails and nailing4. Galvanised Iron (GI) Pipes, fittings, joining procedure3. Scerws and procedure 4.Hinges5. Steel Pipes, fittings, joining procedure 5. Tower bolts 6. Aldrops6. Concrete pipes(PSC, RCC, Non pressure pipes), 7. Right angle tees 8. Door closers

fittings, joining procedure9. Sand papers 10.Synthetic glues7. Asbestos Cement (AC) pipes, fittings, joining procedure

Chapter-4. Wood work joints 8. Stone ware pipes, fittings, joining procedure 9. Plastic pipes, fittings, joining procedure 1. Different types of joints10. Common guidelines for laying and fixing pipelines.2. Tips for good working

3. Working drawings- Chapter 3- Plumbing Fixturesa)Cutting and cleaning a shoulder 1. Taps 2. Wash basins and sinksb)‘T’ and ‘X’ Joints 3. Showers 4. Water closet,c) Cutting the pin 5. Flushing Cisterns 6. Urinals ,d) Cutting Mortise and tenon 7.Different type of valves 8. Traps. e)‘T’ and ‘X’ Joints in Planks 9. Water tanksf) Dovetailed Joints

Chapter 4- Water supply and Distribution1. Source of water supply 2. Water Chapter -5. Doors and WindowsRequirement/Demand 1. General3. Transmission 4. Treatment 2. Doors- Frames and Shutters5. distribution 6.Choice of Proper Pipe Matl. 3. Procedure of Fixing doors 4. Windows7. Diameter of pipes 8. Storage Reservoirs:5. Ventilators 6. Fixtures and fittings9. Capacity of Pumping 10. Use of Valves

Chapter-6. Aluminum sliding Windows 11.Water Pressure in water distribution system 1. General 2. Materials and sections 12.Water supply plan 3. Making of frame 4. Making Shutter 13. Preventive Maintenance of Pipe Lines 5. Wire mesh and Glazing bars Chapter 5- House Drainage

1. Principles for Drainage 2. Drain Appurtenances Chapter-7. Glass and Glazing3. Building Drainage 4. Storm water drainage 1. Types of glass 2. Guidelines for use of glass5. Drainage systems 3. Fixing of Glass in wooden frames6. Septic tanks, Principles of design of septic tanks4. Fixing of glass in Aluminum or Steel sections7. Maintenance of sewers

Chapter- 8. Sloped Roofs and Ceilings Chapter 6- Development of subsurface water1. Pitched Roofs 2. Trusses 1. Ground Water3. Spacing of Purlins 4. CGI/AC Sheet Roofing 2. Development of Ground water sources 5. False Ceilings- Types of ceilings, Frames, AC sheet or 3. Open wells 4. Drilling or Boring Hessian cloth ceiling, Aluminum frame ceilings 5. Spacing of wells 6. Hand Pumps

7. Deep tube Wells – Testing, Depth, Water level, Chapter-9. Miscellaneous Verticality, Yield and drawdown1. Timber Rot 2. Lamination 8. Power driven Pumps 9. Water Harvesting

Size- 9"X 71/2 “ , 150 pages(Apprx.) Size-9"x71/2"x200(Appx) pagesPrice- Rs. 80.00 Price- Rs. 90.00

Railway Engineering Technical SocietyPublications

The RETS, Pune has published 3 books under the Practical Guidebook Series as under, 1. Masonary and Concrete – Compiled by Shri A. V. Dasare, Technical Assistant/IRICEN 2. Woodwork and Carpentry- Compiled by Shri Sunil Pophale, Section Engineer/ IRICEN and 3. Plumbing- water Supply and Drainage - Compiled by Shri J. M. Patekari, Chief Tech. Assistant/IRICENand edited by Shri A.K.Goel, Director/IRICEN and President of RETS. The purpose of writing the books has been to reach the various Artisans and Field Engineers to improve the skills in the respective trades. There is practically no written material directly available on the above subjects giving the details of materials, tools, and good working practices explained in steps which can be easily understood and followed to execute a job with good Engineering practice. The material is largely collected based on detailed discussions with Artisans, contractors and dealers in different materials. Reference has also been made to the printed matter in codes and handbooks wherever required. It is considered that these books shall be of immense help to all Engineers dealing in Construction and Maintenance of Civil structures, not only in spreading the knowledge of good workmanship but also framing practical and workable specifications of works and items executed by contractors. It may be worth considering to make these a standard text book in all Training institutes for Civil Engineers like DETS, ZETS and IRICEN etc. A beginning in this direction has already been made at IRICEN. These will be available from the office of Secretary, RETS C/O IRICEN, Pune. Due to constraints of funds only limited copies have been printed. You are requested to place demand for your requirements of copies, accompanied with cost of the books in any acceptable mode of payment like cash, M.O., D.D. etc. E-payment options will be made available shortly.

Chapter-6. Plastering and PointingMasonary and Concrete1. General 2. Finishes of Plaster

The book deals the subject in a very crisp and lucid 3. External Plaster 4. Internal Plastermanner without resorting to high worded theory or 5. Cracks in Plaster 6. Pointingmathematics. This will be of great help to all civil engineers, whether in field, planning or construction. Chapter-7. Concrete and R.C.C.

1. IntroductionThe topics are well illustrated with sketches diagrams 2. Raw Materials - Cement, fine aggregates, Stone and pictures. JE/SE(Works) would find it as a very useful

aggregates, Water, Form work, Steel companion in supervising the works and framing Reinforcement, Admixturesspecifications of works.

3. Properties of Wet Concrete- workability, Segregation, bleedingTable of contents

4. Mixing of ConcreteChapter-1. Tools for Mason5. Ready Mixed Concrete6. Placing of Concrete Chapter-2. Excavation and Setting out works7. Ibration of Concrete8. Curing of Concrete Chapter-3. Materials9. Properties of Hard Concrete1. Cement 2. Fine aggregates10. Permeability of Concrete3. Stone Aggregates 4. Bricks11. Construction joints and cold joints5. Steel Reinforcement bars 6.Prestressing steel12. Under water Concrete7. Concrete blocks13. Guniting / shotcreting8. Floor and wall tiles and slabs9. Paver blocks14. Pressure grouting 15. Design MixChapter-4. Brick and UCR masonry

1. General 2. Mortar Chapter-8. Water Proofing of roofs 3. Bonds in masonry 4. Half brick walls 1. General 2. RCC Flat roofs 5. Scaffolding 6. Brick columns 3. Water Closets 4. Bath rooms 7. Corbelling 8. Grooves and 5. Junction of parapet 6. Construction Jointchases

Chapter-9. Miscellaneous 9. Measure in Seismic zones 10. UCR Masonry

1. Chhajjas, Lintels, sunshades, rain breaker2. Stairs

Chapter-5. Flooring and tiling1. Introduction 2. I.P.S. Flooring

Size - 9"X71/2" (225X176 mm) Pages-160 (Appx.) 3. Tiles and stones Flooring 4.Skirting

Price- Rs. 80.00 5. Grinding and Polishing 6. Paver Blocks

Railway Engineering Technical SocietyPublication

Date post:	08-Nov-2014
Category:	Documents
Upload:	js-kalyana-rama
View:	84 times
Download:	4 times

Iricen Journal Sept. 2008

Documents