Date post: | 17-Jul-2015 |
Category: |
Economy & Finance |
Upload: | anugu-amarender-reddy |
View: | 40 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Labour scarcity and farm mechanisation:
A cross state comparison A Amarender Reddy
Principal ScientistDivision of Agricultural Economics
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Changes in rural labour markets• Prolonged stick land and labour markets• Increase in wage rates• Relative scarcity of labour across the states• Growing opportunities in non-farm employment• Multiple activities for farmers and agricultural
labourers• Growing importance of social security• Rural-urban linkages• Replacement of family labour and animal labour• Farm mechanisation
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Objectives
• To assess the labour use and farm mechanisation in major crops among different states
• To assess labour productivity across the states• To examine the extent of casualisation of
labour
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Methodology
• Data: Costs of cultivation scheme for the period 1997 to 2010.
• The paper analysed the trends in labour use (casual labour and family labour), machine use and labour productivity for five major crops namely, paddy, wheat, cotton, sugarcane and chickpea in the major states.
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Human labour (days/ha) TE 2010
State Sugarcane Cotton Paddy Maize Wheat Chickpea Total
TN 294 140 217
Maharashtra 240 106 173
WB 154 154
AP 304 90 65 81 135
Karnataka 240 87 72 133
Orissa 132 132
Gujarat 144 54 99
UP 160 102 84 52 99
Haryana 148 98 79 38 16 76
Bihar 97 76 51 40 66
Rajasthan 82 78 60 29 62
Punjab 93 53 23 56
MP 74 71 55 40 30 54
Total 231 102 94 74 44 33 98
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Growth in human labour between 1997 to 2010
State Sugarcane Cotton Paddy Maize Chickpea Wheat Total
Haryana 2.33 2.81 0.56 -5.97 -0.83 1.75
Gujarat 3.98 -2.95 1.49
Karnataka 2.15 0.15 -0.2 0.84
AP 1.06 -1.62 -6.73 0.28 0.76
Maharashtra 0.9 0.03 0.65
UP 0.47 0.09 -0.38 0.49 0.4
Orissa -0.39 0.39
WB 0.23 0.23
TN -1.35 -2.67 -0.18
Rajasthan 1.8 -1.66 -0.68 -1.5 -0.48
MP 2.53 -2.3 -0.43 -1.7 -1.7 -0.56
Punjab 1.04 -0.65 -5.27 -0.61
Bihar -1.04 -2.32 0.06 -3.34 -1.7
Total 1.68 0.43 -0.01 -0.92 -1.03 -2.5 0.39
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Labour productivity (gross returns: Rs/day) TE 2010State Wheat Chickpea Sugarcane Paddy Cotton Maize Total
Punjab 2449 1382 748 1527
Haryana 1565 876 795 960 616 962
Rajasthan 881 741 629 306 639
Gujarat 755 414 585
MP 916 851 370 561 212 582
Bihar 598 830 246 520 549
AP 406 468 644 468 497
MHR 574 359 466
Karnataka 625 342 393 453
TN 521 350 435
UP 540 582 373 197 423
WB 245 245
Orissa 236 236
Total 1194 768 584 535 518 349 639
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Growth in labour productivity (gross returns: Rs/day) TE 2010
State Wheat Maize Cotton Paddy Chickpea Sugarcane Total
Punjab 6.3 8.6 4.7 6.1
Bihar 4.2 8 2.2 3.4 4.4
MP 6 0.8 7.2 3.5 3.4 4.4
TN 3.1 1 3.7
AP 5 4.2 2.9 1.9 3.6
MHR 2.7 3.6 3.3
Rajasthan 3.9 3.9 1.3 3.7 3.2
Gujarat 3.7 1.8 2.9
Haryana 2.6 3.7 4.3 3.1 0.2 2.7
Orissa 2 2
UP 2.5 2.5 -0.4 2.3 1.5
Karnataka 3.2 3.5 0.4 1.4
WB -0.5 -0.5
Total 4.6 4.5 3.9 3.4 2.8 1.2 3.5
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Machine labour (Rs/ha) TE 2010
State Wheat Sugarcane Paddy Cotton Chickpea Maize Total
Punjab 5507 4852 4525 4961
MHR 7134 1111 4122
Haryana 5284 1143 3824 2404 2024 2939
Gujarat 2952 1993 2473
TN 1449 3126 2300
Rajasthan 3399 1803 1576 1830 2152
Bihar 1983 3091 1564 1770 1509 2076
UP 1111 2482 2538 1756 1972
AP 1475 1894 1838 2094 1829
MP 2808 1023 663 2226 702 1488
Karnataka 1872 964 1510 1447
WB 1279 1279
Orissa 742 742
Total 3840 2386 2200 2051 1986 1610 2324
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Growth in machine labour (Rs/ha) TE 2010State Maize Chickpea Cotton Paddy Wheat Sugarcane Total
WB 7.1 7.1
UP 4.93 11.31 6.07 2.75 6.58
Bihar 6.13 1.81 9.14 6.06 1.04 5.48
MP 4.75 4.22 8.44 11.19 5.25 5
AP 11.51 12.69 0.46 -4.01 4.41
MHR 4.66 4.21 4.28
Haryana 6.19 7.46 3.95 4.05 0.4 4.24
Rajasthan 13.97 3.54 3.3 1.69 3.87
TN 7.35 3.02 3.42
Punjab 3.03 2.01 4.57 3.25
Karnataka 4.64 14.53 0.46 2.96
Gujarat 2.52 3.04 2.82
Orissa Total 7.42 5.41 4.84 4.22 3.98 1.04 4.23
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
State Sugarcane Paddy Cotton Maize Chickpea Wheat Total
AP 75 65 66 60 70
KNK 67 68 62 66
TN 75 48 66
Bihar 66 58 75 47 61
MHRT 61 62 61
Punjab 51 55 43 52
GUJ 54 46 52
HRN 72 52 34 17 27 51
Orissa 51 51
WB 50 50
UP 43 43 30 34 39
MP 41 42 33 38 36 38
Raj. 11 14 11 17 13
TOTAL 67 52 50 43 39 35 54
Share (%) of casual labour use in human labour (TE 2010))
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
State Chickpea Maize Cotton Sugarcane Paddy wheat Total
HRN 9.71 9.09 6.72 4.72 3.21 6.69
MP -1.02 4.1 2.48 9.43 -1.67 3.29
WB 3.13 3.13
Punjab 4.52 2.58 -2.79 2.98
Guj 5.04 -6.44 1.94
Bihar 18.88 -2.75 -2.52 1.84 1.63
Orissa 1.49 1.49
TN -4.12 3.17 1.38
UP 11.3 4.7 -0.91 -2.71 0.44
RAJ 2.21 15.35 -10.09 -2.99 0.04
AP 3.84 -0.99 -0.57 -25.52 -3.23
MHRT 0.34 -4.85 -3.37
KNK 1.04 0.92 -6.5 -3.9
Total 11.42 2.14 1.25 -0.79 -1.64 -1.9 0
ACGR (%) of casual labour from 2005 to 2010
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Conclusion • The labour use per hectare decreased mainly in
wheat, chickpea and paddy- (sugarcane and cotton)
• The farm mechanisation is speeded up to some extent replacing both human and bullock capital.
• Convergence in farm mechanisation and labour productivity, but not uniform.
• Labour productivity increased significantly, • In many states wage growth is happened, which
is overdue
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Interstate & inter-crop differences
• There is also a process of casualisation in AP, Karnataka, TN, Bihar, Maharashtra, Punjab, Gujarat and Haryana.
• However, in most of the crops in Orissa, WB and in some crops in UP, MP and Rajasthan still share of family labour is high with low level of farm mechanisation and less labour productivity
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Labour productivity and wage rates
• The positive association among farm mechanisation, displacement of family labour and increased casualisation of labour.
• • There is huge labour productivity gap (mechanisation)
exists across the states with Punjab and Haryana at top with MP and Orissa at bottom.
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Policy options
• Development of land lease markets
• Custom hiring centres under mini-mission on farm mechanisation.
• Focus on increasing labour productivity in backward regions(Orissa, MP) and crops(cotton, sugarcane).
• Although tractor is multipurpose, it cannot meet the needs of sugarcane and cotton
• Small farmer friendly, gender neutral implements - Orissa, MP, UP and Bihar
Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI
Thank You