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Isis Insights 67

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  • 7/31/2019 Isis Insights 67

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    IiIssue67Spring

    12

    Also inside: Tumour detection, torque, aviation safety and more

    Isis insights

    The latest innovations, collaborations

    and technology transfer

    No-handsnavigation

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    Isis Innovation: Information 2

    Ii

    Ii is produced by Isis Innovation Ltd, the technology transfer company owned bythe University of Oxford. Isis Innovation Ltd 2012 For authorisation to reproduceextracts from this publication please contact Isis. To receive your free copy of Ii,email [email protected] www.isis-innovation.com

    Information

    03. NewsashThe latest news from Isis

    04. Enterprising ConsultancyInsights from Oxford University Consulting

    and Isis Enterprise

    05. The PortfolioInvestment and spin-out news

    Innovation

    06. KurarayOxford Innovation Society (OIS) member prole

    08. From droplets to tissuesThe synthetic biology research of OIS speaker

    Professor Hagan Bayley

    10. Patenting valueOIS speaker Dr Lee Chapman, of J.A. Kemp & Co,

    discusses patenting

    Cardiology

    focus

    Drug discovery, treatment

    and remote monitoring

    No-hands

    navigation

    Autonomous vehicles

    for land and sea 1824

    No-hands navigation

    Issue 67

    Contents

    Invention

    12. Stiff challengeTorque measurement and control

    14. Breaking down barriersBrain tumour detection and treatment

    16. Pressure pointReinventing pressure regulation

    18. Compelling rhythms

    Safe antiarrhythmic drug discovery

    19. Confronting cardio diseasePrevention and treatment

    20. Stethoscope solutionRemote monitoring of the heart

    21. Bacterial breakthroughGene-based bacterial identication

    22. Let there be light

    Improved bandwidth for optical wires

    Inspiration

    24. No-hands navigationOxford University Consulting and

    the Oxford Mobile Robotics Group

    26. Optimising IP PortfoliosIsis Enterprise and the Kennedy Trust

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    Isis is a research and technology commercialisation companyowned by the University o Oxord.

    Research unding uelsinnovation

    Innovation comes in many forms, but

    almost always as a result of original

    research. In the last nancial year the

    University of Oxford received more

    than 500m in research funding

    more than any other UK institution

    which supports the breadth and

    depth of research activity at Oxford.

    It is of course the results of this

    research which are commercialisedfor the benet of society by Isis.

    So it should be no surprise that the

    University is also ranked rst amongst

    UK institutions in terms of the number

    of mature patents it has led over

    recent years according to a recent

    report by consultancies PatAnalyse and

    TechnologiCa.

    Responding to an invitation from the

    Science and Technology Commons

    Select Committee, Isis contributed to

    a governmental study on improving

    the commercialisation of research.

    We applaud any initiative to support

    edgling businesses, we hope to see

    greater encouragement for businesses

    and people investing for the long

    term, and we look forward to sectors

    such as healthcare and defence in

    the UK enthusiastically adopting new

    technologies.

    Successesrom Oxord

    Spin-out companies from Isis continue

    to make the headlines. Yasa Motors,

    formed in 2009, is supplying electric

    motors to the recently launched

    Lola-Drayson Formula 1 racer

    (pictured below), which functions as

    a technology demonstration platform

    showing the potential of an electric

    vehicle.

    2005 spin-out Oxford Nanopore

    announced its game changing

    and truly disruptive MinION DNA

    sequencer to enthusiastic media

    response. The size of a USB memory

    stick, it is expected to retail at less

    than $900 and is set to revolutionise

    the industry.

    Featured on the cover of this edition

    is a fully autonomous road vehicle,

    based on a Bowler Wildcat, being

    used by the Mobile Robotics Group to

    demonstrate the futuristic concept of

    infrastructure-free navigation. Oxford

    University Consulting, part of Isis, is

    providing access to the information

    engineering expertise of this group for

    terrestrial and maritime applications

    (see page 24).

    Early successes rom the IsisSotware Incubator

    After just a year the Isis Software

    Incubator already has two successful

    start-up companies to its name

    Pilio (highlighted in Isis Insights 66)

    and TheySay, a powerful Sentiment

    Analysis tool which launched in

    February to widespread interest.

    Further successful exits will be

    announced over the coming months.

    International expansion

    Following the establishment of Isis

    ofces in China and Spain, we have

    now opened an ofce in Japan. Headed

    by Kenji Aiba OBE, the ofce in Kyoto

    is a focal point of Isis activity to

    strengthen business relationships with

    industry, investors and academia in

    Japan.

    Isis Innovation: Information 3

    NewsashInformation

    Photo: Jakob Ebrey Photography

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    Enterprising Consultancy

    Water in fuel is a serious problem,

    especially in aviation where the water

    can freeze and block the ow of fuel

    to the engine. This was the cause of

    the crash of BA38, a Boeing 777, on

    its approach to Heathrow from Beijing

    in January 2008, according to the UK

    Air Accidents Investigations Branch.

    Fortunately no one was killed.

    The accident was caused by normal

    levels of dissolved water condensing

    out into the fuel to form an emulsion,

    as the bulk fuel temperature dropped

    at high altitude. Ice crystals formed

    and blocked the fuel lters.

    The aviation industry has been aware

    of the water in fuel problem since

    the 1950s and has addressed this

    with several technologies including a

    test for undissolved water in aviation

    fuel. Tests are typically made on fuel

    prior to fuelling the aircraft, and no

    subsequent tests are made on the fuel

    in the airframe.

    To date, there is no standard test

    to determine the amount of water

    in aviation fuel and there exists an

    opportunity to measure the amount of

    dissolved water in fuel to determine

    when and how much water will

    While Oxford University

    Consulting (OUC) has yet to

    manage the impossible, it did

    recently prove it could manage the

    near impossible. In consultancy

    terms, it was the perfect storm:

    a request for urgent help from a

    client just before Christmas and

    the University closing imminently

    for the holidays; the academic

    consultant due to go on annualleave immediately after the

    Christmas break; a client needing

    the deliverables yesterday; an

    8 hour time difference to hamper

    discussions; and a language barrier

    which obscured nuances in the

    scope of work.

    Working closely with Isis ofce in

    China, OUC managed to clarify the

    clients precise requirements and a

    good working relationship with theacademic consultant along with a

    subtle, but effective, negotiation

    meant contracts were exchanged

    and work started in record time,

    demonstrating that miracles, albeit

    small ones, do indeed happen at

    Christmas time.

    Commercial sensitivity precludes

    discussion of project details, but

    what the story demonstrates is

    that OUC is well versed in handling

    tricky, multicultural, time-sensitive

    negotiations in a manner that does

    not compromise the expectations of

    the client, protects the interests of

    the academic consultant and respects

    the processes of the University.

    condense out into the fuel during

    ight.

    The Photonics Research Group at

    Aston University has addressed this

    market need by developing a test

    based on optical bre technology,

    with consultancy support from Isis

    Enterprise.

    The bre is immersed into a

    fuel-water mixture and the signal

    from the bre changes in the

    presence of water. The effect can be

    measured using a simple optical setup

    and the water concentration can bemeasured within minutes.

    Only available test for dissolved

    water

    Quantitative measurement

    Reusable and repeatable

    Isis Innovation: Information 4

    News from Oxford University Consultingand Isis Enterprise

    Consulting: the challenges

    Sae ying

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Dr Roger Welch

    Senior ConsultantIsis Enterprise

    T +44 (0)1865 280854

    E [email protected]

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Gurinder Punn

    Project ManagerOxford University Consulting

    T +44 (0)1865 280826

    E [email protected]

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    The portfolio

    Isis Innovation: Information 5

    The backstory and eclectic applications o a potential spinout with magnetic appeal

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Andrea Alunni

    Seed Investment ManagerIsis Innovation

    T +44 (0)1865 280843

    E [email protected]

    Low power magnetic feld

    receivers ftted to badgers

    (coupled with magnetic felds

    above ground) allowed a

    researcher from Oxfords

    Department of Computer Science

    to track the animals in 3D. Dr

    Andrew Markham exploited

    the unique feature of magnetic

    felds to penetrate soil and rock

    and, in doing so, he unearthed

    groundbreaking applications for

    Location Based Services (LBS).

    Potential commercial applications

    for this technology exist in both the

    enterprise and consumer markets. For

    example, the capacity to penetrate soil

    and rock means that the technology

    could be invaluable to the mining

    industry. An emergency event, such

    as a rock burst or collapse, can isolateportions of underground tunnels,

    severing wired communication links and

    preventing radio communication. Low

    frequency magnetic elds can penetrate

    horizontally and vertically regardless of

    the tunnel structure and be used both

    to establish communication and localise

    trapped miners. Recent mining disasters

    have highlighted the need for this type

    of application.

    The technology also has wide ranging

    applications in the indoor navigation

    consumer market with its unique

    ability to penetrate walls and to avoid

    the multipath signal effect hampering

    some current indoor location

    technologies. End users could access

    this technology through a smartphone

    equipped with specialised magnetic

    eld receivers (magnetometers).

    Basic magnetometers are already

    used in some smartphones, as

    sensors for an electronic compass,

    for example. The indoor navigation

    market is the next LBS frontier,

    driven by the increasing ownership of

    smartphones and the Location Based

    Advertising (LBA) market. In 2015

    global smartphone sales are predicted

    to reach one billion units and by

    2017 it is said that the global LBA

    market will be worth $12.8 billion.

    Taking advantage of this trend, the

    technology could be used to develop

    indoor navigation applications to

    locate people, places and products

    in venues such as airports, shopping

    centres, supermarkets, department

    stores, museums, exhibition centres,

    sports stadiums, overground and

    underground train stations and

    skyscrapers.

    This magnetic technology and its LBS

    market potential has been successfully

    presented to the University Challenge

    Seed Fund for the nancial support of a

    commercial prototype.

    The location technology, with its

    solution based applications, creates

    strong opportunities in multiple growth

    markets. This, combined with its global

    appeal, all add up to a spin-out with

    protable prospects and boundless

    opportunities. Isis is now looking for

    potential investors to support in the

    commercialisation of this technology.

    The latest spin-outand investmentnews

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    Kuraray

    Oxord Innovation Society memberKuraray is a chemicals company with

    particular expertise in polymerisation and

    synthetic chemistry. Kikuo Arimoto, rom

    the R&D division, showcases the product

    range and plans or the uture.

    Isis Innovation: Information 6

    the thermoplastic elastomer SEPTON

    and industrial cleaning agents, and

    pharmaceutical intermediates using

    isoprene.

    Our heat-resistant polyamide resin

    GENESTAR exhibits excellent resistance

    to abrasion as well as superior chemical

    resistance properties and is used in

    electronic and automotive components.Demand for GENESTAR has also

    grown in LED reector applications

    used in TVs equipped with LEDs in the

    backlighting device.

    Fibres

    PVA bre KURALON has a high level of

    strength, low elongation, hydrophilic

    properties, excellent durability

    and is used in various industrial

    applications. Man-made leather

    CLARINO holds the top place in the

    world market, and is in high demand

    for shoes, bags and sporting goods.

    In addition, the full-scale operation of

    a mass-production, environmentally

    friendly man-made leather production

    system started in 2009.

    Diversity

    Kuraray also has a water treatment

    business, which is expanding, and is

    Kuraray is opening new elds of

    business using pioneering technology

    and contributing to an improved

    natural environment and quality of life.

    Its range of highly original products,

    from a solid technological base, are in

    demand in various elds including the

    sectors involved in chemicals, resins,

    high performance materials, bres,

    and medical products.

    Chemicals and resins

    The synthetic resin POVAL/Mowiol,

    polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), is used in a

    wide range of products, from bre

    sizing agents to polarised lms for

    liquid crystal displays.

    The PVB polyvinyl butyral resin made

    from PVA has adhesive strength and

    transparency and is used for glass

    interlayers, encapsulation of solar cell

    modules and more.

    The EVOH (ethylene vinyl alcohol

    copolymer) resin EVAL boasts superior

    gas-barrier properties and is used for

    food packaging and automobile fuel

    tanks.

    Methacrylic resin, used for optical

    components and construction

    materials. Kuraray has also developed

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    Isis Innovation: Information 7

    working on waste reduction and the

    reuse of valuable materials. Other

    business areas for Kuraray include the

    manufacture and sale of dental repair

    materials.

    Looking ahead

    Kuraray has a 10-Year Corporate

    Vision which guides the long-termdirection in which the Kuraray Group is

    heading. It presents a clear image for

    growth with the goal of achieving one

    trillion Japanese Yen ($12.6 billion)

    in net sales as a cornerstone for

    establishing Kurarays global presence

    as a specialty chemical company.

    Kuraray also believes its technological

    innovations can provide unique and

    effective contributions for resolving

    issues threatening our planet

    and the living environment. The

    company works to achieve harmony

    with all of its corporate activities,

    the environment and society.

    Kuraray is placing emphasis on new

    energy-related business, aqua and

    environmentally friendly materials. The

    group believes that these perspectives

    on its role and the contributions it can

    make to society are what will make

    it possible for Kuraray to achieve

    long-term sustainable growth. It plans

    to maximize growth capabilities by

    leveraging its technical and market

    knowledge and harnessing the value

    creation potential of the entire group.

    In response to the effects of the global

    economic crisis Kuraray has instigated

    an action plan known as GS-Twins

    to rmly establish Kuraray as a

    protable specialty company. The plan

    combines two main concepts: Green& Safety and Growth & Sustainability,

    and has three key initiatives:

    improving prot structure

    creation and expansion of new

    business

    acceleration of global strategy for

    core businesses

    By adopting and executing this plan

    Kuraray is preparing a foundation

    for sustainable growth, while

    contributing to the resolution of issues

    that threaten our planet and the

    environment.

    Image: Polarised LM of liquid crystals

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Kikuo Arimoto

    Research and Development

    Kuraray Europe GmbHHoechst Industrial Park, 65926

    Frankfurt, Germany

    T +49 69 305 85906

    E [email protected]

    www.kuraray.co.jp/en/

    Kuraray believesits technological

    innovations can

    provide unique and

    effective contributions

    for resolving issues

    threatening our

    planet and the living

    environment.

    The Oxford Innovation

    Society (OIS) is a

    network which exists

    to encourage Open

    Innovation between

    academia, industry

    and business.

    Many of the worlds

    leading companies

    are, or have

    been, members.

    Introductions

    and networking

    opportunities are

    provided for members

    to meet leading

    academics and otherbusiness leaders, and

    Isis provides early

    access to

    new technology

    available to license.

    Members can promote

    their products and

    services to each other

    and to the Oxford

    ecosystem through

    various channels,

    including articles such

    as this one.

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 8

    Hagan Bayley is Professor of Chemical

    Biology in the Department of

    Chemistry at Oxford University. After

    starting his academic career in Oxford,

    he moved to work at Harvard, MIT,

    Columbia and Texas A&M Universities,

    before returning to Oxford in 2003.

    His lab focuses on the science of

    membrane proteins, how they

    function and how they can be used

    and manipulated to move polymers

    from one side of a cell membrane

    to the other. This multidisciplinary

    work, spanning the interface of

    chemistry with biology and physics,

    was the foundation for the Oxford

    University spinout company Oxford

    Nanopore, formed in 2005, which is

    using membrane pore technology to

    develop a sensing platform for next

    generation DNA sequencing. However,

    in his talk at the December Oxford

    Innovation Society meeting, Professor

    Bayley explored a new and exciting

    area of research in his lab that of

    multisomes.

    Multisomes hold particular promise

    for synthetic biology, building

    articial prototissues for medical

    applications. They are assemblies of

    lipid-encapsulated droplets formed

    by introducing water droplets into

    a solution of lipid in oil. Due to

    the amphipathic properties of lipid

    molecules, they form monolayers

    around the water droplets, and

    bringing these lipid-coated droplets

    together forms an articial lipid

    bilayer between them which mimics

    cell membranes. Proteins can then

    be inserted into the bilayer. By

    incorporating different types of

    membrane proteins, for example

    pumps, channels or pores, which

    can be engineered as required,

    these droplets can communicate and

    interact with each other, forming

    functional networks to either mimic

    the functioning of real cell membranes

    or introduce new properties. These

    droplets can therefore be used as

    building blocks, generating complexes

    of multiple droplets known as

    multisomes.

    Although this research is still at

    an early stage, it has potential

    applications in a wide variety of

    elds. The type of proteins inserted

    determine the properties of the

    network and what they could be used

    for. Using particular congurations of

    ion selective pores allows you to build

    miniature electrical circuits withelectrical current owing through

    the network carried by ions such

    as sodium or potassium and even

    miniature biobatteries generating

    electrical current, providing an internal

    power source for these networks. The

    Bayley lab has also experimented

    with engineered pump proteins that

    respond to light. Inserting these

    light-sensitive proteins, such as

    bacteriorhodopsin, into the network

    From Droplets to

    Tissues

    Proessor Hagan Bayley, o the

    Department o Chemistry, delved into

    the world o multisomes and synthetic

    biology in his presentation to the Oxord

    Innovation Society in December.

    Multisomes hold particular promise for synthetic

    biology, building articial prototissues for medical

    applications.

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 9

    allows you to switch on an electrical

    circuit simply by shining light on it.

    The recent work from the Bayley

    lab stabilising these multisomes

    and placing them in an aqueous

    environment means that they can now

    be used in biological and physiological

    settings. Suspending or encapsulating

    these droplets in gels or aqueousmatrices means that they could be

    used to build 2D and 3D articial

    cell-like networks a prototissue

    where the multicompartment

    framework of multisomes mimics a

    simple synthetic tissue. These could

    then be used in drug-testing of water-

    soluble therapeutics or drug-release

    systems triggered by external

    stimuli (such as temperature or pH).

    Multisomes could also potentially be

    developed as vehicles for binary drugdelivery, with different molecules

    contained in different compartments

    such as a prodrug and an enzyme that

    activates it. This could be particularly

    useful for compounds that you simply

    cannot keep in a pill as they have very

    short lifetimes of only a few seconds,

    yet are very powerful effectors in the

    body.

    Microuidics techniques allow you to

    produce well controlled multisomes

    with many compartments suitable

    for medical applications. Material

    consisting of these complex

    multisomes could act like a synthetic

    tissue in many respects and potentially

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Professor Hagan Bayley

    Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford

    T +44 (0)1865 285101

    E [email protected]

    The prototissues

    could be used in

    drug-testing of water-

    soluble therapeutics or

    drug-release systems

    triggered by externalstimuli.

    interface with living tissues, with the

    idea of repairing organs or enhancing

    their properties.

    Further reading:

    Villar G, Heron AJ & Bayley H (2011)

    Nature Nanotechnology 6(12):803-8.

    Formation of droplet networks thatfunction in aqueous environments.

    Needham D (2011) Nature

    Nanotechnology 6(12):761-2.

    Lipid structures: a brief history of

    multisomes.

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 10

    What is a patent?

    As a starting point, it is worth bearing

    in mind the purpose of a patent and

    how one is obtained. A patent is a deal

    between you and the state: you get a

    limited monopoly (that typically lasts

    for 20 years) in exchange for disclosing

    your invention to the world (all patents

    will be published). The monopoly means

    that you can stop others from using the

    invention. The claims in the patent

    dene the patented invention and

    thereby what others cannot do. A patent

    will only be granted for an invention

    that is new, involves an inventive step,

    and is disclosed in a manner sufciently

    clear to be reproduced by a person

    skilled in the art.

    What to patent

    Patent claims are typically directed

    to (1) a product, (2) a method of

    manufacture or (3) a method of use.

    Not all products are patentable, for

    instance aesthetic creations (such

    as paintings) cannot be patented in

    Europe. Also, different countries have

    different laws concerning what can

    and cannot be patented. For instance,methods of therapeutic treatment

    can be patented in the US, whereas

    only products for use in therapeutic

    treatment can be patented in Europe.

    So what should be patented? The key

    questions to ask are:

    What is commercially interesting to

    you and your competitors both now

    and in the future?

    What is potentially patentable?

    What can be covered in the different

    countries of interest?

    By way of example, the above

    evaluation approach has been

    undertaken by one of our clients, Oxford

    Nanopore Technologies Limited (www.

    nanoporetech.com). Oxford Nanopore

    was founded in 2005 on the science of

    Professor Hagan Bayley during his time

    at Texas A&M University. The company

    has since expanded its external IP to

    include collaborations with a range of

    institutions including the University

    of Oxford, Harvard and University

    of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), to

    complement its internally generated IP.

    Oxford Nanopores platform technology,

    GridION, has been developed for

    the single molecule analysis of many

    types of analyte including DNA, RNA

    and proteins, but the company is best

    known for its development of two newtechniques for DNA sequencing using

    nanopores: strand sequencing and

    exonuclease sequencing.

    Oxford Nanopore has broad patent

    coverage in many countries: it has

    at least 10 of its own international

    (PCT) applications and licences or

    owns more than 300 patents and

    patent applications, including several

    families from collaborators such as

    Isis Innovation, Harvard and UCSC.Importantly, this broad coverage

    crosses all of Oxford Nanopores

    technology, including fundamental

    nanopore sensing techniques and

    chemistry, novel chemistries, novel

    electronics and engineering and novel

    data analysis techniques. It also

    includes future generations of nanopore

    technologies such as nanopores

    fabricated in synthetic materials like

    graphene.

    Breadth o claims

    Having decided what to patent, the

    next consideration is the breadth of

    the claims. The claims must cover your

    Patenting Value

    Dr Lee Chapman o J.A. Kemp & Co.

    introduced some o the key patentingissues to consider when he spoke at the

    Oxord Innovation Society Meeting

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 11

    current and future commercial interests

    and those of your competitors. However,

    it is necessary to balance monopoly with

    patentability. The scope of the claims

    determines what others cannot do, but

    broad claims will attract more prior

    art (i.e. are more likely to lack novelty

    or be obvious) and will cover more

    embodiments (that must be enabled by

    the patents disclosure).

    When to patent?

    A patent application can be led

    once you have at least one piece of

    experimental data supporting theinvention. The more data the better, but

    it is worth bearing in mind that some

    countries allow you to le additional

    data in support of technical effects

    disclosed in the patent application

    later. It is also important to ensure

    that you do not shoot yourself in the

    foot by waiting for more data and

    accidentally disclosing the invention in

    a non-condential manner before your

    application is led because your own

    disclosure will be citable against yourapplication in most countries.

    Where to patent?

    There are lots of issues to consider

    in relation to where to le a patent

    application. The key questions are:

    What is the subject matter of the

    invention?

    What are the aims of the company?

    What is the purpose of the patent ap-

    plication?

    Where are you based and where do

    you trade?

    Where are your competitors based

    and where do they trade?

    Where can the patent be enforced?

    How much will it cost to le patent

    applications in the different countries

    of interest?

    The subject matter of the invention

    is important. Different countries have

    different laws. For instance, methods of

    diagnosis are not patentable in China

    irrespective of how they are performed.

    Also, it is important to be sensitive to

    local customs or beliefs, particularly if

    you wish to trade in a particular country.

    The aims of the company and the

    purpose of the patent applicationare interlinked. If you make and sell

    products and the purpose of the patent

    application(s) is to protect the product,

    then you should le the application(s) in

    those countries in which you make and

    sell the products. Patent applications

    should also be led in those countries in

    which your competitors are based and

    trade if you wish to prevent them from

    using the invention or wish them to

    obtain a licence. If your aim is to attract

    investors and generate revenue frompatent applications, then applications

    should be led in the countries of most

    value. Such countries are invariably

    those countries in which you and your

    competitors are based and trade.

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Dr Lee Chapman

    J.A. Kemp & Co.T +44 (0)1865 406100

    E [email protected]

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 12

    Monitoring the power delivered

    by a shaft is an important part of

    understanding its performance. From

    the initial validation that the system

    is operating as designed through to

    condition monitoring for improved

    reliability and efciency, accurate

    measurements of shaft torque are

    vital. Unfortunately, this is easier said

    than done. In instances where the

    shaft must have high torsional rigidity,

    in particular, the standard approach

    of attaching strain gauges directly

    to the shaft is unreliable. The twist

    experienced by the strain gauge is

    simply too small perhaps as small

    as 0.001! Now, an Oxford inventor

    has found a solution to the problem

    of reliably measuring torque in low

    strain applications a mechanical

    shaft torque amplier which offers

    a number of advantages over the

    traditional approach.

    It is expected that this new monitoring

    technique will be of interest to

    suppliers already active in the torquemeasurement eld and to end user

    organisations working with low

    strain (i.e. high torsional stiffness)

    applications such as shafts that

    connect large industrial gas or steam

    turbines to electrical generators.

    These are designed to be very stiff to

    provide an extended life even if the

    shaft is exposed to increased stress.

    Improved torque measurement in this

    environment results in reduced risk of

    component failure and unscheduled

    downtime.

    Amplifer advantages

    By applying a strain amplier

    technique, users of the Oxford

    invention can benet from improved

    torque monitoring performance. Where

    conventional strain gauges with a

    gauge length in the range 3mm to

    6mm may struggle to achieve 5% to

    10% accuracy, strain amplication

    can achieve accuracies of the order of

    0.1%. Furthermore, compact bolt-on

    packaging provides a retro-t solution

    for existing installations and enables

    improved measurement without

    modifying the shaft or compromisingits performance. In one conguration,

    the invention needs only 150mm of

    shaft length for installation and can be

    Sti challenge

    Dr Andy Robertson introduces an

    approach to measuring shat torque inlow strain conditions which will provide

    improved measurement accuracy or the

    power generation sector and many other

    industries.

    In instances where the shaft must have high

    torsional rigidity the standard approach of

    attaching strain gauges directly to the shaft is

    unreliable.

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 13

    tted, replaced or removed in a matter

    of minutes without access to the ends

    of the shaft.

    With the amplier, torque measuring

    equipment can be calibrated away

    from the shaft to minimise downtime.

    This lab-based calibration can be

    undertaken at lower torques using

    standard test equipment and caninclude temperature compensation

    if appropriate. Improved signal-to-

    noise ratio also makes measurement

    possible in environments where

    electrical noise sometimes prevents

    standard torque monitoring.

    Measurement accuracy will generally

    be improved where best practice noise

    reduction methods are also employed.

    The device can be integrated with

    signal conditioning and data transfer

    telemetry to provide a complete torque

    monitoring package. Depending on

    the application, the packaged solution

    can optionally contain an on-board

    power supply and thermocouple for

    operating temperature compensation.

    (Useful in the harsh environments

    encountered in a number of the target

    applications.)

    Who needs this solution?

    Whether measured torque is seen as astandalone performance characteristic

    or as an element in a comprehensive

    condition monitoring system, the

    amplier provides a valuable addition

    to the users toolkit. Torque monitoring

    is used in a wide range of industries

    including power generation, marine,

    aerospace and automotive.

    Patent protection

    This work is the subject of a UK patent

    application and Isis welcomes interest

    from companies interested in licensing

    the technology.

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Dr Andy Robertson

    Technology Transfer ManagerIsis Innovation

    T +44 (0)1865 280931

    E [email protected]

    Ref: 7935

    Improved torque

    measurement in this

    environment results

    in reduced risk of

    component failure and

    unscheduled downtime.

    Loosely speaking, torque is a measure of the

    turning force on an object.

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 14

    Brain cancer is inherently serious and

    life-threatening. More than 9,000

    people in the UK were diagnosed

    with brain or central nervous system

    tumours in 2008, causing more

    than 4,500 deaths. The brain is well

    protected by the skull and so detection

    usually only occurs in advanced stages

    when the presence of the tumour has

    caused unexplained symptoms. Now,

    Oxford researchers are hopeful that

    a new method will allow for earlier

    detection.

    Cancer spread

    Metastasis, where there is a spread of

    the cancer from one organ to another

    part of the body, is one of the greatest

    hurdles in cancer therapy. Between

    20 and 40 percent of all cancer

    patients will suffer metastatic spread

    of the primary cancer to the brain.

    Unfortunately, our inability to diagnose

    brain metastasis (BM) early enough

    and to obtain an accurate measure

    of the number of metastases presentis a major limitation in the treatment

    and management of cancer patients.

    Clinical diagnosis of BM is limited to

    larger, late-stage metastases (>5mm)

    and early detection (

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 15

    Cytokines only induce breakdown of

    the blood-brain barrier local to tu-

    mour sites. This enables these sites

    to be imaged by MRI with contrast

    agents that are normally excluded

    from the brain.

    There is no effect on normal vascu-

    lature, the effect being specic to

    tumour vasculature.

    Market readiness

    The Oxford research ndings have all

    been achieved at much lower systemic

    doses than previously used to treat

    peripheral tumours and the BBB

    returns to normal on discontinuation

    of cytokine treatment.

    The patent application covering

    the invention has recently been

    published: WO2011/070358 Systemic

    administration of an agent that

    permeabilises tumour vasculature.

    Image: Breakdown of blood-brain

    barrier

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Dr Martin Procter, Senior

    Technology Transfer ManagerIsis Innovation

    T +44 (0)1865 280919

    E [email protected]

    Ref: 6855

    A low dose of cytokine temporarily increases

    permeability, improving the delivery of agents that

    can detect brain tumours.

    Secondary brain cancer, MRI scan

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 16

    Oxfords In-Line Flow Control Device is

    an elegant solution to a longstanding

    problem of complex, bulky and fragile

    valve installations. The patent pending

    design is now available to licence toproduct developers for any gas and

    uid handling systems.

    Pressure regulators are used for

    uid and gas ow control in pipe

    systems and conduits. Applications

    are numerous and include the control

    of shop air in industrial applications,

    process uids in industrial plants,

    transmission pipelines carrying water,

    oil or gas, heating and refrigeration

    systems, and many more. With somany uses in industrial and domestic

    applications pressure regulators are

    manufactured and distributed in very

    high volumes worldwide.

    Despite their widespread use, the

    predominant design of most regulator

    valves has a number of deciencies.

    Large protruding parts, which are

    exposed to the environment, make

    the assembly bulky and create

    installation challenges. The new designdeveloped in the Thermo-uids Lab of

    the University of Oxfords Engineering

    Department offers a valve that can

    be entirely contained inside the pipe

    carrying the gas or liquid that is being

    regulated. With only a single moving

    part this elegant design creates a

    decisive improvement over existing

    designs.

    Oxfords In-line Flow Control Device

    can be used as a pilot operatedpressure regulator or as a pressure

    reducing ow device that maintains an

    output pressure to a specic fraction

    of the input pressure. The elds of

    application are numerous as the device

    is applicable to almost any mass ow

    rate and pressure from very low to

    Pressure point

    Oxords new In-line Flow Control Device

    will reduce costs, make installationdramatically easier and increase reliability

    in all pipework systems, as Evert Geurtsen

    explains.

    can be retro-tted into existing

    pipe-work without plant modi-

    cations

    ts inside the ow conduit,

    requiring no additional space or

    protrusions from the conduit

    does not require its own certi-

    ed pressure housing when tted

    inside the existing, already certi-

    ed, pipe-work

    has very low manufacturing cost

    in comparison to conventional

    devices

    can be produced and supplied

    inside a standard length of pipe,

    further facilitating storage, sup-

    ply and installation

    has only a single moving part

    and no deformable or elastic

    parts, resulting in high reliability

    and low maintenance costs

    is fully protected from the envi-

    ronment

    can cope with very high mass

    ows

    can control from low (Pa) to ultra

    high pressure (MPa) ows

    has good adjustment for mass

    ow rate changes or pressure

    drops

    is scalable to any size

    In application, Oxfords In-line Flow Control Device:

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 17

    extremely high, e.g. from communal

    gas supply systems to deep sea oil

    exploration. The invention delivers

    better than order-of-magnitude cost

    savings in manufacture.

    A prototype has been built and has an

    excellent record of reliable operation

    over an extended period of time in a

    real world industrial application. The

    technology has been demonstrated

    to Technology Readiness Level 7 and

    a patent application has been led.

    Oxfords Engineering Department have

    developed a numerical model that can

    predict the valves dynamic behaviour

    in use.

    For the producers of regulator valves

    this is a great opportunity to introduce

    a new product range with genuine

    differentiation and tangible advantages

    for installers and operators.

    Isis Innovation is interested in

    meeting with companies that wish

    to bid for opportunities to brand

    and commercialise this remarkable

    invention, with particular interest in

    companies able to offer a rapid route

    to market in high volume applications.

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Evert Geurtsen

    Technology Transfer Team LeaderIsis Innovation

    T +44 (0)1865 614424

    E [email protected]

    Ref: 4220

    A prototype has been

    built and has an

    excellent record of

    reliable operation over

    an extended period

    of time in a real world

    industrial application.

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 18

    An Oxford invention, named the U-turn

    Protocol, uses nonlinear dynamical

    phenomena to investigate biological

    cell system instability, including

    cardiac cells. These phenomena

    are important initiators of electrical

    instabilities, therefore the method

    can reveal potentially dangerous

    arrhythmogenic regimes that are not

    detectable using traditional protocols.

    The invention can be practised with

    current heart arrhythmia equipment

    and is suitable for use in laboratoryconditions for screening single cells

    to large numbers of cells or organs in

    vitro or in vivo, as well as in clinical

    settings.

    Advantages o the U-turnProtocol

    This new screening system promises

    new opportunities for discovering safe

    and antiarrhythmic drugs, offering

    more reliable prediction of potentially

    dangerous arrhythmogenic regimes,

    improved assessment and earlier

    prediction of the appearance of cardiac

    instabilities.

    In addition, the U-turn protocol may

    accelerate research and developmentof new drugs by revealing hidden

    proarrhythmic effects during early

    pre-clinical studies, thereby reducing

    drug discovery and development

    costs.

    Patent position

    A PCT patent application has

    been made (Publication No. WO

    2011/121307), covering methods and

    apparatus that use nonlinear dynamicsto assess the proarrhythmic effects of

    drugs and heart arrhythmogenicity.

    Isis would like to talk to companies

    that are interested in developing this

    technology.

    Compelling rhythms

    Existing antiarrhythmic drugs have

    proved only moderately eective andcan produce adverse, lie-threatening

    eects. Oxords U-turn Protocol reveals

    potentially dangerous arrhythmogenic

    regimes undetectable using traditional

    methods. By Dr Natasha Tian.

    The Oxford tool may:

    Enhance the effectiveness of

    antiarrhythmic drug therapy

    by discerning the underlying

    mechanism of arrhythmia,

    which may suggest a more

    suitable drug.

    Re-evaluate already-marketed

    drugs in terms of their effect

    on cardiac dynamics and also

    correct the dose medications.

    Aid decision-making efforts in

    the selection and developmentof new drugs and help to as-

    sess the risk/benet ratio of a

    given drug.

    U-Turn Protocol potential

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Dr Natasha Tian

    Technology Transfer MangerIsis Innovation

    T +44 (0)1865 280844

    E [email protected]

    Ref: 4315

    Cardiolog

    y

    focu

    s

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 19

    Merely increasing dietary creatine

    without also modulating creatine

    transporter activity is ineffective

    in tackling cardiovascular diseases.

    Using a cell-based screening method,

    Oxford academics have now identied

    promising therapeutic compounds that

    upregulate the creatine transporter.

    This allows for the potential

    treatment or prevention of ischaemia,

    reperfusion injury, coronary heart

    disease, heart attacks and angina.

    Therapeutic potential

    Treatment prior to cardiac surgery

    Treatment as secondary protection

    for patients at high risk of myocar-

    dial ischaemia and infarction

    Prolonged treatment of angina

    Treatment of heart failure, particu-

    larly in combination therapy

    Protection of donor hearts prior to

    transplant

    Treatment of analagous brain condi-

    tions

    Ischaemic damage

    Elevating intracellular creatine

    prevents ischaemic damage from

    occurring by boosting cardiac energy

    reserves. In contrast, current

    therapies aim to correct ischaemic

    damage after it has occurred. Raising

    creatine levels represents a new

    therapeutic strategy that can be used

    alone or in combination with existing

    drugs with very different mechanisms

    of action, such as altering blood

    ow or the frequency and force of

    contraction. A further advantage may

    be that short-term dosing is likely

    to have an effect lasting for several

    months.

    Supporting data

    Therapeutic agent screens for small

    molecules that upregulate the creatine

    transporter have produced several

    leads that are being followed up and

    the academics have elucidated the

    precise mechanism of action through

    which creatine exerts its effects.

    Pre-clinical work is currently ongoingto determine the benets of increasing

    intracellular creatine in heart failure

    in combination with other metabolic

    therapies.

    Patent protection

    An international patent application

    has been made (Publication No: WO

    2011/058364). Isis would like to talk

    to companies that are interested in

    developing this technology.

    Conronting cardio

    disease

    Oxord researchers have developed

    methods or preventing and treating

    cardiovascular diseases by modestly

    increasing intracellular creatine in the

    heart, as Dr Natasha Tian explains.

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Dr Natasha Tian

    Technology Transfer MangerIsis Innovation

    T +44 (0)1865 280844

    E [email protected]

    Ref: 4222

    Card

    iology

    focu

    s

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 20

    Researchers from the University of

    Oxford have developed a portable digital

    stethoscope and a phone application

    (for low-spec and high-spec phones).

    It enables basically trained healthcare

    workers to capture high quality

    phonocardiograms (PCGs) and transmitthem to a central server for analysis

    and diagnosis by a trained expert. The

    technology also offers signal quality

    feedback. Electronic stethoscopes

    available within the marketplace do not

    offer these advantages.

    Remote healthcare

    Within both developing and developed

    countries there is a growing

    requirement for effective remote

    monitoring of patients. Within the

    UK, for instance, the NHS faces major

    nancial challenges and reform which

    will see healthcare delivery shifting

    into the local community to reduce

    hospital administration and the use

    of beds. In developing countries such

    as South Africa and India a large

    percentage of the population live

    within rural areas where constant

    monitoring and hospital access is

    difcult and expensive.

    Remote healthcare workers have

    been employed in such areas to aid in

    alleviating some of these problems.

    Low cost, easy to use medical devices

    which allow for early, constant

    monitoring and analysis by a doctor

    hundreds of miles away are in global

    demand.

    Early diagnosis

    The device was initially developed

    to target tuberculosis pericarditis,

    which affects around 10% of all TB

    patients and has a high mortality rate

    (40%) because sufferers in developing

    countries struggle to reach a clinic

    before it is too late. The ability to

    pick up the early warning signs of this

    and many other conditions is made

    possible through the Oxford invention.

    In the future it could also be utilised

    for pulmonary auscultations and foetal

    heart sound examinations.

    Clinical trials

    A clinical trial was conducted in Cape

    Town, South Africa. Data from this

    study has not yet been published.

    Isis would like to speak to companies

    interested in reviewing this data in

    order to license and/or develop this

    technology.

    Stethoscope solution

    Dr Bharti Ranavaya reveals a stethoscope

    and phone application which recordsphonocardiograms and enables remote

    monitoring o heart rates and murmurs.

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Dr Bharti Ranavaya

    Technology Transfer ManagerIsis Innovation

    T +44 (0)1865 280909

    E [email protected]

    Ref: 7159

    The PCGs can be

    transmitted to a central

    server for analysis and

    diagnosis by a trained

    expert.

    Cardiolog

    y

    focu

    s

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 21

    High-resolution bacterial

    characterisation is essential in

    microbiology, particularly for disease

    diagnosis, where rapid and precise

    identication is a high priority.

    Gene-based methods have become

    increasingly important in bacterialclassication, complementing and to

    an extent replacing more traditional

    phenotypic methods. However, until

    now, there has been no single system

    which works for all bacteria.

    Scientists at the University of

    Oxford have developed a universal

    identication scheme based on

    ribosomal multilocus sequence

    typing (rMLST). This represents

    the rst genotypic scheme that can

    provide both broad and accurate

    characterisation of bacteria at all

    phylogenetic levels. The system works

    through the identication and analysis

    of allelic variation within the ribosomal

    protein subunit (rps) genes, which are

    universal yet record a wide range of

    evolutionary diversity, to effect rapid

    and highly accurate phylogenetic

    identication.

    Benefts o the Oxord system

    Reliable identication

    High resolution

    Results at push of a button

    One system for all bacteria

    Supporting data

    A web-accessible and expandable

    database comprising genome data

    from more than 2000 bacterial isolates

    has been generated. The variation

    of 53 rps genes is catalogued inthis database, providing a means

    of dening the precise phylogenetic

    position of any bacterial sequence

    at the domain, phylum, class, order,

    family, genus, species and strain

    levels.

    Applications

    The data generated for the rMLST

    scheme could be used in combination

    with next generation sequencing

    to enable the rapid identication of

    bacterial isolates at the push of a

    button. Equally the database enables

    the development of PCR-based species

    or strain-specic diagnostic tests.

    Applications include:

    Population studies

    Epidemiological investigations

    Diagnostic tests

    Bacterial breakthrough

    Dr Matthew Carpenter reports on the

    frst gene-based bacterial identifcationsystem that can identiy all bacteria.

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Dr Matthew Carpenter

    Technology Transfer ManagerIsis Innovation

    T +44 (0)1865 280970

    E [email protected]

    Ref: 7895

    A web-accessible and

    expandable database

    comprising genome

    data from more than

    2000 bacterial isolates

    has been generated.

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 22

    Sometimes known as optical wires,

    glass optical bres are used for

    transmitting light over long distances

    with minimal loss, in much the same

    way as a metallic wire transmits

    electrons. Optical bres are widely

    used in the telecommunication, sensor

    and laser design sectors and there is

    a market need to efciently couple

    light into, or split light out of, these

    bres. Oxford researchers have now

    conceived a solution.

    The working principle of the Oxford

    method to couple light into or out of

    the optical bre is based on a simple

    notch coupler design (see diagram).A mirrored surface is fabricated at a

    45 degree angle to the bre axis and

    penetrates a desired distance into

    the bre core. Virtually all of the light

    directed in at the mirrored surface

    from the side of the bre is coupled

    into the bre core. The method

    involves cutting an optical cable in half

    and cutting a notch at a certain angle

    in the corner of one of the exposed

    ends. Using a specic chemical

    process, aluminium is deposited just

    on this corner in order to create a

    discrete mirror. Reattaching the two

    cable ends creates an entrance and

    exit point in the optical bre for light

    to be directed in or out. The academics

    have now perfected this low-cost and

    simple process to control the angle,

    cross-section area and mirror coating

    quality of the notch.

    Advantages

    Expands the range of bre couplers

    and splitters to encompass any de-

    sired coupling/splitting ratio.

    Functions over a broad range ofwavelengths, so bandwidth is im-

    proved in relation to couplers that

    only work at a particular wave-

    length.

    Efcient method to monitor laser

    spectroscopy equipment, by splitting

    out only a small percentage of the

    beam.

    Economical process to introduce a

    pump beam into bre lasers.

    Let there be light

    Dr Jon Carr looks at an inexpensive methodor the abrication o a microstructure which

    allows light to be efciently coupled into or

    split out o the side o an optical fbre.

    Despite their many advantages

    (capacity, unaffected by

    electromagnetic interference

    etc.) deployment of optical bre

    technology has traditionally

    been held back by difculties in

    achieving connections that are

    reliable, efcient and cost-effective.

    A wide variety of connectordesigns have been developed for

    different markets, most of which

    are substantially more complex

    than equivalents for cable and wire

    technology.

    Specialist splicing equipment

    required for connections in an

    optical cable can jeopardise the

    integrity of the original connection.

    The inexpensive and efcient

    method described here offersthe potential for much simpler

    connections to tap signals into and

    out of optical bre cables.

    Optical fbre technology

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 23

    Novel application

    Fibre-loop cavity ring-down

    spectroscopy, developed for real-time

    detection in micro uidics, demands

    high coupling efciency. The Oxford

    method ensures nearly all of the light

    can be coupled into the bre loop, with

    losses of less than a few percent. This

    represents an improvement of some

    magnitude over current technology.

    Optical fbres

    An optical bre typically consists

    of a doped silica core and cladding

    surrounded by a plastic buffer, whichprovides mechanical strength. The

    doping ratio is tuned so that the

    cladding has a lower refractive index

    than the core. Incident light is then

    trapped in the core by total internal

    reection and the bre acts as a

    waveguide.

    Patent protection

    This technology is now the subject of a

    patent application, and Isis would like

    to discuss with interested companies

    the licensing of the technology.

    Image: Bundle of optical bres

    conducting light

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Dr Jon Carr

    Technology Transfer ManagerIsis Innovation

    T +44 (0)1865 280907

    E [email protected]

    Ref: 7989

    The Oxford method

    ensures nearly all

    of the light can becoupled into the bre

    loop, with losses

    of less than a few

    percent.

    The academics have now perfected this low-costand simple process to control the angle, cross-

    section area and mirror coating quality of the notch.

    Mirrored notch acting as both an input and output coupler.

    LIGHT IN

    LIGHT OUT

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 24

    Researchers at Oxford are helping

    to build a future where autonomous

    vehicles will play an important part

    in all our lives and OUC is helping

    support the application of this research

    expertise by managing the consultancy

    of Professor Paul Newman and some

    of his colleagues in the Oxford Mobile

    Robotics Group.

    Robots will come in a variety of

    shapes and sizes and undertake a

    diverse set of tasks on our behalf,

    says Professor Newman. We will want

    them to carry things and transport us,

    labour for us and defend us. We shall

    want them to be exible, reliable and

    safe. And they will need to work in a

    range of environments, sometimes

    hostile, and sometimes dynamically

    changing.

    Robots today already carry goods

    around factories, move stock around

    warehouses and manage our ports,

    but these are constrained, controlled

    No-hands navigation

    Andrew Go, Head o Oxord UniversityConsulting (OUC), introduces an exciting

    autonomous navigation innovation rom

    the Oxord Mobile Robotics Group.

    The Oxford approach allowscomputers in robots to interpret

    data from sensors like cameras,

    radars and lasers, aerial photos and

    on-the-y internet queries.

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 25

    and highly managed workspaces. In

    such environments the navigation task

    is made simple by installing reective

    beacons or guide wires. However,

    Professor Newman and his co-workers

    are extending the reach of robot

    navigation to truly vast scales without

    the need for such expensive, awkward

    and inconvenient modications of the

    environment. Their approach does not

    rely on GPS which, if available, does

    not offer the accuracy required for

    robots to make decisions about how

    and when to move safely. Even if itdid, it would say nothing about what

    is situated around the robot, and that

    has a massive impact on autonomous

    decision-making.

    Instead, the Oxford approach is to

    use the mathematics of probability

    and estimation to allow computers in

    robots to interpret data from sensors

    like cameras, radars and lasers, aerial

    photos and on-the-y internet queries.

    Professor Newman uses machine

    learning techniques to build and

    calibrate mathematical models which

    can explain the robots view of the

    world in terms of prior experience

    (training), prior knowledge (aerial

    images, road plans and semantics)

    and automatically generated web

    queries. His goal is to produce

    technology which allows robots to

    always know precisely where they are

    and what is around them.

    One of Professor Newmans most

    high prole projects to date is the

    Wildcat vehicle (see images), a fully

    autonomous road vehicle based on

    a Bowler Wildcat. With research

    supported by the Engineering and

    Physical Sciences Research Council

    (EPSRC), and in collaboration with

    BAE Systems and Nissan, it is among

    the rst projects in the world to

    tackle the big challenges of creating

    an autonomous vehicle that cango anywhere and deal with all the

    situations it might encounter on the

    open road.

    The technology installed in the Wildcat

    is set to remove the dependence on

    GPS, improve navigation precision,

    lower emissions, interpret local trafc

    conditions, track risks, and above all

    offer a hands-free experience to the

    driver. All this by interpreting a ood

    of data from sensors such as cameras,

    radars, and lasers mounted on the car

    itself.

    But the application of Oxford mobile

    robotics expertise is not only conned

    to terrestial environments. GuidanceNavigation Limited (GNL), a leading

    developer and supplier of sophisticated

    navigation and position measurement

    technologies, is also working with

    Professor Newman to develop better

    dynamic positioning systems for

    offshore marine applications. GNLs

    aim is to increase the exibility of

    marine vessel operation, helping to

    widen the weather operation window

    and improve safety.

    Lifelong infrastructure-free navigation

    lies at the heart of the agenda for

    The Oxford Mobile Robotics Group,

    says Professor Newman. This is an

    information engineering problem

    encompassing lifelong learning, multi

    sensor fusion, perception, control,

    planning, state estimation and

    software engineering. These skills

    may be available to organisations

    through OUC.

    Organisations looking to access suchexpertise are invited to contact Oxford

    University Consulting.

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Andrew Goff

    Head of OUCIsis Innovation

    T +44 (0)1865 280866

    E [email protected]

    Ref: 7911

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 26

    Isis Enterprise recently undertook

    an extensive, seven month review of

    a portfolio of patents owned by theKennedy Trust, an independent charity

    supporting research into the causes

    and treatment of rheumatic diseases.

    The Trust funds the Kennedy Institute

    one of the worlds leading research

    centres in rheumatology which has

    recently relocated to the University

    of Oxford. Isis Enterprise was chosen

    for this project on the basis of Isis

    Innovations impeccable track record

    of commercialising hundreds of

    patents in a cost effective manner

    over many years.

    As a patient-centric organisation

    operating in the fast-evolving eld

    of biomedical research, the Trusts

    patents were led at different points

    in time over the past ten years. Most

    comprised of method-of-treatment andprocess claims surrounding the use of

    tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors

    for new therapeutic indications and

    treatment settings.

    The Trusts management believed that

    the patents held signicant potential

    for translation into better clinical

    outcomes for patients, and wanted to

    Optimising IP Portolios

    Gaurav Misra illustrates the importance

    o understanding return-on-investmentrom intellectual property within research

    organisations by looking at the work

    undertaken by Isis Enterprise or the

    Kennedy Trust.

    Understanding the

    commercial landscape

    was key to unlocking the

    portfolio value.

    A major breakthrough in

    understanding autoimmune

    diseases occurred in the early

    1990s, when immunologist

    Professor Sir Marc Feldmann of

    the Kennedy Institute in London,

    England, discovered that the key

    lay in molecules responsible for cell

    communication molecules known

    as cytokines. In the early 90s,

    tests in humanoid mice revealed

    that all the different cytokinescould be stopped by blocking one

    kind namely Tumor Necrosis

    Factor (TNF)-alpha.

    Soon after Professor Feldmann

    conducted the rst series of

    successful trials with rheumatoid

    arthritis patients at the Kennedy

    Institute. During the test runs,

    patients received a TNF-alpha-

    specic monoclonal antibody

    known as cA2, later registered as

    iniximab.

    Subsequently

    this approach has

    revolutionised

    medical practice,

    in recognition of

    which Professor

    Sir Feldmann

    received theLifetime Achievement Award from

    the EPO in 2007.

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    Isis Innovation: Invention 27

    prioritise the portfolio on the basis of

    such clinical value. Further, we were

    to explore options for monetisation

    or collaborative R&D to increase the

    trusts research scope and budgets.

    A secondary objective was to reduce

    maintenance expenditure on these

    patent positions, where possible,

    without jeopardising their inherent

    therapeutic potential.

    Our task involved many challenges.

    The rst was to gain a clear picture

    of the portfolio by tracing the legal

    status, approval timeline and litigation

    history for each patent. The second

    was to forecast the maintenance cost

    of the patent positions till expiry, so

    as to understand the nancial needs

    and identify patent families with

    high resource utilisation. Through

    examining various patent databases

    and detailed communication with

    patent attorneys, these objectives

    were achieved.

    The next goal was to understand the

    scientic objectives of the inventor

    at the time the patent was rst led,

    and to assess whether the logic was

    still valid in the context of todays

    commercial realities. Key issues

    included the inventions industrialapplication, the clinical research

    needed to translate it into a product,

    along with the associated costs and

    probabilities.

    Blockbuster therapies

    An understanding of the commercial

    landscape was the key to unlocking

    the value within the portfolio. The

    Institutes pioneering work had found

    global application via category-

    leading blockbuster therapies

    such as iniximab, adalimumab,

    etanercept, and certolizumab. This

    group of TNF inhibitors are the rst

    monoclonal antibody therapies to

    approach patent expiry, unleashing a

    wave of conicting incentives across

    the industry. Original branded

    biologics are reliant on second

    generation method and process

    patents to extend market exclusivity,

    which biosimilar manufacturers

    are seeking to invalidate. Stakesare high because the foundational

    regulatory mechanisms for new-age

    biosimilar therapies will be decided

    on the case of TNF inhibitors. Any

    recommendations made to the Trust

    had to be mindful of the partnering

    landscape created by such industry

    events.

    The assessment of barriers to

    entry also uncovered interesting

    learning points. For example, a

    distinction often had to be made

    between the legal enforceability

    of a patent (i.e. an inventive step

    with industrial application) and its

    market enforceability (i.e. the ability

    to generate revenues based on the

    claims).

    The seven-month exercise enabled

    Isis Enterprise to prioritise the whole

    portfolio of over 100 patents and

    for further research and licensing.

    The resultant consolidation of theportfolio may even confer a signicant

    cost-saving to the Trust, without

    compromising the therapeutic

    potential of the IP assets.

    Image: Monoclonal antibodies

    For more information, please

    contact:

    Gaurav Misra

    Senior ConsultantIsis Enterprise

    T +44(0)1865 280859

    E [email protected]

    Ref: 8138

    Isis Enterprise helps technology providers and

    seekers to source, develop and commercialise newinnovations.

    An IP timeline

    Patent portfolios of

    successful research-

    based organisations

    grow with time. While

    an organisations

    strategy and priorities

    may change, the

    patent portfolio tends

    to accrue and can

    resemble a log book

    of the organisations

    research endeavours.

    Over time, shifts

    in the competitive

    landscape add value

    to some patents and

    devalue others, while

    the cost of maintaining

    large IP portfolios

    escalates sharply.

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    Forthcoming meetings of the Oxford Innovation Society will be held on the following dates:Thursday 22 March 2012 Thursday 20 September 2012 Thursday 6 December 2012

    Meetings are held in Oxford for OIS members and invited guests, and are followed by a formalreception and dinner in an Oxford college hall.

    Oxford Innovation Society

    Isis Innovation Limited, Ewert House, Ewert Place, Summertown, Oxford OX2 7SG

    T +44 (0)1865 280830 F +44 (0)1865 280831E [email protected] W isis-innovation.com

    Isis Innovation Limited 2011

    an intelligentpartnership

    Andrew Davies

    Corporate Director

    Barclays Bank

    T: 07775 548803

    E: [email protected]

    Nicola McConville

    Partner - Technology Team

    Blake Lapthorn

    T: 01865 253284

    E: [email protected]

    Sue Staunton

    Partner - Technology Group

    James Cowper

    T: 01865 200500

    E: [email protected]

    Providers of innovative banking, legal,accountancy and business advisorysolutions for technology basedbusinesses in Oxford and beyond.


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