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Issues in African Political Economies
Issues in African Political Economies
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Issues in African Political Economies
Edited by
Toyin FalolaJamaine Abidogun
Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina
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Copyright © 2017Carolina Academic Press, LLC
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Falola, Toyin, editor. | Abidogun, Jamaine, editor.Title: Issues in African political economies / edited by Toyin Falola and Jamaine Abidogun.Description: Durham, North Carolina : Carolina Academic Press, 2016. | Series: African World Series | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2016033198 | ISBN 9781611638790 (alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: Economics--Africa. | Africa--Politics and government--1960- | Africa--Politics and government--21st century. | Africa--Economic conditions--1960- | Africa--Economic conditions--21st century.Classification: LCC HC800 .I8844 2016 | DDC 338.96--dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016033198
Carolina Academic Press, LLC700 Kent Street
Durham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486
Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com
Printed in the United States of America
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vii
Contents
Figures xi
Maps xiii
Tables xv
Series Editor’s Preface xvii
Notes on Contributors xix
Introduction 1Toyin Falola and Jamaine Abidogun
Section I: The Po liti cal in the Economy
Chapter 1 · “Somalia’s Terrorist Shabaab”: The Global Po liti cal Economy of Impoverishment and Disempowerment 13Amentahru Wahlrab
Chapter 2 · “To Serve the Nation”: Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa and the Development of Tanzania 29Charles Thomas
Chapter 3 · Analy sis of Election Finances in Nigeria (1999–2011) 43Eyum Ode and Babatunde Ojedokun
Chapter 4 · State and Po liti cal Participation: A Gender Analy sis of Nigeria’s 2011 General Elections 61’Lai Olurode
Chapter 5 · Historical Epochs of Local Government Administration in Nigeria: Women and the Poor 79Fatai A. Olasupo and Ikeoluwapo O. Fayomi
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viii CoNteNts
Section II: Risk Analy sis and Security Mea sures
Chapter 6 · Poverty, Underdevelopment, and Small and Light Weight Weapons (SALWs) Proliferation in Nigeria: Implications for National Security 117Hauwa’u E. Yusuf, Cosmos I. Eze, and Adedayo A. Yusufu
Chapter 7 · Modern-Day Slavery: Poverty and Women Trafficking in Nigeria in the Age of Neo- liberal Orthodoxy 133R. I. Ako- Nai and Iwebunor Okwechime
Chapter 8 · Po liti cal Corruption and Development in Africa: Lessons from South Africa 151Kudzai Goto and Olusola Ogunnubi
Chapter 9 · Combating Corruption for Development in Nigeria: A Securitization Approach 173Olabanji Akinola
Section III: Views on Resource Capital and Development
Chapter 10 · Escaping the Resource Curse: Ethnic Inclusion in Resource- Rich States in West Africa 199Manuel Vogt
Chapter 11 · Poverty in an Oil Rich Country: The Nigerian Situation 227Zuhumman Gabriel Dapel
Chapter 12 · Safeguarding the Rights of Oil Producing Communities in Nigeria: A Call for Review 263Kevwe M. Omoragbon
Chapter 13 · Politics of Foreign Financing and Development: Zambia’s Negotiating Capacity amidst the East- West Rivalry 285Ben Weiss
Chapter 14 · Age of Owner and Per for mance of Rural Non- farm Enterprises in Nigeria: Implications for Rural Employment and Poverty 307Fayomi A. Olugbenga
Section IV: Wealth of the Nations: African Voices in Reflection
Chapter 15 · Poverty as Empowerment: Don Mattera’s Sophiatown: Coming of Age in South Africa 319Michael Sharp
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CoNteNts ix
Chapter 16 · Radicalized Oath: Taking in the Mau Mau and Mungiki Movements in Kenya, 1952– 2012 331Mickie M. Koster
Chapter 17 · Gendered Poverty in Africa: Implications for Career Emancipation of Women 347Bridget I. Awosika
Chapter 18 · Colonial Socio- Economic Developments and Poverty in the Niger Delta 363Frank O. Amugo and C. Izeoma Chinda
Chapter 19 · Post- Colonial West African Railroads: State Management, Infrastructural Decay, and Privatization 373Tokunbo A. Ayoola
Index 397
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xi
Figures
Figure 3.1 Election Costs in Three African Countries 55
Figure 5.1 The Structure and Composition of Oyo Kingdom’s Traditional Government 94
Figure 10.1 Historical Trends: Resource Production and Ethnic Inclusion West Africa 204
Figure 10.2 Effect of Ethnic Exclusion at Diff er ent Levels of Resource Production 211
Figure 10.3 Resource Production and Ethnic Conflict Risk with/without Power Sharing 214
Figure 11.1 Nigeria Oil Reserves (1990–2009) 229
Figure 11.2 Poverty Incidence in Nigeria, 1980–2010 231
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xiii
Maps
Map 19.1 Railroads of West Africa 374
Map 19.2 Existing and Planned Railroads in West Africa 386
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xv
Tables
Table 3.1 Election Costs: 1999–2011 49
Table 3.2 Election Expenditure Heads 1999–2011 51
Table 3.3 Federal Appropriation in Naira for INEC and Three Other Sectors at Election Periods 54
Table 3.4 Election Year, Voter Population Figure, and Election Cost (US Dollars) 56
Table 4.1 Gender Analy sis of Contestants in the 2007 and 2011 General Elections 70
Table 4.2 Women in the National Legislature 72
Table 4.3 Women in State Legislatures 72
Table 5.1 Male and Female Kingmakers in Ilesha West and East Local Government 84
Table 5.2 Male and Female Kingmakers in Ibokun, Ori- Ade Local Government, Osun State 84
Table 5.3 Male and Female Kings in Kajola Ijesha, Ori- Ade Local Government, Osun State 85
Table 5.4 Women Owa Obokun of Ijesha Land in the Pre- colonial Period (1646–1749 CE) 87
Table 5.5 Dual Kingships/Rulerships in Anioma, Ibo Speaking Areas of Delta State 89
Table 5.6 Dual Kingships/Rulerships in North Gwanara District 92
Table 5.7 Dual Kingships/Rulerships in Ilesha Baruba 92
Table 5.8 Dual Kingships/Rulerships in Okuta District 92
Table 5.9 Dual Kingships/Rulerships in Yaashikira District 92
Table 5.10 Women Elected Chairpersons in Local Government Elections (1987–1999) 99
Table 5.11 Female Repre sen ta tion in Governance in Nigeria, 1979–2003 103
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xvi tTabes
Table 9.1 Per for mance Index of ICPC and EFCC 186
Table 10.1 Conflicts in West Africa: Overview 205
Table 10.2 West Africa Mineral Resource Production: Country Ranking 207
Table 10.3 Summary of the Data 209
Table 10.4 Regression Results 209
Table 10.5 Ethnic Conflicts in Countries with Significant Natu ral Resource Production 212
Table 11.1 Oil Revenue Growth Rate and Contribution to Government Revenue, 1970–2011 230
Table 11.2 Sectorial Analy sis of Federal Expenditures, Nigeria, 1980–2011 (Selected Years) 234
Table 13.1 Sector Percentage of GDP (in USD millions) by Year 290
Table 13.2 Sector Growth and Decline Percentage by Year and Average 291
Table 13.3 Bank Owner ship in Zambia as a Percentage of the Market 297
Table 14.1 Age Distribution of the Study Sample 310
Table 14.2 RNE Per for mance Osun State: Profit, Growth in Sales, Income Contribution, and Operational Efficiency (n = 480) 311
Table 14.3 Correlation Analy sis of Age and Per for mance of RNE 311
Table 14.4 Simple Regression Analy sis: Influence of Age on Per for mance of RNE 312
Table 16.1 Select Results Based on July 2011 Data Collected in Nairobi, Kenya 342
Table 17.1 Demography of Respondents 350
Table 17.2 Challenges Faced by Women 350
Table 17.3 Coping Strategies 351
Table 17.4 Factors That Encourage Gendered Poverty 351
Table 19.1 Distribution of Railroads in Kilo meters and by Gauges 377
Table 19.2 West Africa’s Railroad Concessions, 1995–2007 384
Table 19.3 Concessions West Africa: Operational and Financial Features (1995–2000) 385
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xvii
Series Editor’s Preface
The Carolina Academic Press African World Series, inaugurated in 2010, offers sig-nificant new works in the field of African and Black World studies. The series pro-vides scholarly and educational texts that can serve both as reference works and as readers in college classes.
Studies in the series are anchored in the existing humanistic and the social scien-tific traditions. Their goal, however, is the identification and elaboration of the strate-gic place of Africa and its Diaspora in a shifting global world. More specifically, the studies will address gaps and larger needs in the developing scholarship on Africa and the Black World.
The series intends to fill gaps in areas such as African politics, history, law, reli-gion, culture, sociology, literature, philosophy, visual arts, art history, geography, lan-guage, health, and social welfare. Given the complex nature of Africa and its Diaspora, and the constantly shifting perspectives prompted by globalization, the series also meets a vital need for scholarship connecting knowledge with events and practices. Reflecting the fact that life in Africa continues to change, especially in the political arena, the series explores issues emanating from racial and ethnic identities, particu-larly those connected with the ongoing mobilization of ethnic minorities for inclu-sion and representation. Toyin Falola University of Texas at Austin
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xix
Notes on Contributors
Olabanji Akinola is a doctoral candidate in po liti cal science and international devel-opment studies at the University of Guelph in Canada. Olabanji holds two M.A. de-grees, one in international studies (Institute of International Development Studies, Switzerland) and one in po liti cal science and international development studies (Uni-versity of Guelph, Canada).
Ronke I. Ako- Nai, Ph.D., is a se nior lecturer in the Department of International Re-lations, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile- Ife, Nigeria. Dr. Ako- Nai was a recipient of the Ford Foundation Award and Grantee of the French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA).
Frank O. Amugo, Ph.D., holds a doctorate of philosophy in history and international studies from Imo State University, Nigeria. He is a lecturer in the Department of Arts and Law, Rivers State College of Arts and Science, Port Harcourt. He has published sev-eral articles on the Niger Delta on environmental pollution and po liti cal restiveness.
Bridget I. Awosika is a chief lecturer in the Department of Home Economics, Adey-emi College of Education, Ondo, Nigeria. She is a Ph.D. candidate in clothing and textiles at the University of Agriculture (UNAAB), Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Tokunbo A. Ayoola, Ph.D., is a faculty member at Elizade University, Ilara- Mokin, Nigeria, and specializes in Africa and Africa Diaspora history and international rela-tions. He has taught at Tulane University and Ohio State University. His publications include works on labor, transport, and railway histories.
C. Izeoma Chinda is a se nior lecturer and head of the History Department at the Riv-ers State College of Arts and Science, Rumuola, Port Harcourt. She is an ABD doc-toral candidate in history at the University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria. Her research interests are social history and international relations.
Zuhumnan G. Dapel is currently a lecturer of economics at the University of Jos and a Ph.D. research candidate at the University of Dundee.
Cosmos I. Eze, Ph.D., is a se nior lecturer with the Department of Mass Communica-tion, Ahamadu Bello University, Zaria. Eze holds a doctorate in mass communication.
Ike O. Fayomi, Ph.D. (Public Administration), is a se nior lecturer in the Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile- Ife, Nigeria. Her areas of interests include public administration, local govern-ment, micro finance, and gender studies.
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xx Notes oN CoNtriautors
Kudzai Goto is currently a research masters candidate in conflict transformation and peace studies at the University of KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa.
Mickie M. Koster, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of history at the University of Texas at Tyler. She has a M.A. and Ph.D. in history from Rice University.
Eyum Ode, M.A. (Public Administration), is a gradu ate of the University of Jos, Ni-geria. Presently, she is the head of the Research and Documentation Department for the Cabinet Office of Makurdi, Nigeria.
Olusola Ogunnubi is a doctoral candidate at the University of KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa, and currently completing his dissertation, Hegemonic Order and Regional Sta-bility in Sub Saharan Africa: A Comparative Study of Nigeria and South Africa.
Babatunde Ojedokun, M.S., is an assistant director of research and documentation at the Electoral Institute of the In de pen dent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in Nigeria. He is a gradu ate of po liti cal science from the University of Benin, Nigeria. He also holds a M.S. in po liti cal science from the University of Lagos.
Iwebunor Okwechime, Ph.D., holds a doctorate of philosophy in international rela-tions and lectures in the Department of International Relations at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile- Ife, Nigeria.
Fatai A. Olasupo is se nior lecturer in the Department of Local Government Studies, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile- Ife, Nigeria. His areas of interest include comparative government and gender studies.
Fayomi A. Olugbenga, Ph.D., is a lecturer at the Institute for Entrepreneurship and Development Studies at Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria.
’Lai Olurode, Ph.D., has a doctorate in philosophy from University of Sussex in Great Britain in sociology. He is a professor of sociology at the University of Lagos and in 2012 was appointed national commissioner at the In de pen dent National Electoral Commission (INEC) with headquarters in Abuja.
Kevwe M. Omoragbon is a Ph.D. student at Northumbria University, UK. She is completing her dissertation, Assessing the Law Clinic Experience: Development of As-sessment Methods for Students: A Comparative Study between the UK and Nigeria. She is a lecturer in the Department of Public and International Law at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Michael Sharp, Ph.D., is professor of En glish and ca rib bean studies at the University of Puerto Rico. His Ph.D. is from the University of Wisconsin- Madison. He was a faculty associate in the International School of Theory in the Humanities at the Uni-versity of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Charles Thomas, Ph.D., is currently an assistant professor with the History Depart-ment at the United States Military Acad emy at West Point. He also serves as a research associate with the USMA Network Science Center.
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Notes oN CoNtriautors xxi
Manuel Vogt is a Ph.D. candidate at the Center for International and Comparative Studies at ETH Zu rich. He earned his M.A. degree in po liti cal science from the Uni-versity of Zu rich.
Amentahru Wahlrab, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of political science in the De-partment of Po liti cal Science and History at the University of Texas at Tyler.
Ben Weiss is a Ph.D. candidate in African history at University of Texas at Austin. His research is on the early history of HIV in Bostwana, Ghana, and Zambia. He has a certification in human rights and social justice.
Hauwa’u E. Yusuf, Ph.D., is a lecturer at Kaduna State University, Nigeria. She holds a Ph.D. in sociology with a specialty in criminology.
Adedayo A. Yusufu has a Ph.D. from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and is a lec-turer in the History Department at Kaduna State University.
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