Istoriis Krebuli #2 10 2011Zalauflebis fsiqologia Qeti Jijeishvili, Giorgi Chkhikvishvili Psychology...

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi 2011

2

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

ISSN 1512-3154

Studies in Modern and Contemporary History

2(10)

ÙNIVERSAL~

Tbilisi 2011

3

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da eTnologiis instituti

ISSN 1512-3154

axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi

2(10)


Tbilisi 2011

4

uak (UDC) 94(100) `15/18~ + 94(100) `1918/...~ a-984

saredaqcio kolegia:

gia gelaSvili SoTa vadaWkoria

vasil kaWarava

igor kveselava

vaJa kiknaZe

luiji magaroto

(veneciis universiteti)

voicex materski

(poloneTis mecnierebaTa

akademia)

gela saiTiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

avTandil sonRulaSvili

(redaqtori)

xaTuna qoqraSvili

(pasuxismgebeli mdivani)

dodo WumburiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

niko javaxiSvili

EDITORIAL BOARD:

Gia Gelashvili Shota Vadachkoria Vasil Kacharava Igor Kveselava Vazha Kiknadze Luiji Magaroto (Venice University) Wojciech Materski (Academy of sciences of Poland) Gela Saitidze (Deputy editor) Avtandil Songulashvili (Editor) Khatuna Kokrashvili (Executive secretary) Dodo Chumburidze (Deputy editor) Niko Javakhishvili

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2011

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

5

S i n a a r s i

Contents

The History of the Georgia

daviT javaxiSvili.................................................................................................. 11

eqvsi etiudi bagrationTa kaxeTis Stos warmomadgenelTa qorwinebebis istoriidan (XVII-XVIII saukuneebi)

Davit Javakhishvili Six Episodes From the History of Marriages of Kakhetian Branch Bagrationis

Teimuraz vaxtangiSvili ..................................................................................... 22

Telavis saqalaqo mmarTvelobis istoriidan

TeimurazVakhtangishvili From The History of Telavi Municipal Management

mzia tyavaSvili ....................................................................................................... 35

leon iulonis Ze bagrationis politikuri portretisTvis

MziaTkavashvili Political Portrait of Leon Bagrationi

lela miqiaSvili...................................................................................................... 48

platon ioseliani daviT batoniSvilis Sesaxeb (`cxovreba giorgi mecametisa~-s mixedviT)

Lela Mikiashvili The Historical Portrait of the Prince David in the Works of Platon Ioseliani (According to `The Life of the King Giorgi XIII~)

dodo WumburiZe ..................................................................................................... 63

niko xizanaSvilis Rvawlis Sesaxeb

Dodo Chumburidze About the Merits of Niko Khizanashvili

oTar gogoliSvili ..................................................................................78 politikuri partiebi baTumSi meoce saukunis dasawyisSi (1905 weli)

Otar Gogolishvili Political Parties in Batumi (1905)

SoTa vadaWkoria ...................................................................................................... 85

saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebiT osuri sabWouri avtonomiis Seqmna da qarTuli sinamdvile (werili I)

Shota Vadachkoria Creating of the Ossetian Soviet Autonomy by Capturing Georgian Territories and Georgian Reality (First Letter)

6

lela saraliZe ......................................................................................................... 114

politikuri situacia Sida qarTlSi avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Semdeg

Lela Saralidze Political Situation in Shida Kartli after Autonomous Oblast (Region) Formation

Georgia and the World

madona bedinaSvili .............................................................................................. 131

alfons dodes novelebis ilia WavWavaZiseuli Targmanebi

Madona Bedinashvili Ilia Chavchavadze’s Translations of Alphonse Daudet’s Short Stories

gela saiTiZe............................................................................................................... 137

saqarTvelos warmomadgenelTa pirveli gamosvlebi gaeros tribunaze

Gela Saitidze, Maiden Speeches of the Representatives of Georgia from the Tribune of the United Nations

badri cxadaZe............................................................................................................ 152

somxur-Turquli konfliqtis gamoZaxili qarTveli mwerlebis naazrevSi (werili pirveli: grigol robaqiZe)

Badri Tskhadadze The Echo of Armenian-Turkish Conflict in Georgian Writers’ Thinking (Letter 1: Grigol Robakidze)

The History of the World

niko javaxiSvili..................................................................................................... 157

qarTul-baltiuri solidarobis istoriidan (XX saukunis meore naxevari)

Niko Javakhishvili From the History of Georgian-Baltic Solidarity (2nd half of XX century)

epifane (ediSer) gvenetaZe, maia yifiani ..................................................... 178

1967 wlis israel-arabeTis eqvsdRian omSi israelis gamarjvebis faqtorebi

Epifan (Edisher) Gvenetadze, Maia Kipiani The Factor of Israel's Victory in Israel-Arabia Six Day War in 1967

zurab kvetenaZe........................................................................................................ 190

ruseTis Tanamedrove èvropuli kursi~ (gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi) Zurab Kvetenadze Russia's Contemporary 'European Couse’ (Challenges and Prospects)

7

The Policy

gela caava ................................................................................................................... 197

`gayinuli konfliqti~ afxazeTSi da saqarTvelo- ruseTis politikuri urTierTobebis mowesrigebis faqtorebi

Gela Tsaava `Frozen Conflict~ in Abkhazia and Georgia - Russia Relations and the Settlement of the Political Factors

maia amirgulaSvili............................................................................................... 209

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis problemebi

Maia Amirgulashvili The Problem of Social Society

qeTi jijeiSvili, giorgi CxikviSvili ......................................................... 216

Zalauflebis fsiqologia

Qeti Jijeishvili, Giorgi Chkhikvishvili Psychology of Power

igor kveselava ......................................................................................................... 226

ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso da qarTul politikaSi

Igor Kveselava Subject of the Usage of Foreign Forces in the International and Georgian Policy

Tamar darCia.............................................................................................................. 239

„varskvlavuri omebi~-s amerikuli idea da ganiaraRebis procesi

Tamar Darchia „Star Wars“ – Beginning of the Disarmament Process Between the United States of America and the Soviet Union

xaTuna qoqraSvili................................................................................................. 254

nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobis ZiriTadi momentebi

Khatuna Kokrashvili The Main Points of NATO - Georgia Relations

Religion. The History of the Church

Temo jojua................................................................................................................ 272

Tbilisis (kalas) wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxovlis) eklesia (taZris adgilmdebareoba da istoria)

Temo Jojua Church of St. Thomas the Disciple (Kviratskhoveli) in Tbilisi (Kala) (The location of the church and its history)

8

caca CxartiSvili ................................................................................................... 292

mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis ucnobi werilebi episkopos kirionisadmi (saarqivo masalebis mixedviT)

Tsatsa Chkhartishvili Unknown Letters of the Monk Iosef Chijavadze to Bishop Kirion (According to archive materials)

irina arabiZe ............................................................................................................. 303

moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis aRmaskomi da saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi (1917 w.)

Irina Arabidze The Executive Committee of Georgian National Organizations in Moscow and the Autocephaly Problems of the Church of Georgia (1917)

Historiography

merab kalandaZe ....................................................................................................... 322

amerikis aRmoCena da qarTuli istoriografia

Merab Kalandadze Discover of the America and Georgian Historiography

Ethnology

giorgi gociriZe ..................................................................................................... 335

giorgi Citaias mecnieruli aRzrdis meTodebi (seminarebi)

Giorgi Gotsiridze Giorgi Chitaia’s Methods of Scientific Upbringing (Seminars)

Source-Studies

mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili..................................................... 344

quTaisi da misi mosaxleoba (frederik diubua de

monperes naSromidan `mogzauroba kavkasiaSi~)

Mzia Mgaloblishvili, Lela Mikiashvili Kutaisi and Its Population (From `Travel in The Caucasus~ by Frederic Dubois de Monpere)

gia gelaSvili ........................................................................................................... 381

lazistanis sanjayi

Gia Gelashvili Lazistan and Batumi

9

gia gelaSvili ........................................................................................................... 398

ingliseli Jurnalisti beChoferi baTumis Sesaxeb

(1919-1920 wlebi)

Gia Gelashvili English Journalist Bechhofer about Batumi (1919-1920)

Criticism and Bibliography

avTandil sonRulaSvili.................................................................................... 415

mniSvnelovani gamokvleva samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, recenzia o. TurmaniZis monografiaze `saadgilma-mulo urTierTobani da agraruli moZraoba samxreT-dasav-leT saqarTveloSi (1878-1928 ww.)~, baTumi, 2009

Avtandil Songulashvili Review on Otar Turmanidze’s Monograph: `Land Relations and Agrarian Movement in The South – West Georgia (1878 - 1928)~, Batumi, 2009

dodo WumburiZe...................................................................................................... 420

axali gamokvleva ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaze

Dodo Chumburidze The New Study About Ilia Chavchavadze’s Murder

gela saiTiZe, avTandil sonRulaSvili...................................................... 423

guldasmiT wasakiTxi wigni

Gela Saitidze, Avtandil Songulashvili A Book that Should Be Red Thoroughly

View Point

nodar latibaSvili ............................................................................................... 431

brZola saqarTveloSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebisTvis

Nodar Latibashvili Struggle for Multi-party Elections in Georgia

The Information

institutis TanamSromelTa samecniero mivlineba SvedeTSi ........................................................................437

profesor niko javaxiSvilis samecniero mivlineba poloneTSi.....................................................................439

` ~Collection: `Studies in Modern and Contemporary History~

2007-2011 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebis bibliografia.....................................................................................441

The Bibliography of Scientific Works are Published in 2007-2011

10

krebuli gamodis weliwadSi orjer

krebulis saredaqcio kolegia xelmZRvanelobs kanoniT

presis Sesaxeb. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze da

Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia avtori.

redaqciis misamarTi:

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofileba

Tbilisi, petre meliqiSvilis q. # 10, III sarTuli

telefoni: 93 41 37

11

daviT javaxiSvili

istoriis doqtori, iakob gogebaSvi-

lis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo

universiteti

eqvsi etiudi bagrationTa kaxeTis Stos

warmomadgenelTa qorwinebebis istoriidan

(XVII-XVIII saukuneebi)

saqarTvelos erTiani samefos arsebobis periodSi bagra-

tionTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebi ZiriTadad ucxo qvey-

nebis mmarTveli dinastiebis warmomadgenlebze qorwindebod-

nen. erTiani samefos daSlis (1466 w.) Semdeg, bagrationTa sami-

ve samefo saxlis _ kaxeTis, qarTlisa da imereTis warmomad-

genlebi qorwindebodnen ZiriTadad qarTvel warCinebulebze,

iSviaTad ki ucxotomelebzec.

bagrationTa kaxeTis Stos demografiuli ganviTarebis

istoriis sakiTxebze gamovaqveyneT aTi samecniero statia ro-

gorc saqarTveloSi [15-21; 25], aseve sazRvargareTis qveyneb-

Sic [23-24]. aqve davsZenT, rom zemoxsenebuli problema monog-

rafiulad SeviswavleT Cvens sadoqtoro disertaciaSi [22].

bagrationTa zemoxsenebuli Stos warmomadgenelTa ucxo-

tomelebze qorwinebebis istoria ganxiluli gvaqvs Cvens sta-

tiebSi [23-24], ris gamoc am sakiTxs aq aRar SevexebiT.

qarTveli xelmwifeni (da maT Soris bagrationTa kaxeTis

Stodan gamosulnic) cdilobdnen danaTesavebas ara mxolod

mezobeli qveynebis mmarTvel dinastiebTan, aramed gavlenian

qarTvel feodalebTanac, rac gansakuTrebiT XVI-XVIII saukune-

ebSi SeiniSneboda. istoriidan cnobilia amis araerTi magali-

Ti, romelTa nawilsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.

winamdebare gamokvleva qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT

dalagebuli eqvsi etiudisagan Sedgeba. masSi yuradRebas gava-

maxvilebT ramdenime konkretul istoriul faqtze, saidanac

naTlad Cans, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda qarTvel ba-

toniSvilTa qorwinebebs, rom arsebul politikur viTarebas,

anda mefe-dedofalTa obieqtur Tu subieqtur mosazrebebs

12

arcTu iSviaTad ewireboda maTi Svilebis piradi cxovreba

(bagrationTa samefo dinastiis kaxeTis Stos magaliTze).

aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebulis analogiuri viTareba

iyo msoflios sxva qveynebis mmarTvel samefo dinastiebSic.

I. mefe Teimuraz I-is asuli _

nestan-darejan batoniSvili

kaxeTis mefis Teimuraz I-is (mefobda 1606-1648 wlebSi

drogamoSvebiT) asuli _ nestan-darejani (?-1668) samjer gaT-

xovda. misi pirveli qmari iyo zurab aragvis erisTavi, meore _

imereTis mefe aleqsandre III (1639-1660), xolo mesame _ bagra-

tionTa samefo dinastiis imereTis Stos Soreuli naTesavi vax-

tangi (WuWunaSvilad wodebuli). aqve davsZenT, rom pirvelad

da meored nestan-darejani mamis surviliT gaaTxoves, xolo

mesamejer igi Tavisi iniciativiT gaTxovda.

nestan-darejanis pirveli qmari zurab aragvis erisTavi _

didad gavlenian feodals warmoadgenda. 1625 wels, sparsel

dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg warmoebul brZolebSi igi mxarSi edga

Tavis siZes (dis qmars) _ giorgi saakaZes. mas Semdeg ki, rac g.

saakaZesa da Teimuraz I-s Soris SuRli Camovarda, zurab ara-

gvis erisTavi mefes miemxro. am kavSiris ganmtkicebis mizniT,

Teimurazma zurabs Tavisi asuli miaTxova.

z. erisTavs Tavisi piradi interesebi amoZravebda. igi

cdilobda, rom kaxeTSi emefa mis simamrs _ Teimuraz I-s, xolo

qarTlSi _ svimon II-s, raTa orive mefe misgan mudmivad dava-

lebuli da madlieri yofiliyo.

sagulisxmoa, rom Teimuraz I-ma Tavis mzakvar da orpir

siZesTan brZolis faruli gza monaxa. 1630 wels Teimurazma

zurabs moakvlevina Tavisi konkurenti qarTlSi _ gamahmadia-

nebuli mefe svimon II, xolo Semdeg, Tavis gasamarTleblad da

imavdroulad urCi feodalis mosacileblad, imave wels zura-

bic moakvlevina [2, 543].

farsadan gorgijaniZis cnobiT, sparseTis axali SahinSa-

his _ sefi I-is (mefobda 1629-1642 wlebSi) risxvis Tavidan asa-

cileblad, mefe Teimuraz I-ma, Tavis erTgul didebulebTan

erTad, Semdegi gadawyvetileba miiRo: `zurab movhklaTo da

Tavi yaens gavugzavnoTo da mefis simonis sikvdili imas dava-

13

braloTo da qarTlis mefis sisxli da eranis xelmwifis risxva

amiT avicdinoTo~ [7, 237].

amis Semdeg, Teimuraz I-ma Tavisi daqvrivebuli asuli mi-

aTxova imereTis ufliswuls aleqsandre giorgis Zes (momaval

mefe aleqsandre III-s). maTi qorwineba Sedga 1631 wlis 14 maiss,

goridan erTi dRis saval gzaze _ saporwelSi.

gulqan JorJolianis marTebuli SefasebiT, `Teimurazma

Tavisi asuli darejani, zurab erisTavis qvrivi, imereTis ba-

toniSvil aleqsandre giorgis Zeze daaqorwina da am aqtiT da-

savleT saqarTvelo mokavSired gaixada~ [8, 16].

aqve unda iTqvas, rom Tavisi asulis aRniSnul qorwilSi,

mefes miarTves wyalobis sigeli, gacemuli sparseTis SahinSa-

his sefi I-is mier, romelic adasturebda qarTl-kaxeTis mefed

Teimuraz I-is damtkicebas [7, 238].

amrigad, orive zemoxsenebul SemTxvevaSi, mefe Teimuraz

I-ma Tavisi asuli _ nestan-darejan batoniSvili piradi poli-

tikuri miznis misaRwevad gamoiyena, xolo pirvel SemTxvevaSi

TviT misi daqvrivebac ki arafrad CaTvala.

II. mefe erekle I-is Ze _ Teimuraz batoniSvili

mefe erekle I-is Ze _ Teimuraz batoniSvili (momavali me-

fe Teimuraz II) jer kidev ymawvilobisas daniSnes gavleniani

feodalis, aragvis erisTav baindur oTaris Zis asulze _ ana-

ze, Tumca maTi daqorwineba aRar moxda.

profesori ivane surgulaZe werda: `Teimuraz II _ 12 wlis

batoniSvili, politikuri mizniT baindur erisTavis qalze da-

niSnes. aseve politikuri mizniT, erisTavis qalis magier, is

vaxtang VI-is asul Tamarze daaqorwines. am qorwinebiT ganzra-

xuli iyo qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis dakavSireba~ [11, 223].

aqve unda iTqva, rom swored aRniSnuli qorwinebis wya-

lobiT, kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz II 1744 wlidan qarTlis mefe

gaxda, riTac myari safuZveli moumzada Tavisi ufrosi vaJis _

erekles (momavali mefe erekle II) qarTl-kaxeTSi gamefebas.

III. mefe Teimuraz II-is asuli _ elisabed batoniSvili

Teimuraz II-is meore colis ana-xanum beJanis asul bara-

TaSvilisagan (gardaicvala 1788 wels) SeZenili asuli elisa-

14

bed batoniSvili (1750-1770) colad hyavda qarTlis gavleniani

feodalis, Tavad dimitri amilaxvris Zes _ givi (giorgi) ami-

laxvars (Cans 1750-1802 wlebSi).

aleqsandre amilaxvari mogviTxrobs: èlisabedi erTi

wlisa iyo, rodesac qarTuli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, Cems ufros

Zmaze _ giorgize daniSnes, raTa Cvens ojaxebs Soris moyvroba

da zavi damyarebuliyo... roca Cems Zmas cxra weli Seusrulda,

mas jvari dasweres qarTuli Cveulebis mixedviT... jvrisweris

Semdegac, Cemi rZali erTxans Tavis ded-mamasTan cxovrobda,

sadac Cemi Zmac aTevda Rames... mefem SemogviTvala _ Cemi da

Sin waiyvaneTo. Cveni rZali Sin moviyvaneT da igi cxra Tves

cxovrobda Cvens mamulSi~ [1, 60-65].

1765 wels givi amilaxvari da elisabed batoniSvili erT-

maneTs daaSores. amis mizezi realurad gaxda bagrationTa ka-

xeTis Stos warmomadgeneli mefis _ erekle II-is undobloba

qarTlel feodalTa Soris gavleniT gamorCeuli amilaxvarTa

saTavado saxlis mimarT. yovelive amas mohyva dimitri amilax-

vris ojaxis wevrTa monawileoba mefe erekle II-is winaaRmdeg

mowyobil qarTlel feodalTa SeTqmulebaSi, romelic miznad

isaxavda qarTlis samefos aRdgenas da iq mefe vaxtang VI-is va-

Jis _ ufliswul paatas (1720-1765) gamefebas.

zemoTqmulis gamo, meamboxe qarTlel TavadebTan _ ami-

laxvrebTan naTesaoba qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-isaTvis

sruliad miuRebeli aRmoCnda.

al. amilaxvris TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: `Cveni rZali mis

dedas (igulisxmeba darejan dadiani. d. j.) mivuyvaneT, xolo

Cven sakuTar saxlSi davdeqiT, maxloblad mefis sasaxlisagan.

Cemi Zma yovelTvis sasaxleSi midioda Tavis colTan Ramis ga-

saTevad... erekle mefem... Cemi Zma sasaxleSi aRar SeuSva col-

Tan Ramis gasaTevad, mamaCems ki SemouTvala, aRar msurs Seni

moyvrobao. viTomda mis Teqvsmeti wlis das SeeCivla: Svili ar

miCndeba qmris mamakacuri uZlurobis gamoo. Cemi Zma ki, maSin

mxolod Cvidmeti wlisa iyo. Tavisive dis pativis Seuracxmyo-

feli werili man miswera agreTve saqarTvelos patriarqs, ra-

Ta mas neba daerTo misi ganqorwinebisa da sxva qmarze gaTxo-

vebisaTvis...

patriarqma erekles Txovnas ganusjelad moawera xeli,

Cemi Zmis mamakacuri uZlureba daadastura, colis gancxadebis

mixedviT da maTi ganqorwinebis neba darTo, aqao da es qorwi-

15

neba isedac moklebuli iyo RvTis madls, radgan qal-vaJi mci-

rewlovanni iyvnen, roca jvari daiwereso. amitom, RvTis mier

moniWebuli ZalauflebiT, varRvev maT col-qmrobaso...…

roca loginSi mwoliare mamaCemma es ganaCeni waikiTxa, si-

cili daiwyo: _ gana didi xania Tqvenma patriarqma iseTi Zala-

ufleba miiRo, rom RvTis mier SeuRlebul qal-vaJs sTiSavso?

gana TviT ar cdilobda Cemi mcirewlovani Svilis daqorwine-

bas, Tumca me winaaRmdegi viyavio?~ [1, 65-72].

1768 wels elisabed batoniSvili colad gaayoles sameg-

relos mTavar kacia II dadians [10, 120]. maTi vaJi _ grigol da-

diani (gardaicvala 1804 wels) mogvianebiT samegrelos mTavari

gaxda. aqve unda iTqvas, rom am qorwinebis gamo, kacia II-m daan-

gria sakuTari ojaxi, kerZod igi meuRles gaeyara.

erTi cnobiT, kacia II-is meuRle iyo SarvaSiZe [14, 46], xo-

lo meore cnobis Tanaxmad _ inal-ifa (am gvaris qarTuli

formaa _ inaliSvili).

niko dadiani mogviTxrobs: `kacia dadianma ganuteva coli

_ inalisSvilis asuli da miiyvana meuRleT didiTa da saxelo-

vaniTa mziTviTa saqarTveloisa da kaxTa cxebulis mefis Tei-

murazis asuli, da saxelovanis mefis ereklesi _ elisabed,

romlisa qebani wariwereboden ama samefoTa da samTavroTa ki-

diT-kidedmde~ [5, 179].

amrigad, politikuri mosazrebiT, mefe Teimuraz II-m Tavi-

si asuli elisabed batoniSvili ymawvilobidan daniSna qarT-

lis gavleniani feodalis dimitri amilaxvris Zeze _ givi (gi-

orgi) amilaxvarze. mogvianebiT, aseve politikuri mosazrebiT

(rasac piradi motivebic erTvoda), mefe erekle II-m daaSora

givi amilaxvars Tavisi da _ elisabedi, romelic colad gaayo-

les samegrelos mTavar kacia II dadians. amrigad, gvirgvinosa-

nma mamamac da Zmamac elisabed batoniSvili piradi politiku-

ri miznis misaRwevad gamoiyenes, xolo erekle II Tavisi dis

pirveli ojaxis dangrevasac ki ar moerida.

IV. mefe erekle II-is asuli _ elene batoniSvili

erekle II-isa da darejan dadianis ufros asuls _ elene ba-

toniSvils (1753-1786) da Tavad zaqaria Tamazis Ze andronikaS-

vils (1740-1802) erTmaneTi TavdaviwyebiT uyvardaT.

16

miuxedavad amisa, erekle II-m da darejan dedofalma, elene

batoniSvili miaTxoves ara zaqarias, aramed politikuri mosaz-

rebidan gamomdinare, imereTis mefis aleqsandre V-is vaJs, mefe

solomon I-is umcros Zmas _ arCil batoniSvils.

akaki wereTeli (1840-1915) Tavis moTxrobaSi `wminda gior-

gis razmi~ ase axasiaTebs arCil batoniSvils: àrCili _ maRali

tanis kaci iyo, ZarRvebiani da Zvalmsxvili. im droSi vaJkaco-

biT da simarjviT axalgazrdebSi mas veravin Seedreboda; pir-

veli moburTave iyo, SesaniSnavi cxenosani, mojiriTe, meTofe,

mexmle da masTanac, sam nabadze axteboda. metsaxelad `wminda

giorgis mowafes~ eZaxdnen da àrCil giJs~ [13, 494].

arCilsa da elenes SeeZinaT sami Svili: daviT arCilis Ze,

momavalSi _ imereTis ukanaskneli gvirgvinosani solomon II (1772-

1815), aseve _ barbare (Tavad daviT wulukiZis meuRle) da mari-

am (Tavad malxaz andronikaSvilis meuRle) arCilis asuli bag-

rationebi.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom imereTis saxelovanma mefem solomon

I-ma Tavis memkvidred aRiara sakuTari Zmiswuli _ daviT arCilis

Ze, romelsac biZis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi imereTis samefo

taxti unda daekavebina [9, 172].

arCil batoniSvilis gardacvalebis (1775 w.) Semdeg, daqvri-

vebuli elene batoniSvili colad gahyva Tavis Zvel satrfos _

zaqaria andronikaSvils. maT SeeeZinaT xoreSan zaqarias asuli

andronikaSvili, deda gamoCenili poetisa, sazogado da samxed-

ro moRvawisa, infanteriis generlisa _ grigol zurabis Ze orbe-

lianisa.

sagulisxmoa, rom darejan dedoflis mcdelobis Sedegad,

mefe erekle II-m Tavad revaz papuas Ze andronikaSvils CamoarTva

qiziyis mouravoba da es sapatio da sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdeboba

uboZa Tavis axal siZes, elene batoniSvilis meore meuRles _ Ta-

vad zaqaria Tamazis Ze andronikaSvils [3, 140].

amrigad, politikuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, mefe erek-

le II-m Tavisi asuli _ elene batoniSvili colad gaayola jer

imereTis mefis aleqsandre V-is vaJs, mefe solomon I-is umcros

Zmas _ arCil batoniSvils, xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, ele-

nes yofil Seyvarebuls _ Tavad zaqaria Tamazis Ze andronikaS-

vils, romelsac qiziyis mouravobac uboZa.

17

V. mefe erekle II-is asulebi _

Tamar da qeTevan batoniSvilebi

erekle II-isa da ana zaalis asul abaSiZis (mefis meore meuR-

lis) asuli _ Tamar batoniSvili (1747-1786) colad hyavda qar-

Tlis gavlenian Tavads _ sardal daviT revazis Ze orbelians

(1739-1796). maT SesaniSnavi ojaxi hqondaT da 8 Svili hyavdaT.

Tamaris naadrevi gardacvalebis mizezad iqca misi meuRlisaT-

vis saxlTuxucesobis CamorTmeva.

1786 wels, mefe erekle II-m, zemoxsenebuli Tanamdeboba

uboZa darejan dadianTan qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebuli Ta-

visi asulis qeTevan batoniSvilis meuRles, gavlenian Tavads,

bagrationTa qarTlis Stos warmomadgenels _ ioane konstan-

tines Ze muxranbatons (1757-1800).

p. ioseliani werda: `STagonebiTa dedoflisa da ZeTa mis-

Ta, mefeca irakli miiyvanes mas mdgomareobasa, romel siZesa

missa sardalsa da saxlTuxucessa daviT yaflaniSvilsa, Tama-

ris meuRles, mouRo mefeman saxlTuxucesoba da miuboZa ese

siZesa Tvissa muxranis-batons ioanes. esreTman mefis moqceva-

man moswylo guli mefis asulis Tamarisa, romelica mwuxare-

bisa eldiTa gardaicvala 1786 welsa~ [6, 14].

mas Semdeg, rac erekle II gardaicvala da giorgi XII gamefda,

ioane muxranbatons eSinoda, rom mefe mas saxlTuxucesobas Camo-

arTmevda da am Tanamdebobas kvlav Tavis siZes (RviZli dis qmars)

_ Tavad daviT revazis Ze orbelians daubrunebda. amitom, igi

cdilobda morideboda qarTl-kaxeTis axal mefesTan pirispir

Sexvedras.

arsebobs cnoba, romlidanac irkveva ioane muxranbatonis

naadrevad gardacvalebis mizezi.

1800 wlis 1 oqtombers, mcxeToba-sveticxovlobis dRe-

saswaulze, rodesac daRestnelTa marbieli laSqris gandevnis

Semdeg, ioane muxranbatoni sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZarSi mi-

vida, man Seityo, rom iq salocavad imyofeboda qarTl-kaxeTis

mefe _ giorgi XII. eklesiis ezoSi Sesvlamde ioane cxenidan gad-

movarda da sisxlis CaqceviT gardaicvala.

zogi Tvlida, rom ioanes sikvdili gamoiwvia daRestnel mo-

TareSeTa devniT gadaRlam, xolo zogi miiCnevda, rom muxranba-

tonma Zalian ganicada mefesTan pirispir Sexvedris SesaZleblo-

18

ba, rac misi taZarSi Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi gardauvali gaxdeboda

[4, 113-114].

amrigad, mefe erekle II-is mier Tavisi erTi siZisaTvis sax-

lTuxucesobis Tanamdebobis CamorTmeva da meoresaTvis boZeba

gaxda mizezi jer Tamar batoniSvilis, xolo Semdeg qeTevan ba-

toniSvilis meuRlis moulodneli gardacvalebisa.

VI. mefe giorgi XII-is vaJebi _

daviT da Teimuraz batoniSvilebi

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtis memkvidre ufliswuli daviTi

(1767-1819) daniSnuli iyo qarTlis gavleniani Tavadis oTar

amilaxvris asulze _ eleneze.

es qorwineba ver Sedga, vinaidan 1800 wlis 9 ianvars da-

viTma jvari daiwera elene simonis asul abameliqze (1770-

1836). amis gamo, amilaxvrebi ganawyendnen.

p. ioselianis cnobiT: àmilaxvari oTar, ecinoda mefisa

saxlsa dawunebisaTvis misisa qalisa~ [6, 139].

imave welsve, Tavad oTar amilaxvris ojaxis Semorigebis

mizniT, mefe giorgi XII-m elene amilaxvari colad SerTo Tavis

vaJs, ufliswul daviTis umcros Zmas, ufliswul Teimurazs

(1782-1846) _ momavalSi gamoCenil mecniers.

amrigad, politikuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, mefe gi-

orgi XII-is ufrosi Ze, ufliswuli daviTi daniSnes qarTlis

gavleniani feodalis oTar amilaxvris asulze _ eleneze. mog-

vianebiT, rodesac es SeuRleba ver Sedga, mefe giorgi XII-m, ase-

ve politikuri mosazrebiT, Tavisi vaJi Teimuraz batoniSvili

misive ufrosi Zmis daviTis yofil daniSnulze daaqorwina.

* * *

zemoT ganxiluli istoriuli faqtebidan naTlad Cans,

rom politikuri realobidan gamomdinare, anda gvirgvinosanTa

neba-survilis Sesabamisad, maTi Svilebis ojaxebi jer iqmnebo-

da, Semdeg _ ingreoda, xolo amis Semdeg Tavidan iqmneboda da

a. S. yovelive amas arcTu iSviaTad ewireboda batoniSvilTa da

maT meuRleTa piradi cxovreba, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi _

TviT sicocxlec ki.

19

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. amilaxvari aleqsandre, brZeni aRmosavleTisa, georgianuli

istoria; gamosacemad moamzada, SeniSnebi da biografiuli

narkvevi daurTo vaJa kiknaZem, Tbilisi, 1997.

2. akofaSvili gulCina, zurab aragvis erisTavi, qarTuli sab-

WoTa enciklopedia, t. 4, Tbilisi, 1979.

3. berZniSvili maqsime, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris

qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, t. I, Tbilisi,

1980.

4. berZniSvili maqsime, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris

qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, t. II, Tbilisi,

1983.

5. dadiani niko, qarTvelT cxovreba, teqsti gamosca, winasit-

yvaoba, gamokvleva, komentarebi, saZieblebi da leqsikoni

daurTo SoTa burjanaZem, Tbilisi, 1962.

6. ioseliani platon, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, akaki gawe-

relias Sesavali werilebiT, redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT,

tfilisi, 1936.

7. kakabaZe sargis, farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria, `saisto-

rio moambe~, w. II, tfilisi, 1925.

8. JorJoliani gulqan, saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50-ian

wlebSi, Tbilisi, 1987.

9. rexviaSvili mixeil, imereTi XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1982.

10. saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi XVII-XIX ss., teqstebi gamo-

sacemad moamzada, gamokvlevebi, SeniSvnebi da ganmartebebi

daurTo avTandil ioselianma, Tbilisi, 1980.

11. surgulaZe ivane, saqarTvelos politikur moZRvrebaTa is-

toriidan, Tbilisi, 1985.

12. qiqoZe geronti, erekle II, Tbilisi, 1983.

13. wereTeli akaki, wminda giorgis razmi, wignSi: `qarTuli

proza~, t. IX, Tbilisi, 1985.

14. xorava beJan, dadianTa samTavro saxlis axali dinastia,

Tbilisi, 2001.

15. javaxiSvili daviT, qarTl-kaxeTis mefeTa ojaxebi da maTi

Tanamedrove STamomavlebi, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyo-

filebis samecniero SromaTa krebuli àxali da uaxlesi is-

toriis sakiTxebi~, Tbilisi, 2007, #2.

20

16. javaxiSvili daviT, qarTl-kaxeTis ufliswulTa saqorwino

asaki, àxali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2008, #1(3).

17. javaxiSvili daviT, kaxeTis batoniSvilTa meuRleebi, àxali

da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2008, #1(3).

18. javaxiSvili daviT, qarTvel mefeTa meuRleebi (bagration-

Ta dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), àxali da uaxlesi istoriis sa-

kiTxebi~, 2008, #2(4).

19. javaxiSvili daviT, qarTvel mefeTa Svilebis raodenoba (ba-

grationTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), àxali da uaxlesi isto-

riis sakiTxebi~, 2008, #2(4).

20. javaxiSvili daviT, qarTl-kaxeTis ufliswulTa STamomav-

loba (XIX-XXI saukuneebi), àxali da uaxlesi istoriis saki-

Txebi~, 2009, #1(5).

21. javaxiSvili daviT, ufliswulTa raodenoba qarTul samefo

ojaxSi (bagrationTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos sxalTis eparqiisa da wm. tbel abuserisZis sa-

xelobis universiteti, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferen-

cia Temaze: `didaWaroba~, masalebis krebuli, 1-2 maisi,

2010.

22. javaxiSvili daviT, bagrationTa samefo dinastiis kaxeTis

Stos demografiuli ganviTarebis istoriidan (XV-XX sauku-

neebi), naSromi istoriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mo-

sapoveblad (xelnaweris uflebiT), 2011. 23. Джавахишвили Давид, Из истории династических браков кахетин-

ских Багратионов с представителями мусульманской знати (XVI-XVIII вв.), Сборник трудов Гянджинского государственного универ-ситета `Ученые записки~, Гянджа (Азербайджанская республика), 2010, 2.

24. Джавахишвили Давид, Династические браки между кахетинскими Багратионами и представителями кавказской и кавказской знати, Об-щественно-политический и культурно-исторический научный жур-нал `Ахульго~, Махачкала (Дагестанская республика), 2010, 12.

25. Джавахишвили Давид, Династические браки на службе дипломатии (на примере кахетинской ветви царской династии Багратионов), Ма-териалы международной научной конференции: `Археология, этно-логия, фольклористика Кавказа~ (Тбилиси, 27-30 сентября 2010 года). Организаторы конференции: `Фонд Кавказа~, Комиссия по на-

21

учному сотрудничеству со странами Кавказа Национальной Ака-демии Наук Грузии, Тбилиси, 2011.

Davit Javakhishvili

Doctor of History, Jakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

Six Episodes from the History of Marriages of Kakhetian Branch Bagrationis

Summary

Representatives of centuries old Bagrationi royal dynasty that had ru-

led Georgia, used to get married with the representatives of foreign ruling dynasties and Georgian noble families as well.

This research consists of 6 essays, placed in a chronological order. It emphasizes on several actual historical facts, stressing the great importance of marriages of royal family members, as the political circumstances and subjective or objective verdicts of king sand queens could often inflict personal life of their children, and sometimes their lives (on an example of Kakhetian branch of Bagrationis).

22

Teimuraz vaxtangiSvili

iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis

saxelmwifo universitetis mecnier-

TanamSromeli.

Telavis saqalaqo mmarTvelobis

istoriidan

saqarTvelos qalaqebs Soris Tavisi koloritiT da mra-

valsaukunovani istoriiT Telavs erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli

adgili uWiravs.

cnobilia, rom Telavi, rogorc qalaquri tipis dasaxle-

buli punqti gvian antikur xanaSi iRebs saTaves. qarTuli is-

toriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, q. Telavi Xs-Si warmoiSva. [1,

548] igi mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da politikuri centri iyo

ganviTarebuli da gviandeli feodalizmis epoqaSi. kerZod,

XIs-XIIs. dasawyissa da XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi kaxeTis mefeTa re-

zidencias warmoadgenda. mas mefis mier daniSnuli mouravi da

misi damxmare sxva moxeleni marTavdnen. [2, 47-48]

miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare statiaSi Cemi kvlevis

mizans warmoadgens Telavis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis gaSu-

qeba XIX s. miwurulsa da XXsaukunis pirvel ocwleulSi (1917

wlamde),saWirod CavTvale zogadad Sevxebodi q.Telavis mar-

Tva-gamgeobis sakiTxs, kerZod ki, mouravis instituts, mis uf-

leba-movaleobebs. ramdenadac adreuli da ganviTarebuli fe-

odalizmis epoqis qarTul da ucxour istoriul wyaroebSi q.

Telavis mouravis institutis Sesaxeb masalebi Zalian Zunwia

da, SeiZleba iTqvas, faqtobrivad arc mogvepoveba, amitom,

kvlevis obieqtad gviandeli feodalizmis xanis Telavi aviRe.

mis Sesaxeb sakmaod mravali masala aqvs motanili akademikos

SoTa mesxias Tavis fundamentur naSromSi _ „feodaluri sa-

qarTvelos qalaqebi da saqalaqo wyobiloba XVII_XVIII saukune-

ebSi~. [3, 404]

saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebisgan gansxvavebiT, gvian feoda-

lur xanaSi

Telavis mouravi `bazris mouravisàn „taruRas~ saxeliT

iyo cnobili. Telavi, siRnaRis msgavsad, kaxeT-qiziyis sagam-

gebloSi Sedioda da bazris mouravic kaxeT- qiziyis mouravs

(mefis nacvals) unda damorCileboda.

23

istoriulma wyaroebma Semogvinaxes gviani feodaluri xa-

nis Telavis bazris mouravTa ara marto vinaoba, aramed maTi

funqciebi da sargoc. rogorc irkveva, Telavis mouravebad

Teimuraz II-is droidan (1740wlidan) mokidebuli, erekle meo-

risa da giorgi XII-is CaTvliT, Tavad gurgeniZeebis gvaris

warmomadgenlebi (solomoni, irodioni) iniSnebodnen. maT faq-

tobrivad es Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiT ekavaT.

istoriuli masalebi mowmoben, rom, rogorc erTiani sa-

qarTvelos samefoSi, aseve gvianfeodalur qalaqebSic, mxo-

lod mefis mier daniSnuli erTi mouravi unda yofiliyo. qa-

laqSi sxva pirebs, ymaTa sakmaod didi raodenobis mflobel

saero Tu sasuliero feodalebs gvianfeodaluri saqalaqo

ganwesebis mixedviT, ar SeiZleba TavianTi mouravebi hyolo-

daT, magram es normebi qalaqebSi gabatonebis mosurne saero

Tu sasuliero feodalebis mier, rogorc Cans irRveoda da

feodalebi cdilobdnen samefo mouravis gverdiT msxvil qa-

laqebSi sakuTari mouravebic gaeCinaT. [3, 404]

gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi feodalebis amgvar cdas

erTgvari warmatebac hqonda da zogi qalaqi marTlac faqtob-

rivad gayofili iyo mefesa da Tavadebs Soris. magaliTad Te-

lavi, romelic TiTqmis qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erT-erTi sajdo-

mi qalaqi iyo. rogorc erekle meoris 1768 wlis dadgenili

Telavis bazris mouravis `sargodan~ Cans, faqtobrivad mefesa

da Tavadebs Soris iyo ganawilebuli. debulebis mixedviT Te-

lavis Semosavlis erTi nawili Tavadebis vaxvaxiSvilebisa da

yorCibaSvilebis ymebis mier TelavSi Semotanili saqonlis baJ-

sa da sxv. warmoadgenda. ase rom, Telavi marto mefis qalaqi

ar iyo, aramed Tavadebisac. igi mefesa, vaxvaxiSvilebsa da

yorCibaSvilebs Soris iyo ganawilebuli. cxadia, amgvar qalaq-

Si rogorc mefis, aseve Tavadebis moxeleebic moqmedebdnen.

magram Telavi mainc erTgvari gamonaklisi iyo. saqarTvelos

sxva qalaqebs ki, rogorc aRiniSna, mefis mier daniSnuli moxe-

le mouravi marTavda.

qalaqis mouravs, rogorc saTanado debulebidan Cans, un-

da ganego yovelive is, rac qalaqsa da qalaqSi mefis brZanebis

gatarebas Seexeboda.mefe Tavis brZanebebs pirvel rigSi qala-

qis mouravs acnobebda, rom mas igi dauyonebliv gaetarebina.

[3, 406-408]

qalaqis mouravs gansakuTrebiT qalaqis ekonomikuri

24

cxovrebisTvis unda edevnebina Tvalyuri. Tavisi xelqveiTi

moxeleebis daxmarebiT igi qalaqis ekonomikuri cxovrebis yo-

vel sakiTxSi ereoda. mas Tvalyuri eWira qalaqis baJze. qala-

qis mebaJenic Tu baJis ijaradnic mis moxeleebad iTvlebod-

nen, raki mouravi baJsac meTvalyureobda, mas aqedan saTanado

wili hqonda gankuTvnili. rogorc debulebidan Cans, garkveu-

li raodenobis wils iRebda Telavis mouravic.

gvianfeodalur saqarTvelos qalaqebSi, daviT batoniSvi-

lis cnobiT, vaWroba ZiriTadad mefis da qalaqis xelisufal-

Ta mier dawesebuli nixriT warmoebda. [4, 421] „kaxeT-qiziyis

sargos~ mixedviT, `kaxeTsa da qiziySi~ saerTod nixris micema

„mefis nacvals~ exeboda, magram Telavis bazarSi nixrs, ro-

gorc Cans, Telavis mouravi awesebda. irodion gurgeniZes Te-

lavis bazris mouravis sargoTa Soris CaniSnuli aqvs: `sanixro

xorci gvergeboda cxvrisa weliwadSi 50 litra~ [2; 5]. „sanixro

xorci~ Telavis bazris mouravs xorcze nixris dawesebis Sem-

TxvevaSi SeiZleboda miscemoda. nixri wesdeboda qalaqSi Semo-

tanil xorcze, Rvinoze, Tevzze, yurZenze da sxva saxis xilze.

[6, 18-30] mouravisa da qalaqis moxeleTa mier dawesebuli nix-

ri yvela amqrisaTvis savaldebulo iyo: nixris dacvisTvis

Tvalyuri TviT mouravs unda edevnebina da nixris damrRvevi-

damnaSave unda daejarimebina. amitomac jarima mouravis sasar-

geblod midioda.

qalaqis mouravis movaleobas Seadgenda agreTve qalaqSi

xmarebuli sazom-sawyaoTa sisworis dacvisTvis zrunva. qala-

qis mouravis nebarTvisa da winaswari Semowmebis gareSe,zoma-

wonis erTeulebi ar SeiZleboda xmarebuliyo.

amas garda, mouravTa uSualo movaleobas Seadgenda qala-

qebSi saerTo wesrigisa da wesebis dacva, qurdis, saerTod „avi

kacisa~ da cudi znis qalebis Zebna. [6, 520] maTi daWera moura-

vis brZanebiT xdeboda da saTanado jarimac mouravis sasar-

geblod midioda. [6, 527] wesrigis dacvaSi mouravs qalaqis po-

liciis warmomadgenlebi Svelodnen, saamisod saTanado moxe-

leebi (mamasaxlisi, nacvali, da dabali Cinis policielebi) iy-

vnen gamoyofili. mouravs evaleboda agreTve Tvalyuri edev-

nebina politikurad saeWvo pirebisTvis, rom isini qalaqidan

ar gasuliyvnen.

zogierTi qalaqis, maT Soris Telavis, mouravis uflebas

Seadgenda aseve qalaqi mosaxlis gayris Tu Seyris wignebis

25

damtkiceba, mamulTa, saxlTa Tu duqanTa gayidvis wignebis

damtkiceba da sxva. [7, 14]

qalaqis mouravis movaleobas Seadgenda mieRo ucxoeli

stumrebi, gamoeyo maTTvis saTanado sacxovrebeli bina; ucxo-

elebic valdebulni iyvnen TavianTi mosvla ama Tu im qalaqSi

mouravisTvis euwyebinaT da saTanado saCuqrebic mierTmiaT.

daviT batoniSvilis cnobiT, qalaqis mouravebi valde-

bulni iyvnen Tu mefe qalaqSi imyofeboda, yovel diliT moex-

senebinaT misTvis qalaqis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, magram mefe

Tu qalaqSi ar iyo, TveSi erTxel mainc miewodebinaT msgavsi

moxseneba misTvis. [4, 665]. amas garda qalaqebis mouravebi val-

debuli iyvnen qalaqis yovelwliuri Semosaval-gasavlis Sesa-

xeb wlis bolos saTanado angariSi CaebarebinaT samefos sax-

lTuxucesisaTvis. [3, 402]

qalaqis mouravebi TavianTi movaleobis Sesrulebis-

Tvis samefo xelisuflebisagan jamagirs ki ar iRebdnen, ara-

med qalaqis Semosavlidan nawils, sargos. ase rom, gvianfeoda-

lur saqarTveloSi ama Tu im mouravis Senaxva mTlianad im qa-

laqze iyo dakisrebuli, romlis mouravadac igi iTvleboda.[5,

48]

Telavis bazris mouravs Tbilisisa da goris mouravTagan

SedarebiT naklebi Semosavali qonda. mas wili edo Telavis

bazris ijaraSi da Tu irodion gurgeniZes davujerebT, aqedan

mas yovelwliurad aTi Tumani ergeboda. [5, 48] Telavis samou-

ravo debulebaSi araferia naTqvami vaWarTa mier mouravisadmi

misarTmev feSqaSze, magram Telavis bazarSi gayidul da gasa-

yid saqonelze mouravs Tavisi baJi unda aeRo. aseve mas ekuT-

vnoda ~Rvinis WaSnikic~, baJi xmel Tevzze, xizilalaze, bamba-

ze, da sxva. [7, 141]

aRsaniSnavia, rom Telavisadmi erekles micemuli 1768

wlis ganwesebiT sataruRo-samouravo sxvagvari iyo, vidre

Tbilissa da gorSi ~sataruRo SeZlebulze abazi da Raribze

ori Sauri~. XVIII.s miwuruls ki Telavis sataruRo gaTanabre-

bia sxva qalaqebis sataruRo raodenobas da irodion gurgeni-

Zis cnobiT, aqac eqvsi SauriT yofila gansazRvruli. [5, 48]

amas garda Telavis ~bazris kacebi~ mouravis winaSe sxvadasxva

saCuqrebiT sxvagvar samsaxursac wevdnen. Telavis mouravis

iyo ~Tavis gasamtexlo kacze Tormeti minalTuni~, sabatono

jarimis mesamedi da sxv. Telavis bazris ukanaskneli mouravis

26

irodion gurgeniZis cnobiT, misi Semosavali saSualod 46 Tu-

mansa da 3 minalTuns (463 maneTs) udrida. [5, 84-85] TiTqmis 5-

jer naklebs, vidre goris mouravis oTar amilaxvrisa, romlis

yovelwliuri Semosavali 210 Tumani (2100 man.) iyo. [3, 417]

amgvarad, rogorc zemoganxiluli masalebidan Cans, q.Te-

lavis marTva-gamgeobas, feodaluri xanis damaxasiaTebeli ni-

San-Tviseba hqonda.

* * *

XIX saukunis dasawyisidan feodaluri saqarTvelo poli-

tikuri da ekonomikuri urTierToba axal sferoSi Sevida. ru-

seTTan ZaldatanebiTi SeerTebis miuxedavad, mis Semadgenlo-

baSi Sesvla saqarTvelos ganviTarebis axal gzebs uxsnida.

axalma ekonomikurma da politikurma pirobebma, carizmis ko-

loniuri politikis miuxedavad, xeli Seuwyo saqalaqo meurne-

obisa da saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebas. ase rom, XIX sauku-

nis dasawyisidan saqarTvelos saqalaqo cxovrebaSi axali peri-

odi iwyeba.

q. Telavi saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebis msgavsad garkveul

cvlilebebs ganicdis. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis (1801

w.) Semdeg 1917 wlamde Telavi Tbilisis guberniis samazro

centri gaxda. igi Telavis mazris ufrosisa da rusuli admi-

nistraciuli sistemis sxva moxeleTa rezidencias warmoadgen-

da. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, bunebrivia, policiis TviTnebo-

bas ver egueboda da ibrZoda TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis.

XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi burJuaziuli reformebis

gatarebas mohyva kapitalizmis ganviTareba, romlis Sedegad

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda ruseTis imperiis ekonomikaSi,

mosaxleobis socialur struqturaSi. mzardi burJuazia impe-

riis centrsa da periferiebSic Tavis ekonomikur-socialur

mdgomareobis Sesaferis adgils moiTxovda politikur sfero-

Sic. ruseTis absoluturi monarqia garkveul daTmobaze wavi-

da, SedarebiT did qalaqTa mosaxleobis zedafenas SezRudu-

li, kontrols daqvemdebarebuli TviTmarTveloba uboZa.

1870 wals saqalaqo debuleba saqarTvelozec gavrcelda.

TviTmmarTvel qalaqTa rigebSi Caewera TanmimdevrobiT Tbi-

lisi, quTaisi, axalcixe, foTi, baTumi. municipalitetSi orga-

nizebuli adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi Zalebi axerxebdnen

27

ramdenadme gaeneitralebinaT TviTmpyrobelobis biurokrati-

uli aparatis moxeleTa kanonsa da SiSvel Zalaze damyarebuli

TviTneboba, aeRorZinebinaT komunaluri meurneoba, Tavisi

wvlili SeetanaT saxalxo ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dac-

vis sistemaTa srulyofaSi. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos mcire qa-

laqebis mosaxleobac ibrZoda TviTmarTvelobis mopovebisaT-

vis.

saqarTvelos mcire qalaqebSi XIX s-is 90-ian wlebamde sa-

policio mmarTveloba arsebobda. mosaxleobis (isic mxolod

zedafenis) warmomadgenlebs gadasaxadTa gawera-akrefis saqme-

Si iyenebdnen. Telavis mosaxleobas arc policia moswonda da

arc misi diqtatis qveS myofi ~deputatebis~ saqmianoba. igi

Tavis ganwyobilebasa da survils, arcTu iSviaTad, perioduli

presis meSveobiT gamoxatavda.

1889 wels vada gauvida q.Telavis Zvel deputatebs mazris

ufrosma vaWar-xelosnebi Sekriba axali arCevnebis Casatareb-

lad. Telavelebma kargad isargebles am momentiT. gazeT ~ive-

riis~ korespondenti gadmogvcems, rom ~xalxi jguf-jgufad

iyo dayofili da cxare sja-baasi hqondaT TviTmmarTvelobis

SemoRebazed. b-n TaTuzovis sityvis Semdeg .... mTelma yrilo-

bam erTxmad daamtkica iSuamdgomlos mTavrobis winaSe, rom

Telavsac mianiWos TviTmmarTveloba~. [8]

ramdenime wlis Semdeg q.TelavisaTvis TviTmmarTvelobis

boZebis sakiTxi kvlav aRiZra. vinme kaxeli (i,ciskariSvilis

fsevdonimi-T.v.) ~iveriis~ redaqcias acnobebda q. Telavis fi-

nansuri siZnelebis Sesaxeb da amis mizezad policiis TviTne-

bobasa da borotmiqmedebas acxadebda. igi SeSfoTebas gamoT-

qvamda imis gamo, rom qalaqs WeSmariti patroni ar hyavda, e.w.

~deputatebis~ xalxs araferi sjera, radgan maT araviTari uf-

leba ar gaaCniaTo. . . ~vin Caaxedebs deputats qalaqis kasaSi?.

. Tu rogorme moxda, rom kasaSi fuli Secotavda, maSin ki de-

putatebo, gawereT, akrifeT, SemoitaneT da sxva amgvari brZa-

neba zed erTviso~... iqve korespondenti sinanuliT aRniSnavs,

rom fuli ixarjeba, qalaqis quCebi ki gaukeTebel-gaunaTebe-

liao. TviTmarTvelobis SemoRebam SeiZleba xarji mogvimato-

so, ~magram wesierad saqmis msjeloba yvelas aanazRaurebs da

aTasgvar naklovaneba-borotmoqmedebas bolo moeRebao~. [9]

1892 wels aleqsandre mesamem daamtkica axali saqalaqo

debuleba da ruseTis imperiaSi gatarda kontreforma. kidev

28

ufro Seikveca TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba-kompetencia. [10,

704-705] ~TviTmarTvis~ ufleba ufro advili dasaTmobi gaxda

da mcire qalaqebis mosaxleobasac mianiWes. maTTvis kanonSi

Seitanes garkveuli koreqtivi, Tavs moaxvies TviTmmarTvelo-

bis gamartivebuli struqtura. saqalaqo krebaSi xmosnebis

nacvlad unda arCeuliyvnen rwmunebulebi, qalaqis Tavis nac-

vlad mamasaxlisebi. arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba mieniWaT

iseT moqalaqeebs, romelTa wliuri sufTa Semosavali as ma-

neTs aRemateboda da vinc wesierad ixdida gadasaxadebs.

Telavis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis rwmunebulTa arCev-

nebi 1896 wlis 7 aprilisaTvis dainiSna. cenziani moqalaqeebis

didma nawilma pasiuroba gamoiCina, bevrma vaWar-mrewvelma da

sxva saqmosanma erTi dRec ki ar dakarga arCevnebSi monawileo-

bis misaRebad. kenWis yraSi monawileoba miiRo samas oTxmocda

xuTi cenzianidan mxolod 89 amomrCevelma, gansakuTrebiT aq-

tiurobda cenzian moqalaqeTa erTi jgufi, romelic yovelna-

irad cdilobda rwmunebulTa krebaSi Tavis kandidatebis gay-

vanas. saarqivo masalebidan Cans, rom saarCevno komisiis Tav-

jdomare mixeil TaTuzovi aSkarad arRvevda instruqcias;

TviT dadioda yuTebs Soris, arigebda Sarebs da Tan miTiTebas

aZlevda amomrCevlebs Tu romel yuTSi unda Caegdo TeTri Tu

Savi Sarebi. aseve moqmedebda asistenti m. ciskarovic (ciska-

riSvili-T.v.). am aqtiurobam, rogorc Cans, saTanado nayofi

gamoiRo, rwmunebulebad ZiriTadad arCeulebi iqnen somxuri

warmoSobis vaWar-mrewvelebi. sul 15 rwmunebuli da 4 rwmune-

bulis kandidati. [11, 47]

1896 wlis 23 ivliss Telavis rwmunebulTa krebis meore

sxdomaze qalaqis mamasaxlisad arCeul iqna mixeil TaTuzovi,

mis TanaSemwed artem ter-sarqisovi. Tbilisis gubernatorma

orive maTgani Tanamdebobaze daamtkica da winadadeba misca

Telavis mazris ufross q.Telavis uZrav- moZravi qoneba da

saqmis warmoeba maTTvis gadaeca. [11, 106]

Telavis TviTmmarTvelobam avad Tu kargad saqmianoba da-

iwyo, magram man kargaxans ver SeZlo qalaqis cxovrebaSi arse-

biTi gardatexis moxdena. uflebebsa da saxsrebs moklebuli

TviTmarTveloba gaWirvebiT arTmevda Tavs komunaluri meur-

neobis gaZRolis sakmaod rTul saqmes. albaT amiT iyo ganpi-

robebuli is garemoeba, rom 1898 w. mamasaxlisis TanaSemwe va-

daze adre gadadga Tanamdebobidan, Tan bodiSi moixada mouc-

29

leleobis gamo jerovnad ver vasrulebdi Cems movaleobaso.

~iveriis~ korespondenti ~nadikvreli~ (fsevdonimi ilia zara-

fiSvilisa-T.v.) miesalma a. ter-sarqisovis gadadgomis faqts

da Tan imedi gamoTqva, rom ~rCeulTa kreba~ momavalSi Tanam-

debobaze aRar airCevda iseT pirovnebas, romelsac analogiu-

ri an sxva mizezis gamo qalaqis interesebisaTvis samsaxuris

saSualeba ar eqneboda, qalaqis gamgeobaSi gaiyvanda Rirseul

adamianebs. [12, 190].

Telavis mamasaxlisis TanaSemwis Tanamdebobaze dausaxe-

lebiaT ciskariSvilis, yulijanovis, miRdisovis, rostomaSvi-

lis, vaxvaxiSvilis, zurabiSvilis da evangulovis kandidatu-

rebi. ~qarTvel kandidatebs werda amasTan dakavSirebiT ~ive-

riis~ korespondenti-ganviTarebiT upiratesoba aqvT, magram

vin icis krebas ukeTesoba eqneba saxeSi Tu Tavisianoba. dRes

rCeulTa krebaSi marto erTi qarTveli b-ni ciskariSvili ure-

via da rasakvirvelia, Tu kreba ~TavisianobiT~ ixelmZRvane-

lebs, cxadia vinc iqmneba arCeuli. jer ki imedi gvaqvs, rom am

arCevnebSi kreba, yovelsave uRirs mosazrebas moklebuli, da-

adgeba keTilgonierebis mier naCveneb gzasa da am gzas ar gada-

uxvevs... vnaxoT, sikeTe gaimarjvebs, Tu boroteba.~[12, 190]

~iveriis~ korespondentis eWvi gamarTlda. somexma rwmu-

nebulebma ~TavisianobiT ixelmZRaneles da ara keTilgoniere-

biT. maT mamasaxlisis TanaSemwed isev somexi sarqis miRdisovi

airCies. aseTsave tendencias amJRavnebdnen isini Semdegac. ami-

tom iyo, rom Telavis TviTmmarTvelobis Tanamdebobaze ufro

xSirad airCeodnen vaWroba-mrewvelobaSi praqtikuli WkuiT

TavgamoCenili somexi saqmosnebi da iSviaTad qarTveli inte-

ligentebi.

Telavis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobaSi Semdgom periodSi

Catarebul arCevnebs da somexTa moZalebas gamoexmaura didi

qarTveli pedagogi iakob gogebaSvili. man specialuri werili

gamoaqveyna gaz. „saxalxo gazeTi~-s furclebze- „oriode sit-

yva Telavis arCevnebis gamo~. igi sinanuls gamoTqvams imis Se-

saxeb, rom rwmunebulTa sabWoSi arc erTi qarTveli ar moxvda

da igi mTlianad somexi vaWar-mrewvelebiT dakompleqtda. di-

di pedagogi wers: „rogorc ukve uwyiT, warsul TveSi qalaq

TelavSi samoqalaqo arCevnebi moxda. yvelam icis, rom Telavi

iyo sataxto qalaqi kaxeTis samefosi da exlac masSi did um-

ravlesobas mcxovreblebisas qarTvelebi Seadgenen. vin moi-

30

fiqrebda, rom Telavis sabWoSi arc erTi qarTveli ar iqnebo-

da arCeuli? arc erTi Ze da Svili ar eRirseboda xmosnis ad-

gils? rogor moxda moulodneli da daujerebeli ambavi?sab-

Wos wevrebad miCneul iqnen marto somxebi, mxolod ìancebi~

eRirsnen xmosnobas. qarTvelebs ki, TviTon imaTac ki vinc sav-

sebiT Seeferebodnen am Tanamdebobas ganviTarebiT, gamocdi-

lebiT da sazogado saqmis erTgulebiT, sul yvelas Savi kenWi

Cauyares. nuTu mniSvnelobas moklebulia TviTon is faqti,

rom TelavSi ramdenime ganviTarebuli, magram qarTveli ukuR-

marTi arCevnebis gamo moaklda cxovrebisa da saqveyno arsebo-

bis saxsars da es saxsari mTlad xelSi igdes imaT, visac uimi-

sodac uzrunveli cxovreba aqvs....da gana es ganmartovebuli

SemTxveviTi faqtia? gana yvelas nabiWvrad vxedavT, rom qar-

Tvelobas xels ukraven Rirseuli RonisZiebiT ipovon cxovre-

ba da moqmedebis saxsari? qarTvelebis carielze dasma, yove-

live asparezidan gandevna Cveulebriv movlenad gadaiqca. am

antiqarTvelis process awarmoebdnen erTis mxriv Crdiloeli

(rusi-T.v.) erTmorwmuneni, meores mxriv samxreTeli (somexi-

T.v.) mezobelni. rac ise cxadad hyves brZolisTvisac ki Tela-

vuri oinia...~ [13]

axlad Camoyalibebuli Telavis TviTmmarTvelobis winaSe

dasmul gadasawyvet sakiTxTa Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

iyo qalaqis sazRvrebis dadgenis sakiTxi.

jer kidev XIX-s-70 ian wlebSi, roca mefis nacvalma mixe-

il romanovma Telavis gegma daamtkica, qalaqis farglebSi

mohyva ramdenime Tavadaznauris mamuli. male amis Semdeg daiw-

yo mamulis sayovelTao gamijvna, romlis drosac erTi mxriv

Telavis moqalaqeTa da meores mxriv Tavad vaxvaxiSvilebisa da

yorCibaS-rusiSvilebs Soris atyda dava. „Telavelebi saqala-

qod daobdnen adgil-mamuls, Tavadni sakuTrebad, radgan am

gorebis gasadevari adgili dasaxlebuli iyo TviT amave Tava-

debis naymevebiT da radganac es iwodeboda kurdRelaurad,

davis gasarCevad, is saTavado adgilebi (vaxvaxiSvilebisa da

yorCibaSvilebisa), romlebic TelavSia, mounaTlavT kurdRe-

laurad... rac udaod qalaqs akuTvnes, mas Telavis agaraki

ewoda~.[12, 271]

saadgilmamulo dava oc welze meti gagrZelda. roca Te-

lavSi TviTmmarTveloba iqna SemoRebuli, mis teritoriaze ar-

sebul yvela saxels, maT Soris Tavadebis saxlebsac Sefasebi-

31

Ti gadasaxadi daedo. amiT ukmayofilo Tavadaznaurobam mTav-

robaSi Seitana saCivari. isini „amtkicebdnen~, Cven Telavelebi

ara varT, kurdRelauris daCaSi vcxovrobT da amdenad saqala-

qo gadasaxadi tyuilad Semogvawereso. saCivarma mravali in-

stancia gaiara da bolos senatSi moxvda. senatma momCivarTa

mamuli da karmidamo sof. kurdRelaurad CaTvala da saqalaqo

gamosaRebisagan gaaTavisufla. am gadawyvetilebis Sedegad,

„Semoevlo xazi q. Telavs. am xazs gareT darCa aTasamde mcxov-

rebeli, romelTagan mcire ricxvi TavadaznaurTa da sxvani

Telavis moqalaqeTa ricxvSi myofni mama-papaTa; amasTan xazis

gareT darCenilTa 90% qarTvelobaa~.[12, 271] maT umravleso-

bas TiTqmis araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda soflis meurneobas-

Tan, maTi interesi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saqalaqo cxov-

rebasTan. bunebrivia, xelovnurad qalaqgareT datovebul am

moqalaqeebs ar moewonaT Seqmnili aranormaluri mdgomareoba.

maT TavadaznaurTa winaaRmdegobis muixedavad, saCivari aR-

Zres, qalaqis farglebSi dabruneba moiTxoves.

TiTqmis yvela Telaveli am azrisa iyo, rom TviTmmarTve-

loba mxars dauWerda e.w. „kurdRelaurel~ moqalaqeTa saCi-

vars, ibrZolebda faqtiurad qalaqis am teritoriis forma-

lurad SemoerTebisaTvis, magram es molodini ar gamarTlda.

amis Semdeg qalaqis farglebidan gayvanilma moqalaqeebma Tbi-

lisis gubernators mimarTes. gubernatorma gaugebrobad miiC-

nia qalaqis xelovnurad gayofa da Telavis mazris ufross da-

avala, rom qalaqis mamasaxlisTan SeTanxmebiT TelavisaTvis

axali mijna Semoevlo. am mijnis SigniT moexvedrebina „kur-

dRelaurel moqalaqeTa saxlebic. mamasaxlisma m. TaTuzovma

dasaxelebul moqalaqeTa Telavis farglebSi moqcevis winapi-

robad gamoacxada maT mier boqaulisa da 7 straJnikis jamagi-

ris gadaxda da Tavis xarjiT qalaqis am nawilis mokirwyvla.

„iveriis~ korespondentma („nadikvreli`-ilia zarafiSvili) yo-

fil TelavelTaTvis aseTi ultimatumis wayeneba usamarTlo-

bad miiCnia. misi azriT, m. TaTuzovis aseT pozicias Telave-

lebi imiT xsnidnen, rom „xazs gareT darCenilebSi, jer erTi,

sakmaod iyvnen samamasaxliso kacebi da maTi SiSiT ise gasdide-

bia Tvalebi, rom sawyal moqalaqeebs veRar xedavso; meore-

xazs gareT darCenili moqalaqeni TiTqmis mTlianad qarTvele-

bi arian da maTi SemoerTebiT TviTmmarTvelobac gaqarTvel-

debao.`

32

„b-ma gubernatorma, _ gamagrZobs korespondenti, _ rasak-

virvelia, uwyis damokidebuleba adgilobriv mkvidrTa da ime-

dia, ar miiRebs im sabuTebs, romlebiTac daCrdilulia WeSma-

riti mizezi uaryofisa. imedia, gubernatori Seva am mama-papiT

moqalaqeTa mdgomareobaSi, miiRebs mxedvelobaSi rom maT ga-

sofleleba.... ar SeuZliaT... da ise dasdebs Tavis msjavrsa~.

[12, 272]

magram gubernatorma, rogorc Cans, ver dasdo swori

„msjavri~ qalaqis gaerTianebis sakiTxi XX-s. dasawyisSi gada-

uWreli iyo, bevri Telaveli isev kurdRelaurelad iwodebo-

da. qalaqis qarTuli mosaxleoba xelovnurad iyo Camocilebu-

li TviTmmarTvelobas, rac somxur burJuazias Tavis sasargeb-

lo saqmianobas uadvilebda.

sxvadasxva xasiaTis masala cxadyofs, rom Telavis saqa-

laqo mmarTvelobis mesveurebi viwro klasobriv politikas

atarebdnen, mxolod burJuaziis interesTa dacvaze zrunav-

dnen. amitom mosaxleobis dabalma da saSualo fenebma guli

aiyares TviTmmarTvelobaze, boikots ucxadebdnen mas. aSkara

ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda cenzianTa nawili. bevri maTgani

arCevnebSic ki ar monawileobda.

Telavis TviTmmarTvelobam fexi aidga, saqmianoba daiwyo,

magram karga xans ver SeZlo qalaqis cxovrebaSi gardatexa See-

tana. gaWirvebiT arTmevda Tavs komunaluri meurneobis gaZ-

Rolis sakmaod rTul saqmes, ver axerxebda skolebisa da sam-

kurnalo dawesebulebaTa dafinansebas. amis ZiriTadi mizezi

iyo municipalitetis SezRuduloba sabiujeto-finansuri uf-

lebebis sferoSi. debulebis Tanaxmad saqalaqo TviTmmarTve-

lobas ufleba hqonda daedo gadasaxadebi uZrav qonebaze (sac-

xovrebeli saxlebi da sameurneo daniSnulebis Senobebisa, sa-

vaWro-samrewvelo dawesebulebebis, sasaklaoze da sxv. Sefase-

biTi gamosaRebis odenobas gansazRvravda saqalaqo TviTmmar-

Tveloba, magram igi ar unda ascileboda dasabegri obieqtis

1% da sufTa Semosavalis 10%-s.

saqalaqo reformis gatarebamde q. Telavis biujetis Se-

mosavlis nawils Seadgenda: 1894 wels _ 9427 man; 1895 wels —

9177 man, 1896 wels _ 8087 maneTs. gasavali daaxloebiT Semosa-

vals emTxveoda.

reformis Semdeg qalaqis biujetis Sedgenis ufleba Te-

lavis TviTmmarTvelobis xelSi gadavida, magram gadasaxadebs

33

Zveleburad mTavrobis policia krebda. igi ganawyenebuli iyo

biujetis daxarjvis uflebis dakargviT da Tavs maincdamainc

ar iwuxebda, zogjer ki aRebuli Tanxis nawils TviTon iTvi-

sebda. amitom iyo, rom Telavis biujeti Semosavlis nawilSi

xSirad ar sruldeboda. 1897 wels, magaliTad, saSemosavlo bi-

ujeti ganisazRvra 11451 man. odenobiT, faqtiurad Semovida

8939 maneTi, 1898 wels namdvili Semosavali udrida 10752 man.

1901 wels _ 11473 maneTs. [14, 22-24]

Telavis TviTmmarTveloba biujetis xarjvaSic ar iyo

mTlianad Tavisufali, igi valdebuli iyo Tanxis garkveuli

nawili mTavrobis miTiTebiT daexarja. 1900 wels Telavis

TviTmmarTvelobam daxarja: mTavrobis policiasa da jarze-3

aTasi man, TviTmmarTvelobis aparatze-3364 man., komunalur

meurneobaze _ 2000 maneTi. 1910 wlis biujetidan policiaze

da jarze daixarja 3108 man, TviTmmarTvelobis aparatze-4864

man., qalaqis keTilganwyobaze-8923 maneTi.[15, 143-150]

policia Tavs ar iwuxebda q. Telavis keTilmowyobisaT-

vis. 1896 wels Telavis TviTmmarTvelobam bevri dangreuli da

moukirwylavi quCa, mouvleli baRi, mouwesrigebeli ganaTebis

sistema gadaibara. komunalur meurneobaSi gardatexa ucbad

ar momxdara. ukeTesoba qalaqs daetyo TviTmmarTvelobis Se-

moRebidan 10-15 wlis Tavze. 1902 wels qalaqis keTilmowyoba-

ze (quCa-moednebis mokirwyvla, xidebis SekeTeba, wyalsadeni,

ganaTeba da sxv.) daixarja 3683 man, 1910w. -1995 man, 1911w.-1954

man, 1913w.-2168 maneTi. [15, 155] qalaqis sanitarul-samedicino

momsaxurebaze TviTmmarTveloba yovelwliurad saSualod

aTas maneTs xarjavda.

safuZveli gvaqvs davaskvnaT, rom Telavis saqalaqo TviT-

mmarTveloba cdilobda gaeumjobesebina komunaluri meurneo-

ba, Tavisi wvlili Seetana skolebis qselis gazrdisa da same-

dicino momsaxurebis gafarToebis saqmeSi. sapolicio mmarTve-

lobasTan SedarebiT TviTmmarTveloba ufro nayofierad saq-

mianobda, magram reaqciuli kanonmdeblobis moqmedebisa da

finansuri saxsrebis simciris porobebSi igi ver axerxebda

drois moTxovnebis Sesabamisad gardaeqmna saqalaqo cxovreba.


1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qar-

Tlis cxovreba, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973.

34

2. S. mesxia, masalebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samoxeleo wyo-

bis istoriisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1948.

3. SoTa mesxia, feodaluri saqarTvelos qalaqebi da saqala-

qo wyobileba XVII-XVIII ss, saistorio Ziebani, t. II, Tbilisi,

1983.

4. Царевичь Давид, Обозрение Грузии, пригатовил к изд. Ениколофов, Тбилиси, 1942.

5. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

f. 229, saq. 34. 6. saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. 2, tfilisi, 1909.


f. 229, saqme 34.

8. gaz. „iveria~, 1889, #5.

9. gaz. „iveria~, 1893, #273.

10. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. V, Tbilisi, 1970.


fondi 29, saqme 105.

12. gaz. „iveria~, 1898, #190.

13. „saxalxo gazeTi’, 1911, #261.


f. 29. saq. 180.

15. h. daTiSvili, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomiuri ganviTa-

reba da mSromelTa ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola XX s. pir-

vel ocwleulSi, Tbilisi, 1976.

TeimurazVakhtangishvili

IakobGogebashviliTelavi State University, research scientist

From The History of Telavi Municipal Management

Summary

The activity of Telavi Municipal Management at the end of the 19th

century and in the beginning of the 20th century is discussed in the article. On the basis of new materials communal economy, the school and other cultural and social organizations, the level of medical service etc. is studied in the article.

35

mzia tyavaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTno-

logis institutis axali da uaxlesi

istoriis ganyofilebis mecnier-Ta-

namSromeli

leon iulonis Ze bagrationis politikuri

portretisTvis

qveynis politikuri damoukideblobis dakargva da erov-

nuli mmarTvelobis gauqmeba udidesi tragediaa nebismieri

erisTvis. aseTi sabediswero periodi qarTvel ers XIX sauku-

nis dasawyisSi daudga. erTmorwmune da saukuneebis ganmavlo-

baSi qarTl-kaxeTis politikur mokavSired miCneulma ruseTis

saimperatoro karma qveynis damoukidebloba maSin gaauqma, ro-

desac realuri mokavSiris gareSe darCenili qarTveli eris mi-

er sakuTari ZalebiT damoukideblobisTvis brZola uperspeq-

tivo Canda.

qveyanaSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba daiwyo.

ruseTis winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis darazmva tradiciulad

bagrationebma iTaves. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis

Sesustebis mizniT ruseTis xelisufleba 1803 wlidan samefo

sagvareulos wevrTa ruseTSi gadasaxlebas Seudga. ruseTis

winaaRmdeg Seupovari mebrZolebi: iulon da farnaoz batoniS-

vilebi ojaxebianad 1805 wels ruseTis gzas gauyenes. es udi-

desi dartyma iyo erovnuli ZalebisTvis.

mTiuleTis ajanyebis (1804 w.) CaxSobis da ruseTis mowina-

aRmdege batoniSvilebis qveynidan gadasaxlebis Semdeg ruseT-

ma amierkavkasiaSi poziciebi gaimyara. Tumca qarTvel ers far-

xmali ar dauyria. isini erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrao-

bis organizatorebad sparseTSi myof batoniSvilebs: aleqsan-

dre erekles Zes, Teimuraz giorgis Zes da leon (igive levan)

iulonis Zes moiazrebdnen. amis SesaniSnavi magaliTia baramisa

da gedeonis werili mirmanoz erisTavisadmi: `gebrZanaT amis

uaresad Tqven Tavs nu gaiubedurebTo da fu, Cvens kacobasa,

rom Tu farnaoz mefis Ze gaubedurdeba, CvenTvis sikvdili sa-

natreli ar iyos... Tu farnaoz daiWires, _ aleqsandre, Teimu-

36

raz da levan xom isev arian~ [2, 145]. erekle II-is vaJi _ aleq-

sandre sikvdilis bolomde darCa ruseTis Seurigebel mebrZo-

lad. mas kargad icnobs qarTuli sazogadoebrioba. Teimuraz

giorgis Ze bagrationi 1803 wels gaiqca sparseTSi. igi 1810

wlis seqtembris Sua ricxvebSi sakuTari nebiT Cabarda rusebs.

igi aris avtori saistorio Txzulebis àxali istoria~.

qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Rirse-

uli da sruliad gamorCeuli warmomadgenlia leon iulonis Ze

batoniSvili. man ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZola adreuli asakidan

daiwyo da sicocxlis bolomde gaagrZela. misi saxeli usamar-

Tlod aris miviwyebuli. leoni dakavSirebulia osebis 1810-

1811 wlebis ajanyebasTan, romelsac gansakuTrebuli adgili

uWiravs qarTvelebis mier rusebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi. am amboxebam gansakuT-

rebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina dRevandeli daZabuli politikuri

viTarebis pirobebSi, radganac mis fonze sruliad gansxvavebu-

lad warmoCindeba qarTvelebisa da osebis urTierToba.

leonis Sesaxeb pirveli sagazeTo statia 1883 wels gazeT

`droebaSi~ daibeWda [18, 2-3]. misi avtori g. CoCiSvilia. 30

wlis Semdeg, 1913 wlis 25 dekembers gaz. `saxalxo gazeTma~

(#1077) kvlav gamoaqveyna ak. abesaZis statia `levan batoniSvi-

li oseTSi da oseTis amboxeba (1810-1811 w.)~. leon batoniSvi-

lis xelmZRvanelobiT mowyobil ajanyebas saistorio naSro-

mebSi garkveuli adgili dauTmes mefis ruseTis droindelma

istorikosebma: n. dubrovinma [6, 371-390], p. butkovma [8, 393,

395], p. kovalevskim [7,] da a. S. Cveni azriT, yoveli zemoT mox-

seniebuli publikaciis safuZveli kavkasiis arqeografiuli

komisiis aqtebis IV da V tomebis gamosvla (1872, 1873 wlebi) da

am sakiTxze aq ganTavsebuli mdidari dokumenturi masala gax-

da. leonis xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinare osebis ajanyebas uyu-

radRebod ar toveben, Tumca fragmentulad ganixilaven osi

sabWoTa istorikosebi: s. gabaraevi [9, 111-114], z. vaneevi [10,

150-162], g. TogoSvili [11, 10] da a. S. leons namdvilad ar

swyalobs qarTuli istoriografia. pirvel rigSi vgulis-

xmobT, umaRles saswavleblebisTvis Tu saSualo skolebisTvis

gankuTvnili saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebis mier aRniSnuli

sakiTxis mimarT gamoCenil srul gulgrilobas. garkveulwi-

lad es ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom qarTveli istorikosebi

TavianT samecniero naSromebSi leonis da 1810-1811 wlebis am-

37

boxebis Sesaxeb mxolod mokle informacias sjerdebian. leo-

nis, an Tundac iseTi mniSvnelovani politikuri movlenis Sesa-

xeb, rogorsac warmoadgenda osebis 1810-1811 wlebis amboxeba,

2008 wlamde [13, 69-94] ar arsebobda araTu monografiuli naS-

romi, samecniero statiac ki. qarTveli istorikosebi, ra Tqma

unda, icnobdnen im mdidar dokumentur masalas, romelic kav-

kasiis arqeografiuli komisiis mier Sedgenil aqtebSia gamoq-

veynebuli da leons da aRniSnul politikur movlenas exeba,

Tumca maT dumils erTaderTi axsna SeiZleba movuZebnoT. ara-

visTvis saidumloebas ar warmoadgens, rom sabWoTa ideologi-

is pirobebSi, ar iyo aRniSnuli movlenis obieqturi gaSuqebisa

da swori daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. am sakiTxze yalbi

istoriis daweras da qarTveli sazogadoebriobis SecdomaSi

Seyvanas qarTvel istorikosTa umravlesobam, rogorc Cans,

Tavi Segnebulad aarida.

vin iyo leon batoniSvili? leoni erekle II-isa da dare-

jan dedoflis SviliSvili, maTi ufrosi vaJis _ iulonis uf-

rosi Svilia. deda _ salome, revaz amilaxvaris asuli iyo. le-

ons hyavda ori umcrosi Zma: luarsabi (13 wlis 1801 wels) da

dimitri da ori da: Tamari (11 wlis 1801 wels) da erTic mci-

rewlovani (romlis saxeli ucnobia) [1, 199-200]. leon batoniS-

vilis dabadebis TariRad, savaraudod, 1786 weli unda iqnas

miCneuli. am SemTxvevaSi Cven veyrdnobiT erT-erT rusul ofi-

cialur wyaros, romelSic leonis asakad 15 welia miTiTebu-

li. dokumenti daTariRebuli ar aris, Tumca igi mTeli rigi

monacemebis mixedviT 1801 wels miekuTvneba [1, 199-200]. es ki

gvaZlevs safuZvels, leonis dabadebis TariRis gamosaTvle-

lad aTvlis wertilad swored es weli miviCnioT. am mosazre-

bas sxva wyaroebis arapirdapiri monacemebic uWers mxars. jer-

jerobiT CvenTvis ucnobia leonis dabadebis adgilic. tradi-

ciulad saxelis darqmevisas iTvaliswinebdnen qristianuli

wmindanebis xsenebis dReebs [21, 3]. Cveni azriT, swored amasTan

gvaqvs saqme leonis SemTxvevaSic. Tumca ar gamoiricxeba isic,

rom leonisTvis saxeli, erekle II-is naadrevad gardacvlili

vaJis – leonis sapativsacemodac daerqmiaT.

iulonis ojaxi leonis dabadebis momentSi TbilisSi

cxovrobda. arsebuli saistorio wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom sa-

mefo sagvareulos wevrTa saxlebi avlabarSi, erTmaneTis siax-

loves iyo ganlagebuli. maT xSiri urTierToba hqondaT er-

38

TmaneTTan, rac gvaZlevs imis Tqmis uflebas, rom leoni faq-

tiurad samefo karze izrdeboda. es ki aucileblad gulis-

xmobda karg ganaTlebas, uryev qristianul rwmenas da sauke-

Teso zneobriobas (kacTmoyvareobas, Tavmdablobas, gaWirvebu-

lis daxmarebas, Tavganwirvas, moyvasis siyvaruls da a. S).

samefo sagvareulos warmomadgenlebis swavla-ganaTleba

mcire asakidan iwyeboda, romelic qarTuli wera-kiTxvis swav-

lebasa da swori metyvelebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad orien-

tirebuli iyo ucxo enebis codnazec (upirvelesad igulisxme-

ba mezobeli xalxebis enebis codna: somxuris, TaTrulis, ber-

Znulis). Svidi wlis asakidan mozardis swavleba seriozul sa-

fexurze gadadioda _ mas, upirveles yovlisa, unda Seeswavla

qarTuli sasuliero da saero mwerloba [21, 5-7]. marTlac,

1794 wels mamas – iulons, leonisTvis maswavleblad auyvania

mTels saqarTveloSi Tavisi codniTa da sibrZniT ganTqmuli

dekanozi ioane qarTveliSvili. aRniSnuli pirovnebis sayovel-

Tao ganswavlulobas erTxmad aRniSnavdnen rusi oficialuri

pirebic. ioane qarTveliSvili leonis moZRvaric iyo da amde-

nad did rols asrulebda misi zneobrivi saxis CamoyalibebaSi.

igi iulonis ojaxSi 1802 wlamde (ianvramde) darCa, rac gulis-

xmobs, rom misi uSualo monawileobiT leonis swavla-ganaTle-

ba am dromde gagrZelda. Seqmnili politikuri viTarebidan ga-

momdinare, ioane iZulebuli gaxda iulonis ojaxi daetovebina.

savaraudod, am drosve dasrulda leonis swavla-ganaTlebac

[12, 403-404].

iulonis ojaxma Tbilisi 1795 wels, krwanisis omSi qar-

Tvelebis damarcxebis Semdeg, rigiT moqalaqeebTan erTad, da-

tova. iulonma ojaxi jer duSeTSi, Semdeg ki mTiuleTSi gaxiz-

na, mcire xnis Semdeg (amave wlis oqtomberSi) ki qarTlSi (jer

gorSi, Semdeg ki patara liaxvis xeobaSi) gadaiyvana [22, 73, 76].

am dros leoni 9 wlis ymawvili iyo. patara liaxvis xeobaSi iu-

lonis ojaxi sofel beloTSi cxovrobda. aq iulons hqonda

cixe-simagre da samsarTuliani saxli. aRniSnuli samflobelo

iulons 1777 wels, samefo darbazis gadawyvetilebiT, qsnis

erisTvebisTvis mamulis CamorTmevis Semdeg, gadaeca. am peri-

odSi beloTSi qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, Tumca didi da patara

liaxvis zemo weli ukve osebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. iulons maT-

Tan yoveldRiuri urTierToba hqonda. igi agvarebda maT So-

ris arsebul davebs da sxva yofiT problemebs. giorgi XII-is

39

gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1801 wlis aprilSi, iuloni ojaxianad

imereTs gadavida da solomon II-es Seekedla. mas erTi wuTiTac

ar Seuwyvetia brZola qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da bagrationTa

dinastiis aRdgenisTvis. am dros leoni 15 wlis iyo. imereTis

mefis karze qveynis sve-bedze mimdinare bWoba didi politiku-

ri skola iyo leonisTvis.

leonis aqtiuri da uSualo Cabma politikur procesebsa

da ruseTis sawinaaRmdego samxedro moqmedebebSi mTiuleTis

ajanyebas ukavSirdeba. 1804 wels leoni 18 wlis gaxda, ese igi,

qarTuli tradiciis mixedviT, ukve srulwlovani iyo. 1804

wlis maisSi cicianovma erevanze gailaSqra, rasac mTiuleTis

ajanyeba mohyva. imereTSi myofi iuloni da farnaozi ivnisis

bolos qarTlSi gadmovidnen. rusebma iuloni ramdenime mxle-

belTan erTad Seipyres. am dros masTan farnaozis garda imyo-

febodnen misi Svilebic (leoni da luarsabi) [2, 129, 133], rom-

lebmac moaxerxes alyidan Tavis daRweva. luarsabi kvlav ime-

reTSi dabrunda, leoni ki farnaozTan erTad sparseTSi, iq

myof aleqsandre batoniSvilTan, gadavida.

sparseTSi leoni ukve mniSvnelovani politikuri figura

gaxda da saxifaTo politikur TamaSebSi Caeba. SesaZlo iyo

ruseT-sparseTis urTierTobis daregulirebis SemTxvevaSi

(romlis cdebic iyo XIX saukunis dasawyisSi) igi advilad gae-

wira sparseTis samefo kars da garigebis obieqti gamxdariyo.

leons xifaTi im SemTxvevaSic moeloeda, Tu sparseTisTvis mi-

uRebel nabijs gadadgamda. erTi sityviT, leonis bedi mTlia-

nad sparseTis mxareze iyo damokidebuli. es kargad icoda ma-

mam _ iulon bagrationma, romelic, leonis sparseTidan gad-

moyvanis da masTan gagzavnis moTxovniT, werils werilze ag-

zavnida ruseTis saimperatoro karze da kavkasiur administra-

ciasTan [4, 110]. rogorc Cans, man kargad icoda Tavisi vaJis

leonis Seupovari xasiaTi da misi Seurigebeli damokidebuleba

rusebis mimarT _ ojaxis da mamis gareSe saqarTveloSi marto

darCenili leoni aucileblad Caebmeboda ruseTis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi _ es ki kargs arafers uqadda axalgazrda batoniS-

vils. iulons undoda igi TavisTan hyoloda da ase aeridebina

misTvis xifaTi. iulon erekles Zis SiSi gamarTlda. 1804 wlis

ivlisis bolos da agvistos dasawyisSi sparselebma cicianovi

erevnis baRebTan alyaSi moaqcies. rusebis armia uimedo mdgo-

mareobaSi aRmoCnda. erevanTan sparselebis rigebSi aleqsandre

40

bagrationis gverdiT leon batoniSvilsac vxedavT. amave dros

aleqsandres, farnaozisa da leonisTvis baba-xans miucia 6000

rikabekis meomari, aseve, yazaxebis, borCaloelebis, SamSadile-

lebisa da fambakelebisgan Semdgari jari da `saqarTveloSi

myofi rusebis winaaRmdeg gamolaSqrebis neba daurTavs~ [2,

397]. erevanTan rusebi saswaulma, Tu rusuli diplomatiis

warmatebulma muSaobam ixsna _ sparseTis samefo karze areu-

loba daiwyo, ris gamoc abas-mirzam erevans alya moxsna da Te-

iranisken gaeSura. rusebma amierkavkasiaSi poziciebi kvlav ga-

imyares, qarTl-kaxeTis ganTavisufleba ki momavlisTvis gadai-

do.

1805 wlis ivnisSi cicianovi ukve sparseTis dedaqalaqze

laSqrobiT da iranuli qalaqebis: mazanderanis da gilianis

dapyrobiT imuqreboda, Tumca zavilevskisTan miweril weril-

Si aRniSnavda, rom Tanaxma iyo dagegmili operacia SeeCerebina,

Tuki baba-xani ruseTis xelisuflebas aleqsandre erekles Zes,

Teimuraz giorgis Zesa da maT naTesav _ leon iulonis Zes ga-

dascemda [2, 702, 832]. kavkasiis rusuli administracia arc Tu

usafuZvlod SiSobda, rom sparseTi Seecdeboda leoni mis wi-

naaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis dasarazmavad gamoeyenebina. aqedan

irkveva, rom leoni metad mniSvnelovani figura iyo rogorc

sparseTis, aseve ruseTis mxarisTvisac. Teimuraz giorgis Zis

leonisadmi 1810 wlis zafxulSi miwerili werilidan irkveva,

rom rusi moxeleebi kvlav aqtiurad cdilobdnen leonis gada-

birebas. Teimurazi leons afrTxilebda, rom araviTar Sem-

TxvevaSi ar Semcdariyo da ar Cabareboda rusebs [5, 40].

1805 wlis Semdeg leonis Sesaxeb cnobebi faqtiurad ar

arsebobs. Cven mxolod is SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom igi sparseTis

Sahis karze myof aleqsandre erekles Zisa da Teimuraz gior-

gis Zis mudmivi yuradRebisa da mfarvelobis qveS iqneboda. am

ukanasknelebs sakmaod maRali Tanamdebobebi ekavaT sparseTis

samxedro struqturebSi. raime samxedro Tanamdeboba hqonda

Tu ara leons, CvenTvis ucnobia. Tumca is faqti, rom am peri-

odSi sparseTis jarebs evropul yaidaze, Tanamedrove moTxov-

nebis Sesabamisad, wvrTidnen jer safrangeTis (1807 wlamde),

Semdgom ki inglisis samxedro oficrebi da aRniSnuli qveyne-

bis biujetidan sakmaod soliduri Tanxebi ixarjeboda spar-

selTa SeiaraRebisTvisac [14, 100-111; 135-149], gvaZlevs ufle-

bas, davaskvnaT, rom leoni karg samxedro gamocdilebas Sei-

41

Zenda. amaze izrunebdnen aleqsandre da Teimurazic, sparse-

Tis samefo karic da evropuli saxelmwifoebis misiebic. mona-

wileobda Tu ara leoni am periodSi mimdinare ruseTsa da

sparseTs Soris mimdinare sabrZolo operaciebSi, CvenTvis uc-

nobia. qarTvel batoniSvilebs sparseTSic da osmaleTSic gan-

sakuTrebiT ufrTxildebodnen.

iranisa da osmaleTis mmarTveli wreebi xvdebodnen, rom

ruseTTan brZolaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda maT mier

dapyrobili xalxis pozicias _ kerZod, ki imas qarTvelebi ga-

agrZelebdnen rus okupantTa winaaRmdeg brZolas, Tu dayrid-

nen far-xmals da Seeguebodnen beds. seriozuli sakiTxi iyo _

moisurvebda Tu ara saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iranisa da osma-

leTis agresiiT Sewuxebuli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba maTTan

gaerTianebas da rusebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi gamosvlebis

mowyobas. iranma da osmaleTma kargad icodnen isic, rom ruse-

bis winaaRmdeg maT samxedro moqmedebas mxolod da mxolod

bagrationi batoniSvilebis monawileoba SesZenda qarTvelebis

TvalSi ganmaTavisuflebel xasiaTs da mxolod ase gaxdeboda

SesaZlebeli qarTveli xalxis CarTva am brZolebSi [13, 72].

amis gamo sparseTsa da TurqeTSi qarTvel batoniSvilebs kar-

gad iRebdnen da saWiro daxmarebasac pirdebodnen.

1810 wels iran-TurqeTs Soris miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba

rusebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi sabrZolo moqmedebis Sesaxeb.

am saqmeSi jer safrangeTma, Semdgom ki inglisma iTamaSa gadam-

wyveti roli. [1, 753-54]. Sedga samoqmedo gegmac, romlis mi-

xedviTac amierkavkasiaSi myofi ruseTis jarebisTvis oTxive

mxridan unda SeetiaT [1, 76].

1810 wlis ivlisSi ajanyebul imereTSi axalcixidan dab-

runda solomon II da saTaveSi Caudga ajanyebas. man saaTabago-

dan Camoiyvana 24 wlis leon iulonis Ze bagrationi da qar-

Tlis Crdilo raionebSi Segzavna. metad mniSvnelovania is faq-

ti, rom osmaleTma da sparseTma sami bagrationidan leon iu-

lonis Ze amoirCies da sakmaod axalgazrda batoniSvils daa-

kisres iseTi mniSvnelovani funqcia, rogoric qarTveli xal-

xis ajanyebis xelmZRvaneloba iyo.

1810 wlis 26 ivniss leoni ukve qarTlSi, kerZod ki so-

fel kexvSi imyofeboda. igi CasvlisTanave Seudga ajanyebis

samzadiss; man daiwyo proklamaciebis gavrceleba mTel aRmo-

savleT saqarTveloSi, romlebiTac ajanyebisken mouwodebda

42

mosaxleobis yvela fenis warmomadgenels. leonma sakmaod

swrafad SeZlo ajanyebulTa Sekreba, misi xelmZRvanelobiT

ajanyebulebi cxinvalSi mdgom rusul garnizons daesxnen Tavs

[23, 77].

1810 wlis 5 seqtembers axalqalaqTan rusebma sastikad

daamarcxes osmalTa jari. seqtemberSi xaniswyalTan solomon

II-ec damarcxda. solomoni axalcixeSi gadavida. amis Semdeg

leoni faqtiurad marto agrZelebda brZolas ruseTis winaaR-

mdeg. rusebs xel-fexi gaexsnaT qarTlis CrdiloeT raionebze

SetevisTvis. 1810 wlis seqtembris bolos ruseTis kavkasiurma

administraciam leonis da ajanyebuli osebis dasasjelad gag-

zavna polkovniki stali. 30 seqtembers patara liaxvis xeobaSi

moxda sisxlismRvreli brZola rusTa jarsa da 2000 oss So-

ris, romelic am ukanasknelTa damarcxebiT damTavrda [4, 648].

osebi javis xeobaSic damarcxdnen. moxda sastiki angariSswo-

reba. rusebma oci sofeli dawves, daangries sagvareulo koS-

kebi. rusebis SesaCereblad am xeobis mosaxleobam gagzavna 12

uxucesi, maT miesajaT Tbilisis quCebSi yelze xmalCamokide-

bulebs gaevloT, ris Semdegac tormasovma Seiwyala isini [4,

648]. rusebma qarTveli Tavadebic dasajes: luarsab maCabeli

ruseTSi gagzavnes. baadur bortiSvili ki Tbilisis sapyrobi-

leSi mokvda [23, 77]. 1811 wlis 7 Tebervals gorSi CamoaxrCves

Tox da bibo sanakoSvilebi da kasia, maTi ojaxebi ki cimbirSi

gadaasaxles. 1810 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos mTavarmmar-

Tvelma tormasovma ubrZana polkovnik simonoviCs, rom Seekra

imereTisa da qarTlis CrdiloeTi raionebis damakavSirebeli

gzebi. leoni iZulebuli gaxda dvaleTSi naras xeobaSi gadasu-

liyo [23, 77].

axalgazrdobis miuxedavad leoni gasaocar politikur

simwifes iCenda. es pirvel rigSi vlindeboda misi damokidebu-

lebidan im sakiTxebis mimarT, romelic qveynis interesebs exe-

boda. rodesac mis winaSe dadga arCevani ojaxi, Tu qveynis in-

teresebi, man uyoymanod meore airCia. niSandoblivia, rom man

axloblebTan kavSiri maSinve gawyvita, rogorc ki iuloni

tyved Cavarda. leoni, albaT, ar iwonebda mamis da biZis mier

ojaxebis ruseTSi wayvanasac. igi ar pasuxobda mamis werilebs,

civad xvdeboda da upasuxod tovebda masTan misuli axloble-

bis nebismier SeTavazebas misi ruseTis mxares gadasvlis Sesa-

xeb. leonisTvis ruseTTan molaparakeba yovlad miuRebeli iyo

43

da qarTveli erisTvis imis maniSnebeli iqneboda, rom maT qvey-

nis damoukideblobisTvis brZola SeewyvitaT da rusebis bato-

nobas Seguebodnen.

adamianuri sisusteebidan leonisTvis gansakuTrebiT miu-

Rebeli Ralati da orpiroba iyo. Seqmnil politikur situaci-

aSi aRniSnul mankierebebs gansakuTrebiT mZime Sedegebis mota-

na SeeZlo. maSin rodesac qveynis gadarCenis erTaderTi gza

qarTveli eris erTianoba iyo, Ralatis erTeul SemTxvevasac

erSi undobloba da gaTiSuloba SeeZlo daeTesa. leonma ico-

da, rom mis saqciels magaliTis Zala hqonda, amitom igi gansa-

kuTrebiT sastikad eqceoda moRalateebs. leonis saqarTvelo-

Si gadmosvlis Semdeg ruseTis xelisufleba mis Sepyrobas swo-

red masTan daaxlovebuli pirebis mosyidviT cdilobda. cno-

bilia leonis mier dasjili ieremia bagrationis istoria, ro-

melic RalatisTvis CerqezeTSi iqna gayiduli [4, 119-120].

leonis biografiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia saqar-

Tvelos kaTalikois-patriarqis _ anton II-is ruseTSi gamgzav-

rebasTan dakavSirebul movlenebs. anton II-is ruseTSi gamgzav-

rebas ruseTis saimperatoro kari 1810 wlis zafxulisTvis

gegmavda. saqarTvelos mTavarsardal tormasovisTvis cnobili

gaxda, rom leon iulonis Zes gzidan misi gataceba hqonda gan-

zraxuli. amis gamo ruseTis kavkasiurma administraciam sif-

rTxilis gansakuTrebul zomebs mimarTa. SemuSavda mTeli rigi

punqtebi. rusebs unda gadaemowmebinaT aRniSnuli xmebi. sabo-

lood, anton II Tbilisidan peterburRs 1810 wlis 3 noembers

gaemgzavra. leon batoniSvilis mxridan misi gatacebis SiSiT

ruseTis xelisuflebam igi kazakTa gaZlierebuli dacviT gaa-

cila. anton II ruseTSi aResrula [4, 161-162; 15].

leoni sparseTisa da osmaleTis warmogzavnili da maT

mier dafinansebuli iyo. miuxedavad amisa igi mainc axerxebda

damoukidebel moqmedebas. dokumenturi masalidan irkveva,

rom leoni, ra Tqma unda, angariSs uwevda iransac da osmaleT-

sac. Tumca is faqti, rom ajanyebis ramdenimegzisi damarcxebis

Semdeg sparseTis Sahisa da axalcixis faSis araerTi Txovna, _

daetovebina saqarTvelo, _ leonma upasuxod datova da saqar-

TveloSi darCa, miuTiTebs imaze, rom leoni sakmaod negatiu-

rad iyo ganwyobili am saxelmwifoebis mimarT da ar endoba

maT mesveurebs.

44

leoni ar uSindeboda gaWirvebas. mas didi xnis ganmavlo-

baSi ukiduresi gaWirvebis atana uwevda [4, 115], Tumca sxva sa-

xelmwifoSi fufunebaSi da uzrunvelad cxovrebas Tavis qveya-

naSi siduxWireSi yofnas arCevda.

leoni xalxSi siyvaruliTa da erTgulebiT sargeblobda.

amis dadasturebaa is faqti, rom igi alyidan yovelTvis axer-

xebda Tavis daRwevas da rusebi mravali mcdelobis miuxedavad

ver axerxebdnen mis Sepyrobas. dokumenturi wyaroebi mowmo-

ben, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan sakmaod seriozuli

sasjelis miuxedavad, rogorc maRali, aseve dabali socialu-

ri fenis warmomadgenlebi, uyoymanod, aSkarad Tu farulad,

exmarebodnen da erTgulobdnen mas.

erTgulebas leonic sapasuxo grZnobiT pasuxobda. igi

iTvaliswinebda osi xalxis mdgomareobasac, romlis winaaRmde-

gac rusebi sastik zomebs mimarTaven: amyofeben ekonomikur

izolaciaSi, fizikurad uswordebodnen, ojaxianad asaxleb-

dnen cimbirSi, apatimrebdnen maT da maTi ojaxis wevrebs. das-

jis erT-erT zomas CamoxrCoba warmoadgenda. os mosaxleobas

gansakuTrebul zians sadamsjelo eqspediciebi ayenebda, rom-

lis drosac rusebi cecxls ukidebednen osebis soflebs da

naTesebs, angrevdnen sagvareulo koSkebs... leonma saqarTvelo

mxolod maSin datova, rodesac misi aq yofna faqtiurad SeuZ-

lebeli da Zalian saSiSi gaxda rogorc misTvis, aseve osebis-

Tvis. rusebisgan Seviwrovebulma leon iulonis Zem axalcixeSi

wasvla gadawyvita. gzad borjomis xeobaSi, gogias cixesTan,

Seisvena, sadac qarTls saTareSod momavali lekebis msxverpli

gaxda.

levanis aRsasrulis Sesaxeb bagrat batoniSvili wers:

`welsa 1812, okdombris 26, waremarTa axalcixes... Ze iulonisa

leon. misrulni ese xeobaSi petresa cixesa, istumres lekTa.

ra leons ara hyva kaci garna samisa da ra ganusvenes, mZinare

leon mokla lekman da sxvanica misTana myofni moswyvitnes...

ganZarcves igi da wariRes axalcixes. mxilvelman mefeman so-

loman icna iaraRi misi. hkiTxa lekTa da scna sikvdili misi.

didad damZimda mefe soloman smenisa amisTvis da auwya ese fa-

Sasa axalcixisasa. maSin faSaman Seipyrna lekni igi da moaSTo

ZelTa~ [17, 117-118; 16, 43].

bagrationTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlis mkvleloba

arc daRestnelebma apaties TavianT Tanamemamuleebs. bagrat

45

batoniSvili werda: `msmenelTa daRestansa Sina lekTa iwyines

ese, reca dadebad sisxlisa samefosa saxlisa saqarTveloisa.

soflis mis kacTa hqmnes aboxi da sruliad moswyvitnes saxle-

ulni maT lekTani, romelTa moeklaT leon~ [16, 43].

leoni ukanasknel gzaze gaacila ciciSvilebis xvedure-

Telma ymam dionosim, romelmac `mefis asulisa mariamis Txo-

viT daasaflava yincvisis wmindis nikolozis gauqmebulsa mo-

nasterSi~, mZovreTis xeobaSi [21, 159].

1810-1811 wlebis antirusuli ajanyeba damarcxda. rusebma

Tavisi poziciebi kavkasiaSi gaafarToves, gavlena ki ganimtki-

ces. gauqmda imereTis samefoc. qarTveli xalxis erovnul-gan-

maTavisuflebel moZraobas ganumeorebeli elferi SesZina

axalgazrda leon iulonis Ze bagrationma. misi tragikuli aR-

sasruli gansakuTrebul Saravandeds matebs mis saxels.


1. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. I, Тифлис, 1866.

2. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. II, Тифлис, 1868.

3. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. III, Тифлис, 1869.

4. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. IV, Тифлис, 1870.

5 Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. V, Тифлис, 1873

6 Н. Дубровин, История войны и владычества русских на кавказе, т. V, Тифлис, 1887.

7 К. Ковалевскии, Покоренний Кавказ, Санкт-Петербург, 1914. 8 П. Г. Бутков, Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803

год, ч. III, Санкт-Петербург, 1869. 9 С. Габараев, Очерки истории юго-Осетии, ч. I, Цхинвали, 1969. 10 З. Ванеев, Крестьянский вопрос и крестьянское движение Юго-Осе-

тий в XIX веке, Сталинир, 1989. 11 g. TogoSvili, qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierToba,

1801-1921 ww., Tbilisi, 1969.

46

12 l. miqiaSvili, ioane qarTveliSvilis `memuarebis~ mniSvne-

loba qarTul istoriografiaSi, kr: axali da uaxlesi is-

toriis sakiTxebi, II (4), red. av. sonRulaSvili, Tbilisi,

2008. 13 m. tyavaSvili, osebis 1810-11 wlebis ajanyeba leon bato-

niSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi is-

toriis sakiTxebi, red. av. sonRulaSvili, II (4), 2008. 14 z. SaraSeniZe, iranis Sinapolitikuri viTareba da sagareo

urTierTobani XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, Tbilisi, 1984. 15 v. guruli, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtokefa-

liis gauqmeba (1811-1814), http://burusi.files.wordpress.com/2009/ 06/p1000977.jpg

16 n. javaxiSvili, grigol I _ ukanaskneli qarTveli mefe, Tbi-

lisi, 2008. 17 daviT batoniSvili, axali istoria, bagrat batoniSvili,

axali moTxroba, T. lomouris gamocema, Tbilisi, 1941. 18 g. CoCiSvili, gaz. `droeba~, 1883, XI, 20, #234. 19 ak. abesaZe, levan batoniSvili oseTSi da oseTis amboxeba

(1810-1811 w.), gazeTi `saxalxo gazeTi~, 1913, 25 dekemberi,

#1077. 20 al. bendianiSvili, qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos ganvi-

Tarebis etapebi, Tbilisi, 2006. 21 pl. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, red. ak. gawe-

relia, Tbilisi, 1978. 22 ioane qarTveliSvilis memuarebi, teqsti gamosca a. ioseli-

anma, Tb., 1952. 23 Teimuraz bagrationi, axali istoria, teqsti gamosacemlad

moamzada da saZieblebi daurTo l. miqiaSvilma, Tbilisi,

1983.

47

MziaTkavashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javarhishvili Tbi-lisi State University, Ivane Javarhishvili In-stitute of History and Ethnology, Researcher Scientist of the Department Modern and Contemporary History

Political Portrait of Leon Bagrationi

Summary

In the beginning of XIX c. Russian Imperator Alexsander I abolished Old Georgian State structure and the Bagrationis royal dynasty.

The Georgian people have never put up with this event and continued their fighting against the Russian management. They were led by Bagrationi Princes.

In 1810 rebellion seized Imereti and Northern part of Kartli. Imereti rebellion seized was led by Solomon II, and Kartli rebellion by 24-year-old Leon Iulonis-dze Bagrationi.

Leon Iulonis-dze Bagrationi was born approximately in 1786. He was well educated. Leon was in Persia in 1804-1810 years.

1810-1811 anti-Russian movements took place in the Northern Caucasus as well. At the same period Iran and Turkey began attacks. The Russians managed to stop them. Solomon II was also defeated.

Rebellion was still going on in northern region of Kartli. At the end of July the rebels majority of which were represented by the Ossetians, attacked the Russian garrison in Tskhinvali, then they retreated and strengthen themselves in Kartli mountains. The Russians organized military expedition against them.

In summer of 1811 Leon made his way to Akhaltsikhe. But on the way he was killed by a Lek who came to Kartli for robbery. Akhaltsikhe Pasha punished the murderer unmercifully.

Leon was buried in Kintsvisi, in St. Nikiloz monastery.

48

lela miqiaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-

lobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-

is institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis

ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSrome-

li

platon ioseliani daviT batoniSvilis Sesaxeb

(`cxovreba giorgi mecametisa~-s mixedviT)

personaJTa mravalricxovan galereaSi, romelic aRniS-

nul monografiaSia warmodgenili, mniSvnelovani adgili eTmo-

ba qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtis ukanasknel memkvidres, gior-

gi XII-is Zes daviT batoniSvils, rac savsebiT kanonzomierad

gveCveneba: garda imisa, rom es ukanaskneli, Tavisi statusidan

gamomdinare, XVIII-XIX ss-Ta mijnaze ganviTarebuli politiku-

ri movlenebis erT-erTi mTavari gmiria, amavdroulad igi Ta-

visTavad Zalze saintereso da mravalmxrivi pirovnebaa: sazo-

gadoebriv-politikuri moRvawe, samxedro saqmis specialisti

da sabrZolo niWiT dajildoebuli jaris winamZRoli, samar-

Talmcodne da kanonSemoqmedi, mwerali da mTargmneli.

sanam uSualod daviT batoniSvilis pirovnebis platon

ioselianiseuli daxasiaTebis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, sasur-

velia, mis mokle biografias gavecnoT; samefo ojaxSi dabade-

bulma daviTma im droisaTvis qarTulTan erTad evropuli

swavla-ganaTleba miiRo: erekles mier am mizniT mowveul iqnen

jer avstrieli getingi (1789 w.), Semdeg ki iakob reinegsi. swo-

red maT aziares ufliswuli dasavleT evropul literatura-

sac da politikur istoriasac. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos,

rom yvelaze didi gavlena mis pirovnebaze mainc qarTvel swav-

luls _ daviT reqtors mouxdenia: man Caunerga taxtis mem-

kvidres qarTuli kulturis, mwerlobisa da istoriis siyvaru-

li. amitom iyo rom sicocxlis bolomde daviTs masTan kavSiri

ar gauwyvetia da mudam didi pativiscemiT epyroboda (amis sa-

nimuSod gamodgeba misive wignebi warweriT: `miiRe, lalao Ce-

mo, Sroma ese gazrdilisa Senisa, niSnad siyvarulisa Cemisa~ [1,

126].

49

daviTi ymawvilobidanve, xSirad Tavisi papis _ erekles

davalebiT, aqtiurad monawileobda qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo

cxovrebaSi, gansakuTrebiT _ samxedro, saganmanaTleblo da

samarTlis xaziT. sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia misi samxedro

damsaxurebebi: igi erekles ndobiT sargeblobda, 1789 wlidan

uSualod monawileobda samxedro operaciebSi da am mxriv

TvalsaCino warmatebebic hqonda. amis Sesaxeb sakmaod didi ma-

sala moipoveba istoriul wyaroebSi, maT Soris, sagangebod

misdami miZRvnil misive umcrosi Zmis _ Teimuraz bagrationis

naSromSi `daviT bagrationis istoria~ [2], amitom aq sityvas

aRar gavagrZelebT.

bunebrivia, aseTive aqtiur moRvaweobas eweoda igi Tavisi

mamis giorgi XII-s xanmokle mefobis periodSic. am ukanasknelis

gardacvalebis Semdeg daviTi, rogorc cnobilia, qarTl-kaxe-

Tis samefos gamgeblad daniSnes (1801 wlis ianvridan ivnisam-

de) ruseTidan gadawyvetilebis miRebis molodinSi. Tumca me-

fobas mainc ver eRirsa: qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Sem-

deg ruseTis mTavrobis gankargulebiT sxva batoniSvilebTan

erTad daviTic saqarTvelodan ruseTSi gadaasaxles. amrigad,

sicocxlis ukanaskneli periodi 1803 wlidan 1819 wlamde (gar-

dacvalebamde) daviTma peterburgSi gaatara. aqve isic unda

iTqvas, rom igi ruseTSi 1803 wlamdec imyofeboda: jer kidev

1787-1789 wlebSi ereklem miavlina ruseTis samefo karis ga-

sacnobad da èvropuli~ ganaTlebis gasaRrmaveblad; ori wlis

manZilze igi swavlobda da msaxurobda. mogvianebiT, 1797-1798

wlebSi daviT batoniSvili ukve samxedro samsaxurSia peter-

burgSi, preobraJenskis polkSi. 1798 w. meore naxevarSi igi

samSobloSi brundeba general-maioris wodebiT [3, 8]. 1800

wlidan igi general-leitenantia, xolo mogvianebiT, ruseTSi

Casvlisas, mas senatoroba uboZes da materialuradac saTana-

dod uzrunvelyves (iyo wm. anas da wm. aleqsandre nevelis or-

denebis kavaleri).

aqve Zalian mokled mimovixiloT, Tu rogor ganviTarda

movlenebi 1800 wlis 28 dekembris Semdeg, kerZod giorgi XII-s

gardacvalebis Semdeg: jer kidev 1800 w. 18 dekembers pavle I-

ma xeli moawera manifests qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan

SeerTebis Taobaze da saidumlod gamougzavna igi knorings. am

ukanasknels, miRebuli instruqciis Tanaxmad, unda ùzrunve-

leyo~ qarTveli xalxis Semzadeba `mfarveli~ imperiis mier sa-

50

xelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis aqtisadmi da mefis gardacvale-

bisTanave unda gamoeqveynebina igi. Tumca, Seqmnili viTarebi-

dan gamomdinare, knoringma es ver gabeda da gadawyvita ufro

xelsayrel situacias dalodeboda. erT-erTi gadamwyveti faq-

tori, romelzec igi imperatorisadmi gagzavnil werilSi miu-

TiTebda, iyo isic, rom zamTris pirobebSi saqarTvelos okupa-

ciisaTvis saWiro jaris darialis gziT gadmoyvana SeuZlebe-

lia, amitom urCevda, gazafxuls dalodebodnen (1801 wlis 12

marts pavle I SeTqmulebma mokles, Tumca saqarTvelos moma-

valze amas didad ar umoqmedia: samefo taxtis bedi ukve ga-

dawyvetili iyo).

amasobaSi aqtiurad moqmedebda lazarevi (mis Sesaxeb uf-

ro vrclad ix. qvemoT), romelmac giorgi XII-s gardacvalebis-

Tanave samxedro Zalebis mobilizeba moaxdina, qarTveli Tava-

debi Sekriba da sakmaod bundovnad da orazrovnad gaacno ìm-

peratoris survilebi~, kerZod, ganucxada, rom qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos momavals imperatori gadawyvetda, Tumca taxtis mem-

kvidris dadginebis Taobaze mis gamosvlaSi garkveviT araferi

iyo naTqvami. generlis sityvebs misive ndobiT aRWurvili Tar-

jimani Targmnida, magram iqve myofma solomon lioniZem, ro-

melmac mSvenivrad auRo alRo ruseTis mzakvrul politikas,

SekrebilT gamoucxada, gen. lazarevi daviT batoniSvils me-

fobas ulocavso, razec gagulisebuli lazarevis pasuxi mii-

Ro: «В переводы не вмешиваться!» swored am faqtis gamo solo-

mon lioniZe odnav mogvianebiT daapatimres (qvemoT am epizods

kvlav davubrundebiT) [4, 812-813].

amrigad, daviT batoniSvili saqarTvelos `memkvidred da

mmarTvelad~ gamocxadda, dapirebis Tanaxmad igi unda dalo-

deboda imperatoris mier taxtze damtkicebas. 1801 w. Teber-

vlidan 1802 w. maisamde qarTl-kaxeTSi daisadgura e.w. Suale-

durma xanam damoukidebeli saxelmwifodan ruseTis provinci-

amde: ruseTis xelisuflebam ar dauSva axali mefis gamocxade-

ba, Tumca daviT batoniSvils, rogorc taxtis memkvidres,

mmarTvelis uflebazec uari ver uTxra. magram qarTuli sa-

xelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba ukve mxolod drois sakiTxi iyo da

1802 wlis maisSi igi aleqsandre I-s xeliT ganxorcielda: Tbi-

lisSi Camosulma knoringma daviTi CamoaSora marTva-gamgeobas

da imperatoris miTiTebis Tanaxmad, Camoayaliba droebiTi

umaRlesi mmarTveloba general-maior lazarevis meTaurobiT

51

(Semadgenloba _ qarTveli mdivanbegebi: zaal baraTaSvili, eg-

nate TumaniSvili, ioane ColoyaSvili, sulxan TumaniSvili da

Tbilisis meliqi darCia bebuTovi) [5, 27]. amis Taobaze daviT

batoniSvili gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda:`Лазарев, выбрав четырех плутов, определил их в грузинское правительство: Игнатий (князь Туманов) как может управлять Грузиею?~ [6,125]; an kidev: «Четыре плута и один дурак (lazarevi – l. m.) правят всею здешнею землею~ [7, 297].

swored gamgeblobis dRidan iwyeba urTulesi periodi da-

viT batoniSvilis cxovrebaSi: imis nacvlad, rom mosalodneli

safrTxis winaSe erTiani brZola gamoecxadebinaT, Tavs iCens

samefo ojaxis wevrTa urTierTSoris dapirispireba, asparezze

gamodian giorgis Zmebi (darejan dedoflis Svilebi), romle-

bic daJinebiT iTxoven erekles e. w. `pirvandeli anderZis~

Sesrulebas da samefo taxtis memkvidreobis wesis Secvlas, es

dapirispireba TiTqmis aSkara brZolaSic ki gadadis. sagareo

safrTxis paralelurad daviTs uwevs Sinaur mowinaaRmdegeTa

gamklavebazec izrunos: sazogadoebis nawili daiyo iulonisa

da daviTis momxreebad. Seqmnil viTarebas TvalsaCinod warmo-

aCens Cvenamde moRweuli ori sabuTi: saqme exeba ereklesagan

odesRac Serisxuli qsnis erisTavebisaTvis mamulebis dabrune-

bas, ris Taobazec TiTqmis erTdroulad gacemulia ori sige-

li _ 1801 w. 17 ianvriT daTariRebuli _ iulon batoniSvilis

mier [8] da amave wlis 20 Tebervals _ daviTis mier [9]. rogorc

Cans, am faqtis Sesaxeb daviTs 9 Tebervals Seutyvia da amis

Taobaze weriliTac miumarTavs iulonisaTvis: `gavige, rom li-

axvi migicia Seni siZisaTvis _ revaz erisTavisTvis~ da mouwo-

debs, rom amgvari saqcieliT kidev ufro amZimebs Tavis mdgo-

mareobas. amave dros, `rogorc WeSmariti qristiani~, sTava-

zobs miiRos erTgulebis fici da amiT yvelaferi mieteveba

[10, 300]. literaturaSi sakmaod kargad aris gaSuqebuli erTis

mxriv darejan dedoflisa da misi Svilebis, meore mxriv ki da-

viTisa da misi momxreebis dapirispirebis amsaxveli masala,

amitom aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.

am yvelafers emateboda ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomad-

genelTa saziano qmedebebi; pirvelyovlisa es exeba gen. laza-

revs, romelsac daviTze uSualo meTvalyureoba hqonda dawe-

sebuli da misi yoveli nabijis Sesaxeb saTanado moxsenebiTi

baraTebiT auwyebda ruseTSi. amis Taobaze, rogorc misive we-

52

rilidan irkveva, daviTma mSvenivrad uwyis (sailustraciod

mxolod erT nawyvets moviyvanT lazarevis `patakidan~: «Есть у него в приближенных князь Соломон Тарханов, который, сказывали мне, будто весьма при царевиче порочил произведенное в действие покойным царем и старался развращать царевича; но так как здесь все друг другу злобствуют, то может быть и сие клевета. Потому формально В-му Пр-ству не представляю, а имею около него двух надежных шпионов и что далее узнаю, Вам донести не премину… Еще счастье, что имеет малую доверенность ко мне, но и сей боюсь, что скоро потеряю» [10, 329]. es is lazarevia, romelic lamis ruseTis im-

peratorze metad aris mowadinebuli qarTuli saxelmwifoeb-

riobis dasasamareblad da saamisod Tavis mosxenebiT baraTeb-

Si arsebuli viTarebis aSkara gayalbebasac ar erideba:^ «Живу-чи здесь полтора года, еще не видал такого совершеннаго удовольствия, как нынче существует. Со дня полученя манифеста все как снова переродилось и ожило; даже можно сказать, что сердятся, если их назовут грузинами, а не говорят, что они русские!» [7, 201].

aseTi, sakmaod rTuli viTarebis fonze daviTis pirovne-

bis garSemo ra Tqma unda araerTgvarovani azri unda Seqmni-

liyo. vfiqrobT, amis TvalsaCino gamoZaxilia pl. ioselianis

TxzulebaSi daculi zogierTi cnobac. zemoT Cven vaxseneT

daviTis literaturuli moRvaweoba. masSi didi adgili uWi-

ravs Targmanebs, maT Soris _ im droisaTvis mowinave dasavleT

evropel avtorTa, rogorebic iyvnen monteskie (`kanonTa rju-

lis Sesaxeb~), volteri (`SobisaTvis~), ansilioni (èstetikeb-

rni gansjani~), da sxv. es Txzulebebi umetesad rusulidan

aris Targmnili. amave dros daviTs im doneze scodnia frangu-

lic, rom ori nawarmoebi nawilobriv dednidan uTargmnia (mon-

teskie da volteri) [11, 022]; bunebrivia, frang ganmanaTlebel-

Ta, gansakuTrebiT _ volteris, ideebiT daviTis gatacebas Ta-

namedroveTa Soris araerTgvarovani Sefasebebi mohyolia, ra-

sac pl. ioseliani giorgi XII piriT araerTxel axmovanebs: ro-

gorc Rrmadmorwmune qristiani, es ukanaskneli ukiduresad

SeSfoTebula taxtis memkvidris ùrwmunoebiT~: `didad ewuxe-

boda, rom daviT batoniSvili ar iqceoda ise, rogorc mamas

iameboda, radgan daviT memkvidre ruseTSi iyo gazrdili (ro-

gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqarTvelodan iZulebiT gadasaxle-

bamde daviT batoniSvili mxolod orjer imyofeboda ruseTSi,

Tumc vfiqrobT, es garemoeba misi `ruseTSi gazrdilobis~ sa-

53

buTad ver gamodgeba – l. m.) marxvas sWamda da sarwmunoeba-

zed sustad iyo. gaugzavna mefem mociqulad eliazar mdivani

falavandovi da SeuTvala, Tu Cemi siamovneba gindao, marxvis

Wamazed xeli aiReo da eklesiaSic xSirad iareo. iman SemouT-

vala: rac me mwams, is Sen gagiwyreso da Sen raca gwams, me ga-

miwyreso. am sityvas ver ubedavda eliazar mefesa, magram Za-

liT aTqmevina. maSin brZana fsalmuni ese: `dadga igi yovelsa

gzasa ara keTilsa da boroti mas ara moewyinao~. an kidev: `da-

viT mosruli ruseTiT, ver iqceoda survilisamebr mamisa.

amisTvis swuxda urwmunoebisaTvis misisa wesisamebr wmindisa

eklesiisa~ da Semdeg mohyavs giorgi mefis saubari patr niko-

lasTan da misi reaqcia volteris saxelis xsenebaze: `volte-

ri! megobari Cemis Svilisa daviTisa, Cemis memkvidrisa! vai Sen-

sa giorgisa! ruseTSi myofman Seiswava misi urjulo swavla,

moitana aqa misi saxe, romelica samarTlianad davswvi cec-

xlsa... RmerTo da macxovaro Cemo, Sen apatie Svilsa Cemsa da-

viTs danaSauli misi. Sen moaqcie WeSmaritsa gzazed da daam-

kvidre Sensa siyvarulze~ [12, 70-71]. igive sakiTxebs aseTive

SemarTebiT ganixilavs al. jambakur-orbelianic, Tumca aq

sul sxva mizezebia savaraudo [13, 42-43].

daviTis mimarT avtoris arcTu obieqtur ganwyobaze mow-

mobs mis mier moyvanili ori epizodi solomon lioniZesTan da

Teimuraz batoniSvilTan dakavSirebiT: zemoT ukve vaxseneT

solomon lioniZis dapirispireba lazarevTan imperator pavle

I-is manifestis gacnobisas, ris Semdegac solomon lioniZe da-

patimrebul iqna. Cvenamde moRweulia am ukanasknelis mier sap-

yrobilidan knoringisadmi gagzavnili werili, romelSic igi

Tavis udanaSaulobas amtkicebs. raoden gasaocaric unda iyos,

pl. ioseliani lioniZis datyvevebaSi daviT batoniSvils sdebs

brals, rac simarTles ar Seesabameba: `mefis Ze da memkvidre

daviT, viTarca regenti anu ganmge saqarTveloisa, eloda we-

rilTa TvisTa miwerilTa imperatorisadmi pavlesa, pasuxTa.

Sesuli reca srulsa ganmgeobiTsa Zalsa, iqmoda samarTalsa,

miiRebda moCivarTa da uZRvida samefosa. ganrisxebulman vieT-

Tame gvamTa zeda viTamca urCTa, brZana da misca sapyrobilesa

sardali oTar amilaxvari da sxvanica, amaT Soris iyo TviT

uugonieresi solomon lioniZe~, magram rogorc cnobilia,

sol. lioniZis gaTavisuflebaSi daviTs Tavad miuRia monawi-

leoba; garda amisa, riT SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom Tavad lioniZe

54

knoringisadmi miweril werilSi arsad axsenebs daviTs da Tavis

ubedurebis mizezad vinme somex òqivaters~ asaxelebs [10, 323].

rac Seexeba oTar amilaxvars, romelic marTlac daviTis

mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi iyo (mis biZebs emxroboda) da amave

dros misi usayvarlesi Zmis Teimurazis simamric gaxldaT, aq

arc ise martivad iyo saqme: erTis mxriv, platon ioseliani

garkveulwilad sayvedurobs daviTs, rom am ukanasknelma, miu-

xedavad araerTi Segonebisa (igive sol. lioniZis sityvebi moh-

yavs: ~dasamSvideblad mefobisa da aRreulobisa dasacxrome-

lad, miiReT zoma mtkice, hqmeniT, raca ars saqmneli, aCveneT

Zali da Zliereba Tqveni... dumili Tqveni da sisuste racaRaTa

aZlierebs TqvenTa metoqeTa, daec zari da mexi~ da a.S.), ar mi-

iRo mkacri zomebi mowinaaRmdegeTa asalagmad, meores mxriv, _

rogorc ki daviTma gamoiCina simtkice da Sesabamisi nabijebic

gadadga, iqve sayvedurobs, rom oTar amilaxvris dakavebis ga-

mo (romlis qaliSvilzec daviTi adre yofila daniSnuli da es

qorwineba ar Sedga) esre iqmna mizezad, romel mefis Ze Teimu-

raz, siZe oTarisa, gaiqca sparseTad da eaxla yeens~ [12, 223].

magram sinamdvileSi Teimurazi 1803 wlis 25 Tebervlamde (anu

daviTis ruseTSi gadasaxlebis dRemde) TbilisSi imyofeboda

da mxolod ciciSvilis mier daviT da farnaoz batoniSvilebis

ruseTs gasaxlebis Rames gaipara aleqsandre batoniSvilTan da

1810 wlamde iranis Sahis karze cxovrobda.

calke ganxilvis sagania daviTis piradi cxovrebis prob-

lemebi:

`mefis Zeman da memkvidreman daviT ruseTsa yofnisa dro-

sa gaicna da moineba SerTva colad romlisRaca tatisCevis qa-

lisa. ... mefesa giorgis didad surda SerTva qalisa mis rusTa

gvarisa... raTa magaliTiTa amiT dakavSirdes ruseTTan TviT

da erica misi da raTa moaSoros arawmindebiT cxovrebasa ba-

yal avetiqas qalTan daumalvelad~ [12, 135]. da meoregan ki

wers: `1799 welsa mefis Ze da memkvidre daviT, urCi mamisa,

TviTneba da mgonebeli brZnad Tavisa Tvisisa... Sevida gansac-

delsa Znelsa; sixarbeman fulisa da nivTTa molodebaman, sne-

ulebasa gamo mamisa Tvisisa ukurnebelisa, mefobisa, romlisa

ZaliTa advilad daxsnida qorwinebasa, _ aqmnevina ese, rom ar-

Ra ineba SerTva daniSnulisa maszeda elene amilaxvris sar-

dlis oTaris qalisa, arca tatiSCevis qalisa ruseTs, da Seir-

To survilisamebr mamisa svimon aRad wodebulisa abi meliqis qa-

55

li xamfervan ... garna TviT daviT, mosuli gonebasa, Sevida si-

nanulsa: arca gvari Tavadobisa, arca siZvele da Cinebuleba,

arca mefobiTi aRzrda hazriTa da qceviTa _ ara aqvnda mefis

rZalsa da memkvidrisa colsa sadedoflod bagrationis tax-

tisaTvis momzadebulsa~ [12, 138-139]. aRsaniSnavia, rom am SemTxvevaSi platon ioseliani saku-

Tar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan imave gverdze (odnav zemoT)

vkiTxulobT: `mefe TviT daeswra rZlisa Tvisisa mironcxebasa

sasaxlisa wmindis giorgis eklesiasa Sina. TanaSemweTa aRsru-

lebisaTvis esreTisa saqmisa ioane andronikaSvilsa, ducal ba-

raTaSvilsa da egnati ioseliansa… ubrZanebda mefe, idumal

daaxlovon misda Svili misi daviT. dResa mesamesa qorwilisa

mefeman, raTa mterTa ara misces metad mizezi dResaswaulobi-

sa, dasustebisaTvis mefobiTisa Rirsebisa, _ TviT warvida, na-

xa rZali Tvisi, amborsuyo da akurTxa da uboZa piris sanaxa-

vad qarvasla saxaso q. Tfiliss... da sofeli gurjaani saxaso

ymebiTa da mamuliTa... hgonebda mefe, romel esreTiTa qorwi-

nebiTa Ze misi daviT gamovidoda codvidam da ganutevebda ba-

yal avetiqas qalsa, Seyvarebulsa adriTve...~ [12, 138]. rogorc

vxedavT, ùrCi da TviTneba~ daviTis qorwineba sulac ar Sem-

dgara mamis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, piriqiT _ moyvanili amona-

ridis mixedviT giorgi XII TviTonve yofila am kavSiris mom-

xre. savaraudod, platon ioselianis amgvari urTierTgamom-

ricxavi msjeloba sruliad konkretuli mizeziT aris gamowve-

uli; kerZod, àxali istoriis~ Teimuraz batoniSviliseuli

xelnaweris erT nusxaSi [14], romelic bagrat batoniSvils ga-

dauweria, vkiTxulobT: `garna vinaiTgan iyo ese daviT friad

dedaTa moyvare, ese SeacTuna Tana aRzrdilman mis Tana mTa-

var-diakonman egnatem, onisimes Zeman, martyofelman, romeli-

ca iyo friad filasofos da eswavaT erTadca amas da daviTsa,

romelica iyo friad misando misi. aman moibira da SeauRla

qalsa somxisa moqalaqisasa aRa ter simonaSvilis asulsa zeda

elenes, romlisa gamo gulnaklul iqmnen viTarca Zmani, egreT-

ve Cinebulnica qarTvelTani~ [15, 67-68]. aq naxsenebi `mTavar-

diakoni egnate~ platon ioselianis mama – giorgi XII-s moZRva-

ri egnate onisimes Ze ioseliania [16, 57]. aqedan gamomdinare,

savsebiT bunebrivia Cveni avtoris pozicia: cdilobs ra gaa-

qarwylos samefo ojaxis wevrTa braldeba sakuTari mamis wina-

aRmdeg, igi arcTu ise saxarbielod aRwers taxtis memkvidris

56

saqciels. niSandoblivia isic, rom egnate da platon ioselia-

nebs axlo urTierToba hqondaT daviTis meuRlesTan, rasac

adasturebs am ukanasknelis werilebi egnate ioselianisadmi

da Tavad platon ioselianis sityvebi: `TviT elene mefis rZa-

li da memkvidrisa coli iyo embaziT mimqmeli Cemi. amisTvis

vicnobdi mokled mas, moaruli masTan 4 welsa sankt-peter-

burgs (1831-1835)...~ da a.S. [12, 140-143].

unda iTqvas, rom daviT batoniSvilis piradi cxovreba mi-

si sicocxlis bolomde erTgvarad politizirebuli iyo: gior-

gi XII-s gardacvalebis Semdeg man aRZra saqme ganqorwinebaze

da TxovniT mimarTa sasuliero dikasterias, magram uari eT-

qva, razec, savaraudod, saTanadod ìzruna~ p. cicianovma (ix.

qvemoT). ruseTSi gadasaxlebisas mas meuRle Tan ar wauyvania,

es ukanaskneli 1810 w. Cavida peterburgSi da qmrisgan gancal-

kevebiT cxovrobda (gardaicvala 1836 w.). miuxedavad araer-

Tgzis mcdelobisa, ukve ruseTSi mcxovrebma daviT batoniS-

vilma ver miiRo ganqorwinebis nebarTva, Tumca sababi, rome-

lic safuZvlad edo amgvar gadawyvetilebas da romelic moy-

vanilia p. cicianovis werilSi sinodis ober-prokuror goli-

cinisadmi (1805 wlis 28 Tebervals), aradamajereblad JRers:

«На отношение ко мне от 17-го сентября 1804 г. … о доставлении письма вашего первенствующему архиепископу Грузинскому, называемому католикосу, Антонию, о разсмотрении просьбы царевича Давида о разводе с его женою и о содействовании с моей стороны в скорейшем и законном окончании сего дела, имею честь препроводить к вам, м. г. мой, отношение со вложением копий с определения учиненнаго по сему предмету в его дикастерии... Надеюсь, что не отречетесь защищать сказанную царевну, сколько потому, что она умными доводами доказала свою правость, столько и для того, что в земле набожности полный развод сей произвесть может неприятности и черта, почитающая русских малосохраняющими предания церковные, еще более удостоверится столь явным нарушением брака без всяких причин… Наконец долгом звания моего считаю повторить, что развод сего недостойного царевича с его супругой много повредит в умах здешних жителей, христианской верою исполненных и удаленных от вольнодумства, относительно Российского правления, едва в оную землю внесенного, когда и то, что многие русские едят по постам мясо

57

неблагонамеренными растолковано было народу при возмущении прошлаго лета» [17, 179-181].

albaT paradoqsia isic, rom miuxedavad p. ioselianis ga-

mokveTilad kritikuli ganwyobisa, amave monografiaSi gvxvde-

ba daviTis qeba-didebac: `mefesa didad uyvarda Svili Tvisi

daviT, yovelTa SvilTa da ZmaTa Soris uugonieresi, cqviti,

fxizeli da marjve sityviTa da saqmiTa. mefis Zeni ornive _

daviT da ioane iyvnen gonierni, mxneni da saqmisa kacni; TviT

mefe iraklisTan didad Tamamad da Tavisuflad Sevidodnen da

didad uyvarda eseni papasa maTsa~ [12, 69]; vfiqrobT, daviT ba-

toniSvilis pirovnebis Sefasebisas erTi ukiduresobidan meo-

reSi gadasvla ara mxolod pl. ioselianisTvis aris damaxasia-

Tebeli (romelic daviTis sikvdilamde aTiode wliT adre dai-

bada): arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, batoniSvils bevri

Sinauri mteri hyavda, ramac ganapiroba mis Sesaxeb urTierTsa-

winaaRmdego cnobebis siuxve, mag. misi regentobis periodidan

arsebobs cnobebi, lamis yoveldRiuri saCivrebi knoringTan

imis Taobaze, rom daviTi aviwroebda, konfiskacias axdenda,

mamulebis CamorTmeviT sjida garkveul adamianebs, Tumca amis

sawinaaRmdegod SexvdebiT cnobas imis Taobazec, rom igive da-

viTma regentobisas imdeni wyalobis sigeli gasca, rom Semdeg

maTi gauqmebac ki mouxdaT [1, 127].

samwuxarod, daviTis mimarT araobieqtur Sefasebas bevri

sxva, maT Soris zogierTi Tanamedrove mkvlevris naSromSic

SexvdebiT, rasac safuZvlad daedo erTi fraza misi werilidan

gen. lazarevisadmi (1801 wlis 18 ianvari): Е. В.-ву благоугодно было, чтобы я, будучи признан наследником, управлял в сем звании Грузиею, и как я есмь раб Государя, то и повиновался совершенно, и ныне известно В. Пр.-ву, что Грузия ныне уже не есть Грузия, а Россия, и жители оной суть отныне подданные Империи (xazgasma

Cvenia _ l. m.). Как они теперь дерзают прямо бунтовать и раззорять селения грузинския, когда Вы здесь находитесь, то нужно и необходимо им – дядям моим – увещание и прямое запрещение для их усмирения» [10, 298]. konteqstidan amoglejili Cvens mier xazgasmuli es

fraza, ra Tqma unda, mTlianad Secvlida werilis azrs.

udavod daviTis mravalmxrivobisa da araordinalurobis

damsaxurebad unda miviCnioT isic, rom misi pirovnebiT Tavis

droze dainteresda qarTveli poeti g. leoniZe, romelmac

1938 wels (!) `literaturul saqarTveloSi~ mis moRvaweobas

58

sakmaod kargi analitikuri werili miuZRvna. savsebiT misaRe-

bia poetis Semdegi Sefaseba: `daviTi xarbad ewafeboda da

swrafad iTvisebda axal azrebs, SeZenili codna Tu Sexedule-

bani mas umalve da zogjer _ garemos angariSgauwevlad saaSka-

raoze gamohqonda, amasTanave, sakmaod mouridebeli iyo Tavis

Cveva-saqcielSi. amitom sakvirveli rodia, Tu daviTs maSindel

qarTul sazogadoebaSi ufro radikaluri moazrovnis saxeli

gaeTqva, vidre is namdvilad iyo, xolo am sazogadoebis kon-

servatiul nawilSi zerele adamianis reputaciac ki Seeqmna~.

marTlac sruliad SeuTavsebelia, rom TanamedroveTagan

`volterianobis~ gamo lamis urwmunod Seracxuli batoniSvili

Cveuli gulmodginebiT Targmnis da amuSavebs sasuliero xasi-

aTis Txzulebebs: `simvolo qristianuli sarwmunoebisa~ 1800

wels daiwera im mizniT, rom `simvolo anu aRsareba unda hqon-

des Cvens xalxs aRmosavleTis eklesiis yaidaze Sedgenilio~

da es wigni mamamiss miarTva; `xelxleba anu gangebiTi RvTis-

metyveleba~ da `hindTa RvTismetyveleba~ [18].

dabolos, batoniSvili, romelic zereled da ugulisyu-

rod uyurebda cxovrebas, wlebis manZilze daZabuli Sromis

fasad ar Seqmnida (garda zemoT aRniSnuli Targmanebisa) iseT

seriozul naSromebs samarTlisa da istoriis dargebSi (`samar-

Tali batoniSvilis daviTisa~, saqarTvelos samarTlisa da ka-

nonmcodneobis mimoxilva~, `narkuevi~, «Краткая история Грузии» da sxv.), garda amisa masve ekuTvnis araerTi literaturuli na-

warmoebic (leqsebi, proza).

CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa daviT batoniSvilis

Sefaseba mis politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa mier, mag. ai, rogor

axasiaTebs mas gacnobisTanave (1784 wels) p. potiomkini: «Стар-ший сын Гeоргия, Давид, был 17-ти лет, казался неглуп, и при свойстве яром, он являет быстроту ума, особую сметливость и охоту к войне» [19, 326]. rogorc Cans, daviTis pirovnebaSi marTlac iyo raRac

iseTi, rac ase afrTxobda rusebs da aiZulebda maT, mudmivad

fxizlad yofiliyvnen misi yoveli nabijis mimarT; aviRoT

Tundac daviTis survili evropaSi mogzaurobis Taobaze: tax-

tis dakargvis Semdeg daviT batoniSvils ocnebad gadaeqca re-

voluciuri safrangeTis _ volterisa da monteskies samSob-

los xilva; 1802 wels, ruseTSi gadasaxlebis molodinSi, jer

kidev ar hkargavda amis imeds, Tumca ruseTis xelisuflebis

mxridan amasac ki didi sifrTxiliT moekidnen da sakmaod se-

59

riozuli saidumlo mimoweris Semdeg (В разговорах его весьма заметен восторг его к Бонапарту, к коему он исполнен почтительного удивления) amazec uari eTqva [17, 58].

dabolos, aseve naklebad sarwmunoa pl. ioselianis azri

imis Taobaze, rom ruseTs gadasaxlebuli daviTi `saqarTvelos

saqmeTa Sina arRara ereoda~ da moridebul, mSvid cxovrebas

eweoda (Tavi davaneboT imas, rom swored ruseTSi daasrula

ori didi naSromis _ monteskiesa da volteris Txzulebebis

Targmna). faqtebi sul sxvas metyveleben: daviTis Semoqmedebas

am dros aqtiuri politikuri zraxvebis kvali dahyveba; ra

Tqma unda, mas ubralo sakiTxav wignad ar Seuqmnia arc

«Обозрение Грузии по части прав и законоведения» da arc amave

Txzulebis sawyisi, qarTulad damuSavebuli varianti `samar-

Tlis~ saxiT. igi peterburgSi dReniadag proeqtebze muSaobs,

1812 wels imperator aleqsandre I-is saxelze Seaqvs moxseneba

`saqarTvelos ukeT mowyobisaTvis, romelSic dasaxulia Ro-

nisZiebani saSinao mmarTvelobasa da sameurneo dargebSi. mis

sxva RonisZiebebs sarCulad udevs daJinebuli mtkiceba imis

Taobaze, rom batoniSvilTa qveynidan gaZeveba saqarTvelosaT-

vis uaRresad sazianoa da mis mmarTvels aucileblad unda mie-

Cinos damxmared erT-erTi batoniSvili. es moxsenebiTi baraTi

daskvnisaTvis gadaeca saqarTvelos yofil mTavarsardals pa-

uluCis, romlis gamoxmaurebac, ra Tqma unda, friad arasaxar-

bielo da zogadad, qarTvelTaTvis Seuracxmyofelic kia, Tum-

ca erTSi igi namdvilad marTalia, roca wers, rom:

«…Обширные затеи царевича Давида Георгиевича, который под предлогом лучшего устройства Грузинского края наклоняет все сие единственно к восстановлению там по-прежнему царя…

… Он давно уверяет, что русские не умеют управлять Грузиею… …таковым замыслам своим (он) делает теперь пробу… есть ли

воспримут проекты его желаемый успех, то никому более неприлично воспользоваться сей честью, как ему – пользовавшемуся некогда титулом наследника и менее участвовавшему в бунтах» [20, 131-132, 139].

1817 wels, sikvdilamde oriode wliT adre, daviT bato-

niSvili kvlav daJinebiT imeorebs senatis sxdomebze Tavis Se-

xedulebebs, moiTxovs traqtatis pirobebis Sesrulebas da Ri-

ad acxadebs, rom qarTuli samefo saxli elis, rom aleqsandre

I mas aRadgenso [11, 042], rasac Sedegad mohyolia arakCeevis

60

cnobili muqara: «…Просьбы вовсе неосновательные… если и после сего не будет жить спокойно, тогда последует уже повеление, чтобы отставить его от службы и выслать из Петербурга».


1. tr. ruxaZe, daviT batoniSvili da misi literaturuli mem-

kvidreoba, literaturuli Ziebani, I, Tbilisi, 1943. 2. Teimuraz bagrationi, daviT bagrationis istoria, teqsti

gamosca T. enuqiZem, Tbilisi, 1972. 3. daviT bagrationi _ saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanon-

Tmcodneobis mimoxilva, ap. rogavas redaqciiT, Tbilisi,

1959. 4. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tbilisi, 1973. 5. al. bendianiSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi 1801-

1921, Tbilisi, 1980. 6. Н. Дубровин, Закавказье от 1803-1806 гг., Тифл., 1866. 7. Н. Дубровин, Георгий XII – последний царь Грузии, Тифлиси, 1897. 8. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, Sd-1701. 9. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, Sd-1702. 10. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, I, Тиф-

лиси, 1866. 11. samarTali batonisSvilis daviTisa, d. furcelaZis gamoc.,

Tbilisi, 1964.

12. platon ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, a. gawere-

lias redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1936.

13. al. jambakur-orbeliani, mefis iraklis drois cocota an-

bebi, (ix. sargis kakabaZis `werilebi da masalebi saqarTve-

los istoriisaTvis, w. I, Tbilisi, 1914). 14. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, A-1766. 15. Teimuraz bagrationi, axali istoria, gamosca l. miqiaS-

vilma, Tbilisi, 1983. 16. m. berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qar-

Tuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, II, Tbilisi, 1983. 17. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, II, Тиф-

лиси, 1868. 18. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1938, 10, X.

61

19. Aл. Хаханов, Очерки по истории грузинской словесности, вып. III, Тифл., 1901.

20. И. К. Ениколопов, Две записки царевича Давида `О лучшем устрой-стве Грузии», _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istorii-

saTvis, Tbilisi, 1942, nakv. I.

Lela Mikiashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

The Historical Portrait of the Prince David in the Works of Platon

Ioseliani (According to `The Life of the King Giorgi XIII~)

Summary

The last heir of the Kartl-Kaheti throne –the Prince David as many

sided and interesting person left a significant trace in the history of Georgia. He was a political and public figure, specialist of military affaires, talented military leader, jurist and legislator, writer and translator.

At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries on the background of the extremely difficult situation in Kartl-Kalkheti (the annulling and annexing of the principality by Russia) the attitude towards the prince David, the mere witness of which are some data preserved in Platon Ioseliani’s work, was not simple and similar.

Based on the historical materials the important aspects of the prince David’s political activity, his legislative and literary heritage are analyzed in the article. On the basis of the factual material it is proved that Platon Ioseliani’s attitude to the heir of the throne is not often objective and that is why the information often is contradictory and not clarified in the work. One of the most difficult periods in the Prince David’s life began when he was appointed as a ruler of the country. Instead of consolidation and fighting against the possible threats the members of the royal family opposed each other. The brothers of the king Giorgi XII appeared on the political stage (sons of the queen Darejan) who insisted on fulfilling king Erekle’s so called

62

òriginal last will~ and on changing the rule of handing down the throne. This opposition nearly became an obvious fight. Besides the foreign threat David had to resist the opposition in the country. The whole society divided into: adherents of Iulon and David. That is why it was natural that David gained a name of a more radical politician in the society than he really was and an enviable person among the conservative part of the same society.

63

dodo WumburiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane ja-

vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa

da eTnologiis instituti, axali da uaxle-

si istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier

TanamSromeli

niko xizanaSvilis Rvawlis Sesaxeb

XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTuli presa savsea im droisaT-

vis aqtualur istoriul da samarTlebriv Temebze dawerili

statiebiT, romelTa avtori TanamedroveTa Soris kargad cno-

bili, avtoritetuli iuristi da sazogado moRvawe niko xiza-

naSvili iyo. is sxvadasxva fsevdonimebiT werda, romelTa So-

ris yvelaze cnobilia n. urbneli, plebsi, n. xizanovi, n.x.li,

p. s...

niko xizanaSvilis erTtomeuli iuridiuli nawerebis

krebuls warmoadgens, publicists aqvs mravali istoriuli da

eTnografiuli statia, rasac Tavis droze didi gamoxmaureba

hqonda da dResac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba, Tumca yvela

maTgani calke wignad jerac ar gamoqveynebula. es statiebi

ZiriTadad ilias ìveriaSi~, aseve ivane maCablis `droebasa~ da

Jurnal ìmedSi~ qveyndeboda 1882-1902 wlebSi. am nawerebidan

aRsaniSnavia: `wodebaTa istoria saqarTveloSi~, ìmuniteti sa-

qarTveloSi~, `liparit mesame orbeliani~, `giorgi brwyinvale,

mefe saqarTvelosi~, `daviT aRmaSenebeli da misi dro~, `Cveni

cxovrebis evolucia~, `gujrebi al. xaxanaSvilisa~ da sxva. mas

gansakuTrebulad ilia afasebda. rodesac, 1885 wels ìveria~

yoveldRiur gazeTad gadakeTda, misma redaqtorma imdroinde-

li sazogadoebis gamorCeul wevrebs , mxolod misgan gamorCe-

ulebs, mimarTa TxovniT, _ eTanamSromlaT mis gazeTSi. maT

Soris n. xizanaSvilic iyo. ìveriaSi~ muSaobisas igi kidev uf-

ro dauaxlovda did mwerals. xizanaSvili misi xSiri stumari

yofila saguramoSi. ivane mansvetaSvilis mogonebebSi vkiTxu-

lobT: `Cems dros yvelaze metad SelazRandarebuli ilia Wav-

WavaZesTan iyo niko xizanaSvili, kaci enawyliani, sityvamos-

wrebuli, kargi mosaubre, oxunji, amasTan Wkviani, kargad ga-

naTlebuli da bevrad nakiTxi. sxvebisgan Tu ilia wkipurts ar

miikarebda, amisgan bevrs iTmenda~ [1, 119-124]. cnobili sazoga-

64

do moRvawe giga yifSiZec axasiaTebs mas, rogorc gonebagax-

snilsa da sityvamoswrebul adamians [2, 10-11].

nikoloz Tadeozis Ze xizanaSvili daibada 1851 wels Sida

qarTlis sofel maRla dovleTSi, soflis mRvdlis ojaxSi. ma-

mis saqmianobis gamo ojaxs ramdenjerme mouxda sacxovrebeli

adgilis Secvla. ymawvilobis gatarebam mas sofel ceronisSi

mouwia, sadac qarTlis momxiblavi bunebis siyvaruli, xalxuri

zepirsityvierebis Seswavlis interesi gasCenia. mas zepirad

uswavlia folkloruli nimuSebi, cota mozrdils ki rusTave-

lis `vefxistyaosani~.

goris sasuliero saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg n, xi-

zanaSvili Sevida Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi, romlis

kursi 1870 wels daasrula. berZnul da laTinur enebSi speci-

aluri momzadebis Semdeg man Caabara gamocdebi da 1871 wels

Caericxa odesis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze. am uni-

versitetSi, romelic axali daarsebuli iyo, maSin ruseTis

mniSvnelovani samecniero Zalebi moRvaweobdnen. magaliTad:

seCenovi, meCnikovi, kovalevski, volski, pavlovi, petre meli-

qiSvili, vasil petriaSvili da sxvebi. iuridiul fakultetze

mas leqciebs ukiTxavda am dargSi gamorCeuli specialisti

leontoviCi, romelic kavkasiis mTielTa adaT-wesebs aswavli-

da da SemdegSi, 1882 wels, am sakiTxze, kovalevskize adre ga-

moaqveyna naSromi. 1876 wels niko xizanaSvilma warCinebiT da-

amTavra odesis universiteti da samSobloSi dabrunda. samsa-

xuri jer zangezurSi daiwyo, Semdeg cxinvalSi gadmovida.

cxinvalidan igi jer suramSi, aqedan ki TianeTSi gadaiyvanes

gamomZieblad. colad hyavda cnobili sazogado moRvawe da

msaxiobi elisabed CerqeziSvili. 1903 wels is avad gaxda, aR-

moaCnda mZime asTmuri mdgomareoba da samkurnalod meuRles-

Tan erTad evropaSi gaemgzavra. jer berlinSi imkurnala, amis

Semdeg ki, col-qmarma parizi, lozana, Jeneva da vena moinaxu-

la [3, 12].

provinciaSi muSaobis dros n. xizanaSvili gulmodgined

akvirdeboda xalxis zne-Cveulebebs, hkrebda masalebs da ik-

vlevda maT. es interesi universitetidan gamohyva. am mxriv

gansakuTrebiT nayofieri misi TianeTSi muSaobis periodi iyo.

mas samsaxureobrivi movaleobis gamo xSirad uwevda TianeTis

soflebSi Casvla, sargeblobda SemTxveviT da xalxisgan eT-

nografiuli yofis amsaxvel masalebs iwerda. n. xizanaSvilis

65

pirveli statia _ `korespondencia cxinvalidan~daibeWda

`droebaSi~, amas mohyva misi aqtiuri publicisturi moRvaweo-

ba.

yvela Tanamedrove, vinc kargad icnobda am moRvawisa da

Semoqmedis mravalmxriv interesebs, erTxmad aRniSnavda mis ni-

Wierebas, farTo ganaTlebas, mkvlevrisTvis aucilebel alRo-

sa da polemikis saocar unars. Jurnalisti da literaturis

kritikosi romanoz fancxava (xomleli) mas àxali qarTuli

literaturis mnaTobs~ uwodebda da ilias, akakisa da niko ni-

kolaZis gverdiT asaxelebda. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan es Se-

faseba cota gazviadebuli Cans, magram Tu im epoqaSi gadavi-

nacvlebT da Tvals dakvirvebiT gavadevnebT nikoloz urbne-

lis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas, mivxvdebiT, rom swored am

bumberazTa gverdiT idga yovelTvis es, Tavad mokrZalebuli

da saqarTvelosTvis Tavdadebuli adamiani. xomlelis mogone-

bebSi vkiTxulobT: `1894 wlis ianvris Tvidan Cvens mier daar-

sebulma `qarTuli wignis gamomcemelma amxanagobam~ daiwyo

TbilisSi Tviuri Jurnalis_`moambis~ gamocema. 1885 wels rom

ilias Jurnali ìveria~ moispo, mas Semdeg qarTvelebs Tviuri

Jurnali ar Rirsebia 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1894 wlamde, axal

Jurnals qarTveloba Sexvda ise, rogorc arabeTis udabnoSi

qaravani Sexvdeba wyals. axali qarTuli literaturis didi

mnaTobni erTad TavmoyriT mogrovdnen am axali Jurnalis ir-

gvliv. JurnalSi didi xalisiT daiwyes TanamSromloba: niko

nikolaZem, ilia WavWavaZem, akakim, profesorma vasil petriaS-

vilma. nikoloz urbnelma~...[4, 443].

urbnelis, rogorc mecnieris moRvaweobas didi Sefasebas

aZlevda ivane javaxiSvili. Tavisi `qarTuli samarTlis istori-

is~ SesavalSi igi werda: `n. urbneli iyo XIX saukunis 80-iani

wlebis moRvawe, romelmac qarTuli samarTlis istoriaSi ara-

erTi monografia gamoaqveyna. igi niWieri damkvirvebeli iyo. mis

naSromebSi araerTi sagulisxmo sakiTxia gaSuqebuli~ [5, 12].

didi Sefaseba misca urbnelis eTnografiul nawerebs

profesorma giorgi Citaiam. man es nawerebi 1940 wels calke

wignad gamosca. SesavalSi Citaia urbnels qarTuli eTnologi-

is yamiris gamtexad, niWier da gonebamaxvil mkvlevrad miiCnev-

da. is werda: `n. xizanaSvili qarTveli eTnografebis im plea-

das ekuTvnoda, romelmac ilia WavWavaZis xelkurTxeviT daiw-

yo moRvaweoba da qarTuli eTnografiis gautexel yamirs Rrma

66

kvali gaavlo. es adamiani, misi drois Sesaferisad kargad mo-

zadebuli, romelsac Wkua da niWi uWrida, kalami emorCilebo-

da, romelic xalxis zne-Cveulebebis ostat-damkvirvebeli da

gonebamaxvili mkvlevari iyo, am pleadis yvelaze TvalsaCino

wevria. amitom aris, rom mis eTnografiul nawerebs, rac dro

gadis, ufro meti Sefaseba eZleva~ [6, 7].

giorgi Citaias azriT, urbnelma pirvelma aRmoaCina qar-

Tvel tomebSi winagvarovnuli sazogadoebisa da matriarqatis

arsebobis faqti, esaa is debulebebi, romlebic SemdgomSi rus-

ma profesorma kovalevskim saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb

wamoayena da romelic zogad samecniero literaturaSi kova-

levskis aRmoCenadaa cnobili.

saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnografiis sakiTxebiT ur-

bneli Tavisi moRvaweobis meore etapze dainteresda. Tumca

adamianis cxovrebis etapebad dayofa arcTu gamarTlebulia,

magram XIX saukunis bolos saqarTveloSi iseTi Semoteva daiw-

yo ucxouri ideologiebis, rom adamianebs swori arCevanis ga-

keTeba gauWirdaT. is, vinc narodnikul moZraobas emxroboda,

misi sruli kraxis Semdeg an socialistur partiebSi gaerTian-

da, an erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas, TergdaleulTa

mier dasaxul gzas daadga. amaT Soris iyo niko xizanaSvilic.

ilia WavWavaZesTan urTierTobam didi gavlena moaxdina masze

da saqarTvelos istoriiT daintereseba Tu samoRvaweo aspa-

rezze arCeuli moqmedebis miseuli programa ilias gavleniT

Camouyalibda. urbnelmac kargad gaiTavisa is azri, rom Tu is-

toria ar viciT, `ver gavigebT rani viyaviT, rani varT da rad

SesaZloa viyvneT kvlavadac~, rogorc werda didi mwerali

ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul daviT aRmaSeneblisadmi miZRvnil we-

rilSi [7, 17]. ilias aRizianebda saqarTvelos istoriuli war-

sulis CrdilSi yofna, misdami rusi Sovinistebis damokidebu-

leba, amitom eZebda niWier xalxs, romelTa namoRvawariTac na-

Teli moefineboda saqarTvelos warsuls. aseT pirovnebad mi-

aCnda mas nikoloz urbnelic. artur laisti werda: ìlia did

pativs scemda n. xizanaSvils im SromisaTvis, romelic man sa-

qarTvelos siZveleTa gamokvlevebs uZRvna~ [8, 51].

narodnikuli ideologiis zegavlenis periodSi is serio-

zulad ar uyurebda istoriul-eTnologiur kvlevebs, akriti-

kebda kidec dimitri baqraZes amgvari moRvaweobisaTvis. 1883

wels `droebaSi~ dabeWdili misi werili exeba baqraZis mier

67

qsnisa da urbnisis xelnaweri saxarebis teqstebis Sedarebas da

am sakiTxze ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul werils. am masalas is

arafrismTqmels uwodebda. `mkiTxvelisTvis am referats inte-

resi ara aqvs, _werda igi, _ da Tu igi dabeWdilia JurnalSi,

albaT imitom, rom ìverias~ masala Semohklebia.~ miuxedavad

imisa, rom urbnelis narodnikobas qarTuli mecniereba xSirad

eWvqveS ayenebs, SeuZlebelia am ideologiis saqarTveloSi ar-

seboba Seswavlili iqnes misi im werilebis gareSe, romelebic

1881-1883 wlebSi narodnikuli mimarTulebis Jurnal ìmedSi~

gamoqveynda. ìmedis~ jgufisa da qarTveli narodnikebis rol-

ze qarTveli mecnierebi, upirvelesad, urbnelis RvawliT

msjeloben. mkvlevari simon xundaZe werda: ìmedis~ jgufma

naTlad dainaxa is Rrma ufskruli da brZola, romelic arse-

bobda soflad memamuleTa da glexTa Soris. am brZolis um-

Tavresi mizezi, narodnikebis gagebiT, ekonomiur pirobebSi

emarxa. im dros, 80-ian wlebSi, narodniki urbnelis ekonomiku-

ri xasiaTis narkvevebi garkveul pasuxs iZlevian mis Sesaxeb,

Tu saidan, ra wyaroebidan momdinareobda wodebaTa brZola

CvenSi~ [9, 66].

urbneli, ìmedis~ sxva publicistebTan erTad, gamodioda

glexTa interesebis damcvelad. is gansakuTrebuli gulistki-

viliT werda saqarTveloSi droebiTvaldebul glexTa insti-

tutis Seqmnaze, im adamianebze, romelTa mdgomareoba baton-

ymobis gauqmebam da Tbilisis guberniaSi gatarebulma 1864

wlis manifestma kidev ufro daamZima. igi werda: ìq, sadac

glexi droebiTvaldebulia Tavisi batonisa, kanonis winaSe Ta-

nasworobas ufro Teoretikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre praq-

tikuli. iq Tanasworoba mSvenieri sityvaa da ara ganxorciele-

buli principi. TanasworobisaTvis saWiroa ekonomiuri da

sxvagvari Tavisufleba~[10].

n. urbnelma ìmedSi~ gamoqveynebuli werilebiT naTeli

gaxada, rom saqarTveloSi mudam arsebobda klasobrivi brZo-

la, romelsac ekonomikuri faqtori gansazRvravda. . Jurnal

ìmedis~ daxurvis Semdeg igi TanamSromlobda `droebaSi~ da

radikalurad ilaSqrebda Tavadaznaurobis winaaRmdeg. magram

gavida sul mcire dro da n. urbneli sxva narodnik moazrov-

neebTan erTad ilias ìveriis~ TanamSromeli gaxda. ìveriaSi~

`plebsis~ fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebul werilebSi igi ukve imas

amtkicebda, rom wodebaTa arseboba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

68

kanons warmoadgens da bunebrivi da misaRebiao. msoflmxedve-

lobis amgvari swrafi cvlileba, erTi mxriv, saerTod iyo da-

maxasiaTebeli imdroindeli qarTveli xalxosani inteligenci-

isTvis. meore mxriv ki, didi ilias siaxlove da ìveriaSi~misi

gadasvla ar SeiZleboda amgvari cvlilebiT ar dagvirgvinebu-

liyo.

n. urbneli winaaRmdegi iyo ucxouri mecnieruli azrov-

nebis Tu tradiciebis ukritikod miReba-gaziarebis, saqarTve-

los sinamdvilisTvis Seuferebeli sazogadoebrivi movlenebis

meqanikurad gadmotana_ `SemoRebis~. misi azriT, qarTvel mec-

niers, upirvelesad unda SeenarCunebina qarTuli istoriul-

kulturuli tradiciebi, ucxouridan mxolod is gadmoetana,

rac erovnul tradicias SeinarCunebda. ~ evropuli mecniere-

ba, _ werda igi, _ miucileblad saWiroa, magram marto aseTi

mecnierebiT Cveneburi mkvlevari saqarTvelos socialur evo-

lucias verc Tavs gaugebs da verc bolos... ~ da iqve dasZenda,

rom `didad saWiroa Cveni warsuli da awmyo cxovrebis Seswav-

la da codnao~[11].

erovnuli kulturis aRorZinebis upirveles pirobad Ta-

vis istoriul da eTnografiul nawerebSi n. urbneli Tvlida

im qarTuli tradiciebisa da adaTebis SenarCunebas, rac qar-

Tvels sxva erebisgan ganasxvebda da rasac progresuli Sede-

gebis motana SeuZlia. èTnografiul nawerebSi~ igi aRniSnavda:

ìqneba gegonoT, rom Cven gvsurs yvela Cveulebis dacva, ara,

Cveulebasac Tavisi azri da mniSvneloba aqvs da, Tu igi xalxis

vinaobis gamomxatvelia da amasTanave zneobiTs kanons ar ewi-

naaRmdegeba, misi dacva yovlad saWiroa. sxvaTa Soris, swored

aseTi Cveuleba aZlevs xalxs gansakuTrebul fers, xasiaTs.

rogorc yvela calke pirisaTvis saWiroa misi pirovnuli Tavi-

sebureba, vinaoba, ise xalxisaTvis saWiroa gonivruli xalxos-

nuri Cveuleba. sadac ase ar aris, iq arc progresia SesaZlo.~

adamianis CamoyalibebaSi, mis sulier da fizikur formi-

rebaSi igi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda istoriul-geografiul

garemos. mTielisa da baris mcxovrebi adamianebi, misi azriT,

sruliad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da am Tvisebebs geogra-

fiuli garemo ganapirobebs. rogorc iuristi da kavkasieli

xalxebis samarTlebrivi tradiciebis mkvlevari, is did yurad-

Rebas uTmobda saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleobis socialur da

samarTlebriv azrovnebas, ar izRudeboda mxolod faqtebiT,

69

analizisa da sinTezis meTodiT cdilobda mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSirebis monaxvas da maTi cxovrebis Seswavlas. istoriuli

mecnierebis ganviTareba mas kompleqsurad esaxeboda eTnolo-

giis, arqeologiis, samarTlis, lingvistikis, paleografiis da

sxva dargebis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT. maSin, rodesac es

dargebi saqarTveloSi jer ar iyo ganviTarebuli, is Tavad

eZebda siaxles da xSirad meTaur sityvasac ambobda jerac uc-

nob sxvadasxva sferoSi. istorikosisagan urbneli sazogadoeb-

rivi cxovrebisa da mecnierebis mravali dargis codnas moiT-

xovda da amas aRniSnavda kidec 1892 wels ìveriaSi~ gamoqvey-

nebul werilSi _`gujrebi aleqsandre xaxanaSvilisa~[12].

igi amtkicebs, rom istorikosma movlenebi ki ar unda gad-

mosces mxolod, aramed unda gaanalizos da amas sworad da

Rrmad mxolod didi codnis Sedegad Tu SeZlebs. wyaroebis

gamoyenebas misTvis ubralo, publicisturi werilis daweris

drosac didi mniSvneloba hqonda, zogjer arc asaxelebda wya-

ros, magram imdenad detalurad aRwerda istoriul pirovneba-

sa Tu movlenas, rom eWvi aRar rCeba avtoris sagangebod in-

formirebulobaze. magaliTisTvis erTi statiac ikmarebs, ro-

melic urbnelma krwanisis brZolis as wlisTavze gamoaqveyna

ìveriaSi~. aq man TiTqmis mwerlis ostatobiT daxata aRa-mah-

mad-xanis portreti. misi aRwera emTxveva ingliseli istori-

kosis _ malkolmis mier aRweril sparsi sardlis saxes. es teq-

sti iase cincaZem sagangebod moitana Tavis wignSi _ àRa mah-

mad-xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze~, romelic 1959 welsaa gamo-

cemuli. Cans, urbnelma icoda es teqsti. amaSi gasakviri ara-

feria, Tu warmovidgenT, rom igi iliasTan ara marto muSaob-

da, aramed megobrobda kidec. yvela ucxouri samecniero in-

formacia, rac saqarTvelos istoriul warsuls exeboda, am

adamianebisTvis rom nacnobi iyo, es ilias `qvaTa RaRadidan~

Tu sxva werilebidanac kargad Cans. miTumetes, urbnelma ico-

da evropuli enebi da ganaTlebiT Tavis TanamedroveebSi gamo-

irCeoda. urbneliseuli aRa mahmad-xanis portreti Zalze

hgavs cincaZis naSromSi motanil ingliseli istorikosis por-

trets. `warmoidgineT saxe, gamxdari, daRmanWuli, uwverulva-

So, ToTxmet-TxuTmeti wlis bavSvis msgavsi moxuci, ymawvilo-

biTve dasaWurisebuli, mudam braziani, gulaRrenili....amas

zed daurTeT usazRvro Tavmoyvareoba, uzomo batonobis sur-

70

vili, siflide, yovelgvari simzakvre da Tqven win aRa mahmad-

xanis namdvili suraTi iqneba~[13, 194].

wyaroebis gamoyeneba aZlevs urbnelis istoriul Temaze

daweril naSromebs damajereblobas da maTSi motanili faqte-

bisadmi mecnier-mkvlevarTa ndobas iwvevs.

n. xizanaSvili Tavgamodebuli icavda sazogadoebis ganvi-

TarebaSi axali ideebis rols, progresuli ideebi, misi azriT,

Soben did sazogadoebriv movlenebs. mas safrangeTis revolu-

cia `franguli filosofiis memkvidred da RviZl nayofad~ mi-

aCnda [14]. misi azriT, sazogadoebaSi mudmivad Cndeba siaxle

da icvleba moTxovnilebani, axali ideebi mxolod maSinaa misa-

Rebi da gasaziarebeli, rodesac isini gamiznulia srulyofili

socialuri urTierTobis dasamyareblad. Tavad yoveli axali

Taoba, misi axali ideebi `miucilebeli Sedegia cxovrebis

cvlilebisa~[15].

sxva samocianelTa msgavsad, man ara marto sazogadoebrivi

problemebisa da praqtikuli moRvaweobis Serwymis idea wamoaye-

na, aramed aRiarebda am ideebis aqtiur ukuqmedebiT rols maT

warmomSob sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. urbnelis azriT, sazoga-

doebriv cxovrebas Tavisi kanonebi gaaCnia da cxovrebis ganvi-

Tareba am kanonebs emorCileba.

qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebis ga-

Suqebisas xizanaSvili warmatebiT sargeblobda dasavleT ev-

ropis qveynebis magaliTebiT. rodesac is ayenebda ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis upiratesobis koncefcias, mohyavda inglisis ma-

galiTi, sadac iuridiuli Tavisufleba iyo, magram realurad

adamianebi ar iyvnen Tavisufalni ekonomikuri uTanasworobis

gamo. es magaliTebi mas Wirdeboda reformis Semdgomi qarTve-

li glexis cxovrebis Sesafaseblad. misi Tezisi iyo: iuridiu-

li Tavisufleba Zalas kargavs ekonomikuri uTanasworobis pi-

robebSi, amitom, sazogadoebis mowinave nawilma unda ibrZo-

los socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis. umiwo glexi soflis meur-

neobaSi axali tqnikis dasanergad Tu meurneobis gasaumjobe-

seblad ver izrunebs. 1883 wels `droebaSi~ urbneli Seexo erT

faqts: cxinvalis mazris erT-erTma mebatonem sulxaniSvilma

Semoitana axali guTani da glexebi mis gasinjvaze miipatiJa.

mas surda daemtkicebina axlis upiratesoba ZvelTan, Tumca

glexoba uinteresod Sexvedria am faqts. amis mizezad statiis

avtors _ urbnels glexTa umiwoba miaCnda. àm gulgrilobiT,

71

_ werda igi, _ glexi pirdapir acxadebs, oRondac mamuli sak-

mao mqondes da axali guTani saWiro ar ariso~[16].

n. urbneli Tavis istoriul nawerebSi exeba pirovnebis

rols. igi did misias akisrebs pirovnebas, magram mis moqmede-

basa da warmatebas arsebuli istoriul-politikuri momentiT

xsnis da acxadebs, rom `mefisa Tu sxva sazogadoebrivi moRva-

wis saqmeTa ganxilva da gansja SesaZloa istoriul garemoeba-

Ta mixedviT. droTa viTarebas didi gavlena aqvs sazogado

cxovrebis brunvaze.~ istoriul movlenebs safuZvlad udevs

Sesaferi `droTa viTareba~. misi azriT, didi pirovneba isaa,

visi moRvaweobac da ideebic progress emsaxureba, sakuTari

qveynis winsvlasa da Tavisuflebas iTvaliswinebs. amitom akri-

tikebda igi napoleon bonapartes, romelmac, urbnelis azriT,

`daamsxvria safrangeTis demokratia da daaarsa iseTi politi-

kuri sisulele, rogoric cezarizmi iyo~. marTalia, demokra-

tias Cveni mkvlevari zogadad xotbas asxams, magram yovelTvis

gamarTlebulad ar miiCnevs. magaliTad, daviT aRmaSeneblisad-

mi miZRvnil naSromSi is miuTiTebs, rom mefis mtkice da Zli-

erma erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis politikam XII saukuneSi sa-

qarTvelos Sinauri da gareSe mtrebis damarcxeba ganapiroba.

daviT aRmaSenebels is samagaliTo, eris gamorCeul gmirad mi-

iCnevda da axalgazrdobis aRzrdaSi misi magaliTis gamoyene-

bisken mouwodebda. saerTod, miaCnda, rom istoria axalgazrda

Taobebis patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRzrdis saSualebad un-

da qceuliyo. krwanisis gmirebze ìveriaSi~ werda: `CvenTvis

Rirssanatreli da samaradisod mosagonebelia is Tavganwiru-

li, aRfrTovanebuli wminda mamuliSviloba, romelic Cvenma

winaprebma krwanisis velzed gamoiCines da saTakilod unda

migvaCndes mxolod, roca dumilni faraven erTgulTa ZeTa~.

werilSi is akritikebda Tanadroul sazogadoebas, uazro qe-

ifsa da drostarebaSi garTuls asi wlis winandeli tragedia

rom daviwyeboda da axla amave adgilze dros atarebda.

n. urbnels sakuTari azri aqvs samarTlian da usamarTlo,

gamarjvebul da damarcxebul omebze. istoria marto gamarjve-

bulebs ar ajildoebs, wers igi, gamarjveba mxolod maSin aris

Rirseuli, rodesac brZolis mizani humanuri da samarTliania.

misi azriT, zogjer damarcxebac ki sapatioa da mas istoria

SaravandiT mosavs, gamarjvebuls ki igive istoria kicxavs, vi-

naidan mis moqmedebas arahumanuroba ganapirobebs. `Tqven mipa-

72

suxebT, rom krwanisis velzed saqarTvelos gmiroba STainTqa

da damarcxda, Tayvansacemi aq ra ariso. magram amisTana pasuxi

xom ugnureba iqneba. damarcxebac sxvadasxvagvaria, zogjer da-

marcxeba ufro Saravandeds hfens TviT damarcxebuls, vidre

gamarjvebuls~, _ werda igi.

sabWoTa drois mkvlevrebi xSirad akritikebdnen urbne-

lis mier daviT aRmaSenebelze daweril statiaSi gamoTqmul

Tvalsazriss, sadac is TamarTan SedarebiT maRla ayenebda aR-

maSeneblis pirovnebas. amgvari kritika arasworia, radgan ur-

bneli Tamaris pirovnebas ki ar amcirebda, aramed faqts aRniS-

navda, rom daviTma miwasTan gasworebuli qveyana Caibara, gaa-

Tavisufla mtrebisgan, gaaerTiana da ganavrco da ise gadasca

politikur memkvidreebs. urbnels miaCnda, rom Tamar mefis

kulti iyo sazogadoebaSi da daviT aRmaSenebels naklebi pati-

viscema hqonda, rasac arasworad Tvlida. saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifos Senoba daviTma aago da misma memkvidreebma mxolod mi-

si dacva itvirTeso. aRmaSeneblis Rvawlis win wamoweva iliam

daiwyo da samocianelebma es tradicia gaSales. XIX saukunis

mamaTa da SvilTa dapirispireba am sakiTxiTac gacxadda. Cven

gvaxsovs, rom ufrosi Taobis SemoqmedebaSi qarTvel mefeTa So-

ris Tamaris saxe iyo gamokveTili, iliam da misma gundma ki win

aRmaSeneblis pirovneba wamoswies. urbnelis es Sromac am mizans

isaxavda.

urbnelis bevri istoriuli mosazreba sworia da dResac

miseuli interpretaciiTaa miRebuli Cvens istoriografiaSi,

magaliTad demetre mefis brZola taxtis memkvidreobisaTvis Zma

_ vaxtangTan da ufros ZesTan_daviTTan.

urbneli miiCnevs, rom vaxtang-cvata demetrem samefo

kars 30-ian wlebSi CamoaSora, urbnels akritikebs mkvlevari

giorgi nadiraZe da miiCnevs, rom istoriaSi miRebuli daviTis

ajanyebebi mamis winaaRmdeg, romelic 50-iani wlebis dasawyiss

aris mikuTvnebuli, sinamdvileSi iyo vaxtangis gamosvlebi

taxtis dasakaveblad da 1145 wlisaTvis unda damarcxebuliyo

demetres mowinaaRmdege vaxtangi. Tanamedrove saistorio kon-

cefcias urbnelis Sexeduleba ufro Seesabameba.

urbnelma gaakritika platon ioselianis Tvalsazrisi,

rom ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba iyo èretikosTa~ winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli. misi azriT, daviT aRmaSenebelma is moiwvia urCi

feodaluri aristokratiis asalagmavad, romelic eklesias

73

centralizebuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, mis dasasusteblad

da TavianTi moRalaturi gegmebis gansaxorcieleblad iyeneb-

dnen. urbneli am faqts saeklesio sjulmdeblobis saukeTeso

codniT gvimtkicebs. marTalia, `ZeglisweraSi~ xatis Segineba

moixsenieba, magram mkvlevars miaCnia, rom es ar iyo dokumen-

tis mTavari saTqmeli. am dros gavrcelebuli nestorianelo-

bis dogmaturi dedaazri, rasac es kreba unda SebrZoleboda,

ar iyo xatis Segineba. mefes ufro didi politikuri zraxva

hqonda da es iyo eklesiis erovnuli, erTiani saxelmwifos sam-

saxurSi Cayenebis survili da ara `sqolastikuri varjiSi da

sja sxvadasxva dogmatzed~.

urbnels Taviseburi mosazreba aqvs yivCaRTa monawileoba-

ze didgoris omSi. misi azriT, mefem imitom ar gamoiyena yiv-

CaRTa 25 aTasiani rezervi da marto 15 aTasi meomari Seiyvana

brZolaSi, radgan icoda, rom isini ayal-mayalsa da uwesivro-

bas iyvnen miCveulni da omis drosac ver eleodnen am Tvisebas.

mefes mkacri wesrigi uyvarda da am sapasuxismgeblo Jams ami-

tom ar gamoiyena srulad maTi jario. sxvagan es Tvalsazrisi

ar gaJRerebula, dRes sxva koncefciaa am faqtTan dakavSire-

biT, Tumca, meCveneba, rom am konceptsac aqvs Tavisi argumen-

ti, Tundac is, rom yivCaRebi monRoluri warmoSobis tomebi

iyvnen da monRoluri sabrZolo wesebi specialurad iTvalis-

winebda yvirilsa da xmaurs mowinaaRmdegis dasabnevad. es ki

maTTan mebrZol qarTvelebs (maTi mokavSireebi iyvnen Tu mowi-

naaRmdegeni), romlebic sxva samxedro wesrigs iyvnen miCveul-

ni, saocrad abnevdaT.

urbnels aqvs mosazreba, rom aRmaSeneblis mier daarsebu-

li qsenoni iyo ara saavadmyofo, aramed samedicino akademia. amis

damamtkiceblad moaqvs maSindel periodSi amgvar saavadmyo-

foTa arseboba bevr qalaqsa da saxelmwifoSi, mematiane ki

wers, rom mefem `kualad sxua moigona saqmeo~. anu is gaakeTa,

rac arsad iyo gakeTebulio. esec hipoTezaa da damafiqrebeli.

urbneli saubrobs XI saukuneSi aRmaSeneblis mier qristi-

anobis farTod gavrcelebaze kavkasiis mTianeTSi, yivCaRebis

gaqristianebaze, axali qristianuli dResaswaulebis danergva-

ze, qarTuli kulturis evropulTan daaxloebaze, axali qar-

Tuli, erTiani samwerlobo enis warmoSobaze, rac Tbilisis

aRebam da quTaisidan samefos centris gadmotanam ganapiroba.

bevri es mosazreba dResac angariSgasawevi da misaRebia.

74

urbnels ekuTvnis mniSvnelovani mosazrebani da dakvirve-

bebi monRolTa saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb. miTume-

tes,rom kanonmdebloba, romelic monRolebma me-13 saukuneSi

SemoiRes Cingiz-yaenis mier SemuSavebuli kanonebis mixedviT,

daikarga da monRolebze msjelobas msoflios istorikosebi

maT mier dapyrobili xalxebis istorikosTa nawerebiT axerxe-

ben, gansakuTrebiT, Cinuri cnobebiT. urbnelic amgvar cno-

bebs eyrdnoboda da saintereso daskvnebs iZleoda monRolTa

laSqrobebis, sagadasaxado sistemis, sazogadoebrivi cxovre-

bis Sesaswavlad. evropel istorikosTa garda, igi eyrdnoboda

arabi istorikosebis _ ibn al-asiris, axmed an nesevis, gamus-

limanebuli ebraeli warmoSobis sparsi istorikosis raSid-ad-

dinis, somexi istorikosebis _ vardan didis da kirakos ganZa-

kelis cnobebs.

sainteresoa urbnelis mier mefe daviT VI_is Sefaseba. de-

metre II-is vaJs _ mefe daviT VIII-s is VI-d moixseniebs da sruli-

ad uaryofiTad axasiaTebs mis rols qarTveli xalxisa da sa-

xelmwifos winaSe. misi azriT, urCoba im dros, rodesac mon-

Rolebi TavianTi siZlieris mwvervalze iyvnen, qarTveli xal-

xis Ralats udrida, radgan misi urCobis gamo mterma uamrav-

jer aawioka udanaSaulo mosaxleoba. aqac aris istoriuli

logika da mkvlevars aqvs Tavisi logikuri simarTle.

niko xizanaSvili aucileblobad Tvlida, magram yovel-

mxriv ewinaaRmdegeboda wyaroebis, maT Soris `qarTlis cxov-

rebis~ ukritikod gamoyenebis faqts. am sakiTxze swavluli

farTod msjelobda naSromSi _`gujrebi al. xaxanaSvilisa~.

urbnelis Tvalsazriss wodebaTa Soris dapirispirebaze

aseve emTxveva ivane javaxiSvilis mosazreba am sakiTxze. XIX

saukuneSi gaCnda azri, rom saqarTveloSi wodebaTa Soris

brZola ar yofila, rasac urbneli ar iziarebda, 1904 wels ga-

moqveynebul werilSi `mamuliSviloba da mecniereba~ es Tval-

sazrisi daicva ivane javaxiSvilmac. is miiCnevda, rom aseTi

ram, kidec rom yofiliyo, saqebari ar iqneboda qarTuli sa-

xelmwifosTvis. urbneli xedavda warsulSi wodebaTa Soris

konfliqts, roca beqa da aRbuRas samarTlis Sesaxeb msjelob-

da, is askvnida, rom ymisa da batonis damokidebuleba ise gam-

wvavebula, saWiro gamxdara `JamTa siavisaTvis~ yuradReba mi-

eqciaT. swored amitom daurTo aRbuRam papis samarTals `sxva-

dasxva uwesoTa saqmeTa samarTali~. urbnels sworad esmoda

75

sakiTxi, rom wodebaTa Soris brZola, socialuri dapirispire-

ba qveynis ganviTarebis maCvenebeli iyo da ara piriqiT, Tavis

mosawonebeli da qarTuli saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli niSani,

rogorc amas aleqsandre orbeliani da sxva XIX saukunis moR-

vaweebi aRniSnavdnen.

sanam ilias ìveriaSi~ moxvdeboda, urbneli winaaRmdegi

iyo sxvadasxa wodebis erTi droSis qveS darazmvisa, akritikeb-

da sergei mesxs, romelic aqeTken mouwodebda. arsebul viTa-

rebaSi, rodesac ruseTis imperiuli Savrazmuli Zalebi eb-

rZodnen qarTul enasa da kulturas, qarTveli xalxi erTiani

ZaliT unda gaerTianebuliyo erovnul interesTa dasacavad,

erTmaneTTan ar unda ekamaTaT, erT azrze unda damdgariyve-

nen. urbnelma maSin an ver gaigo TergdaleulTa `saerTo nia-

dagis Teoria~, an jer kidev xalxosnuri azrovnebis tyveobaSi

iyo. is werda: àra batonebo, amgvari brZola aravis ar daasus-

tebs, aramed ufro gagvaZlierebs da agvamaRlebs, suliTa da

grZnobiT gangvaviTarebs. sastiki literaturuli brZola Se-

degia xalxis gonebis warmatebisa da saWiroa es brZola Cven-

Sic male gaCaRdes, vinc am brZolis aRorZinebas xels uSlis,

is mteria logikisa~ [17].

amave periodSi Tavisi statiebiT man daundobeli brZola

gaaCaRa ianovskis antiqarTuli saganmanaTleblo politikis wi-

naaRmdeg. werilSi_`safuZvlebi saxalxo ganaTlebisa~_ is wer-

da, rom skolebis simravle sulac ar metyvelebs eris ganaT-

lebaze. Tu skolebSi humanuri swavlebis principi ar aris, ma-

Sin aseTi ganaTleba bevrs verafers SesZens verc ers da verc

kacobriobas. urbnelis sityviT, kulturuls da ganaTlebuls

ver davarqmevT adamians, romelsac keTilSobileba Ralatobs,

ganaTleba maSin iZens cxovelmyofel Zalas, roca zneobrivi

siwminde axlavs. skola, sadac saxelmwifos gavlenaa, sadac po-

litikuri ideologia gabatondeba, `gonebis cixed~ iqceva da

verasodes uzrunvelyofs keTilSobili moqalaqeebis aRzrdas.

ase msjelobda publicisti urbneli da Tavisi statiebiT im-

droindel Jurnal-gazeTebSi ibrZoda ganaTlebis rusuli da

prusiuli wesebis winaaRmdeg, sadac humanizmis nacvlad sam-

xedro Zaladoba iyo gabatonebuli.

urbnelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo logikuri azrovneba,

WeSmaritebis dadgenis survili. mas miaCnda, rom moazrovne

WeSmaritebas mxolod maSin miwvdeba, Tu did ganaTlebasTan

76

erTad patiosani, zneobrivad amaRlebuli da Sinaganad Tavisu-

fali pirovneba iqneba. misi istoriuli naazrevi imdenad aris

mniSvnelovani, rom im dros, calkeuli werilebis garda, jer

kidev ar arsebobda vrceli istoriuli gamokvlevebi, qarTuli

istoriografia TiTqmis CanasaxSi imyofeboda. meorec, is Ter-

gdaleulTa Tvalsazriss adga da istoriisa da sazogadoebri-

vi ganviTarebis procesebs mTlianad erovnul WrilSi ganixi-

lavda; mesamec: mas miRebuli hqonda Tavisi droisaTvis kargi

ganaTleba, trialebda qaTuli sazogadoebis yvelaze mowinave

wreSi, icnobda da mraval enaze kiTxulobda misTvis saWiro da

saintereso mecnierul naSromebs. yvelaferma aman mis naazrevs

sicocxle gauxangrZliva da Cven droSic aqtualoba SeunarCu-

na.

niko xizanaSvili 1906 wels, avadmyofobas gadarCenili da

evropidan samSobloSi dabrunebuli, mkvlelis mier nasrol

tyvias emsxverpla. igi didubis panTeonSia dakrZaluli.


1. ivane mansvetaSvili, mogonebebi, Tbilisi, 2006.

2. giga yifSiZe, `xizaniSvili da misi saliteraturo moRvawe-

oba~, almanaxi `qarTveli eri~, 1909.

3. elisabed CerqeziSvili, mogonebebi, Tbilisi, 1967.

4. xomleli, rCeuli nawerebi, Tbilisi, 1963.

5. ivane javaxiSvili, `qarTuli samarTlis istoria~, 1928.

6. n. xizanaSvili, eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tbilisi, 1940.

7. ilia WavWavaZe, `daviT aRmaSenebeli~, gazeTi ìveria~, 1885.

8. artur laisti, saqarTvelos guli, Tbilisi, 1963.

9. s. xundaZe, socializmis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi, t. II,

Tbilisi, 1927.

10. n. urbneli, `Cveni glexkacoba da axali samarTali~, J.

ìmedi~, 1883, #3.

11. n. urbneli, Cveni cxovrebis evolucia, ìveria~, #11 1902.

12. n. urbneli, `gujrebi aleqsandre xaxanaSvilisa~, ìveria~,

1892, #68.

13. n. urbneli, `krwanisis brZola~,gazeTi ìveria~, 1895.

14. n. urbneli, safuZvlebi saxalxo ganaTlebisa, J. ìmedi~,

1881 #7.

77

15. n. urbneli, Zveli da axali Taoba, gazeTi `droeba, 1883,

#94.

16. n. urbneli, ekonomia Tu agronomia? `droeba~, 1883, #248.

17. n. urbneli, Cvens literaturul keTilsindisierebazed,

gaz. `droeba~, 1883, #99.

Dodo Chumburidze

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Chief research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

About the Merits of Niko Khizanashvili

Summary

Niko Khizanashvili’s letters of historical character are discussed in the article and analysed in comparison with modern scientific viewpoints. It is said that like other representatives of the 60-es he not only put forward the idea of joining the social ideas and practical activities, but also believed that these ideas actively counteract, effect reality, the real social life which gave a birth to these ideas. In the opinion of Niko Khizanashvili social life has its own rules and the development of life is determined by them.

When evaluating current problems of the Georgian society, Niko Khizanashvili was successfully using the examples of western European countries. When he was putting forward the priority of economic development, was using an example of England, where there was juridical independence, but people where not independent factually because of economic inequality. He needed these examples to show and evaluate the life of a Georgian peasant after reform. His thesis was following: juridical independence lapse, loses its meaning in the conditions of economic inequality. That is why elite should fight for social development.

The author of the article comes to a conclusion that the opinions of Khizanishvili about the merits of David the Builder, the role of Kipchaks in the battles of Didgori and Krtsanisi, the rank oppositions in Georgia etc. is topical and worth of interest.

78

oTar gogoliSvili baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis

saxelmwifo universitetis, istoriis,

arqeologiisa da eTnologiis departa-

mentis profesori

politikuri partiebi baTumSi meoce saukunis

dasawyisSi (1905 weli)

carizmis mmarTvelobis periodSi qalaq baTumisaTvis gan-

sakuTrebiT mSfoTvare da daZabuli iyo 1905 weli. qalaqSi

1900 wels dawyebuli muSaTa demonstraciebi, gaficvebi da ga-

mosvlebi, romelTac tons aZlevdnen iq arsebuli politikuri

partiebi kulminacias aRwevs 1905 wels.

im droisTvis eTnikurad da socialurad Wrel qalaqSi

arsebobda ruseTis imperiis masStabiT sakmaod mravalricxova-

ni politikuri partiebi da moZraobebi.

Cven SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT organizaciuli siZlierisa

da mosaxleobaSi gavlenis mixedviT, baTumSi 1905 wels arsebu-

li politikuri speqtri.

istoriografiuli, saarqivo da samuzeumo masalebidan

irkveva, rom 1905 wels baTumSi funqcionirebda ruseTis soci-

al-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis baTumis komiteti ori fraq-

ciiT _ menSevikebiT da bolSevikebiT, socialist-federalis-

turi partiis baTumis biuro, socialist-revoluciuri parti-

is baTumis organizacia, erovnul-demokratiuli moZraoba,

anarqistuli partiis patara jgufi, somxuri politikuri par-

tiebi `daSnakcuTiuni~, `hnCaki~, `droSaki~, ebrauli politiku-

ri organizacia `bundi~, rusuli ultranacionalisturi par-

tia `rusi xalxis kavSiri~.

politikuri partiebis mier ganxorcielebuli mTavrobis

sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebis Sedegad 1905 wels baTumSi fabri-

ka-qarxnebis umravlesoba daixura, vaWroba Cakvda, dacarielda

navsadguri da maRaziebi, navTobi iSviaT SemTxvevebSi igzavne-

boda gemebiT ucxoeTSi, Sewyda samgzavro reisebi, moiSala

rkinigzis muSaoba. revoluciur politikur partiebs mitmasni-

li pirebi eweodnen fulis gamoZalvasa da mosaxleobis date-

rorebas. [13, 327].

79

1905 wels baTumSi arsebuli politikuri partiebidan yve-

laze Zlieri organizacia hqondaT social-demokratebs, rom-

lebic fraqciul diskusiebSi iyvnen Cafluli. [12, 27] ruseTis

social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis baTumis organizaciaSi

im dros aTasxuTasamde wevri iricxeboda. [3, 33]

fraqciul diskusiebSi 1905 wlis aprilamde dominireb-

dnen bolSevikebi, xolo aprilis bolos baTumSi Catarda so-

cial-demokratiuli partiis baTumis komitetis arCevnebi, ro-

melic uaRresad daZabul situaciaSi mimdinareobda. baTumSi

Camovidnen noe ramiSvili da ioseb juRaSvili, romlebmac sami

dRis ganmavlobaSi uSeRavaTo debatebi gamarTes qalaqis muSa-

Ta klasis krebebze. Sidapartiuli diskusia xelCarTul CxubSi

gadaizarda. [15, 42] menSevikebis gamarjveba baTumis komitetSi

maT sasargeblod gadaixara, noe Jordanias Casvlis Semdeg, ro-

melic baTumSi ori kviris ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda. baTumis

aTas xuTaskacianma social-demokratiulma organizaciam noe

Jordanias xelmZRvanelobiT airCia Svidkaciani menSevikuri

komiteti. [6,193-194]

1905 wlis aprilidan social-demokratiuli partiis ba-

Tumis organizaciam miiRo menSevizmis ideuri da organizaciu-

li principebi.

menSevikuri baTumis komiteti karlo CxeiZis xelmZRvane-

lobiT (romelic komitetSi ar iyo arCeuli magram maT aRiare-

bul liderad iTvleboda) wina planze ayenebda mitingebisa da

demonstraciebis Catarebas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg da aqedan ga-

momdinare upirispirdeboda bolSevikebis moTxovnas SeiaraRe-

buli ajanyebis dawyebis Taobaze. 1905 wlis aprilidan baTumSi

mimdinare procesebma naTlad warmoaCina menSevikebis strate-

giisa da taqtikis popularoba.

politikurma terorma ruseTis imperiaSi im dros maRal

dones miaRwia. ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiac

teroriT cdilobda xelisuflebis dezorganizacias. social-

demokratiuli partiis baTumis organizaciaSi teroristuli

sistemis mimarT ori gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba arsebobda. men-

Sevikebi uaryofdnen teroris amoqmedebas, xolo bolSevikebi

mas miiCnevdnen miznis miRwevis ualternativo saSualebad. [7,

558]

miuxedavad fraqciebis gansxvavebuli Sexedulebisa soci-

al-demokratiuli partiis baTumis organizaciam 1905 wlis

80

ganmavlobaSi moawyo 30-ze meti teroristuli aqti carizmis

moxeleebis winaaRmdeg. [18, 144]

social-demokratiuli partiis baTumis organizaciam re-

voluciis aRmavlobis wels (1905) `barcxanis gubernatoris~

xelmZRvanelobiT baTumSi moawyo 25 ianvris, 20 Tebervlis, 8

maisis, 23 oqtombris muSaTa mitingebi da 28 noember 1 dekem-

bris SeiaraRebuli gamosvla kazakebisagan qalaqis dasacavad.

(Tumca 28 noember _ 1 dekembris SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba inter-

partiuli xasiaTis iyo). [19, 173]

1904 wlis zafxulSi baTumSi Camoyalibda socialist-fe-

deralisturi partiis biuro, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen

svimon mdivani, memed abaSiZe, parmen sabaSvili, vasil wereTe-

li, zia abaSiZe da sxvebi. [10, 15] 1905 wels isini baTumSi ga-

moscemdnen gazeT `golos baTumas~. [8, 13-14]

socialist-federalisturi partiis baTumis biurosTan

axlo urTierTobaSi imyofebodnen nestor kalandariSvili,

grigol qiqoZe da sevasti WeliZe. [11, 377]

socialist-federalisturi partia social-demokratebis

Semdeg baTumSi 1905 wels yvelaze mZlavr organizaciad Camo-

yalibda. [16, 294]

1905 wlis revoluciis dros baTumSi opoziciis mier Ca-

tarebul mitingebze erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuri oratori iyo

socialist-federalisti svimon mdivani. [9, 140-141]

1905 wlis 15 noembers odesidan baTumSi Camoasvenes rusi

Savrazmelebis mier mokluli mecnieri saba kldiaSvili. àzi-

zies~ moedanze Catarda grandiozuli antisamTavrobo demon-

stracia. am demonstraciaSi monawileobas iRebda socialist-

federalisturi partiis baTumis biuro. [11, 380-381]

socialist-federalisturi partiis baTumis biuro em-

xroboda carizmis winaaRmdeg demonstraciebisa da mitingebis

Catarebas, Tumca maT samoqmedo arealSi aseve Sedioda tero-

ristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebac. magaliTad baTumSi xSirad

Camodiodnen socialist-federalisti teroristi Zmebi qiqave-

bi, romlebmac ramdenjerme ganaxorcieles teroristuli aqti

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis CinovnikTa winaaRmdeg. [18, 13]

socialist-federalisturi partiis baTumis biuro aqti-

ur monawileobas iRebda 29 noember _ 1 dekembris SearaRebul

gamosvlaSi. socialist-federalisturi partiis warmomadgene-

li xelmZRvanelobda 400 kacian SeiaraRebul razms, romelic

81

Cadga baTumis quCebSi baTumelebis jariskacebisa da kazakebi-

sagan dasacavad. [5]

socialist-revoluciuri partiis baTumis komiteti daar-

sda 1904 wels. mas hqonda aralegaluri stamba. komitetSi ga-

wevrianebuli iyvnen inteligentebi da moswavle axalgazrdoba.

socialist-revoluciuri partiis baTumis komiteti miznad

isaxavda muSaTa da glexTa revoluciuri moZraobis organize-

bas, Tumca maTi gavlena baTumis mosaxleobaze 1905 wlisaTvis

susti iyo. [11, 374]

1905 wlis ianvarSi socialist-revoluciuri partiis ba-

Tumis komitetis wevrebi iyvnen sakara (komitetis xelmZRvane-

li), Stimpeli, mixailovi, ginkulovi, fefelovi da sxva. [11,

376]

socialist-revoluciuri partiis baTumis komitets hyav-

da teroristTa razmi, romelic Sedgeboda kriminaluri ele-

mentebisagan. isini asrulebdnen komitetis davalebebs tero-

ristuli aqtebis mosawyobad.

1905 wlis 30 agvistos socialist-revoluciuri partiis

baTumis komiteti orasi momxriT gaemgzavra qobuleTSi da

rkinigzis sadgurSi Caatara mitingi carizmis winaaRmdeg ga-

mosvlebis mowodebiT. [2, 23-24]

saqarTveloSi 1905 wels arsebobdnen erovnul-demokra-

tiuli moZraobis jgufebi. baTumSi erovnul-demokratebi Tavs

iyridnen ivane andronikaSvilis, ivane mesxis da grigol vol-

skis garSemo. [4, 21] 1905 wels qalaqSi gaxSirebuli uwesrigo-

bebis gamo, ivane andronikaSvili da misi jgufi, TviTmmarTve-

lobis saxeliT, baTumis general-gubernatorisgan jarisa da

kazakebis umsgavso moqmedebebis aRkveTas moiTxovdnen. [5]

baTumis qalaqisTavma ivane andronikaSvilma 1905 wlis 2

martis sabWos sxdomaze warmoadgina sakuTari azri carizmis

`damyarebuli saxelmwifo wyobilebis~ Sesacvlelad. man xeli-

suflebisagan moiTxova sityvis, sindisis, sarwmunoebis, krebe-

bis, presisa da pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebebi. [4, 21]

1905 wels baTumSi arsebobda anarqistebis mcirericxova-

ni jgufi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeodnen g. gvazava, i. sixaru-

liZe, i. dixaminjia, s. gamsaxurdia. baTumeli anarqistebi so-

cial-demokratiuli partiis baTumis komitetis wevrebs yaCa-

Rebs uwodebdnen, ris gamoc xSirad imarTeboda maT Soris ara

marto diskusiebi, aremed xelCarTuli Cxubic. [8, 32]

82

baTumSi 1905 wels funqcionirebda sami somxuri politi-

kuri partia `daSnakcutiuni~, `droSaki~ da `hnCaki~. baTumSi im

dros cxovrobda daaxloebiT 30 aTasamde kaci, maTSoris 5200

suli somexi, rac Seadgenda mosaxleobis 17%. [14,115] sakmaod

mravalricxovani baTumeli somxebis umravlesoba `daSnakcuti-

uns~ uWerda mxars, Semdeg `hnCaki~ modioda, xolo bolos

`droSaki~. [1, 18-20]

`daSnakcutiunis~ politikuri liderebi did mniSvnelobas

aniWebdnen baTumSi mZlavri politikuri organizaciis Camoya-

libebas, ris gamoc xSirad Camodiodnen partiis liderebi ste-

fane zoriani da andranik ozaniani. [17, 90]

1905 wels `daSnakcutiunis~ baTumis komitetSi Sediodnen:

saribek aruTiuniani (Tavmjdomare), sumbaT aruTiunianci, ar-

zuman avakovi, grigol danielovi, parin darmaniani, gracia

adamianci, qristefore danieliani. [11, 377]

1903 wels baTumSi daarsda ebrauli politikuri partia

`bundi~, romlis SemadgenlobaSi ebraeli muSebi iyvnen gaerTi-

anebuli. [1, 18]

1905 wels `bundis~ liderebi baTumSi iyvnen: dinini (Tav-

mjdomare), Certkovi, Smaevski, feigini, gertzoni, Cerelkini.

[11, 377]

1903 wlidan baTumSi moqmedebda rusuli politikuri or-

ganizacia `rusi xalxis kavSiri~. es iyo tipiuri nacionalis-

tur-Sovinisturi partia, romlis wevrebi cdilobdnen gaeRvi-

vebinaT SuRli qristianebsa da musulmanebs Soris. isini gansa-

kuTrebiT agresiulebi iyvnen qristiani qarTvelebis mimarT.

[1, 18]

1905 wlis ianvar-maisisa da oqtomber-dekembris baTumis

revoluciuri procesebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalebi iy-

vnen iq arsebuli politikuri partiebi. eTnikuri da socialu-

ri siWrele baTumSi ganapirobebda sxvadasxva erovnuli da so-

cialuri interesebis gamomxatveli politikuri partiebis ar-

sebobas.


1. aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, saq. 1520.

2. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 1, saq. 17.

83

3. axvlediani x., 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis gamoZaxili

aWaraSi, baTumi 1987.

4. gaz. ìveria~, 1905, 6 marti, #21.

5. gaz. `cnobis furceli~, 1905, 4 dekemberi, # 2968.

6. guruli v., vaCnaZe m., qarTuli social-demokratiis isto-

ria, Tbilisi, 1999.

7. giorgaZe gr., sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi

batonymobis gadavardnidan pirveli revoluciamde (1861-

1905), Tbilisi, 1928.

8. gogoliSvili o., sazogadoebriv politikuri viTareba ba-

Tumis olqSi ruseTis pirveli revoluciis periodSi (1905-

1907) Tbilisi, 1994.

9. kldiaSvili d., Cemi cxovrebis gzaze, baTumi, 1984.

10. komaxiZe T., memed abaSiZe, baTumi, 1993.

11. maxaraZe f., amierkavkasia 1905 wels, Tbilisi, 1929.

12. saqarTvelos istoria, XX saukune, Tbilisi, 2003.

13. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, aWara

III, baTumi, 2008.

14. siWinava vl., baTumis istoriidan, baTumi, 1958.

15. SaraZe g., ucxoeTis cis qveS, w. III, Tbilisi, 1994.

16. SveliZe d., politikuri partiebis warmoSoba saqarTvelo-

Si, federalistebi, Tbilisi, 1993.

17. CaCxiani a., daSnakTa nacionalistur-eqspansionisturi ide-

ologia da somxeT-saqarTvelos 1918-1919 wlebis omi, Tbi-

lisi, 2007.

18. Чулок И. очерк истории Батумской коммунистической партии, Батуми, 1970.

19. cqvitaria p., aWaraSi revoluciuri moZraobis istoriis

narkvevebi (1890- 1914), baTumi, 1959.

84

Otar Gogolishvili Doctor of History, Professor of the Georgian Patriaechate saint Tbel Abuseridze University

Political Parties in Batumi (1905)

Summary

In 1905 in Batumi was functioning Russian Social Democratic Working

Class Committee of Batumi, Socialist- Federalist Party Batumi Bureau, So-cial Revolutionary Party Batumi Committee, Group of National Democratic Movement, Anarchists Small Group, Armenian Political Parties `dashnaktsution~, „hachaki~, „droshak~ Jewish political Party `bundi~ and Russian Ultra National Chauvinistic Party Ùnion of Russian People~.

Among these political Parties in Batumi, The most influential was rsdwp Batumi Committee, which was divided into two factions.

Social Democratic Party Batumi Committee was the current revolu-tionary processes main ruling Opposition Political party in Batumi, in 1905.

Among the Georgian Political parties at that time in Batumi existed Socialist Federalist Party Batumi Bureau.

It couldn’t have been formed like political party, but in Batumi functioned the group of national democrats leaded by Ivane Andronikashvili holding the same views as Ilia Chavchavadze .

Socialist Revolutionary Organization Batumi Committee influence at that time was insignificant.

In Batumi was also functioning Anarchist Small Group. Armenian population interests in Batumi protected Political parties

`dashnaktsutian~,`hnchaki~, `droshak~. From 1903 in Batumi existed Jewish political organization `bundi~. A Tsarism interest in Batumi, in 1905 was protected by Ultra National

Chauvinistic Party, Ùnion of Russian People~.

85

SoTa vadaWkoria

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiS-

vilis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebiT osuri

sabWouri avtonomiis Seqmna da qarTuli

sinamdvile

(werili I)

gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier osebTan

mimarTebaSi aRebuli politikuri kursi, `samxreT oseTis~ rev-

koms, Sida qarTlis CrdiloeTi nawilis teritoriis mitacebis

realur SesaZleblobas uqmnida. aSkarad iyo gamokveTili is

xelSemwyobi konturebi, romelic osebis ufrosi Taobis mier

Cafiqrebul ìstoriul misias~ _ osebis mTidan barSi Camosax-

lebas da saqarTvelos teritoriis xarjze osuri saxelmwifo

warmonaqmnis Seqmnas ganapirobebda. am mimarTulebiT `samxreT

oseTis~ revkoms winaswari mosamzadebeli sauSao Catarebuli

qonda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs goris mazris mTian zonaSi da mo-

mijnave mazrebis (duSeTi, raWa, Sorapani) garkveul teritori-

aze gavlenis sferoebis TviTneburad gafarToeba, Temebisa da

soflebis osuri revkomis iurisdiqciisadmi daqvemdebareba. es

procesi imdenad aSkarad da swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda, rom

`samxreT oseTis~ revkomis droulad SeCereba da samarTleb-

riv CarCoSi moqceva aucileblobas warmoadgenda. rogorc sa-

arqivo masalebidan irkveva, maSindeli saqarTvelos revkomi,

centraluri komiteti da kavbiuro, am mimarTulebiT konkre-

tuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisgan Tavs ikavebda. arada, dro-

is faqtori Sida qarTlis qarTvelTa sazianod moqmedebda.

Seqmnili situacia problemis saRi gonebiT Sefasebas da swori

gadawyvetilebis miRebis aucileblobas saWiroebda. miTume-

tes, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis Tavmjdomaris moadgilis n.ga-

dievis mier, saqarTvelos revkomisadmi 1921 wlis 5 ivlis war-

dgenili moxsenebis meoTxe punqtSi, specialuri komisiis Seq-

mnisa da samarTlebrivad ararsebuli `samxreT oseTis~ admi-

86

nistraciuli erTeulis sazRvris saswrafod dadgenis moTxov-

na iyo dayenebuli. [1, 72a] aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebidan ga-

momdinare, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis xelmZRvanelobisadmi

raime sababis armicemis da maTi samoqmedo sivrcis garkveul

CarCoSi samarTlebrivad moqcevis mizniT, mimdinare politi-

kuri procesebi pragmatuli xasiaTis gadawyvetilebis miRebis

aucileblobas sWirdeboda. miTumetes, amas pirvel rigSi Sida

qarTlis qarTvelTa interesebi moiTxovda. am mxriv, gabeduli

nabiji Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma gadadga. mxedvelo-

baSi maqvs, imave komisariatis mier 1921 wlis 20 ivlis miRebuli

dadgenileba _ `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesa-

xeb.~ teritoriis TvalsazrisiT Tu ra farglebSi iTvaliswineb-

da aRniSnuli dokumenti osuri sakiTxis gadawyvetas da misi

praqtikulad gatareba ramdenad momgebiani aRmoCndeboda saqar-

TvelosaTvis, amis sailustraciod dadgenilebis srul teqsts

movitan da dRevandeli gadasaxedidan misi avkargianoba Tavad

mkiTxvelma gansajos. `1) Seiqmnas avtonomiuri samxreT oseTis

olqi Semdegi Svidi yofili sazogadoebisagan: a) rokis, wunaris,

yornisis, javis, yemulTis, ortevis da beloTis; b) is soflebi,

romlebSiac mosaxleoben qarTvelebi; vanaTi, awrisxevi, sacxene-

Ti, xoSori, xadurianTkari, dvani, zemo avnevi da qvemo avnevi,

darCebian goris mazris cxinvalis raionSi; 2) samxreT oseTis sab-

WoTa pirveli yrilobis mowvevamdis mTeli xelisufleba miniWe-

buli aqvs samxreT oseTis revkoms, romlis centrad droebiT

aRiarebuli iqnas qal. cxinvali; 3) sabWoTa yriloba airCevs aR-

masrulebel komitets, romelsac mieniWeba mazris aRmasrulebe-

li komitetis ufleba; 4) daevalos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komi-

sariats Seqmnas Sereuli komisia samxreT oseTis sazRvrebis dad-

genisaTvis; 5) daevalos goris revkoms dauyovnebliv gadasces

samxreT oseTis revkoms yvela saqmeebi, romelic exeba samxreT

oseTis teritorias da mis mcxovreblebs.~ es dokumenti mraval-

mxrivaa sayuradRebo: 1) `samxreT oseTis~ administraciuli saz-

Rvari mxolod goris mazris CrdiloeTi nawilis 7 sasoflo-sa-

zogadoebiT ifargleboda da igi duSeTis, raWisa da Sorapnis

mazris sazRvrebSi ar iWreboda. Tuki am dokuments goris mazris

administraciul erTeulebad damyofi komisiis mier Sedgenil

proeqts SevudarebT, davrwmundebiT, rom sasoflo sazogadoebe-

bis TvalsazrisiT, isini identuria. aqedan gamomdinare, sruli

safuZveli maqvs ganvacxado, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisa-

87

riatis 1921 wlis 20 ivlisis dadgenilebis amosaval safuZvels,

goris samazro komisiis proeqti warmoadgenda; 2) marTalia, dad-

genilebis meore muxlis mixedviT `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis

droebiT rezidenciad q. cxinvalia dasaxelebuli, magram, imave

dokumentis pirveli muxlis b punqti, q.cxinvalsa da mis garSemo

arsebul qarTul soflebs, goris mazris Semadgenel nawilad ac-

xadebda. aqedan gamomdinare, es dadgenileba `samxreT oseTis~

centrad q.cxinvals saTaveSive gamoricxavda; 3) `samxreT oseTis~

sabWoebis yrilobis mier arCeuli xelisuflebis umaRlesi orga-

no _ aRmasrulebeli komiteti, samazro aRmasrulebeli komite-

tis uflebebiT isargeblebda; 4) `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvris sabo-

lood dasadgenad, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatTan Sereu-

li komisia unda Seqmniliyo, romelsac mxolod zemoT CamoTvli-

li 7 sasoflo-sazogadoebis farglebSi unda emoqmeda. aRniSnu-

li dokumenti osuri sakiTxis gadawyvetas Sida qarTlSi im etap-

ze Seqmnili urTulesi situaciis maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebis

safuZvelze axdenda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki am dadgenilebas saqar-

Tvelos revkomi samoqmedo programad aRiarebda, administraci-

uli sazRvrebis damdgeni Sereuli komisia faqtis winaSe aRmoC-

ndeboda da sazRvrebTan mimarTebaSi mxolod `kosmetikuri~

cvlilebebis Setanis SesaZlebloba miecemoda. Cems mier zemoT

motanil dokuments, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Sinagan saq-

meTa saministros 1919 wlis proeqtTan mimarTebaSi is upira-

tesoba gaaCnda, rom raWisa da Sorapnis mazrebis teritoriebs

ar exeboda. `samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi dasaxelebili

mazrebidan arcerTi sasoflo sazogadoeba da sofeli ar Se-

yavda. am faqtis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, es dadgenile-

ba osur separatizms frTebs maqsimalurad ukvecavda, saqar-

Tvelos winaSe wamoWril Sida qarTlis mTiani zolis arsebul

osur problemas, goris mazris CrdiloeT nawilSi qarTuli

mosaxleobis teritoriuli Seviwroebis gareSe, ZiriTadad qar-

TvelTa sasargeblod wyvetda. manamde miRebuli dadgenilebe-

bis fonze, igi udaod wingadadgmul nabijad CaiTvleboda im

SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas saqarTvelos revkomi daamtkicebda, ka-

nonis datvirTvis funqcias SeZenda da realurad aamoqmedeb-

da.

dokumenturi masaliT irkveva, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-

xo komisariats, osuri problemis aRniSnuli formiT gadawyve-

ta im etapze erTaderT gamosaval saSualebad miaCnda. igi

88

dadgenilebis praqtikulad ganxorcielebas da saqarTvelos

revkomis faqtis winaSe dayenebas yovelmxriv cdilobda. amis

saukeTeso nimuSad 20 ivlisis dadgenilebis mixedviT `samxreT

oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis rukis Sesadgenad mi-

Rebuli gadawyvetileba gamodgeba. dasaxuli miznis gansaxor-

cieleblad, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari b.kvirkvelia,

saqmeTa mmarTveli iv.yifiani da administraciul erTeulTa

ganyofilebis gamge gr.gvelesiani, respublikis mTavari Stabis

topografiuli ganyofilebisadmi gagzavnili oficialuri we-

riliT (1921 wlis 8 agvisto), saqarTvelos xuT verstiani to-

pografiuli da fizikuri rukis axali gamocemis administraci-

ul erTeulTa ganyofilebisadmi gagzavnas moiTxovda. jer-je-

robiT SeuZlebeli xdeba imis dadgena, aRniSnuli moTxovna

dakmayofilebili iqna Tu ara. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma,

rom `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiis teritoriisa da misi revko-

mis moqmedebis sazRvrebis garkveviT, saqarTvelos umaRlesi

saxelisuflebo organoebis mTeli rigi uwyebebic iyo dainte-

resebuli. amis dadasturebas janmrTelobis saxalxo komisari-

atis samkurnalo ganyofilebisa da iusticiis saxalxo komisa-

riatis mier Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisadmi SekiT-

xvis saxiT gagzavnili werilebi (1921 wlis 28 ivlisi #1850;

1921 wlis 15 agvisto #253) warmoadgens. am dokumentebSi xaz-

gasmiT iyo miTiTebuli, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari-

ats zemoaRniSnuli uwyebebisadmi ecnobebina; ra teritorias

moicavda `samxreT oseTis~ samazro erTeuli da imave `samxreT

oseTis~ revkoms ra sazRvrebSi hqonda moqmedebis ufleba. am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisaris,

saqmeTa mmarTvelis da administraciul erTeulTa ganyofile-

bis gamgis xelmoweriT gagzavnili sapasuxo werilebi (1921

wlis 10 agvisto #23; 1921 wlis 20 agvisto #29), 1921 wlis 20

ivlisis dadgenilebis pirvel muxls emyareboda da Semdegi

formulirebiT iyo warmodgenili: `gacnobebT, rom Tanaxmad

droebiT saxelmZRvanelod miRebuli dadgenilebisa (ama wlis

20 ivlisis dadgenileba Sin. saq. sax. komisariatisa) samxreT

oseTis revkomis moqmedebis farglebi isazRvreba Svidi Semde-

gi soflis sazogadoebiT: 1) orteviT, 2) beloTiT, 3) yorni-

siT, 4) javiT, 5) yemulTiT, 6) rokiT da 7) wunariT. amasTanave

unda aRvniSnoT, rom ortevis, beloTis da wunaris sazogadoe-

baSi Sedis rva wminda qarTuli soflebi (vanaTi, awrisxevi,

89

sacxeneTi, xoSura, xadurianTkari, dvani, zemo avnevi da qvemo

avnevi), romelnic droebiT, vidre sakiTxi maT Sesaxeb sabolo-

od gadawydebodes, zemoT aRniSnuli dadgenilebis Tanaxmad

datovebulni arian administraciulad cxinvalis raionSi da

maSasadame samxreT oseTis revkoms ar eqvemdebareba.~

saarqivo maslis Seswavlis Sedegad irkveva, rom Sinagan

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis doneze Seqmnili aseTi saxis

oficialuri dokumentebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos maSindeli

mmarTveli xelisuflebisa da kavbiuros ZalisxmeviT, Sinagan

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis 1921 wlis 20 ivlisis dadgenile-

bas praqtikulad ar umuSavia. amis dadasturebas, Sinagan saqme-

Ta saxalxo komisaris mier, saqarTvelos revkomis Tavmjdoma-

risadmi 1921 wlis noemberSi gagzavnili Suamdgomloba warmo-

adgens. Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari, revkomis Tavmjdoma-

res TxovniT mimarTavda; qarTvelTa da osTa Soris urTier-

Tobis mowesrigebamde, revoluciuri komitetis xelmZRvane-

lobas, `samxreT oseTis~ administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis

sakiTxze droebiT Tavi Seekavebiona da ZalaSi 1921 wlis 20 iv-

lisis dadgenileba daetovebina. am winadadebis miReba, `sam-

xreT oseTis~ revkomis usazRvro pretenziebis Sekvecas da

konkretul samarTlebriv sazRvrebSi moqcevas niSnavda. samwu-

xarod, es kanonieri Txovna im etapze gaTvaliswinebuli ar iq-

na. am faqtma, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomsa da saerTod, os sepa-

ratistebs aqtiurad amoqmedebis stimuli misca. mxedvelobaSi

maqvs, osi separatistebis mier Cafiqrebul sazRvrebSi `samxreT

oseTis~ teritoriis samarTlebrivad dakanonebis Tavgamodebu-

li mcdeloba. am mimarTulebiT, osebis partiuli elita, drois

faqtorisa da politikuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, koordi-

nirebulad SesaSuri enrgiiT moqmedebda. amis saukeTeso dadas-

turebas, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis, partkomisa da pasuxismgebe-

li partiuli muSakebis 1921 wlis 6-8 seqtembris gaerTianebuli

sxdomis masalebi warmoadgens. miRebuli dokumentebidan, amje-

rad yuradRebas `samxreT oseTis sabWoTa socialisturi respub-

likis sazRvrebis proeqtze~ SevaCereb. masSi, `samxreT oseTis~

sasazRvro xazi mTebis (simaRleebis CvenebiT), borcvebis, xevebis,

mdinareebis da soflebis dasaxelebiTaa warmodgenili. am proeq-

tis mixedviT, raWis, Sorapnis, gorisa da duSeTis mazrebidan

`samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi 1 qalaqi (cxinvali) 21 soflis

sazogadoeba da mxolod is 47 sofelia dasaxelebuli, romlis

90

mosaxleoba ZiriTadad qarTuli iyo da `samxreT oseTis~ Semad-

genlobaSi Seyvanaze xelisuflebas SeiZleba uari eTqva. rac See-

xeba CamoTvlili soflebis boloSi darTul _ sxvas, Zneli saT-

qmelia, am cnebaSi osi separatistebi kidev ramden sofels gu-

lisxmobda.

Tuki osebis erovnuli sabWos mier 1918 wlis 10 ianvars

amierkavkasiis komisariatisadmi wardgenil proeqtSi da osi

social_ demokratebis 1919 wlis aprilSi miRebul dadgenile-

baSi gacxadebul pretenziebs `samxreT oseTis~ revkomisa da

partkomis 1921 wlis 6, 8 seqtemberis sxdomaze miRebul er-

Tobliv proeqts SevadarebT, davrwmundebiT, rom amjerad, osi

separatistebis mxridan qarTuli teritoriebis mitacebisa da

misi `samxreT oseTad~ dakanonebis mada TiTqmis identuri iyo.

osebis aseT mizanmimarTul swrafvas, saqarTveloSi im etapze

samTavrobo doneze Seqmnili politikuri situaciac uwyobda

xels. dokumenturi masalis safuZvelze dgindaba, rom aRniS-

nuli proeqtis avtorebma, mxolod is soflebi daasaxela,

romlebic geografiuli, ekonomikuri da mosaxleobis erovnu-

li Semadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT, `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvrebSi

mosalodnel moxvedras, samTavrobo komisiis mxridan kiTxviTi

niSnis qveS ayenebda. aseTi svliT, osi separatistebi Tavs wi-

naswar izRvevda im TvalsazrisiT, rom sazRvrebis damdgeni

komisiis sxdomebze warmoqmnili diskusiis dros, ukidures

SemTxvevaSi `damTmoblis~ scenari gaeTamaSebina da `kompromi-

suli~ variantis SeTavazebis SesaZlebloba miscemoda. aseTi

politikuri eSmakobiT fiqrobdnen `samxreT oseTis~ terito-

riis maT mier Cafiqrebul ZiriTad sazRvrebSi SenarCunebas.

isic angariSgasawevia, rom es proeqti, samTavrobo komisiis

Seqmnasa da mis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs uZRoda win. am

faqtiT, osi separatistebi mTavrobas ara marto Tavis pozicias

sTavazobda, aramed `samxreT oseTis~ mosalodneli teritoriu-

li sazRvrebis winaswar afiSirebas akeTebda. xelisuflebaze da

misgan Seqmnili komisiis wevrebze garkveuli zemoqmedebis mox-

denas cdilobda. rogorc saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, aRniSnu-

li dokumenti osebma saqarTvelos revkoms warudgina. igi revko-

mis 1921 wlis 16 noembris prezidiumis sxdomam ganixila da miRe-

bul dadgenilebas Semdegi saxis formulireba misca: `sazRvre-

bis sakiTxis gadawyveta manam gadaidos, vidre adgilobriv momu-

Save komisia saTanado moxsenebas warmoadgens.~ [1, 92, 106] dadge-

91

nilebaSi naxseneb àdgilobriv momuSave komisiaSi~ _ gorisa da

Sorapnis mazrebSi adgilebze saqmis Sesaswavlad Sinagan saqmeTa

saxalxo komisariatis mier gagzavnili komisiebi (komisiis Tav-

mjdomareebi: iobiZe, ratiSvili, xoveliZe, SveliZe) unda igu-

lisxmebodes. swored maT mier Sekrebili masalebi daedo safuZ-

vlad im moxsenebas, romelic Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisaria-

tis saqmeTa sammarTvelom saqarTvelos revkoms 1921 wels gada-

ugzavna.

saqarTvelos revkomis dadgenilebidan Cvens mier motani-

li amonaweris mixedviT, `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvris sakiTxis

gadawyveta, adgilebze momuSave komisiebis moxsenebebze day-

rdnobiT gakeTebuli ganmazogadebeli daskvnis Seqmnamde unda

gadadebuliyo. miuxedavad amisa, zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebis

miRebidan meore dRes (17 noemberi), saqarTvelos komunisturi

partiis centraluri komitetis prezidiumma, a.jatievisa da

m.oraxelaSvilis moxsenebebis safuZvelze, sawinaarmdego xasi-

aTis dadgenileba miiRo. am dokumentis mixedviT, qalaqi cxin-

vali jer kidev ararsebuli `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri

olqis centrad iqna gamocxadebuli.[2. 67] am faqtiT, saqarTve-

los revkomis 16 noembris dadgenilebis anulireba moxda. cen-

traluri komitetis prezidiumis 17 noembris dadgenilebas

rom samarTlebrivi saxe SeeZina, `samxreT oseTis~ politikuri

erTeulis sasazRvro xazis gavleba iseTi komisiisaTvis unda

daevalebinaT, romelic saboloo daskvnaSi mmarTveli partiis

pozicias gaiziarebda. miTumetes, `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvris

gamorkvevasTan dakavSirebiT, kavbiuros 1921 wlis 31 oqtom-

bris dadgenileba, saqarTvelos revkomisa da `samxreT oseTi-

is~ aRmasrulebeli komitetis warmomadgenlebisgan erToblivi

komisiis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. [2, 67] cnobili faqtia, rom am

mimarTulebiT praqtikuli nabiji saqarTvelos kompartiis cen-

traluri komitetis prezidiumis 1921 wlis 23 noembris dadgeni-

lebiT gadaidga. am SemTxvevaSi, `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvrebis gam-

mijnavi `Sereuli~ komisiis (k. kakabaZe _ Tavmjdomare, elerdovi,

Soti, a.jatievi, s.gagloevi) Seqmna maqvs mxedvelobaSi. Tuki komi-

siis erovnul Semadgenlobas gadavxedavT, paritetis principis

darRveva (erTi qarTveli da 4 araqarTveli) aSkarad warmoCndeba.

arada, sakiTxis mogvareba, mxolod os-qarTvelTa SemadgenlobiT

Seqmnili komisiisaTvis unda miendoT. Tuki es ar gakeTda, winas-

war gamiznuli qmedebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, radgan komisiis

92

sxdomebze nebismieri sadao sakiTxis miReba-armiReba, xmaTa um-

ravlesobiT wydeboda.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SekveTis formiT

winaswar iqna gansazRvruli Tu rogori saxis dadgenileba unda

mieRo komisias. amis damadastureblad, imave komisiis pirvel

sxdomaze (momxsenebeli elerdovi), miRebul dadgenilebaSi

vkiTxulobT: ùzrunvelyofili iqnas saqarTvelos centralu-

ri komitetis dadgenilebis (1921 w. 17 noemberi S.v.) cxovreba-

Si ganxorcieleba, romliTac cxinvali samxreT oseTis admi-

nistraciul centrad iqna cnobili.~ [1, 3, 168] dokuments komi-

siis sami wevri da mdivani awerda xels. es imas niSnavda, rom

komisiis mier Semoxazul `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvrebSi cxinva-

li aucileblad unda Sesuliyo. Tuki es miTiTeba Sesrulde-

boda, bunebrivia, cxinvalis CrdiloeTiT mdebare 51 wminda

qarTuli sofeli `samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi moeqceoda.

dasaxuli amocanis ganxorcieleba garkveul sirTuleebTan iyo

dakavSirebuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom `samxreT oseTis~ revko-

misa da misadmi daqvemdebarebuli miliciis ganyofilebebisagan

ganawamebi qarTuli mosaxleobis poziciis garkveva aucileb-

lobas warmoadgenda. amis saWiroeba k.kakabaZis komisiis wev-

rebs kargad esmodaT. miTumetes, Sida qarTlis qarTvelTa da-

Zabulobis mSvildi imdenad iyo daWimuli, rom mis argaTva-

liswinebas SeiZleba ubedurebis talRis agoreba moyoloda. am

SemTxvevaSi, komisiam gulSematkivris niRabi aifara da mosalod-

neli aalebadi cecxlis ganelebis mizniT, cxinvalSi eqvskaciani

SemadgenlobiT Cavida. mas xalxisTvis garegnulad unda eCvenebi-

na, rom gamokiTxvisa da problemis safuZvlianad Seswavlis Sede-

gad obieqturi daskvna gakeTdeboda. es iyo cxinvalis raionis

qarTuli soflebis mosaxleobisaTvis winaswargaTvaliswinebu-

li satyuari bade. aseTi gancxadebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas is

saarqivo dokumenturi masalebi iZleva, romelic k.kakabaZis ko-

misiis mxilebas Seicavs. mxedvelobaSi maqvs qarTuli soflis

mosaxleobis mier mTavrobisadmi gagzavnili saprotesto weri-

lebi. am masalebidan irkveva, rom 1921 wlis 5 dekembers cxin-

valSi gamarTuli qarTuli soflebis warmomadgenelTa krebas,

cxinvalis CrdiloeTiT arsebuli 45 qarTuli soflis 5-5 war-

momadgeneli e.i. 225 kaci eswreboda. gansaxilvelad dRis wes-

rigSi erTaderTi sakiTxi iyo Setanili; cxinvalis da misi rai-

onis `samxreT oseTis~ administraciul mmarTvelobaSi mosa-

93

lodneli gadasvlis Sesaxeb _ moxseneba elerdovma gaakeTa. mi-

si azriT, `samxreT oseTisadmi~ cxinvalis gadacemaze da avto-

nomiuri olqis administraciul centrad gamocxadebaze qar-

Tvelebi winaaRmdegni ar unda yofiliyvnen. aqedan gamomdina-

re, principulad daayena sakiTxi, raTa es pozicia krebis mona-

wile delegatebsac oficialurad daedasturebina. elerdovis

mier SeTavazebuli winadadeba qarTvelebis mier uaryofili

iqna. am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi isini erTsulovanni iyvnen.

amis Sesaxeb erT-erT dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `rac Seexeba...

q.cxinvali Tavisi raioniT gadaeces samxreT oseTs, aseTi moT-

xovnileba krebam mizanSeuwonlad da ukanonod scno, radgan

igi gamoiwvevs Cveni eris politikurad da zne-Cveulebriv da-

Cagvra-damonavebas. krebam didi protesti erTxmad ganucxada

komisias cxinvalis da misi raionis samxreT oseTis marTva-gam-

geobaSi gadacemis Sesaxeb.~ es imas niSnavda, rom cxinvali da

mis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebare 45 qarTuli sofeli, `samxreT

oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi ar unda Sesuliyo da oficialurad

goris mazras daqvemdebareboda. momxdari faqtiT, k. kakabaZem

da elerdovma, Sesabamisi uwyebisagan miRebuli davaleba ver

Seasrula. amitom iyo, rom komisiis xelmZRvanelobam, krebis

monawileTa nebis gamomxatveli rezoliuciis im dResve wakiT-

xvisagan Tavi Seikava. krebaze warmodgenil delegatebs ganuc-

xada, rom rezoliuciis teqsts meore dRes gaacnobda, xolo

ramdenime dReSi Sesabamis dokuments TiToeuli soflis rev-

koms werilobiT gadaugzavnida. am xerxiT, krebis monawile 225

qarTveli delegati eqscesebis gareSe daiTxova. imave delega-

tebidan, TiTo warmomadgeneli _ 45 kaci meore dResac cxin-

valSi darCa da komisiisagan rezoliuciis teqstis miRebas

elodeboda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sofel tirZnisis Temis

mcxovrebTa 26 dekembriT daTariRebul gancxadebaSi vkiTxu-

lobT: `sagamomZieblo komisias delegatebma mosTxoves weri-

lobiT ecnobebinaT... gamoZiebis Sedegebi da miRebuli rezo-

liucia. pasuxs meore dRemdis ucades... magram amaod. maT vera

gaiges ra da TavianT saxlebSi dabrundnen. egonaT, simarTles

revkomis SemweobiT gavigebTo, magram vera gaiges ra da dar-

Cnen motyuebulni. dRemdisac velodiT _ gavigebT rameso, mag-

ram tyuilad.~ k.kakabaZis komisiis am qmedebam, cxinvalis raio-

nis qarTuli soflebis mosaxleobis safuZvliani guliswyroma

da protesti gamoiwvia. amis udao dadasturebas 1921 wlis 24

94

dekembridan 31 dekembris CaTvliT, saqarTvelos mTavrobis sa-

xelze gagzavnili werilebi warmoadgens. qarTuli soflis mo-

saxleoba kategoriuli formiT moiTxovda: a)`gagvagebinon Si-

naarsi im gadawyvetilebisa, rac gadawyda mTavrobis komisiis

mier daba cxinvalSi saxalxo yrilobis dros, romeli yrilo-

bac mowveuli iyo komisiis mier dekembris pirvel ricxvebSi.~

b)`Tu ramdenad gauwia angariSi komisiam xalxis protests, an

ranairi rezoliucia gamoitana, aris Tu ara igi xalxis survi-

lis damakmayofilebeli, dRevandlamdis am komisiis dadgeni-

lebis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb Cven araferi ar gagvigia. amitom ama-

zed mivmarTavT s.s.r. mTavrobas, raTa Cven mier amorCeuli

delegatebis piriT gvacnobos viTareba am friad saWiro sa-

kiTxis Sesaxeb.~ g)`komisiis mier daba cxinvalSi mowveuli rai-

onis soflebis warmomadgenelTa yrilobaze gamoirkva, rom

xalxi erTxmad winaaRmdegia saqarTvelos respublikas Camo-

Sordes cxinvalis raioni da mieweros oseTis respublikas. mi-

uxedavad aseTi aSkara protestisa, yrilobaze oficialurad

ar iyo gamotanili rezoliucia... aseTi mopyroba mSromeli

xalxisadmi sruliad usamarTlod migvaCnia, vinaidan xalxma ar

icis, komisia ra azriT da gadawyvetilebiT warsdgeba s.s.r.

mTavrobasTan am friad mwvave da mniSvnelovani sakiTxis Sesa-

xeb.~ imave dokumentebiT irkveva, rom cxinvalis raionis sofle-

bis qarTvelobam, yoveli soflidan ndobiT aRWurvili TiTo war-

momadgeneli airCia da 40 kaciani delegacia, aRniSnul saprotes-

to werilebTan erTad, TbilisSi saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da Si-

nagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis winaSe warsdga. am faqtma,

k.kakabaZis komisia iZulebuli gaxada, cxinvalis qarTuli sof-

lebis 1921 wlis 5 dekembris krebis rezoliucia oficialurad

Seedgina. iZulebuli gaxdao imitom vambobT, rom amis Tqmis Se-

saZleblobas TviT imave rezoliuciis teqsti iZleva. marTalia,

am dokumentiT `samxreT oseTisadmi~ cxinvalis gadacemis sakiT-

xTan mimarTebaSi krebis monawileTa protestia dadasturebuli,

magram, iqve aRniSnulia, rom krebis umravlesoba kulakur-menSe-

vikur elements warmoadgenda, romlebmac adgilobriv komunis-

tebs, TiTqos maT winaaRmdeg sityviT gamosvlis SesaZlebloba ar

misca. [3, 69, 174] am dokumentidan ise gamodis, rom cxinvalis

CrdiloeTiT mdebare 45 qarTuli soflis mier wargzavnili 225

delegati, kulakebi da menSevikebi iyvnen mxolod imis gamo, rom

cxinvalisa da 45 qarTuli soflis `samxreT oseTisadmi~ gadace-

95

mas mxari ar dauWira. rezoluciis meore nawilis forma am Sem-

TxvevaSi aSkarad darRveulia. mxedvelobaSi maqvs kulakur- men-

Sevikuri elementebis mxridan komunistebisadmi sityvis armice-

maze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. ramdenadac saqme qarTvelTa krebis

mier miRebul rezoluciasTan gvaqvs, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba imis

Tqma, rom cxinvalis qarTvelTa krebaze, komisiis wevrebi rezo-

luciis aseTi saxis teqstis wardgenas ver gabedavdnen. ukidures

SemTxvevaSi, krebis monawileTa Seuracmyofeli (kulakur- menSe-

vikuri elementebi) rezoluciis bolo nawils, igive kreba nam-

dvilad ar daamtkicebda. meore mxriv, momxdari faqti garkveuli

formiT Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisadmi gagzavnil sap-

rotesto werilebSiac aisaxeboda. zemoaRniSnuli rezolucii-

sadmi komisiis mxridan ideologiuri datvirTvis micema, rome-

liRac uwyebis winaSe Tavis marTlebis mcdelobas warmoadgen-

da. amis erT- erT safuZvels imave komisiis mier 5 dekembers

cxinvalSi Catarebuli qarTuli soflebis komunisturi ujre-

debis krebis mier miRebuli dadgenileba iZleva. am dokumen-

tiT, cxinvali, jer kidev ararsebuli `samxreT oseTis~ avto-

nomiuri olqis centrad iqna gamocxadebuli. [1, 3, 169]

Cvens mier motanili faqtebiT aSkarad ikveTeba, rom es

dokumenti, cxinvalis qarTvelTa krebis gadawyvetilebis sapi-

rispirod iqna miRebuli. komisiis wevrebs maTi damkveTisadmi

unda daedasturebina, rom, Tuki cxinvalis raionis `kulakur-

menSevikuri~ nawili `samxreT oseTisadmi~ cxinvalisa da 45

qarTuli soflis gadacemis winaaRmdeg gamodioda, imave raio-

nis komunisturi ujredebis warmomadgenlebi (raodenoba dasa-

xelebuli ar aris) gansxvavebul poziciaze idga da `samxreT

oseTis~ revkomis interesebs icavda. xelisuflebis mxridan

qarTvelTa sawinaaRmdegod gamiznuli Canafiqri, komisiam mxo-

lod nawilobrivad Seasrula. miuxedavad amisa, Semdegi nabi-

jis gadasadgmelad man garkveuli safexuri moamzada. am Sem-

TxvevaSi `samxreT ioseTis~ sazRvris gammijnavi komisiis 1921

wlis 8 dekembris sxdomis # 4 oqmi maqvs mxedvelobaSi. es do-

kumenti ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. pirveli, uSualod `samxreT

oseTis~ sazRvars exeba. am dikumentSi sasazRvro xazi mTebis,

maRlobebis, uReltexilebis (simaRleebis CvenebiT), mdinaree-

bis, xevebis da soflebis dasaxelebiT aris warmodgenili. Tu-

ki mas osebis mier 1921 wlis 6-8 seqtembers miRebul proeqts

SevadarebT, aRmoCndeba rom masSi mxolod umniSvnelo `kosme-

96

tikuri~ cvlilebaa Setanili. rogorc Cans, mTavrobis winaSe

pirnaTlad gamosvlis mizniT, k.kakabaZis komisiam, problemis

safuZvlian Seswavlas Tavi aarida, osebis mier Sedgenil pro-

eqts daeyrdno da sasazRvro xazis aRmniSvneli mTebis, uRel-

texilebis (simaRleebis CvenebiT), xevebis, mdinareebisa da da-

saxlebuli punqtebis geografiuli saxelwodebebi ucvleli

TanmimdevrobiT gaimeora. gamotovebulia mxolod simaRle _

7,234 da sofeli mrtkadJini. Cvens mier zemoT motanili faqte-

bidan irkveva, rom Sida qarTlis teritoriis misataceblad da

`samxreT oseTad~ gasaTaviseblad, saqarTvelos mTavroba da mis

mier Seqmnili k. kakabaZis komisia os separatistebs aSkarad uw-

yobda xels. am danaSaulebrivi qmedebis da tendenciurobis Se-

niRbvis mizniT, imave oqmis meore nawils komisiam Semdegi saxis

formulireba misca: 1) sasazRvro xazis Sesaxeb Sinagan saqmeTa sa-

xalxo komisariatisa da `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis warmomadgen-

lebs Soris, komisiis sxdomaze TiTqos raime saxis urTierTsawi-

naaRmdego pretenzia ar gamoTqmula; 2) sadao sakiTxebis gamok-

vlevas, arsebuli masalebis damatebiTi Semowmebis safuZvelze

komisia adgilebze moaxdenda. dokumentis es meore nawili, wina-

aRmdegobaSi modis pirvelTan im TvalsazrisiT, rom a) `samxreT

oseTis~ sasazRvro xazi, komisiis mier naCqarevad miRebuli dad-

genilebiT faqtiurad iqna daadasturebuli, ris gamoc misi sa-

fuZvlianad gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba saTaveSive gamoiricxa; b)

komisiis mier `samxreT oseTis~ teritoriis Semofargvlis es

procedura, arsebuli masalebis damatebiTi gadamowmebisa da sa-

daod qceuli sazRvris sakiTxis adgilebze gamokvlevis gverdis

avliT ganxorcielda. aseTi logikuri winaaRmdegobis Semcvlel

oqms, xels komisiis Tavmjdomare k.kakabaZe awerda. misi erTi pi-

ri saqarTvelos revkoms, xolo meore Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo ko-

misariatis administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebas gadaegzav-

na.

saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, rom k.kakabaZis komisiis mi-

er Sedgenili es dokumenti, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari-

atTan arsebuli administraciul erTerulTa ganyofilebis

xelmZRvanelis gr.gvelesianis sagangebo ganxilvis sagani gax-

da. amis damadastureblad, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisaria-

tis saxelze mis mier gagzavnili moxseneba gamodgeba. Tu ra

pozicia daiWira gr.gvelesianma am proosur da antiqarTul

dadgenilebasTan mimarTebaSi, amis sailustraciod imave moxse-

97

nebidan Sesabamis amonawers movitan da Sida qarTlis qarTuli

soflebis interesebidan gamomdinare, k.kakabaZis komisiis saq-

mianobas Tavad mkiTxvelma gamoutanos ganaCeni. `1) komisiis mi-

er sazRvrebis Sesaxeb miRebul dadgenilebas _ wers gr.gvele-

siani _partiisa da mTavrobis sanqcia ar aqvs, amitom, dekretis

Sedgenis dros mas araviTari savaldebulo da saxelmZrvanelo

mniSvnelobis Zala ar eqneba, radgan komisiis es oqmi damtkice-

buli da dadasturebuli ar aris mTavrobisa da partiis cen-

traluri komitetis mier. es sxvaTa Soris iqedanac Cans, rom

partiis 12 dekembris da mTavrobis 20 dekembris dadgenilebeb-

Si naTqvami ar aris imis Sesaxeb, rom komisiis am dadgenilebas

savaldebulo Zala eZleodes. piriqiT, meore muxli orive

dadgenilebisa saWirod scnobs sazRvrebis detalizacias. cxa-

dia, es oqmi Cven SegviZlia gavsinjoT rogorc marto masala

sazRvrebis sakiTxSi; 2) da rogorc masala rom gavsinjoT, ko-

misiis dadgenileba radikalurad ewinaarmdegeba partiisa da

mTavrobis zemoT aRniSnul dadgenilebebs: a) samxreT oseTis

avtonomiur olqSi Setanilia dasavleTiT raWisa da Sorapnis

mazris nawilebi; b) aRmosavleTiT didi nawili duSeTis mazri-

sa; g) samxreTiT, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis terito-

riaSi Setanilia mTeli wyeba soflebisa, romelnic partiisa da

mTavrobis zemoT aRniSnul dadgenilebaTa Tanaxmad (muxli me-

same), Setanili unda iqnas am teritoriaSi mxolod im SemTxve-

vaSi, Tu goris mazris osTa Soris qarTuli mosaxleoba Tu me-

zoblad mcxovrebi, gamoTqvams Tavis kategoriul survils_

dadges osTa avtonomiuri xelisuflebis qveS. manamdi ki es

qarTveli mosaxleoba eqvemdebareba goris mazris xelisufle-

bas.~ marTalia, gr.gvelesianis es pozicia dokumentur masalas

emyareboda da safuZvlian argumentebs Seicavda, magram, k.kaka-

baZis komisiis saqmianobasTan da mis mier Seqmnil proeqtTan

mimarTebaSi, uaryofiTi damokidebuleba xelisuflebas gamok-

veTili formiT ar daufiqsirebia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, `samxreT

oseTis~ sazRvrebis sakiTxze miRebul dadgenilebebSi aseTi

ram ar dasturdeba. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom saqarTve-

los revkomi da centraluri komiteti, mis mier Seqmnili komi-

siisagan (k.kakabaZis komisia) SemuSavebuli antiqarTuli proeq-

tis oficialur kritikas Segnebulad gaurboda. aseTi Sexedu-

lebis gamoTqmis safuZvels, saqarTvelos kompartiis plenu-

mis, politbiuros da orgbiuros 1921 wlis 12 dekembris da sa-

98

qarTvelos revkomis prezidiumis imave wlis 20 dekembris dad-

genilebebi (# 39, # 94) iZleva. marTalia, 12 dekembris sxdo-

mebze k. kakabaZis, g.gagloevis da b.kvirkvelias moxsenebebi iq-

na mosmenili, magram, misi mikvleva SeuZlebeli gaxda. arada,

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan am masalebis gansakuTrebuli Rire-

buleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi meSveobiT SesaZlebloba

mogvcemoda gagverkvia: 1) ra poziciaze idga TiToeuli mom-

xsenebeli da iTvaliswinebdnen Tu ara qarTuli saxelmwifos

interesebs; 2)ama Tu im debulebis gasamyareblad ra argumen-

tebs iSveliebdnen da ramdenad Seesatyviseboda igi Sida qar-

Tlis qarTuli mosaxleobis moTxovnebs; 3)es moxsenebebi imi-

Tac iqneboda saintereso, rom erovnul saxelmwifosTan mimar-

TebaSi, im etapze qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis donesac

warmoaCenda. samwuxarod, imave sxdomebis stenografiuli Cana-

werebic ar arsebobs. Tuki sabWoTa xelisuflebis CinovnikTa

saqmis warmoebis specifikas gaviTvaliswinebT, samTavrobo do-

neze Catarebuli mniSvnelovani sxdomis stenograma yovelTvis

iqmneboda. mosmenil moxsenebasTan erTad, am dokuments miRe-

bul dadgenilebas urTavdnen. rogorc Cans, garkveuli poli-

tikuri mosazrebebidan, an saarqivo saqmis armcodneTa dau-

devrobidan gamomdinare, es masalebi Semdgom etapze `meorexa-

risxovnad~ iqna miCneuli da ganadgurda. datoves mxolod

dadgenilebebi, romelTa meSveobiT sakiTxis siRrmiseuli Ses-

wavla da srulyofili suraTis aRdgena SeuZlebeli xdeba. ar-

sebuli dokumentebis mixedviT, k.kakabaZis komisiis proeqtSi

garkveuli cvlilebebi iqna Setanili. mxedvelobaSi maqvs: 1) Ca-

savlis sazogadoebis raWis mazris SemadgenlobaSi datoveba; 2)

duSeTis mazrisadmi CamosaWreli teritoriidan, misi CrdiloeTi

nawilis _ kobi _ Trusos raionis isev duSeTis mazrisadmi gada-

cema. aRniSnuli cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, imave dadgenile-

bis meore muxliT, `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvris dawvrilebiTi ga-

mokvleva, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatsa da k. kakabaZis

komisias erToblivad daevala. rac Seexeba mesame muxls, igi cxin-

valis kuTvnilebis sakiTxs exeboda. arCevani ori mimarTulebiT

_ `samxreT oseTi~ an goris mazra _ unda gakeTebuliyo. saqarTve-

los kompartiis centraluri komitetis prezidiumis 1921 wlis

17 noembris, k. kakabaZis komisiis 5 dekembris da imave dRes cxin-

valis raionis qarTuli soflebis komunisturi ujredebis mier

miRebuli dadgenilebebi, ramdenadac cxinvals `samxreT oseTis~

99

centrad acxadebda, am fonze, 1921 wlis 12 da 20 dekembris dadge-

nilebebi wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs

am dokumentebis mesame punqti, romelic cxinvalis kuTvnilebis

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebebis anuli-

rebas axdenda. ìm dromde- vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ sanam cxin-

valis raionis qarTveli mosaxleobis sulieri mdgomareoba ar

Seicvleba q. cxinvalis raionis avtonomiuri oseTis teritoriis

miCnevis sasargeblod, q.cxinvalSi da mis irgvliv arsebuli qar-

Tuli mosaxleobis soflebSi Zalaufleba dautovos saraiono

revkoms, romelic Sedis goris mazraSi.~

dadgenilebis am muxls im etapze gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-

loba hqonda im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi, cxinvalisa da mis garSe-

mo arsebuli qarTuli soflebis samomavlo bedis gadawyvetas,

cxinvalis raionis mosaxleobis plebiscitis Sedegebs ukavSi-

rebda. Tuki am mimarTulebiT xelisuflebis mxridan pragmatuli

nabiji gadaidgmeboda da mosaxleobis interesebis gaTvaliswine-

ba moxdeboda, Sida qarTlis osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris wamoW-

rili urTulesi problemis am fonze mogvareba samarTlebriv sa-

xes miiRebda. samwuxarod, maSindeli saqarTvelos xelisufleba

da kavbiuro, oficialurad miRebuli dadgenilebebis sawinaaR-

mdego praqtikul saqmianobas eweoda. aseTi gancxadebis gake-

Tebis SesaZleblobas 20 dekembris dadgenilebis pirveli vari-

antis meoTxe muxli iZleva. `daevalos adgilobriv partiul

organizaciebs_ vkiTxulobT masSi _ awarmoon muSaoba (propa-

ganda, agitacia, kampaniebi), rom saWiroa qal. cxinvali da max-

lobeli raioni Sevides avtonomiur samxreT oseTis olqis Se-

madgenlobaSi.~ es muxli, dadgenilebis mesame muxls ewinaaR-

mdegeba da faqtiurad xelisuflebis winaswargamiznul proo-

sur pozicias adasturebs. amitom, ideologiuri da politiku-

ri mosazrebidan _ Sida qarTlis qarTul mosaxleobaSi mTav-

robisadmi undoblobis arSeqmnidan gamomdinare, igi dadgeni-

lebis oficialuri teqstidan iqna amoRebuli. miuxedavad ami-

sa, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Sesabamisi organoebi praqti-

kul saqmianobas dadgenilebidan amoRebuli meoTxe uxlis mi-

xedviT anxorcielebda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs xelisuflebis mier

osuri avtonomiis sasargeblod dawyebuli kampania. Sesabamisi

saarqivo masaliT dasturdeba, rom garkveuli uwyebebi am mi-

marTulebiT saTanado dokumenturi masalis Seqmnas cdilob-

da. ramdenadac k. kakabaZis komisiam mTavrobis maRalCinosanTa

100

dakveTa ver Seasrula, saqmeSi saqarTvelos kompartiis cen-

traluri komiteti CaerTo. amis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSs

levan dokaZis xelmZRvanelobiT 1921 wlis 30 dekembers sofel

aCabeTSi mowveuli `mitingis~ damadasturebeli oqmi warmoad-

gens. am dokumentidan irkveva, rom RonisZiebas cxinvalis rai-

onis 15 qarTuli soflidan 2000 kaci daswrebia. moxseneba _

`samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna qalaq cxinvaliT,~

saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis Tavmjdomarem

k.kokoSaZem gaakeTa. TanamoxsenebiT goris samazro partiuli

komitetis mdivani a.gorgaZe gamovida. miRebul dadgenilebaSi

miTiTebulia, rom `mitingis~ monawileni erTxmad miesalmebian

saqarTvelos muSaTa da glexTa centraluri xelisuflebis

dadgenilebas qalaq cxinvalis centriT `samxreT oseTis~ av-

tonomiuri olqis Seqmnas. iqve aRniSnulia, rom sakiTxis am

formiT gadawyveta, mSromeli glexobis mSvidobiani erTobli-

vi cxovrebis mtkice fundamenti gaxdeboda `samxreT oseTSi.~

am dokumentidan yuradReba Semdeg ZiriTad sakiTxebze

unda iqnas gamaxvilebuli: 1) oqmSi zogadadaa aRniSnuli `sa-

qarTvelos muSaTa da glexTa centraluri xelisuflebis dad-

genileba.~ am SemTxvevaSi, gaurkveveli rCeba, romeli ricxviT

miRebul dadgenilebazea saubari. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

sakiTxi cxinvalis `samxreT oseTis~ administraciul centrad

aRiarebas exeboda, am mxriv, samecniero wreebisaTvis mxolod

saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis prezidiumis

1921 wlis 17 noembris dadgenilebaa cnobili. magram, misi anu-

lireba, rogorc zemoTac gvqonda miTiTebuli, saqarTvelos

kompartiis plenumis, politbiuros, orgbiuros 12 dekembris

da saqarTvelos revkomis 20 dekembris dadgenilebebma moaxdi-

na. aseTi saxis dokumentebis miRebidan 10 dRis Semdeg, 17 no-

embris dadgenilebis isev winwamoweva, xelisuflebis mzakvru-

li CanafiqriT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli; 2)yuradReba un-

da mivaqcioT im garemoebasac, rom 12 da 20 dekembris dadgeni-

lebebis mesame muxli, sakiTxis gadawyvetas plebiscitis Sede-

gebs ukavSirebda. safiqrebelia, rom am `mitingisaTvis~ xeli-

suflebas, plebiscitis funqciis dakisreba qonda miznad dasa-

xuli. Tuki am mosazrebas oponentebi gamouCndebian, keTili

inebon da pasuxi gascen kiTxvas: a) 1921 wlis 12 da 20 dekem-

bris dadgenilebebis mesame muxls, partiis centralurma komi-

tetma ratom gaukeTa ignorireba. miTumetes, Sinagan saqmeTa

101

saxalxo komisariatTan da revkomTan Seqmnil komisias, `sam-

xreT oseTis~ sazRvrebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT im etapze mu-

Saoba srulyofilad damTavrebuli ar qonda; b) `samxreT ose-

Tis~ sakiTxis forsirebuli tempiT gadawyvetas ratom Cqarob-

da saqarTvelos centraluri komiteti. visi miTiTebiT Caata-

ra l.dokaZem 1921 wlis 30 dekembers `mitingi.~ ra uflebiT

moaxdina cxinvalis raionis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi 1921 wlis

17 noembris anulirebuli dadgenilebis isev win wamoweva da

misi mxardamWeri dokumentis miReba; 3)dokumenturi masaliT

dasturdeba, rom aRniSnul `mitingTan~ mimarTebaSi oqmis Sem-

dgenlebi, uaRresad winaaRmdegobriv mdgomareobaSi aRmoC-

ndnen im TvalsazrisiT, rom maTi mxridan, Sida qarTlis qar-

Tuli mosaxleobis politikuri neba nawilobrivadac ar iqna

gaTvaliswinebuli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs: a) oqmis mixedviT, 30

dekembers sof. aCabeTSi gamarTuli mitingis monawileTa Soris

is 15 qarTuli sofelia dasaxelebuli, romlebmac saprotesto

werilebTan erTad TavianTi warmomadgenlebi xelisuflebas

TbilisSi gaugzavna. kuriozuli situacia iqmneba soflebis_

TamaraSensa da dgvrisTan mimarTebaSi. l.dokaZis mier Sedgeni-

li dokumentis mixedviT, mis mier mowveuli `mitingis~ muSao-

baSi TamaraSenisa da dgvrisis moasxleobac monawileobda, ro-

melmac TiTqos mxari cxinvalis `samxreT oseTis~ administra-

ciul centrad gamocxadebas dauWira. saarqivo masalebiT das-

turdeba, rom momxdari faqtidan meore dRes _ 31 dekembers,

imave TamaraSenis (52 komli) da dgvrisis (277 komli) mosaxleo-

ba, cxinvalis `samxreT oseTisadmi~ mosalodneli gadacemis ga-

mo, saqarTvelos mTavrobas saprotesto werilTan erTad, 40

qarTuli soflis 40 kacian delegaciaSi Tavis warmomadgenel-

sac agzavnis. ise gamodis, rom TamaraSenisa da dgvrisis mosax-

leobam, 30 dekembers TiTqos l. dokaZis mier SeTavazebul

dadgenilebas dauWira mxari, xolo 31 dekembers mowveul sof-

lis yrilobaze sawinaaRmdego dadgenileba miiRo. analogiuri

mdgomareoba gvaqvs sxva qarTul soflebTan mimarTebaSiac.

osebis mier ganawamebi qarTuli soflis mosaxleobisagan aseTi

orpiri TamaSi gamoricxuli iyo. amas xelisuflebisadmi gag-

zavnil werilebSi mkacri da kategoriuli formiT gamoTqmuli

protestic adasturebs; b) Tuki cxinvalis raionis `samxreT

oseTisadmi~ gadacemis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, cxinvalis Crdi-

loeTiT mdebare qarTuli soflebis Seurigebel da ukompro-

102

miso pozicias gaviTvaliswinebT, l.dokaZis xelmZRvanelobiT

`mitingis~ mowveva da qarTuli soflis mosaxleobis mxardaWe-

ris namdviloba eWvqveS dgeba. es mitingi marTlac rom Catare-

buliyo da zemoaRniSnuli saxis dadgenileba mieRo, ideolo-

giuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT, xelisufleba mas Sida

qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis saprotesto werilebisa da de-

legaciis sawinaaRmdegod aucileblad gamoiyenebda. meore

mxriv, aRniSnuli faqti Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis

da masTan arsebuli Sesabamisi komisiebis moxsenebebSi, revko-

misa da partiis centraluri komitetis dadgenilebebSi sxva

dokumentebis msgavsad garkveuli formiT aisaxeboda. saarqivo

fondebze Cems mier guldasmiT Catarebuli muSaobis miuxeda-

vad, aseTi saxis dokuments jerjerobiT ver mivakvlieT.

cxinvalisa da mis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qarTuli soflebis

mosaxleoba xelisuflebasTan garigebas rom ar awarmoebda da

goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi darCenas dabejiTebiT moiTxovda,

amis utyuar dadasturebas 1921 wlis 24 dekembridan 1922 wlis

oqtombris CaTvliT saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi gagzavnili qar-

TvelTa werilebi warmoadgens. es masalebi, Sida qarTlis qarTu-

li mosaxleobis poziciis ara marto dadasturebas, aramed arse-

buli xelisuflebis mxilebasac Seicavs. erovnuli cnobierebis

mqone nebismieri pirovneba, visac eris gasaWiri gaTavisebuli

aqvs, am dokumentebis gacnobisas SeuZlebelia aRSfoTeba ar ga-

moxatos im usamarTlobis gamo, rasac gasabWoebuli saqarTve-

los marionetuli mTavroba da kavbiuro iCenda cxinvalis raio-

nis qarTul mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi. ramdenadac, cxinvalisa

da misi CrdiloeTiT mdebare qarTuli soflebis teritoriulad

miweris sakiTxis gadawyveta 12 da 20 dekembris dadgenilebebis

Sesabamisad mosaxleobis nebis gamovlinebas unda ganesazRvra,

qarTvelobam, momavlis ganWvretis TvalsazrisiT SesaSuri sif-

xizle, windaxeduleba, erTsulovneba da maRali donis organize-

buloba gamoamJRavna. mxedvelobaSi qarTuli soflebis yrilo-

bebze miRebuli is dadgenilebebi maqvs, romlebic werilobiT

ramdenime nakadad xelisuflebis Sesabamis uwyebebs gaegzavna. mi-

si avtorebi da xelismomwerebi ara marto cxinvalis raionis

`samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi moqcevas aprotestebdnen, ara-

med, aRniSnul sakiTxze mTavrobis winaSe konkretul kiTxvebsac

svamdnen da kategoriuli formiT misgan pasuxs moiTxovdnen.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime magaliTs movitan: sof. sverisa

103

da qemertis mcxovrebTa mier Sedgenil werilSi vkiTxulobT:

èrovnebaTa TviTgamorkvevis aRsasruleblad raisTvis unda

viqneT moqceulni osebis TviTgamorkvevis farglebSi?~ aseTi

saxis SekiTxvaze qarTul mosaxleobas oficialuri pasuxi sam-

wuxarod ar miuRia. xelisuflebis mxridan problemisadmi ase-

Ti gulgrili damokidebulebis gamo, saprotesto muxti qar-

Tul mosaxleobaSi Zlierdeboda. sofel browleTis 60 komlis

mier soflis yrilobaze miRebul dokumentSi xazgasmiT iyo

miTiTebuli: `ganmeorebiT vacxadebT protests cxinvalisa da

misi raionis osebis xelSi gadacemis Sesaxeb.~ `Cven sof. qor-

dbis mcxovrebni_ 100 komli, ganmeorebiT vucxadebT protests

osebis xelSi cxinvalis gadacemis Sesaxeb miRebul gadawyveti-

lebas.~ `Cven 120 komli mcxovrebni sof. meRvrekisisani ganmeo-

rebiT vacxadebT protests cxinvalisa da misi raionis osebze

gadacemis Sesaxeb.~ am amonawerebidan kargad Cans, rom Sida

qarTlis qarTuli soflis mosaxleoba arsebul xelisuflebas

protestiT meored mimarTavda. imave werilebSi kategoriuli

formiT iyo sakiTxi dasmuli, _ cxinvalisa da mis CrdiloeTiT

mdebare qarTuli soflebis goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi dar-

Cenis aucileblobaze. am masalis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qarTuli mosaxleoba undoblobas uc-

xadebda k.kakabaZis komisias da xalxis dasakiTxad cxinvalSi

axali komisiis gagzavnas moiTxovda. imavdroulad xazgasmiT

miuTiTebda: `saqarTvelos mTavroba Tu moisurvebs danamdvi-

lebiT gaigos Cveni gulis pasuxi, Cveni gulis nadebi da am Cve-

nis oqmiT ver dakmayofildeba,... maSin Cven delegatebis magier

Tundac qudze kacs gamovagzavniT. Cven vacxadebT, cxinvali

Tavisi raioniT darCes ise, rogorc iyo aqamde, e.i. s.s.s. res-

publikis farglebSi.~ am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, soflebis:

zemo da qvemo niqozis, zemo da qvemo xviTis mcxovrebTa 1921

wlis 27 dekembriT daTariRebul dadgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT:

`cxinvali uxsovari droidan, rogorc istoriulad ise eTnog-

rafiulad Seadgenda da Seadgens saqarTvelos guls _ saqar-

Tvelos ganuyofel nawils. mas CrdiloeTiT, Tormeti versis

manZilze, e.i. sof. sveris Tavamde, Crdilo _ aRmosavleTis

mxriv 25-30 versis manZilze, e.i. sof. awrisxevis Tavamde, aR-

mosavleTiT meWuris xevis zonis midgmamde, samxreTiT 16 ver-

sis manZiliT da dasavleTiT 8-12 verszed Semortymuli aqvs

wminda qarTuli mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli 42 qarTuli sofe-

104

li, romelTa komlTa raodenoba udris 5500 da Seadgens cxin-

valis raions. TviT q.cxinvalis umravles nawils mosaxleobi-

sas... Seadgens namdvil qarTvel ebraelTa mosaxleoba. amitom,

erTxmad vadgenT: eTxovos saqarTvelos s.s. respublikis mTav-

robas... miiRos Cveni Txovna da q. cxinvali Tavisi raioniT da-

tovos qarTvelTa eris_ saqarTvelos mTavrobis marTva_ gam-

geobaSi da araviTar SemTxvevaSi neba ar misces samxreT oseTis

revkoms iqonios raime administraciuli centri arc cxinvalSi

da arc mis raionSi, Tu mTavrobas ar unda Cvensa da osebs So-

ris gaiTxaros saSviliSvilo ufskruli.~

am dokumentSi gamoTqmul angariSgasawev mosazrebasTan er-

Tad, uaRresad sayuradRebo faqtebicaa motanili: 1) qarTuli

soflebis CaTvliT dazustebulia cxinvalis raionis sazRvrebi;

2) konkretuli cifriTaa warmodgenili cxinvalis raionis qar-

Tuli mosaxleobis komlTa raodenoba; 3) Sesabamisi faqtebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomi, TviTneburi qmedebe-

bidan gamomdinare ucxo saxelmwifos mmarTvel organosTanaa

asocirebuli. 4) savsebiT kanonzomieradaa dasmuli sakiTxi,

cxinvalis raionSi `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis arganTavsebisa da

imave raionis saqarTvelos mTavrobis _ anu goris mazris iuris-

diqciis SemadgenlobaSi moqcevis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. aRniS-

nuli moTxovnis farglebSi sakiTxis gadawyveta, cxinvalis raio-

nis 42 qarTul sofels goris mazras samarTlebrivad dauqvemde-

barebda, da rac mTavaria, osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris `saSviliS-

vilo ufskrulis~ samomavlod Seqmnis albaToba minimumamde iq-

neboda dayvanili. swori gadawyvetilebis miReba mxolod im Sem-

TxvevaSi gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli, Tuki amosaval safuZvlad,

erovnuli saxelmwifosa da qarTvelTa interesebis dacva xeli-

suflebis mier prioritetad gamocxaddeboda. arc is iyo gamo-

ricxuli, rom sabWouri ideologiidan gamomdinare, internacio-

nalizmisadmi upiratesobis micema da osuri separatizmis mta-

cebluri madis dakmayofileba, mmarTvel politikur partias

pirvelxarisxovan amocanad mieCnia. ramdenadac saqarTvelos ma-

rionetuli xelisufleba arCevanis winaSe idga, arsebuli prob-

lemis osebis sasargeblod gadawyvetis didi albaToba arsebob-

da. es faqti, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatTan Seqmnili ko-

misiis (gr. gvelesiani _ Tavmjdomare, d.kariWaSvili, s. gorgaZe)

wevrebs yuradRebis miRma ar darCenia da cxinvalis raionis Sesa-

xeb wamoWrili sakiTxis siRrmiseul Seswavlas maqsimalurad

105

cdilobdnen. amis utyuar dadasturebas imave komisiis mier mom-

zadebuli moxseneba warmoadgens. dokumentur masalaze day-

rdnobiT komisiis wevrebi qveynis xelisuflebas Seaxsenebda, rom

Sida qarTlis `mTeli qarTuli mosaxleoba osTa mosazRvre, ara-

erTxel gamoTqvams Tavis kategoriul da uryev survils darCes

goris mazris xelisuflebis qveS. maT aseT survils naTels

hyofs... im drois sabuTebi, rodesac samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

teritoria jer kidev... sabolood Semofargluli ar iyo. mog-

vyavs am sabuTebis nusxa Sinaarsis sqematurad gadmocemiT: a)ga-

suli wlis oqtomber_ noembris TveebSi, rodesac xmebi gavrcel-

da, rom cxinvalis raioni qalaqiTurT unda gadavides samxreT

oseTis xelisuflebaze, mTelma qarTvelma mosaxleobam cxinva-

lis raionisa, saxeldobr soflebma; kexvma, qvemo aCabeTma, zemo

aCabeTma, arbom, dicma, qordma, qvemo niqozma, zemo niqozma, avnev-

ma, Zarwemma, dgvrisma, nulma, zemo xviTma, yelqceulma, qurTam,

TamaraSenma da TviT cxinvalma, ese igi, 20 sofelma gamogzavna Si-

nagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatSi Tavisi werilobiTi dadgeni-

lebani, romlebiTac isini Txoulobdnen Zvel administraciul

e.i. goris mazris farglebSi darCenas. Suamdgomloba amaTi imde-

nad kategoriuli formiT iyo gamoTqmuli, rom aravis eWvi ar Se-

parvia maTi aseTi neba_ survilis sinamdvilesa da gulwrfeloba-

Si.~ imave dokumentiT irkveva, rom goris mazraSi darCenas,

qarTvelebTan erTad cxinvalis raionis somexi da ebraeli mo-

saxleobac iTxovda. amis Sesaxeb komisiis daskvnaSi vkiTxu-

lobT: à) ama wlis (1922 weli S.v.) ianvris TariRiT komisari-

atma miiRo qal. cxinvalis qarTvel, somex da ebraelTa sazo-

gado dadgenileba, romliTac moiTxovdnen cxinvalis da misi

raionis kvlav istoriul sazRvrebSi darCenas; b)igive survili

gamoTqves cxinvalis raionis mcxovreblebma piradad gadmoce-

miT, specialuri delegaciis TbilisSi warmogzavnis saSuale-

biT, romlebSiac am raionis TiTqmis yvela soflis warmomad-

geneli Sedioda (ricxviT 40 kaci) da wels warudga rogorc sa-

qarTvelos mTavrobas, ise Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisars da

mTeli saqmis viTareba auxsna. amasTan warudgina soflebis ga-

naCeni, romlebiTac isini Suamdgomlobdnen maTi soflebis go-

ris mazris teritoriis farglebSi datovebas.~ imave komisiis

daskvnidan isic irkveva, rom mTel rig soflebSi mcxovrebi

osebi, osuri revkomisagan CamoSorebas da goris mazraze miwe-

ras moiTxovdnen. `bevria imisTana magaliTebi_ vkiTxulobT

106

dokumentSi,_ rom sxvadasxva raionebSi osebi acxadeben sur-

vils, raTa isini CamovaSoroT oseTis revkoms, radgan maT

surT qarTvelebTan erTad cxovreba.~ amis damadastureblad

xurvaleTis Temis sof. winagaris osebis mier 1922 wlis 13

martiT daTarirebuli dadgenilebaa motanili, romlis mixed-

viTac isini uerTdebodnen qvemo Walis TemSi Semavali sofle-

bis (qvemo baRebi, zemo baRebi, gudiaanTkari, saRoreTi, biCia-

anTkari, metesmani, RvduleTi) 1922 wlis 12 martis dadgenile-

bas. `Cven xurvaleTis Temis sof. winagaris mcxovrebTa warmo-

madgenelni: xubuluri da biCanaSvili (osebia)_ vkiTxulobT

dokumentSi, _ Cveni soflis mcxovrebTa davalebiT vacxadebT

survils zemoxsenebul dadgenilebaSi aRniSnul soflebTan

erTad... SevuerTdeT qvemo Walis raions, rogorc vyofilvarT

mamapapurad, radgan ufro axlo da moxerxebulia CvenTvis.~ am

faqtTan dakavSirebiT, imave komisiis daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT; `ras

gviCvenebs es saintereso dokumenti? a) rva soflis osoba Txou-

lobs qarTvelTagan nu gamogvTiSavT da qvemo Walis xelisufle-

bis qveS dagvtoveTo; b) es rva sofeli ise ekuTvnis udao wminda

qarTul teritorias, rogoric aris xurvaleTis Temi; g)preten-

zias Zalauflebis gavrcelebisas am rva qarTul sofelze acxa-

debs, rogorc Cans arwevis ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebare soflis

aRmaskomi, sadac avtonomiuri oseTis xelisufleba gaCenila.~ am

da sxva saxis masalebze dayrdnobiT, komisia akeTebda daskvnas:

àmgvarad, qarTveli mosaxleoba goris mazrisa daJinebiT, kate-

goriulad erTsa da imaves iTxovs. ara erTxel da sxva dros, sxva-

dasxva saxiT (werilobiT Tu piradi deputaciis saSualebiT) er-

Tsa da imave survils gamoTqvams oTxjer, ar daumorCilon igi

osTa xelisuflebas. aseTive survils gamoTqvams raWis da duSe-

Tis mosaxleoba. maSasadame, Cven sruli safuZveli gvaqvs

vsTqvaT, rom SekiTxva am mosaxleobisa, rasac... mTavrobisa da ko-

munisturi partiis centraluri komitetis 12 da 20 dekembris

dadgenilebaTa me- 3 muxli gulisxmobs, faqtiurad ukve moxda,

da rom am SemTxvevam cxadad gviCvena;_ goris mazris da kerZod

cxinvalis raionis qarTveloba, agreTve raWis da duSeTis mazre-

bisa, winaaRmdegia imisa, rom qarTuli soflebi da raionebi go-

ris mazrisa, kerZod qal. cxinvali da misi raioni, agreTve duSe-

Tis da raWis mazrebis nawilebi SeuerTdes samxreT oseTis avto-

nomiur olqs.~

107

komisiis daskvnidan Cvens mier motanili am amonaweridan

kargad Cans: 1) cxinvalis raionis qarTulma mosaxleobam, 1921

wlis maisidan 1922 wlis ianvris CaTvliT, cxinvalis raionis

`samxreT oseTTan~ SeerTebis dasmis sakiTxi oTxjer gaaprotes-

ta da goris mazraSi darCena kategoriuli formiT moiTxova; 2)

komisiis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-

xo komisariatSi Sesuli qarTvelTa saprotesto werilebze day-

rdnobiT gakeTebuli daskvnis mixedviT, komisiam plebisciti Ca-

tarebulad CaTvala. aqedan gamomdinare, 12 da 20 dekembris dad-

genilebaTa gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze, arsebuli problemis

savsebiT kanonzomierad qarTvelTa sasargeblod gadawyveta mo-

iTxova. Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis maRali erovnuli

TviTSegnebis faqtorma, saxelisuflebo piarkampaniis ramdenime

RonisZiebis Cavardnam, saqarTvelos xelisufleba gamouval

mdgomareobaSi Caayena. garkveuli mcdelobis miuxedavad, xeli-

suflebam sazogadoebaSi iseTi foni ver Seqmna, romelic proo-

suri politikuri kursis sasargeblod, xalxis saxeliT Cafiqre-

buli oficialuri dokumentis miRebas Seuwyobda xels. piriqiT,

qarTuli mosaxleoba mTavrobas meramdened Seaxsenebda: `Cven Tu

gvekiTxebian am saganze,... cxadad da gulaxdiT vambobT: Cven

gvsurs vicxovroT saqarTvelos respublikis farglebSi... Cven

vacxadebT: cxinvali Tavisi raioniT unda darCes ise, rogorc iyo

aqobamde.~ e.i. goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi. yuradReba unda mi-

vaqcioT im garemoebas, rom qarTvelTa am samarTliani preten-

ziis paralelurad, meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo win wamo-

weuli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis javaSi

gadatanis moTxovna. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sofel browleTis

mcxovrebni soflis yrilobaze miRebul dadgenilebaSi wer-

dnen: `moviTxovT, rom oseTis revkomma izrunos Tavisi bina

daidos d.javaSi.~ sof. qordbis mcxovreblebis mier saqarTve-

los mTavrobisadmi gagzavnil dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `s.s.r.

mTavrobisagan kidev moviTxovT, rom samxreT oseTis revkoms

da maT xelqveiT osebs amcnos, rom izrunon, raTa TavianTi bi-

na daidon d.javaSi, romelic aris maTTvis Sua adgili.~ sof.

tirZnisis mcxovrebni xelisuflebas Seaxsenebda: òsebis rev-

komma izrunos, Tavisi revkomi gadaitanos d. javaSi. iq awar-

moos Tavisi saqmeebi ise, rogorc TiTona surT. ai es aris Cve-

ni gulis pasuxi.~ aseTi saxis kategoriuli formiT gamoTqmu-

li pretenziebia dafiqsirebuli cxinvalis raionis qarTuli

108

soflebis mosaxleobis yrilobebze miRebul im uamrav gancxa-

debebsa da dadgenilebebSi, romlebic qveynis Senagan saqmeTa

saxalxo komisariatsa da revkomSi Sevida. yvela am dokumen-

tur masalaSi qarTvelTa optimizmnarevi rwmena iyo gamoTqmu-

li. `gamovTqvamT imeds, rom muSur_ glexuri mTavroba anga-

riSs gauwevs xalxis samarTlian moTxovnas.~ im SemTxvevaSi,

Tuki saqarTvelos xelisufleba sakiTxs qarTvelTa sasargeb-

lod ar gadawyvetda, Sida qarTlis qarTuli soflebis mosax-

leoba mamapapeuli sacxovrisidan asaxlebas da saqarTvelos

sxva regionSi dasaxlebas moiTxovda. `vTxovT saqarTvelos

mTavrobas: mogvcen sxva adgilas sacxovrebeli bina da dagva-

saxlon s.s. respublikis farglebSi iseT adgilas, saidanac

verc Cveni Tvali da verc guli ver miswvdes Cvens mier dato-

vebul midamoebs.~ ra donis boroteba unda Caedina osebs qar-

Tul mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi, rom qarTvel kacss, winaprisa-

gan memkvidreobiT miRebuli sacxovrisisa da gamarTuli meurne-

obis datovebis, sxvagan gadasaxlebisa da yvelafris Tavidan daw-

yebis moTxovnis survili gasCenoda. qarTvelTa am donemde miyva-

na, Sida qarTlSi osebis mier xelovnurad Seqmnili urTulesi

politikuri situaciisadmi saqarTvelos mTavrobis mizanmimar-

Tul siyrueze, qarTuli mosaxleobis interesebis ignorirebaze

da misi damcavi meqanizmis aramoqmedebaze metyvelebs. es tenden-

cia, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirveli

dRidanve SeiniSneboda da igi droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiT

Rrmavdeboda. am process osi separatistebi `gamadidebeli Su-

SiT~ Sehyurebda da nebismieri xelsayreli momentis gamoyenebas

maqsimalurad cdilobda. gr.gvelesianis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

TavianTi interesebis win wamowevis safuZvelze, osebi `qarTveli

eris xarjze teritoriul gamdidrebas, mTliani osuri terito-

riis Seqmnas~ da mis samarTlebrivad dakanonebas cdilobda. amis

dadasturebas, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis, partkomisa da pasu-

xismgebeli partiuli muSakebis 1921 wlis 6- 8 seqtembris gaerTi-

anebul sxdomaze miRebuli `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialis-

turi respublikis konstituciis proeqti warmoadgens. es doku-

menti 15 muxlisgan Sedgeba da Sida qarTlSi `samxreT oseTis~

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmnis sakiTxs dedaqalaqi

cxinvaliT ayenebda. imave dokumentis meore da mesame muxlis

mixedviT, `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respubli-

ka, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi federaciuli principiT unda

109

Sesuliyo da misi xelisuflebis mowyoba sabWoTa ruseTis fe-

deraciuli respublikis konstituciis safuZvelze momxdari-

yo. am SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos interesebis igno-

rireba xdeboda im TvalsazrisiT, rom konstituciis es proeq-

ti, `samxreT oseTis~ politikuri erTeulis mmarTvelobiT

struqturas ara adgilobrivi, aramed ucxo qveynis (dampyrob-

lis) saxelmwifos modelis mixedviT agebda. es faqti imazedac

migvaniSnebs, rom osi separatistebi ara marto ruseTisaken

swrafvis tendencias inarCunebdnen, aramed, saqarTvelos xe-

lisuflebas garkveuli formiT qveynis mowyobis ruseTis fe-

deraciis models sTavazobdnen.

rac Seexeba konstituciis proeqtis meoTxe da mexuTe

muxlebs, `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis

mmarTvel organod adgilobriv sabWoebs, centralur aRmasru-

lebel komitets (25 kacis raodenobiT) da saxalxo komisarTa

sabWos acxadebda. yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom konstituciis

proeqtis arcerT muxlSi ar figurirebs, qarTvelTa ra rao-

denobis warmomadgenloba iqneboda daSvebuli zemoT dasaxe-

lebul mmarTvelobiT organoebSi. imave dokumentis meeqvse

muxli, `samxreT oseTis~ 9 saxalxo komisariatis (Sinagan saqme-

Ta_ fosta- telegrafis sammarTveloTi, iusticiis, ganaTle-

bis, janmrTelobis dacvis, socialuri uzrunvelyofis, sasur-

saTo, miwaTmoqmedebis, finansTa, Sromis, saxalxo meurneobis

sabWo_ gzaTa mimosvlis ganyofilebiT, muSaTa da glexTa in-

speqcia) Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. aqedan, 6 maTgani (Sinagan saq-

meTa, iusticiis, vaWrobis, janmrTelobis dacvis, socialuri

uzrunvelyofis, saxalxo meurneobis) TavianT saqmanobaSi sa-

qarTvelos mTavrobisagan damoukidebelni iyvnen (muxli 9).

imave dokumentSi gakeTebuli SeniSvnis mixedviT, sagareo saq-

meebi da vaWroba, saqarTvelos Sesabamisi komisariatebis daq-

vemdebarebaSi rCeboda im pirobiT, rom isini `samxreT oseTis~

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis winaSe iqnebodnen angariS-

valdebulni. es imas niSnavs, rom gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos

Sesabamis uwyebebs, sagareo saqmeebisa da sagareo vaWrobis sa-

kiTxebTan mimarTebaSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegebis Se-

saxeb, angariSi `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi res-

publikis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis unda Caebarebina.

axladSeqmnili politikuri subieqtis teritoriaze sam-

xedro saqmis xelmZRvaneloba (muxli 10), osur samxedro komi-

110

sariats evaleboda. marTalia, igi saqarTvelos saxalxo sam-

xedro komisariatis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda, magram misi

xelmZRvanelis daniSvna `samxreT oseTis~ saxalxo komisariat-

Tan SeTanxmebiT unda momxdariyo. aRniSnuli formulireba,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas avaldebulebda_ osebis mier war-

dgenili kandidatisaTvis, Tundac igi qarTvelTa moZule da

Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobisaTvis miuRebeli yofili-

yo_ angariSi gaewia. qarTuli saxelmwifos interesebis sawina-

aRmdego moTxovnaa dasmuli imave konstituciis proeqtis me-

TerTmete muxlSi. mxedvelobaSi maqvs kontrrevoluciasTan

brZolis sababiT `samxreT oseTis~ sagangebo cxenosani samxed-

ro nawilis Seqmnis aucilebloba. Tuki, qarTul mosaxleobas-

Tan mimarTebaSi osebis namoqmedaris warmosaCenad Cvens mier

motanil dokumentur masalas gaviTvaliswinebT, sruli SesaZ-

lebloba gveZleva ganvacxadoT, rom sityva_ `kontrrevolu-

ciasTan brZola,~ osi separatistebis niRabs warmoadgenda.

amis safuZvels, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis mier saqarTvelos

centraluri komitetisadmi gagzavnili moxseneba (1921 wlis 12

maisi) iZleva. am dokumentSi garkveviTaa aRniSnuli, rom `sam-

xreT oseTis~ qarTul soflebSi xelisuflebas ar daeSva qar-

Tveli glexebis bneli da Seugnebeli elementebis amboxeba. mi-

Tumetes, osi `devnilebis~ winaaRmdeg provokacias da momak-

vdinebel Sovinistur agitacias TiTqos menSevikebi eweoda.

aseTi fonis SeqmniT, imave moxsenebis mexuTe muxli, kontrre-

volucionerebisa da aqtiuri agitatorebis winaaRmdeg, saqar-

Tvelos centraluri komitetisagan kategoriuli formiT rep-

resiuli RonisZiebebis dauyovnebliv gatarebas moiTxovda.[4.

167] osi separatistebi am motiviT Tuki sagangebo cxenosani

osuri samxedro nawilis Seqmnis da konstituciurad dakanone-

bis nebarTvas miiRebda, es samxedro Zala maT mier Sida qar-

Tlis im qarTuli soflebis mosaxleobis dasaSineblad, dasar-

bevad da istoriuli sacxovrisidan gamosadevnad iqneboda ga-

moyenebuli, romlebic `samxreT oseTis~ revkoms ar emorCile-

boda da goris mazraSi darCenas kategoriuli formiT moiT-

xovda. miTumetes, qarTuli soflebis es mosaxleoba, osi sepa-

ratistebis mxridan ukve kontrrevolucionerebad iyo gamoc-

xadebuli. am mimarTulebiT maTi mxridan rapresiebis gatareba

srul realobas warmoadgenda, radgan qarTuli soflis mosax-

leobis Seupovari winaaRmdegoba da simtkice, osebs yelze

111

hqonda mibjenili. miTumetes, imave konstituciis proeqtis 15

punqtian dokumentSi erTi sityviTac ar iyo naxsenebi maT mier

`samxreT oseTad~ moazrebuli teritoriis farglebSi mcxov-

rebi qarTvelebis uflebebis dacvis garantiis Sesaxeb. es do-

kumenti Tavidan bolomde osuri separatizmis saxes atarebs

da iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom `samxreT oseTis~ respub-

likis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, im politikuri erTeulis sazRvreb-

Si mcxovrebTa Semadgenloba TiTqos wminda osuri mosaxleoba

iqneboda. es yalbi Tvalsazrisi konstituciis proeqtisadmi

darTul `mokle ganmartebiT baraTSia~ Cadebuli.

amrigad, Cvens mier motanili dokumenturi masalis anali-

zidan gamomdinare, Semdegi daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba

gveZleva: 1)saqarTvelos teritoriis xarjze, `samxreT oseTis~

revkomis mxridan osuri saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis Seqmnis mcde-

lobiT ganpirobebuli urTulesi situaciis daregulirebas, Si-

nagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis 1921 wlis 20 ivlisis dadge-

nileba iTvaliswinebda. igi osuri separatizmisadmi frTebis Sek-

vecas, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis samarTlebriv CarCoSi moqcevas

da Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis interesebis dacvas isa-

xavda miznad. am dokumentis Rirseba imaSiac mdgomareobda, rom

`samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiur olqs cxinvalisa da mis garSemo

arsebuli 51 qarTuli sofelis gareSe, goris mazris CrdiloeTi

nawilis mxolod 7 sasoflo sazogadoebiT Semofarglavda. ax-

lad daarsebul administraciul erTeuls, samazro uflebebs aZ-

levda. saqarTvelos revkomis mier am dokumentis Tavis droze

ardamtkicebiT daSvebuli Secdomis gamosworebis mcdelobas,

imave dadgenilebis mixedviT, revkomis mier `samxreT oseTis~ av-

tonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb momzadebuli dekretis proeq-

ti (1922 w. 20 marti) warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

mier am dokumentis miRebis SemTxvevaSi; a)Sida qarTlis qarTuli

mosaxleobis moTxovnebi srulad iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli,

xolo misi usafrTxoeba_ daculi; b)erovnuli saxelmwifos inte-

resebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis

SenarCunebis myari garantia Seiqmneboda; 2)`samxreT oseTis~ rev-

komis, partkomisa da pasuxismgebeli partiuli muSakebis gaerTi-

anebul sxdomaze (1921 wlis 6_ 8 seqtemberi) miRebuli `samxreT

oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis sazRvrebis proeq-

ti, mtaceblur xasiaTs atarebda. igi goris, duSeTis, raWisa da

Sorapnis mazrebisadmi CamoWrili teritoriebis xarjze (1 qala-

112

qi_ cxinvali, 21 soflis sazogadoeba da 47 qarTuli sofeli) ose-

bis administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. `sam-

xreT oseTis~ sazRvrebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos centralur komi-

tetTan arsebuli k.kakabaZis komisiis 1921 wlis 8 dekemberis dad-

genileba (oqmi #4), osebis zemoaRniSnuli proeqtis gameorebas

warmoadgenda. Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis saprotesto

werilebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos centraluri komitetis

da revkomis 1921 wlis 12 da 20 dekembers miRebulma dadgenile-

bebma, k.kakabaZis komisiis dadgenilebis anulireba moaxdina da

qarTuli soflebi goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi datova.


1. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, f.

281, aRw. 1, saq. 50.

2. l. ToiZe. rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

olqi, Tbilisi, 1991.

3. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, f.

281, aRw. 2, saq. 3.

4. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, f. 14. aRw. 1. saq. 48.

furc. 167

Shota Vadachkoria Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology of Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, senior research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Creating of the Ossetian Soviet Autonomy by Capturing Georgian Territories and Georgian

Reality (First Letter)

Summary

On the basis of documentary material in the work is stated that: 1) ex-tremely difficult situationdetermined by the attempt of creating Ossetian state unity at the expense of Georgian territory was to be regulated by resolution of

113

people's commissariat of July, 20, 1921. The aim of the resolution was to prevent Ossetian separatism, to put `Revolutionary Committee of Ossetia~ in the frames of law regulations and defend the interests of Shida Kartly popula-tion. According to this document South Ossetian autonomous republic was embracing only 7 village communities in the North of Goriuyezd (district), the territory without Tskhinvali and 51 Georgian villages round it. It was giving newly established administrative unit the right of a district (uyezd). The decry project prepared by revolutionary committee of Georgia about formation of the `South Ossetia~ autonomous region (oblast) in March, 20, 1922 was an attempt to correct a mistake when the committee did not receive the mentioned document. If the document should have been received: a) the demands of Shida Kartly Georgian population should have been completely taken into consideration and security defended; b) from the point of view ofnational stateinterests, it should have been the guarantee of the whole county unity. 2) On the united meeting of the revolutionary committee, party committee and high-ranking party members of the `South Ossetia~ (Septem-ber, 2-8, 1921) the received project on the borders of the `South Ossetia~ Socialist Republic was of `capturing~ character. On the account of territories cut from Gori, Dusheti, Racha, Shorapani districts (uyezds) (one town-Tskhinvali, 21 village communities and 47 Georgian villages) the formation of the administrative unit of Ossetians was planned.

114

lela saraliZe


saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-

versiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istori-

is da eTnologiis institutis axali

da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis

ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

politikuri situacia Sida qarTlSi

avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Semdeg

1922 wlis 20 aprils sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa cen-

traluri aRmasrulebeli komitetisa da saqarTvelos saxalxo

komisarTa sabWos dekreti #2-iT istoriuli Sida qarTlis

teritoriaze Seiqmna e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi

sabWoTa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi [1,78]. am faqtma mniSvne-

lovani dapirispireba gamoiwvia adgilobriv mcxovreblebs So-

ris, romelTa umetesoba mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba iyo. e.

w. „samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi mravali qarTuli sof-

lis xelovnuri gaerTianebiT Seiqmna. ase miviReT „samxreT

oseTi~ centralur saqarTveloSi [2, 17].

saqarTvelos ZaliT gasabWoebis Semdeg, ruseTis xeli-

sufleba amzadebda pirobebs os separatistTa moTxovnebis da-

sakmayofileblad. 1921 wlis 5 maiss, saqarTvelos sabWoTa

respublikis revoluciuri komitetis prezidiumma, e. w. `sam-

xreT oseTis~ revkomis funqciis gansazRvris mizniT, miiRo ga-

dawyvetileba Sida qarTlSi specialuri komisiis gagzavnis Se-

saxeb. gadawyda XI armiis orasi cxenosnisagan Semdgari nawili

cxinvalSi gaegzavnaT. osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris damokide-

bulebis mosagvareblad, prezidiumma miiRo dadgenileba, cxin-

valSi amxanag xutulaSvilis gagzavnasTan dakavSirebiT. igi

dainiSna Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis wevrad

da saxalxo komisris moadgiled [3, 21]. aqedan naTlad Cans, Tu

rogor cdilobdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis mesveurebi, Tavi-

dan aecilebinaT mosalodneli garTuleba, rac, bunebrivia,

ukanono olqis Seqmnas mohyveboda.

e. w. `samxreT oseTisTvis~ avtonomiis miniWebis sakiTxma

sabWoTa mTavroba Tavidanve rTuli amocanis winaSe daayena,

rac obieqturi mizezebiT iyo gamowveuli. gasarkvevi iyo ro-

115

mel teritoriaze da ra saxis avtonomia unda mieniWebinaT

osebisTvis, radgan Sida qarTli osebiT dasaxlebuli ZirZveli

qarTuli miwa iyo. rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros,

saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitets da revoluci-

ur komitets, Tavdapirvelad gauWirdaT e. w. `samxreT oseTis~

revoluciuri komitetisa da partiuli komitetis mier avto-

nomiis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba.

sabWoTa saqarTvelos revoluciurma komitetma, osebi-

saTvis avtonomiis miniWebis sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetis

mizniT, raTa Tavidan aecilebina Sida qarTlis regionSi mosa-

lodneli dapirispirebebi, kontr-revoluciasTan, SpionaJTan,

spekulaciasTan da banditizmTan sabrZolvelad sagangebo ko-

misia Seqmna. 1921 wlis 6 oqtombriT daTariRebul erT-erT

dokumentSi sabWoTa saqarTvelos sagangebo komitetis Tav-

mjdomarem centralur komitets gaugzavna Semdegi Sinaarsis

werili: `Cems mier mipovebuli monacemebis mixedviT, cxinvalis

raionSi urTierTdamokidebuleba osur da qarTul soflebs

Soris jer kidev ar aris daregulirebuli. adgili aqvs nebis-

mier provokacias. orive mxare daZabul mdgomareobaSi imyofe-

ba. gansakuTrebiT gaurkvevelia urTierTobebi qalaqis mazra-

sa da cxinvalis revkomebs Soris, Sesabamisi raionebi ar aris

gamijnuli. xSirad xdeba gaurkvevlobebi imis safuZvelze, Tu

vin unda marTos esa Tu is raioni, nebismieri moqalaqis yove-

li dapatimreba am ori xelisuflebis ganxeTqilebis vaSli

xdeba. igive xdeba saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze kobis raionSi.

Setakebebis safuZveli xSirad aris is, rom Tavdasxmebis dros,

osebi arTmeven qarTvelebs TiTqosda moparul Sinaur pi-

rutyvs. am sakiTxSi tyuis rogorc erTi, ise meore mxare. saWi-

roa miRebul iqnas raime zomebi aseTi mdgomareobis likvida-

ciisTvis. me SemogTavazebdiT Seqmniliyo Sereuli komisia,

Tundac ori kardinaluri sakiTxis dasaregulireblad: 1) xe-

lisuflebis gavlenis sferoebis gamijnva da 2) Sinauri pirut-

yvis warTmevasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mosagvareblad,

Tu ck isurvebs gavakeTeb ufro dawvrilebiT moxsenebas. we-

rils xels awers saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiis Tavmjdomare

[4, 123].

Sida qarTlSi politikuri situaciis gamwvaveba xelovnu-

rad Sekowiwebuli e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvrebis ukanonod

dadgenam gamoiwvia. saqarTvelos ZaliT gasabWoebis da sabWo-

116

Ta xelisuflebis damyarebis pirvel dReebSi sabWoTa mTavro-

ba saerTod ar iyenebda termins _ `samxreT oseTi~, rasac adas-

turebs 1921 wlis 9 agvistos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisa-

riatis dadgenileba, sadac naxsenebia, mxolod goris mazris

cxinvalis raioni. dadgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT: òcdaxuTi sof-

lis revkomis warmomadgenelTa yrilobis Suamdgomlobis Ta-

naxmad, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, miiRo ra mxedve-

lobaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis marTva-gamgeobis da adgilob-

rivi mosaxleobis interesebi, daadgina: goris mazris cxinva-

lis raionSi dawesdes xuTi saTemo revkomi Semdeg qvemoT da-

saxelebul soflebSi: a) qvemo aCabeTSi, b) zemo aCabeTSi, g)

dicSi, d) ZarwemSi, e) vanaTSi. qvemo aCabeTis Tems Seadgens

soflebi: dgvrisi, TamaraSeni, zemo aCabeTi, qurTa, kexvi,

kverneTi da monasteri. zemo niqozis Tems: qvemo niqozi, zemo

xviTi, dvani, avnevi da nuli. dicis Tems Seadgens soflebi: ko-

di, arbo, eredvi, bJoleTi, tirZnisi, meRvrekisi da ergneTi.

Zarwemis Tems, soflebi: qemerti, xeiTi, sveri. vanaTis Tems _

soflebi: sacxeneTi, beloTi da awyurisxevi. am dadgenilebis

asli gaegzavnos goris mazris revkoms da agreTve respublikis

mTavar miliciis sammarTvelos saTanado gankargulebis mosax-

denad~ [5, 14]. dadgenilebas xels aweren Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-

xo komisari besarion kvirkvelia da administraciul erTeul-

Ta ganyofilebis gamge gr. gvelesiani.

avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnas win uZRoda Sinagan saqmeTa

saxalxo komisariatis daskvna. moxsenebiT baraTSi, romelsac

xeli moaweres Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma besarion

kvirkveliam da Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saqmeTa

mmarTvelma v. xaxanaSvilma, sakiTxis detaluri analizis sa-

fuZvelze aRniSnuli iyo, rom osebis raodenoba qarTul sof-

lebSi imdenad mcirea, maTi calke mazrad gamoyofac ki SeuZ-

lebeli xdeboda [6, 121]. miuxedavad uaryofisa, saqarTvelos

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris daskvnam, mainc erTgvari gav-

lena moaxdina rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros 1921

wlis 31 oqtombris gadawyvetilebaze. kavbiurom garkveulwi-

lad kompromisuli dadgenileba miiRo, roca e. w. `samxreT

oseTs~, revoluciuri komitetis mier moTxovnili sabWoTa so-

cialisturi respublikis nacvlad, avtonomiuri olqis statu-

si mianiWa [7, 285].

117

e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb

dekreti #2-is gamoqveynebamde, 1921 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi,

rodesac gavrcelda xmebi, rom cxinvalis raioni qalaqiTurT

e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis xelisuflebas unda

gadascemoda, oci qarTuli sofeli: 1. kexvi, 2. qvemo aCabeTi,

3. zemo aCabeTi, 4. arbo, 5. dici, 6. kordi, 7. qvemo niqozi, 8.

avnevi, 9. Zarwemi, 10. dvgrisi, 11. nuli, 12. zemo xviTi, 13. qve-

mo xviTi, 14. zemo niqozi, 15. yelqceuli, 16. qemerta, 17. qur-

Ta, 18. TamaraSeni, 19. vanaTi, 20. cxinvali, win aRudga am usa-

marTlo gadawyvetilebas da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa sa-

xalxo komisariatisgan kategoriulad moiTxova Zvel adminis-

traciul, anu goris mazris farglebSi darCena. am faqts gamo-

exmaura TviT cxinvalis revkomi, romelic zedmiwevniT flob-

da informacias raionSi arsebuli daZabuli situaciis Sesaxeb

da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats mouwo-

debda droebiT SeeCerebina am sakiTxis saboloo gadawyveta,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sisxlisRvra gardauvali iqneboda. Ta-

vis mxriv, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma 1921 wlis no-

emberSi saqarTvelos revkoms warudgina Suamdgomloba, rom-

liTac kategoriulad moiTxova e.w. `samxreT oseTisTvis~ ad-

ministraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis sakiTxis revkomis msjelobi-

dan droebiT moxsna, vidre ar mowesrigdeboda daZabuli ur-

TierToba qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris.

sabWoTa mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam e. w. `samxreT ose-

Tis~ avtonomiuri olqis SemadgenlobaSi cxinvalis mosalod-

neli gadacemis Sesaxeb, rogorc qarTveli, aseve osi mosaxle-

obis samarTliani guliswyroma gamoiwvia. cxinvalis raionis

da axlomaxlo mdebare qarTuli soflebis mcxovrebni kvlav

goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi iTxovdnen darCenas. miuxedavad

mosaxleobis aRSfoTebisa, jer kidev 1921 wlis 8 dekembers,

Sereulma komisiam gamoitana dadgenileba e. w. `samxreT ose-

Tis~ avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb. komi-

siaSi sazRvrebis dadgenis dros principuli xasiaTis winaaR-

mdegobebs adgili ar hqonia. mxolod zogierTi qarTuli sof-

lis e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis SemadgenlobaSi

Sesvlis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres komisiis wevrebma _ Sotma da

elerdovma, Tumca komisiis umravlesobam maTi azri ar gaizia-

ra. radgan ukve arsebobda saqarTvelos kp (b) ck-is 1921 wlis

17 noembris dadgenileba, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri

118

olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb centriT cxinvalSi, komisiam SesaZleb-

lad scno gaevlo sasazRvro xazi e. w. `samxreT oseTs~ da go-

ris mazras Soris cxinvalis da sof. ergeTis zeviT, ris gamoc

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi, cxinvalis garda moeqca

qarTuli soflebi: dgvirisi, TamaraSeni, aCabeTi, qurTa, kexvi,

qemerTa, zarcemi, skveri, xeiTi. miuxedavad aseTi seriozuli

darRvevebisa, dadgenilebas e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvrebis

Sesaxeb, komisiis yvela wevrma moawera xeli. amis Semdeg, saqar-

Tvelos komunisturi partiis ck-is 1921 wlis 17 noembris

dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, Sereulma komisiam yvela es masala ima-

ve wlis 11 dekembers gadaugzavna partiis centralur komi-

tets.

sakiTxi e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seq-

mnis Sesaxeb centriT q. cxinvalSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier

gadawyvetili faqti iyo. cxinvalisa da momijnave qarTuli

soflebis e. w. `samxreT oseTisTvis~ usamarTlod gadacemas,

bunebrivia, mosaxleobis ara erTi protesti mohyva. sabWoTa

mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda droebiT ukan daexia da angariSi

gaewia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis moTxovnebisTvis.

saqarTvelos revoluciurma komitetma, aseve komunis-

turma partiam TavianTi dadgenilebiT (kompartiis plenumis

dadgenileba #39, 1921 wlis 12 dekembris da saq. rev. komite-

tis 1921 wlis 20 dekembris #94), q. cxinvali (1804 wels cxin-

valSi osebis 12 komli cxovrobda, 1900 w. -0, 1922 w. - 623). e.

w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis administraciul cen-

trad aRiares, magram es aRiareba pirobiTi iyo da ara katego-

riuli. sabWoTa mTavrobis gadawyvetilebidan naTeli iyo, rom

cxinvalis raioni im dromde, vidre raionis qarTuli mosaxle-

oba ar moisurvebda SeerTeboda e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtono-

miur olqs, unda daqvemdebareboda goris mazris xelisufle-

bas.

1921 wlis 20 dekembers, saqarTvelos revkomma, moismina

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis gamom-

rkvevi Sereuli komisiis moxseneba goris mazraSi Seqmnili vi-

Tarebis Taobaze da miiRo Semdegi dadgenileba: 1. `samxreT

oseTis~ avtonomiuri mxaris administraciul centrad CaiTva-

los q. cxinvali, avtonomiuri xelisuflebis im teritoriaze

gavrcelebiT, sadac osebi arian dasaxlebuli, garda Casavlis

sazogadoebisa da kobis raionisa, romelTagan pirveli unda

119

darCes raWis mazraSi, xolo meore duSeTis mazraSi. 2. miendos

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats avtonomiuri oseTis saz-

Rvrebis dawvrilebiT gamokvleva sazRvrebis gamomrkvev arse-

bul komisiasTan erTad. 3. im dromde, sanam cxinvalis raionis

qarTuli mosaxleobis sulieri mdgomareoba Seicvleba q. cxin-

valis raionis avtonomiuri oseTis teritoriad miCnevis sa-

sargeblod, q. cxinvalSi da mis irgvliv arsebul qarTul sof-

lebSi, Zalaufleba datovebul iqnas saraiono revkomis xelSi,

romelic Sedis goris mazraSi~ [8, 123].

sabWoTa saqarTvelos mesveurebma, yovelgvari samar-

Tlebrivi normebis gverdis avliT, Seqmnes e. w. „samxreT ose-

Tis~ avtonomiuri olqi da mis SemadgenlobaSi sruliad ukano-

nod Seiyvanes 40 qarTuli sofeli da erTi qalaqi, sadac 20.

000-mde qarTveli cxovrobda, xolo osebis raodenoba 1.100

suls Seadgenda. saqarTvelos ssr Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo ko-

misariatis specialurma komisiam (Tavmjdomare gr. gvelesiani,

wevrebi: d. kariWaSvili, s. giorgaZe) Seadgina im qarTuli sof-

lebis sia da sofelTa erovnuli Semadgenloba, romlebic sa-

qarTvelos saxalxo komisarTa sabWos 1922 wlis 20 aprilis

dekretiT (#2) e. w. „samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiur olqs gadae-

ca. avtonomiuri olqi ise Seiqmna, rom sazRvrebis sakiTxi sa-

bolood garkveuli ar yofila, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom sa-

kiTxis gadawyveta sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan ga-

rigebiT wydeboda, romelsac faqtiurad sabWoTa ruseTi kar-

naxobda misTvis sasurvel gegmas [9, 358]. sruliad saqarTve-

los cak-ma Sereuli komisia gamoyo, romelmac didi muSaoba

Caatara e. w. `samxreT oseTisaTvis~ sadavo teritoriebis sa-

kiTxis mosawesrigeblad. komisiam muSaoba mxolod 1922 wlis

seqtemberSi daamTavra. 1922 wlis 29 seqtembers mowveuli iqna

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ partiis saolqo komitetis prezidiumis

sxdoma, sadac moismines Sereuli komisiis wevris s. gagloevis

moxseneba: `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis

ganmsazRvreli komisiis mier muSaobis damTavrebisa da olqis

administraciuli mowyobis Sesaxeb.

e. w. „samxreT oseTis~ ukanono avtonomiuri olqis Seq-

mnam, Sida qarTlSi kidev ufro gaamwvava politikuri situa-

cia. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uaryofiTad Sexvda olqis Seq-

mnas, radgan eTnikuri gansxvevebuloba da saqarTvelos miwa-

wyalze osebis kompaqturi dasaxleba, maTTvis politikuri av-

120

tonomiis miniWebis araviTar safuZvels ar qmnida, radgan te-

ritoria, sadac osebi saxlobdnen saqarTvelos ar daupyria da

arc am erovnuli umciresobebisTvis waurTmevia. es miwa-wyali

istoriulad saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda, romelic garkveuli po-

litikuri movlenebis Semdeg, droTa ganmavlobaSi osebma dai-

kaves, rodesac iq Casaxldnen.

politikur situacias amwvavebda isic, rom osebis mier,

sruliad ukanonod Seqmnili olqisTvis, TviTneburad xdeboda

sazRvrebis dadgena. 1922 wlis 2 ivliss, qalaq cxinvalSi, sam-

xareo partiuli komitetis da e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ centra-

luri aRmasrulebeli komitetis gaerTianebul sxdomaze, ro-

melsac Tavmjdomareobda k. jatievi, n. gasievi (mdivani), miiRes

dadgenileba, romlis ZaliTac administraciuli urTierTobis

TvalsazrisiT e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi gaiyo

3 kantonad: 1) javis, centriT javaSi, 2) cxinvalis, centriT _

cxinvalSi da 3) qsnis centriT _ axalgorSi. Tavis mxriv, cxin-

valis kantonSi Sedioda: a) wunaris, b) yornisis, g) oqonis, d)

cxinvalis, e) orTevis, v) beloTis, z) andoreTis raionebi.

qsnis kantonSi _ a) lexuris, b) axalgoris, g) monastris

raionebi. saboloo jamSi olqi sam kantonad da 14 raionad

iyofoda. dadgenilebis mixedviT, mmarTvelobis organoebi un-

da yofiliyo: olqis centrSi e. w. „samxreT oseTis~ avtonomi-

uri olqis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti, sam kanton-

Si muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis sakontrolo aRmasrulebeli

komitetebi, raionebSi _ raionebis aRmasrulebeli komitetebi.

javaSi, cxinvalSi da axalgorSi raiaRmaskomis funqciebi sa-

kontrolo aRmasrulebeli komitetis xelSi gadadioda [10, 18].

mosalodneli dapirispirebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,

1922 wlis 16 ivliss, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma aleqsan-

dre gegeWkorma oficialuri weriliT mimarTa sruliad saqar-

Tvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis prezidiums. we-

rilSi naTqvami iyo: `vadgen ra amasTanave Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-

xo komisariatTan arsebul specialuri komisiis moxsenebas, faq-

tiuri masaliT dasabuTebuls da mimaCnia ra saWirod, rom or

mezobel erTa Soris erTxel da samudamod moeRos bolo yove-

live uTanxmoeba-konfliqtebs, teritorialur niadagze aRmo-

cenebuls da damyardes maT Soris mSvidobiani urTierToba da

TanamSromloba, vSuamdgomlob sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa

centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis prezidiumis winaSe, ra-

121

Ta miRebul iqmnas jerjerobiT principialuri gadawyvetileba

_ gadasinjul iqnas dekreti #2, rac Seexeba im sakiTxis deta-

lur garkvevas, Tu ra cvlilebani iqnas Setanili am dekretSi,

es miendos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats, romelsac dae-

valos sakiTxis ganxilva specialur komisiaSi samxreT oseTis

warmomadgenlis monawileobiT~ [11, 79].

sabWoTa saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari-

atma, 1922 wlis 20 ivliss, erTiani wesrigis da uflebrivi

mdgomareobis gansazRvris mizniT, vidre detalurad damuSav-

deboda mwvave sakiTxi sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, qarTvelebiTa da

osebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi droebiTi dadgenileba miiRo,

romlis Tanaxmad, e. w. „samxreT oseTis~ administraciuli er-

Teuli Svid yofil soflis sazogadoebas Seicavda goris maz-

raSi: 1. orTevis 2. beloTis, 3. yemulTis, 4. yornisis, 5. ro-

kis, 6. javis, 7. wunarisis. aRniSnuli erTeulebis administra-

ciul centrad gamocxadda sofeli java. sakiTxi orTevis, be-

loTis da wunaris sazogadoebebidan cxra wminda qarTuli

soflis gamoyofis Sesaxeb, goris samazro revkomis daskvnis

Tanaxmad, sazRvrebis gamomrkvevi komisiis muSaobis damTavre-

bamde Riad iqna datovebuli. saubari iyo Semdeg qarTul sof-

lebze: vanaTi, beloTi, awyurisxevi, sacxeneTi, xaSura, xaduri-

anT kari, dvani; zemo avnevi da qvemo avnevi, romlebic cxinva-

lis raions miaweres. dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, osTa probleme-

bis irgvliv muSaobas, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo

komisariatis administraciul erTeulTa ganyofileba da mas-

Tan daarsebuli specialuri mudmivi komisia xelmZRvanelobda.

saqarTvelos administraciul erTeulTa ganyofileba

statistikur aRricxvas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. centralu-

ri statistikuri sammarTvelos mier, Zveli aRweris mixedviT,

Sedgenili iqna detaluri nusxa osi mosaxleobis raodenobis Se-

saxeb mTel saqarTveloSi, romelSic naCvenebi iyo yoveli sof-

lis mcxovrebTa raodenoba, dadgenili iqna procentulad, ro-

gorc qarTveli, ise osi mosaxleoba. aucilebeli gaxda aseve,

osi mosaxleobis axali statistikuri aRwera yvela im mazrebSi,

sadac isini cxovrobdnen. amasTanave, miRebuli iqna gadawyveti-

leba siebSi ar SeetanaT osi mosaxleobis is nawili, romelTac

mxolod odesme hyavdaT osi STamomavlobis winaprebi, realu-

rad ki savsebiT gaqarTvelebulni iyvnen, rogorc eniT, sarwmu-

noebiT, zne-CveulebiT, kulturiT da sxva tradiciebiT. garda

122

amisa, isini sruliad arafriT ar gansxvavdebodnen qarTvelebis-

gan, romlebTanac erTadac iyvnen Wirsa da lxinSi da rac mTava-

ria yvela sferoSi qarTul saxelmwifoebriv-politikur da sa-

zogadoebriv-kulturul orientacias iziarebdnen. isini Tavi-

anT Tavs TviTonve qarTvelebad aRiarebdnen, rodesac maT wina-

Se erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi idga.

administraciuli ganyofileba jer kidev muSaobis pro-

cesSi iyo, rodesac cxinvalidan Casulma osTa delegaciam sab-

WoTa saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe kidev erTxel daayena sa-

kiTxi „samxreT oseTis~ olqisTvis avtonomiuri uflebis mini-

Webaze, aseve, administraciuli sazRvris dawesebaze. aRniSnul

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, osebma SuamdgomlobiT mimarTes sa-

qarTvelos komunisturi partiis centralur komitets da ru-

seTis komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis kavkasiis

biuros (kavbiuro).

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis specialuri komisi-

is daskvnaSi detalurad iyo aRwerili Sida qarTlSi Seqmnili

mdgomareoba. #2 dekretiT goris mazris mravali qarTuli so-

feli Tu raioni unda miezomaT xelovnurad Seqmnili avtono-

miuri olqisTvis, rasac adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis

samarTliani aRSfoTeba mohyva.

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatSi araerTi saCivris

werili Sevida, saidanac naTlad Canda, rom osebsa da qarTve-

lebs Soris urTierToba ufro da ufro mwvavdeboda ZirZveli

qarTuli soflebis e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiur olqze

xelovnurad miweris gamo. ukmayofilebis mizezi ZiriTadad ga-

mowveuli iyo: ekonomikuri mizezebiT, zne-CveulebaTa sxvadas-

xvaobis, enis ucodinrobis, xelisuflebis SecvliT gamowveuli

mimosvlis garTulebiT, kulturuli sxvaobiT da sxva mizeze-

biT. qarTveli mosaxleoba daJinebiT moiTxovda goris mazris

xelisuflebis farglebSi darCenas.

1922 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos Sinsaxkoms gadaeca qa-

laq cxinvalis qarTvelTa, somexTa da ebraelTa erToblivi

dadgenileba, romliTac isini cxinvalisa da misi raionis Tavis

bunebriv istoriul sazRvrebSi darCenas moiTxovdnen. msgavsi

moTxovniT gamovidnen, aseve, sofel nedleTis, xundisubnis,

Sindaris, TiRvis, alabaris, sacxeneTis, zemo da qvemo oqonis

mcxovrebni. aRniSnuli soflebi gomis raions ekuTvnoda, ro-

melic yovelTvis udavo qarTul raionad iTvleboda da qar-

123

TvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. dekretis mixedviT, e.w. `samxreT

oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebSi moyva soflebi TiRva,

oqona, sunisi, nabakevi, tyisubani, Sindarisi, nedlaTi, aliba-

ri, axalSeni da xundisubani. am soflebis mcxovrebTa saCivar-

Si naTqvami iyo: `samxreT oseTis sazRvris gavlebis dros mov-

yeviT mis farglebSi, rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri Tvalsaz-

risiT did uxerxulobas: 1. cxinvalSi siaruli ar gvexerxeba,

ZvelTagan Cveulni varT gomSi, suramSi da gorSi siaruls, ro-

melTa bazriTac vsargeblobdiT mudam da sadac saRdeba yove-

li Cveni nawarmi; 2. cxinvalis mxris gzebi imdenad Zneli sasia-

ruloa, rom yovlad autanelia CvenTvis da Cveni saqonlisaT-

vis; 3. dawesebulebebSi siarulis dros, Cveni saqmeebisa gamo,

migvaqvs imave dros gasasyidlad yoveli Cveni nawarmi da amiT

vimatebdiT samuSao dReebs... davadgineT: vinaidan samxreT

oseTis olqze miwera gamoiwvevs Cvens daRupvas, kategoriulad

moviTxovT, raTa Cveni soflebi darCes goris mazris fargleb-

Si da mieweros maxlobel sacixuris Tems~ [12, 82].

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saxelze mravali

iseTi gancxadebac iyo Sesuli, romliTac sxvadasxva raionebSi

mcxovrebi osebi e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomisagan CamoSore-

bas da qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrebis survils gamoTqvamdnen.

isini Tvlidnen, rom qarTvelebTan araferi hqondaT gasayofi.

1922 wlis 12 marts sof. xurvaleTis mcxovreblebma aseTi Si-

naarsis werili gaugzavnes Sinsaxkoms: `Cven qvemo Walis raio-

nis soflebis: 1)zemo baRebis, 2)qvemo baRebis, 3) gudianT ka-

ris, 4) saRoreTis, 5) CanaanT karis, 6) metesmanis da 7) Rvdu-

leTis warmomadgenlebma davadgineT: radganac arwevis me-3 ra-

ionis aRmaskomi ZaliT moiTxovs am soflebis mcxovrebTagan

maTTan SeerTebas administraciulad da axdens Cvens mimarT

sxvadasxva gankargulebebs, Cven ki maTTan kavSiri ar gvsurs,

ugzavnis dadgenilebas umaRles mTavrobas, raTa man winadade-

ba misces me-3 raionis sof. arwevis aRmaskoms (osuri aRmasko-

mia), rom igi Camogvexsnas, radgan Cveni Rrma survilia veqvem-

debarebodeT qvemo Walis raionis aRmaskoms (qarTuli aRmas-

komia), rogorc es mTavrobisagan aris dawesebuli~ [12, 84].

dadgenilebas xels awerda zemoT dasaxelebuli soflebis 14

warmomadgeneli. maT xelmoweras adasturebs qvemo Walis aR-

maskomis Tavmjdomare sakuTari xelis moweriT da beWdis das-

miT. dadgenilebas amasTanave erTvoda Semdegi Sinaarsis dama-

124

teba: `1922 wlis 13 marti, qvemoWala. Cven, xurvaleTis Temis

sof. winagaris mcxovrebTa warmomadgenelni, xubuluri da bi-

CanaSvili (osebia), Cveni soflis mcxovrebTa davalebiT, vacxa-

debT survils zemoxsenebul dadgenilebaSi aRniSnul sofleb-

Tan erTad SevuerTdeT qvemo Walis raions, rogorc vyofil-

varT mamapapurad, radgan ase ufro axlo da moxerxebulia

CvenTvis~ [12, 84]. adgilobriv mcxovrebTa xelmowerebs adas-

turebda qvemo Walis aRmaskomis Tavmjdomare. dokumentidan,

romelic, aseve, asaxulia Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris

moxsenebaSi, naTlad Cans, rom rva soflis osuri mosaxleoba

daJinebiT moiTxovda, raTa qarTvelebisgan ar gamoeTiSaT da

qvemo Walis xelisuflebis qveS daetovebinaT, radgan es rva

sofeli ekuTvnoda iseT udavo wminda qarTul teritorias,

rogoric iyo xurvaleTis Temi. am rva sofelze Zalauflebis

gavrcelebaze, 1922 wlis 20 aprilis #2 dekretis gamocxade-

bis Semdeg, pretenzias acxadebda arwevis CrdiloeTiT mdebare

soflis aRmaskomi, sadac e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri

olqis mmarTveloba vrceldeboda.

1922 wlis 5 ivniss sof. ZvileTis mcxovreblebma Semdegi

TxovniT mimarTes Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats: `sof.

ZvileTi aRmosavleTiT, dasavleTiT da samxreTiT garsSemor-

tymulia qarTuli soflebiT da es soflebi da TviT ZvileTi

ekuTvnian zemo qarTls. winaT dirbis sazogadoebaze viyaviT

miwerilni, anu Semdeg dirbis Temze, axla migvaweres samxreT

oseTis olqze. Cven pitalo qarTvelebi varT, osuri ena sru-

liad ar viciT; dirbis sasamarTlo Cvengan sam verszea, xolo

Tu samxreT oseTis farglebSi davrCiT, maSin wunarSi 15 ver-

sze mogvixdeba siaruli. amasTanave, sof. dvanis mdinare frone

didia da CvenTvis Zalian Znelia iq siaruli, amitom gTxovT

migvaweroT isev dirbis Temze, goris mazraze~ [12, 83].

raWis mazris aRmasrulebeli komiteti, 1922 wlis 20 ag-

vistos, saqarTvelos Sinsaxkoms atyobinebda: `raWis mazris

qarTveli glexobis sabuTebiT SeZenili uZravi qoneba, saxnavi,

saZovari miwebi da tyeebi mohyva samxreT oseTis olqSi da

dRes TiTqmis sadavo xdeba es maTi sakuTreba, radgan am adgi-

lebs osebi TavianT sakuTrebad miiCneven ... glexobisaTvis

tyiT sargebloba im mxriTac uxerxuli xdeba, rom nebarTvis

asaRebad isini cxinvalSi unda wavidnen, romelic 70 versis

manZilzea... aRm. komiteti Txoulobs: SeCerebul iqnas oseTis

125

farglebSi Setana im tyeebisa, romlebic qarTveli glexebis

sakuTrebas Seadgenen, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, konfliqti oseb-

sa da qarTvelebs Soris mosalodnelia~ [12, 83].

tyviavis Temis sofel disevis da kulbiTis mosaxleoba

1922 wlis 21 agvistos ganaCeniT samarTlianad moiTxovda:

`samxreT oseTze Cveni miwera arc istoriulad, arc geografi-

ulad, arc eTnografiulad da arc ekonomikurad mizanSewoni-

lad da samarTlianad ar migvaCnia, amitom imedi gvaqvs, rom

mTavroba Cven qarTvelebs gvartomobiT, ucxo tomis xelSi ar

gadagvcems, romelTanac Cven ar gvakavSirebs rogorc zemoxse-

nebuli garemoebani, ise arc ena da arc zne-Cveulebani`[12, 83].

Tavis mxriv, sofel Warebis mcxovrebni 1922 wlis 23 ag-

vistos dadgenilebiT moiTxovdnen: `Warebi gadadis osebis, sa-

xeldobr, cxinvalis aRmaskomze, romelic daSorebulia Cvengan

30 versiT, Camodis mdinare patara liaxvi, romelmac modideba

icis pirveli Tebervlidan seqtembris gasvlamde, ase, rom am

mizeziT kaci ver gadis ... garda amisa Cven qarTvelebi varT da

ar viciT osuri ena ... am mosazrebaTa gamo, gvinda ara osebis,

aramed tyviavis raionis aRmaskomze viyoT miwerilni, romelic

CvenTan axloa~ [12, 83].

aseve samarTliani pretenziebiT gamovidnen raWis mazris

wedisis Temis sof. wedisis, qvedis da iras mcxovrebTa warmo-

madgenlebi. isini, 1922 wlis 6 seqtembers, saq. centraluri

aRmasrulebeli komitetisadmi gagzavnil gancxadebaSi wer-

dnen: òsebis sazRvrebSi moxvda zemo raWis TiTqmis yvela

satyeo agarakebi, saTibebi da saxnavi yanebi, romelTa Soris

ufro sayuradReboa wedisis Temis satyeo agaraki, saxnavi da

saTibi adgilebi, rac zemoaRniSnuli soflebis sakuTrebas Se-

adgens, axla ki oseTis gankargulebaSi gadavida. unda movaxse-

noT centralur aRmaskoms, rom Tu is ar miaqcevs yuradRebas

aseTs mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, iZulebuli gavxdebiT yvelam Tave-

bi davixocoT da Cveni ojaxebi wyalSi CavyaroT, magram Cven

imedi gvaqvs, Cvens agaraks, saTibebs, saxnav miwebs isev Cven

dagvibrunebT...~ [12, 83-84].

qsnis Temis warmomadgenlebi, 1922 wlis 21 oqtombris,

saCivarSi aRniSnavdnen: `gamogvecxada ra, rom qsnis Temi gada-

dis samxreT oseTze, Cven es yovlad SeuZleblad migvaCnia: a)

cxinvali daSorebulia Cvens Temze 50 versiT metze da am si-

Soreze siaruli saCivrebisa Tu sxvadasxva saqmisa gamo SeuZ-

126

lebelia, radgan moiTxovs muSa kacisagan mocdenas, wasvla-wa-

mosvlaSi ara nakleb 3-4 dRisa, rac damRupveli iqneba Cveni

meurneobisaTvis; zamTarSi xom SeuZlebeli iqneba iq siaruli,

maSin rodesac duSeTi Cvengan 18 versis manZilzea... rac unda

gagviWirdes Cven cxinvalSi ver vivliT da bevri usamarTloba

da Cveni gaWirveba darCeba mTavrobas gaugebari. Zlier mniS-

vnelovania isic, rom Cven mezobel soflebTan, romlebic mde-

bareoben duSeTisaken, gvaqvs axlo damokidebuleba mamulis da

sxva saqmeebisa gamo da amaTTan saqmis mosagvareblad unda via-

roT duSeTSi da isini ki Tu Cvenze saCivari eqnebaT _ cxin-

valSi. amnairad, sul agveweweba saqme, amitom vTxovT mTavro-

bas migvaweros isev duSeTs da agvacdinos mravali gaWirveba

da usiamovneba...~ [12, 84].

amgvarad, Sida qarTlis mosaxleoba daJinebiT, kategori-

ulad erTsa da imaves iTxovda, ar… daeqvemdebarebinaT isini

osTa ukanono xelisuflebisTvis. igive pretenziebiT gamovida

raWis da duSeTis mosaxleoba.

1923 wlis martSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo

komisariatma miiRo dadgenileba goris mazris administraci-

ul erTeulebad dayofis Sesaxeb, romelSic aRniSnulia: `Sina-

gan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, ganixila ra goris mazris

aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier warmodgenili nusxa mazris ad-

ministraciul erTeulebad (Temebad) dayofisa da miiRo ra

mxedvelobaSi: a) rom nusxaSi gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod is

Temebi, romelnic goris mazris farglebSia datovebuli, Sede-

gad samxreT oseTisaTvis avtonomiuri olqis mowyobis Sesaxeb

gamocemuli dekreti #2-isa; b) rom nusxaSi CamoTvlil TemTa

Soris moxsenebulia agreTve borjomis Temi, miuxedavad sru-

liad saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis me-

ore sesiis mier warsul wels miRebuli dadgenilebisa, romli-

Tac borjomis raioni calke administraciul erTeuladaa ga-

mocxadebuli; g) rom sofeli rexa (Tbilisis mazra) nusxiT Se-

tanili ar aris goris mazris farglebSi, winaaRmdeg Sinagan

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis mier 1922 wlis 20 noembers miRe-

buli dadgenilebisa, romliTac sofeli rexa gamoricxul iq-

mna Tbilisis mazridan da miwerili goris mazraze da sofeli

gujabauri (cxinvalis maxloblad) naCvenebi ar aris goris maz-

ris farglebSi, rac ar eTanxmeba #2-iT gamocemuli dekretis

teqsts samxreT oseTis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, romlis meore mux-

127

li ambobs, rom samxreTiT sazRvari gaivlis `dvani-gujabauris

gzis paralelurad Crdilo-dasavleTis mxriT~, miiRo ra mxed-

velobaSi yvela es mosazreba daadgina: 1) goris mazris aRmas-

rulebeli komitetis mier warmodgenili nusxa mazris adminis-

traciul erTeulad dayofisa damtkicdes masSi Semdeg Seswo-

rebaTa SetaniT: a)nacvlad `borjomis Temisa~ nusxaSi Setanili

iqmnas `borjomis raioni~ da maSasadame, TemTa ricxvi Semcir-

des erTiT e. i. mazra unda Seicavdes ara 17-s, aramed 16 Tems

da 1 raions, b) sofeli rexa mieweros goris mazris atenis

Tems da g) sofeli gujabauri Setanili iqnas goris mazris

farglebSi da 2) piri am dadgenilebisa gaegzavnos yvela sa-

xalxo komisariats, goris mazris aRmasrulebel komitets, ama-

ve mazris miliciis ufross, gadasaxadTa sammarTvelos da Si-

nagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis samilicio, saerTo sain-

struqtoro-sainformacio, safinanso da momaragebis ganyofi-

lebebs, agreTve, Jurnal `moambes~ (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo ko-

misariatis yovelkvireuli organo _ l.s.) redaqcias~ [13]. dad-

genilebas goris mazris administraciul erTeulebad dayofis

Sesaxeb xels awerdnen: sabWoTa saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa

saxalxo komisari a. gegeWkori, saqmeTa mmarTveli d. Ciqovani

da administraciuli gadanawilebis sakiTxTa Sesaxeb konsul-

tanti gr. gvelesiani.

amrigad, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis

Semdeg, goris mazris farglebSi faqtiurad savsebiT ukanonod

daarsda e.w. „samxreT oseTis~ calke administraciuli erTeu-

li ise, rom aRniSnuli erTeulis sazRvrebi realurad dadge-

nili ar yofila. miuxedavad mosaxleobis saCivrebisa da Sina-

gan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis mier miRebuli araerTi dad-

genilebisa, goris mazris mravali qarTuli sofeli da raioni

ukanonod Seqmnil avtonomiur olqs dauqvemdebares. swored,

sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli usamarTlo ga-

dawyvetilebis gamo, istoriuli Sida qarTli, politikuri

procesebis Sedegad, dResac droebiT aris mowyvetili qar-

Tul miwa-wyals.


1. afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri regionebis sta-

tusi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi (1917-1988), politikur-

128

samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, krebulis Semdgeneli da

mTavari redaqtori Tamaz diasamiZe, Tbilisi, 2004.

2. iToniSvili vaxtang, qarTul-osur urTierTobaTa istori-

idan, gamomcemloba `legia~, Tbilisi, 1995.

3. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi (suicsa), fondi 281, aRwera 1, saqme #23.

4. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yofili mlisfpa), fon-

di 14 aRwera 1, saqme #309.

5. dadgenileba #30, Jurnali moambe (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo

komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo), 1921, #15, 10 seq-

temberi.


di 14, aRwera 1, saqme #10, kvirkvelia besarion (Sinagan

saqmeTa saxalxo komisari), v. xaxanaSvili (Sinagan saqmeTa

saxalxo komisariatis saqmeTa mmarTveli), moxsenebiTi ba-

raTi samxreT oseTis calke administraciul erTeulad ga-

moyofis Sesaxeb (1921 w).

7. ToiZe levan, saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (1921-1923

wlebi), Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,

1999.

8. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yof. mlisfpa), fondi

14 aRwera 1, saqme #10.

9. saraliZe lela, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis

sazRvrebis sakiTxisaTvis (1922 w). krebulSi: istoriul-eT-

nologiuri Ziebani, XI, Tbilisi, 2009.

10. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi (suic-

sa), fondi 14, aRwera 1, saqme #278.

11. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yofili mlisfpa),

fondi 14, aRwera 1, saqme # 263.

12. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis arqivi (suicsa), fondi, 284,

aRwera 1, saqme #62.

13. dadgenileba goris mazris administraciul erTeulebad

dayofis Sesaxeb, Jurnali `moambe~ (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo

komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo), #49, 29 marti, 1923.

14. sonRulaSvili avTandil, `samxreT oseTi saqarTveloSi?!~,

ùniversali~, Tbilisi, 2009.


di 14, aRwera 1, saqme # 48.

129

Lela Saralidze Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi state University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior scientist- researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Political Situation in Shida Kartli after Autonomous

Oblast (Region) Formation

Summary

On the basis of the archive documents and scientific literature analyses the political situation that took place after establishing autonomous oblast in Shida Kartli is studied in the article. It is mentioned that autonomous oblast of so called `South Ossetia~ was formed with artificial union of many Georgian villages. From the very beginning the Soviet government was facing difficult aim to form so called `South Ossetia~. The difficulties were determined by objective reasons. It should have been worked out on which territory and what kind of autonomy should have to be given to Ossetians, as Shida Kartli, populated with Ossetians as well, was ancient Georgian territory. It is underlined in the article that after forced Sovietisation of Georgia and in the first days of establishing Soviet rule Soviet government did not use the term `South Ossetia~. It is also mentioned that the formation of the autonomous oblast was against the will of the native population as well as the resolution of the People’s Commissariat of the Ministry of Internal Affairs where obviously was written that the amount of Ossetians in Georgian villages was so small that it was impossible to form it as a separate uyezd.

It is also mentioned in the work that the decision of the Soviet government of possible attaching Tskhinvali to the so called `South Ossetia~ autonomous oblast, caused fair anger of Georgian as well as Ossetian population. Georgian population living in the villages of Tskhinvali region and nearby was asking to stay again in Gori uyezd.

On the basis of the archive documents the resolutions of the village council are showing the protest of the Georgian and Ossetian population that was caused by forming illegal autonomous oblast. More than one complaint was sent to People’s Commissariat of the Internal Affairs of Georgia, by

130

which Georgian, Jewish and Ossetian population of Tskhinvali and Shida Kartli villages (Nedleti, Khundisubani, Tighva, Satskheneti, Higher and Lower Okona, Nabakevi, Tkisubani, Akhalsheni etc.) were demanding to stay in natural historical borders. Illegal borders caused great economical as well as administrative problems for the population that is well reflected and seen in their complaints. Because the real history was falsified, these documents for many ears were inaccessible for Georgian scientists.

131

madona bedinaSvili

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis

doqtoranti

alfons dodes novelebis ilia WavWavaZiseuli

Targmanebi

mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas saqarTveloSi didi da xan-

grZlivi istoria aqvs. jer kidev aTas xuTasi wlis winaT iTar-

gmna saxareba, wmida mociqulTa da mowameTa hagiografiuli

teqstebi da sxva saeklesio Txzulebani. safiqrebelia, manam-

dec, warmarTobis xanaSic, gvqonoda mTargmnelobiTi xasiaTis

teqstebi da tradicia. amas gvafiqrebinebs farnavazis droin-

deli qarTlis samefo karis saqmian-mwignobrobiTi mimoweris

Cveuleba, samefo karze ramdenime enisa da anbanis Tavisuflad

floba-gamoyeneba (somxuri, laTinuri, xazaruli, asuruli,

berZnuli...., qarTulTan erTad).

amrigad, mTargmnelobiTi tradicia ZvelTaganve aqtualu-

ri yofila. Cveni winaprebi tradiciulad did yuradRebas aq-

cevdnen ucxoeTSi mimdinare kulturul-aRmSeneblobiT da

mwignobrul procesebs. am kuTxiT aqtualuri movlenebisadmi

yuradReba XIX saukuneSic gamoirCa, radgan swored am droidan

samwerlo asparezze gamodian e. w. `qarTveli samocianelebi~

anu `Tergdaleulebi~.

axali Taobis liderma ilia WavWavaZem, mraval sasikeTo

saqmesTan erTad, didi yuradReba dauTmo mTargmnelobiT moR-

vaweobasac. igi, bevr sxva RirsSesaniSnav ramesTan erTad, wina-

parTagan danergil mwignobrul-mTargmnelobiTi tradiciebis

TvalsaCino gamagrZelebladac mogvevlina.

axalgazrdobis wlebSive ilia WavWavaZe aqtiurad ecnobo-

da rus da evropel mwerlebs, cdilobda maT mier gamoTqmuli

progresuli ideebi gaecno qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis. ivane

maCabelTan erTad Seqspiris qarTulad Targmnas mogvianebiT

swored ilia WavWavaZem Cauyara safuZveli. sayovelTaod cno-

bilia `qarTuli Seqspiriana~, romlis saTaveebTan ilia WavWa-

132

vaZe moiazreba ivane maCabelTan erTad. swored maT Targmnes

erToblivad, pirvelebma, uiliam Seqspiris `mefe liri~.

ìveriis~ furclebze XIX s. 70-ian wlebSi gamoqveynda al-

fons dodes istoriuli Targmanebi, romlebSic Zalian kargad

aris asaxuli erovnuli an pirovnuli Cagvris motivebi.

aRsaniSnavia alfons dodes moTxrobebis iliaseuli Tar-

gmanebi. dodes ùkanaskneli gasakveTi~ da `Turkosi kommunel-

Ta Soris~ gamoirCeva mkveTri politikuri SeferilobiT, ro-

melsac safuZvlad erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZeba da

mZafri protesti udevs.

alfons dodes ùkanaskneli gasakveTi~ da `Turkosi kom-

munelTa Soris~ qarTuli Targmani iliam ìveriaSi~ gamoaqveyna

(1877-1879 ww.). saTanado yuradReba miiqcia Tavad alfons do-

des Tematikam, rac aseve axlobeli da misaRebi aRmoCnda qar-

Tuli sinamdvilisaTvis.

gamoCenili frangi mwerali alfons dode ùkanasknel ga-

sakveTSi~ mwvave politikur moments aRwers; patara moswavlis

TvaliT gadmogvcems umniSvnelovanes movlenas _ prusiis mier

elzasis mierTebas da frangebis damarcxebas. meore novela

`Turkosi kommunelTa Soris~ aranaklebi simwvavis mqone nawar-

moebia, sadac patara adamianis uazro cxovreba da aRsasrulia

mocemuli. Turkosi alJireli jariskacebis zogadi saxelia,

xolo novelis gmiri erT-erTi mcirewlovani alJirelia, rome-

lic frangebs medafdafed hyavdaT. alfons dodes yuradRebis

centrSi alJireli mozardis xanmokle da gauazrebeli cxov-

reba moxvda, romelic erovnuli Cagvris obieqtia, igi ver gai-

azrebs Tavis mdgomareobas da pirovnul uiRblobas Seewireba.

ilia WavWavaZem sagangebod SearCia alfons dodes orive nove-

la, radgan maTSi swored is problemebia mxatvrulad gadmoce-

muli, romelic saqarTvelosTvis nacnobi da mniSvnelovani

iyo. erovnul Cagvras da pirovnul gaurkvevlobas ruseTis im-

periaSi mravali eri grZnobda; saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxi

mwvaved ganicdida rogorc erovnul, ise socialur uTanaswo-

robas. ilia WavWavaZe mTeli SegnebiT cdilobda Tavisi xalxis

xvedris Semsubuqebas. igi aseve eswrafvoda evropel xalxTa

cxovrebaSi arsebuli problemebi gaecno qarTvelebisaTvis da

cotaTi gaemxnevebina Cagruli eri.

ùkanasnkeli gasakveTis~ qvesaTaurSi weria: `naambobi pa-

tara elzaselisa~, xolo Tavad iliaseuli ganmarteba aseTia:

133

èlzasi is qveyanaa, romelic perusiam waarTo safrangeTsa am

ukanasknel dros da romlisac suli da guli dResac safran-

geTisaken aris~ [1, 71]. prusia-safrangeTis urTierToba XIX sa-

ukunis 70-ian wlebSi Zalian hgavda ruseTisa da misi mezoble-

bis urTierTobas. prusia yovelmxriv cdilobda SemoeerTebina

teritoriebi, romelTa mosaxleoba misas esazRvreboda. al-

fons dodem safrangeTis okupacias, mis mZime politikur

mdgomareobas mravali nawarmoebi miuZRvna, romelTa nawili

Sevida mis cnobil krebulSi _ `werilebi Cemi wisqvilidan~.

alfons dodes `bolo gakveTili~ ilia WavWavaZem Targmna, ro-

gorc ùkanaskneli gasakveTi~. masSi mTavaria erovnul-patrio-

tuli grZnobis Casaxva da gaRviveba frang xalxSi. mwerali pa-

tara frangi moswavlis gancdebs gadmogvcems, detalurad

gviCvenebs mosaxleobis sasowarkveTas, maswavleblis Zalisxme-

vas, misi bolo gakveTilis zneobriv magaliTs.

ùkanaskneli gasakveTi~ pirvelive suraTidan Seicavs dra-

matul ganwyobas. patara frangi Sinagan mousvenrobas grZnobs

da skolisaken gaswevs, miuxedavad imisa, rom tyeSi sagangebod

wavida gasarTobad da drois gasatareblad. gzaze prusielebis

wvrTnas Seeswro. amiT alfons dode migvaniSnebs, rom yvela-

feri ise mSvidad rodia, rogorc es patara udardel frangs

hgonia. qalaqis centrSi yvelaferi gasagebi xdeba, sadac ori

welia erTimeoreze cud ambebs agebineben mcxovreblebs: `sul

cudi ambebi gvesmoda: xan is, rom ai ama da am adgilas Cveni

jari damarcxdao, xan is, rom prusielebma dagvarbieso, xan es

brZaneba gamovida prusielebTagano, xan isao da sxva amgvari‘’

[1, 72]. nawarmoebi agebulia mTavar RerZze, rac prusielebis

axal brZanebas iTvaliswinebs. maswavlebeli gameli amcnobs

moswavleebs: `ymawvilebo! dRes Cemi ukanaskneli swavlebis

dRea. berlinidam brZaneba movida, rom elzas-lotaringiaSi

marto germanuliRa unda aswavlon. xval sxva axali maswavle-

beli geyolebaT. dRes ukanasknelad unda gaikveToT franguli

ena. gTxovT, yuradRebiT, yuradRebiT iyvneT~ [1, 73].

maswavlebeli gameli tragikul situaciaSi garegnul sim-

Svides inarCunebs, igi cdilobs ar SeimCnios Seqmnili mdgoma-

reobis mTeli tragizmi. alfons dodem sagangebo yuradReba

dauTmo mawavleblis personaJs. mweralma sagangebod gausva xa-

zi maswavleblis Cacmulobas, mis saubars, mis qcevebs. alfons

dodem maswavlebeli mtkice da TavdaWeril kacad daxata, ro-

134

melic sevdas da mwuxarebas ar imCnevs, cdilobs magaliTi mis-

ces sxvebs da momavlis rwmenac ar daukargos.

ilia WavWavaZis yuradRebas alfons dodes ùkanaskneli

gasakveTi~ maswavleblis amgvari amaRlebuli da tragikuli sa-

xis gamoc miiqcevda. ilias mTeli Semoqmedeba moZRvris, osta-

tis mniSvnelobis xazgasmas eZRvneba, erovnuli TviTmyofado-

bis SenarCunebis aucileblobas hqadagebs. alfons dodes mas-

wavlebeli gameli swored imgvari personaJia, romelic Tavisi

xalxis sulier siZlieres emsaxureba da warmarTavs.

ùkanaskneli gasakveTi~ warmoadgens erovnuli Cagvris

suraTs, sadac adamianTa gancdebi saswavlo dawesebulebaSi

mJRavndeba. amgvari erovnul-patriotuli paTosis gamo ùka-

naskneli gasakveTi~ axlobeli da misaRebia mTeli saqarTvelos

erisTvis da misi saukeTeso Svilis, ilia WavWavaZisaTvis, ro-

melic yovelTvis iswrafvoda erovnuli TviTSegnebis stimu-

laciisaTvis ruseTis mier ukiduresad Seviwroebul saqarTve-

loSi.

`Turkosi kommunelTa Soris~ alfons dodem, rogorc ze-

moT, dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, miuZRvna alJirel patara biWunas,

romelic gauazreblad gamohyva frangebis laSqars safrangeT-

Si da Tavisi samSoblo miatova. medafe (medole) afrikeli biWi

martodmartoa da ver erkveva safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi mom-

xdar ambebSi. safrangeTis koloniad qceul alJirSi kaduri

SeuerTda frang jariskacebs, man ar icis franguli ena da ve-

rafers igebs, misTvis marto brZolis yiJina, frangi jariska-

cebi da tyvia-wamlis zuzuni arsebobs. SemTxveviT ajanyebul

xalxs SeuerTdeba patara Turkos kaduri da maT winaaRmdeg

mosuli damsjeli jari maSveli Zala hgonia. kaduri sixaru-

liT Cabardeba frang jariskacebs, romlebic mas kldesTan mia-

yeneben da daxvreten: ìse mokvda, ver gaigo, ra, ra ambavi iyo~

[1, 323].

Turkosis bedi mravali damprobeli qveynis mkvidris beds

mogvagonebs. sxvadasxva eris Svilebi xSirad gauazreblad ixo-

cebodnen omebSi, romlebic maTTvis sruliad ucxo miznebi-

saTvis warmoebda. dapyrobili da daCagruli qveynis Svilebis

tkivili, maT mier gaRebuli msxverpli da maTi arafrad Cagde-

ba patara eris Svilebis tragediaa. alfons dodem igrZno da

aRwera amgvari mdgomareoba, misma didsulovnebam mravali ada-

miani Caafiqra amgvar problemaze.

135

rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, ilia WavWavaZem es moTxroba

(`Turkosi kommunelTa Soris~), ìveriaSi~ 1879 wels dabeWda.

alfons dodes am novelis meSveobiT man Tavis Tanamemamuleebs

Seaxsena, rom sxvaTa sisxlis Rvras da uazro sikvdils aravis-

Tvis moaqvs sikeTe.

ilia WavWavaZis mdidar mTrgmnelobiT saqmianobaSi al-

fons dodes novelebs arcTu umniSvelo adgili ukaviaT, maTi

meSveobiT didma mweralma Tavis ers Seaxsena erovnul-patrio-

tili suliskveTebis gaRvivebis aucilebloba da daanaxa, rom

marto saqarTvelo ar iCagreboda erovnuli da socialuri

niSniT.

`Turkosi kommunelTa Soris~ sagangebod Rirsi nawarmoe-

bia, radgan parizis komunis Tema ilia WavWavaZem Tavadac kar-

gad gaisigrZegana da daamuSava. bunebrivia, rom man, rogorc

mweralma, da moqalaqem Tavad ganicada evropis SuagulSi mim-

dinare revoluciuri procesebi. alfons dodes am moTxrobis

arCeviT iliam Tavisi piradi Sexedulebebis Tanmxvedri movle-

na SearCia. mixeil zandukelis azriT, ilias SemoqmedebaSi ko-

munis movlenebis Semdgom SemoiWra `Sromis axsnis~ Tema mTeli

ZaliT: ìlia WavWavaZe Cvens literaturaSi pirvelia, romelic

revolucias dadebiTad afasebs, misaRebad Tvlis da aucileb-

lad miaCnia cxovrebis dasamSvideblad, dasawmendad, mosawes-

rigeblad~ [2, 316]. revoluciis konteqstSi zis `Sromis axsnis~

problema da adamianis Cagvridan gaTavisufleba, rac yvela

progresulad moazrovne mwerlis miswrafebas warmoadgenda

ilias droindel ruseTsa da evropaSi.

ilia WavWavaZe mTlianad iziarebda mowinave moRvaweebis

azrebs, igi aRzrdili iyo demokratiul-progresul ideebze.

p. ratiani wers, rom: ìlia WavWavaZis filosofiis azri ramde-

nime sityviT ase gamoiTqmis: cxovreba cudad aris mowyobili

da igi Rirsia SeCvenebisa, magram adamianma igi mainc ar unda

miatovos, aramed imuSaos da ibrZolos cxovrebis gasaumjobe-

seblad, qveynis samarTlianobisa da kacTa Soris Zmobis dasam-

yareblad~ [3, 128]. iliam kargad uwyoda, rom misi Tanamemamu-

leebi mravalgvar wnexs ganicdidnen saqarTveloSi. erovnul

Cagvras Tan erTvoda socialuri uTanasworoba da masebis gau-

naTlebloba, rac ilias da misi Tanamoazreebis mudmiv yurad-

Rebas iqcevda. isini maqsimalurad cdilobdnen Tan gamoeRvi-

ZebinaT eri da amave dros gaemxnevebinaT da eCvenebinaT, rom

136

amis msgavsi problemebi sxva erebsac aqvT, isini ar nebdebian,

ibrZvian da imsaxureben ukeTes yofa-cxovrebas. am kuTxiT

marTlac saintereso da niSandoblivia alfons dodes gadmo-

qarTuleba, misi zemoT xsenebuli orive nawarmoebis SemoTava-

zeba qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis swored amis dasturia.


1. i. WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, t. III, Targmanebi (TxzulebaTa

krebuli oc tomad.), Tbilisi, 1988.

2. m. zandukeli, Txzulebani, t. V, Tbilisi, 1989.

3. p. ratiani, ilia WavWavaZe (filosofiuri da socialur-po-

litikuri Sexedulebani), meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 1954.

Madona Bedinashvili Doctoral Student of the Sokhumi state University

Ilia Chavchavadze’s Translations of Alphonse Daudet’s Short Stories

Summary

Ilia Chavchavadze’s translations are significant for Georgian culture. During his adolescence the author examined European writers’ contemporary publications and ventured to introduce them to Georgian society. Throughout 1877-1879 Ilia Chavchavadze published essential themes of Alphonse Daudet’s tales – national or personal dignity defense, in Ìveria~. With these translations Ilia Chavchavadze informed Georgian society, that even great France was facing the same problems.

137

gela saiTiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iva-

ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis, ivane ja-

vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis mTavari mecnier-Tanam-

Sromeli, profesori

saqarTvelos warmomadgenelTa pirveli ]

gamosvlebi gaeros tribunaze

de faqto da de iured aRiarebulma saqarTvelom, ver

moaswro pirveli universaluri saerTaSoriso organizaciis _

erTa ligis sruluflebiani wevri gamxdariyo. bolSevikurma

ruseTma ZaliT waarTva damoukidebloba da misi okupacia da

aneqsia moaxdina. ssrk-Si 70-wlianma yofnam ki TiTqos sabolo-

od Cakla wiTeli urCxulisgan Tavis daRwevis imedi. Tumca ga-

regnulad Cveni qveyanac, sxva mokavSire respublikebis msgav-

sad, TiTqos damoukideblobas inarCunebda, magram saerTaSo-

riso arenaze gamoCenas imTaviTve moklebuli iyo. respubli-

kas, romelsac ar gaaCnda damoukideblobis maCvenebeli iseTi

atributebi, rogoricaa _ sakuTari armia, sakuTari fuli, sa-

kuTari diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobani, sakuTari kavSirgab-

mulobis uwyeba, ra Tqma unda, misi arseboba, rogorc damouki-

debeli saxelmwifosi, fiqcia iyo.

saqarTvelos ssr-is saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi mTlia-

nad ssr kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saministros meSveobiT xor-

cieldeboda... marTalia, emigraciaSi iZulebiT gaxiznuli da-

moukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavroba, garkveuli drois ganmav-

lobaSi cdilobda Cveni qveynis warmomadgenloba ekisra, mag-

ram meore msoflio omis dawyebis win, es formaluri SesaZleb-

lobac sabolood amowuruli iqna... 700 000-mde omSi gawveuli

saqarTvelos moqalaqe misTvis ararsebul samamulo omSi Re-

bulobda monawileobas da wiTeli ruseTis interesebis dasa-

cav brZolebSi swiravda sicocxles.

faSizmis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebulma didma sameulma, ro-

gorc pirveli msoflio omis dros, msoflios xalxTa mSvido-

bisa da uSiSroebis garantad _ saerTaSoriso kavSiris _ gaer-

Tianebuli erebis organizaciis Seqmna gadawyvita. ideis rea-

138

lurad ganxorcielebisaTvis uzarmazari Zalisxmeva iqna gawe-

uli.

... 1941 wlis 4 dekembers sabWoTa kavSirsa da faSisturi

germaniis mier okupirebuli poloneTis droebiT mTavrobas

Soris dadebul megobrobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis deklara-

ciaSi, aRniSnuli iyo: òmis gamarjvebiT damTavrebisa da hit-

lerul damnaSaveTa Sesabamisi dasjis Semdeg, mokavSire saxel-

mwifoTa amocana iqneba mtkice da samarTliani mSvidobis uz-

runvelyofa. amis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod saerTa-

Soriso urTierTobaTa axali organizaciis SeqmniT, romelic

daeyrdnoba demokratiuli qveynebis mtkice kavSirSi gaerTia-

nebas. aseTi organizaciis Seqmnisas gadamwyveti momenti unda

iyos saerTaSoriso samarTlis mimarT pativiscema, misi dacva

yvela mokavSire saxelmwifos koleqtiuri SeiaraRebuli Zale-

biT~ [1, 6].

aq, isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom stalinma, romelic ukmayo-

filo iyo erTa ligis saqmianobiT da misi damokidebulebiT

ssr kavSirTan, ufro Zlieri saerTaSoriso kavSiris daarseba

miiCnia mizanSewonilad. ideis praqtikuli xorcSesxma ki maSin

daiwyo, roca aSS-is prezidentma franklin ruzveltma da didi

britaneTis premier-ministrma uinston CerCilma atlantis

okeaneSi, sabrZolo xomald ùelsis princze~ _ SeTanxmebas

moaweres xeli. am SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv ecnoba

sxva qveynebis mTavrobebs.

1942 wlis 1 ianvars aSS-is dedaqalaq vaSingtonSi gamar-

Tul Sekrebas 26 qveynis warmomadgeneli eswreboda, romleb-

mac SeimuSaves da miiRes `gaerTianebuli erebis deklaracia~.

aRniSnuli dokumenti yvelasTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda. ase daiw-

yo antihitleruli koaliciis iuridiuli gaformebis procesi

[1, 10].

swored am procesis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda 1943 wlis

30 oqtombers moskovSi aSS-is, ssr kavSirisa da didi britane-

Tis (male maT CineTic SeuerTda) sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis

konferencia, romelzedac xelmowerili iqna deklaracia uax-

loes periodSi sayovelTao uSiSroebis saerTaSoriso organi-

zaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb; organizacias safuZvlad daedeboda

yvela mSvidobismoyvare saxelmwifos suverenuli Tanasworo-

bis principi. misi wevroba, miuxedavad teritoriisa da mosax-

leobis raodenobisa, yvelas SeeZleboda. 1943 wlis noember-

139

dekemberSi sami saxelmwifos meTaurTa Teiranis konferencia-

ze, kidev ufro ganmtkicda moskovis deklaraciis debulebebi;

1944 wels aSS-Si, kerZod dumbarton-oqsSi gamarTulma konfe-

renciam gaero-s saboloo Camoyalibebisaken gadadga nabiji;

xolo 1945 wlis TebervalSi, yirimSi (ialta), sami saxelmwifos

meTaurTa (ruzvelti, stalini, CerCili) Sexvedraze miRebul

iqna SeTanxmeba zogierT sadavo sakiTxze da, amasTan erTad,

iqve gadawyda, rom proeqtis saboloo ganxilvisa da miRebi-

saTvis san-franciskoSi (aSS) imave wlis 26 ivniss mowveuli yo-

filiyo saerTaSoriso konferencia [1, 10].

daTqmuli droisaTvis kaliforniis StatSi, san-francis-

kos, redvud grouSi, gaimarTa gaero-s damfuZnebeli kreba,

romelmac miiRo yvelaze umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti _ gaer-

Tianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, romelsac 50 saxel-

mwifos warmomadgenelma moawera xeli. wesdeba ZalaSi Sevida

1945 wlis 24 oqtombers. mas Semdeg 24 oqtomberi msoflios

masStabiT aRiniSneba, rogorc gaero-s Seqmnis dRe.

gaero-s nebas gansazRvraven misi wevri saxelmwifoebi,

romlebic gadawvetilebebs Rebuloben konsesusis, an kenWis-

yris safuZvelze. gaero-s wevr qveynebs, ganurCevlad terito-

riis sididisa, mosaxleobis raodenobisa, samxedro Tu ekono-

mikuri siZlierisa, mxolod erTi xmis ufleba aqvs. gaero-s

wesdeba umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa.

prof. levan aleqsiZis TqmiT: `gaerTianebuli erebis or-

ganizacia universaluri da zogadi tipis saxelmwifoTaSoriso

organizaciaa, unikaluria Tavis kompetenciiTa da struqtu-

riT; igi ar aris `zesaxelmwifoebrivi~ dawesebuleba, raime

`msoflios mTavrobis~ msgavsi instituti. sxva saerTaSoriso

organizaciis msgavsad, gaero saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT

(wesdebiT) aris Seqmnili da am wesdebis farglebSi moqmedebs.

amave dros msoflio mSvidobis dacvisa da uSiSroebis sferoSi

wesdebiT nakisri valdebulebebi am organizacias gansakuTre-

bul xasiaTs aniWebs. gaero Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobaTa yvela sferos momcveli TanamSromlobis centria,

aTasi ZafiTaa dakavSirebuli sxva saerTaSoriso organizacieb-

Tan, romelnic cnoben mis xelmZRvanel rols da aRiareben mis

avtoritets~ [1, 75].

im ormocdaaT saxelmwifosTan erTad, romlebsac pativi

xvdaT wilad gaeros wesdebis xelmomwerTa Soris yofiliyvnen,

140

mxolod ukrainisa da belorusiis sabWoTa respublikebi mox-

vdnen, rogorc yvelaze didi msxverplis gamRebni hitlerel

faSistTa winaaRmdeg brZolebis dros, xolo danarCenni kidev

didxans agrZelebdnen ssr kavSirSi, anu `borotebis imperiaSi~

yofnas.

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma,

gansakuTrebiT ki erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma gamosvlebma,

ssr kavSiris daSla gamoiwvia. amiT dauyovnebliv isargebles

mokavSire respublikebma da damoukideblobebi gamoacxades.

maT ricxvSi erT-erTi pirveli saqarTvelo iyo. SesaZlebeli

Seiqmna saxalxo referendumis gziT, saqarTvelo demokratiu-

li ganviTarebis gzas dadgomoda. referendumSi ki qveynis mo-

saxleobis 90%-ze metma (maT Soris afxazeTisa da samxreT ose-

Tis mcxovreblebic monawileobdnen) damoukideblobas dauWi-

ra mxari. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT

xelisuflebis saTaveSi zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebi movid-

nen, romlebmac mtkiced ganacxades dasavleTis demokratiisa-

ken svla da ruseTis gavlenis sferodan sabolo gamosvlis

survili... miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavis qveyanaSi mZime politi-

kuri viTareba hqondaT, es miuRebeli aRmoCnda ruseTis reaq-

ciuli wreebisaTvis; maT mkacrad Seaxsenes saqarTvelos xeli-

suflebas _ xeli aeRoT ganviTarebis arCeul kursze, Torem

problemebs Seuqmnidnen. prezidentma z. gamsaxurdiam dasavle-

Tis qveynebs mimarTa Tanadgomis aRmosaCenad, magram, samwuxa-

rod, ise rogorc 1920 wlis bolos, veravin gabeda misTvis Ria

mxardaWera. es sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom ruseTis fe-

deraciis xelisuflebas `dayovnebis naRmebi~ aemoqmedebina: ma-

Ti mxardaWeriT waqezebulma erTma muWa separatistebma sis-

xliani gamosvlebi daiwyes jer samxreT oseTSi (cxinvalis re-

gionSi), xolo Semdeg afxazeTSi. separatistebs zurgs umag-

rebdnen qveynis SigniT arsebuli `mexuTe kolona~ da uSiSroe-

bisa da amier-kavkasiis samxedro olqis jarebi. swored maT mo-

awyves kanonieri gziT arCeuli prezidentis da mTavrobis dam-

xoba da qveynidan gandevna. respublikis marTvis sadaveebi e. w.

`samxedro sabWos~ (jaba ioseliani, Tengiz kitovani da Tengiz

sigua) xelSi gadavida. qveyanaSi daiwyo anarqia, rasac Sedegad

samoqalaqo omi da ngreva mohyva. swored am dros saqarTvelos

`mxsnelad~ da `gadamrCenelad~ moevlina, imJamad oficialuri

Tanamdebobis gareSe darCenili, ssr kavSiris yofili sagareo

141

saqmeTa ministri da skkp centraluri komitetis yofili po-

litbiuros wevri, eduard SevardnaZe. unda iTqvas, rom mas im

droisaTvis marTlac icnobdnen mTels msoflioSi, rogorc

ssr kavSiris saxelmwifo moRvawes da mixeil gorbaCovis gar-

daqmnis kursis erT-erT mTavar mxardamWers, magram misi war-

momavlobis Sesaxeb msoflios xalxebma bevri araferi icodnen.

1992 wlis martSi saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma Sevardna-

Zem, pirveli rac gaakeTa is iyo, rom `samxedro sabWos~ nac-

vlad ufro demokratiuli instituti _ saxelmwifo sabWo Seq-

mna, romlis SemadgenlobaSi yvela misi mxardamWeri politiku-

ri partia da pirovneba Seiyvana, xolo sul male Tavisi dasay-

rdeni Zala _ saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri Camoayaliba.

upirveles miznad ki riggareSe saparlamento arCevnebis Cata-

reba daisaxa. misi azriT, es iqneboda `kanonieri~ gza saerTa-

Soriso organizaciebTan da demokratiul saxelmwifoebTan

kavSiris damyarebisaTvis. marTlac, Sinauri aSlilobisa da

omis mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynisaTvis am miznis miRweva arc

ise ioli iyo, magram msoflio wamyvani yveynebis maRalCinosne-

bis Suamdgomlobam da mxardaWeram (beikeri, genSeri da sxv.)

SesaZlebeli gaxada gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rekomendacia mi-

eca Tavis morigi sesiis dRis wesrigSi saqarTvelos miRebis

sakiTxic Seetana. aqve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am droisaTvis ami-

er-kavkasiis damoukidebeli qveynebi _ azerbaijani da somxeTi,

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevrebi ukve iyvnen.

1992 wlis 31 ivliss gaeros sesiam saqarTvelo Tavis 179-

e wevrad miiRo. es iyo marTlac istoriuli dRe Cveni yveynis

da xalxis cxovrebaSi. erTa ligisaken swrafvis auxdeneli

survili realobad iqca. msoflios erebis didma ojaxma saqar-

Tvelo Tavis sruluflebian wevrad aRiara _ yvela sawesdebo

movaleobebis Sesrulebis garantiiT...

* * *

1992 wlis 31 ivliss, gaeroSi saqarTvelos miRebasTan da-

kavSirebiT, generaluri asambleis sxdomaTa darbazis tribuni-

dan mravalmxriv saintereso sityva warmosTqva, saqarTvelos

ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgilem, sagareo saqmeTa

ministrma al. CikvaiZem. ra Tqma unda, gamosvlis teqsti res-

publikis umaRles xelmZRvanelobasTan iqneboda SeTanxmebuli,

magram Tqmazedac bevri ram iyo damokidebuli. xazgasmiT SeiZ-

142

leba aRiniSnos, rom gamocdilma diplomatma da patriotma

pirnaTlad Seasrula masze dakisrebuli movaleoba. pirvel-

yovlisa, mis sityvaSi naTlad irekleba gamomsvlelis maRali

inteleqti da diplomatiuri eTikis srulyofili floba.

`dRes, 1992 wlis 31 ivliss, saqarTvelos respublikis

xelmeored dabadebis dRea. rogorc yvela Cvili, yrma dedae-

naze aidgams xolme enas, aseve, mec Tavs uflebas vaZlev pirve-

li sityvebi gaeroSi, msoflio Tanamegobrobis umaRles fo-

rumze, Cems mSobliur enaze, qarTulad warmovTqva~ [11, 338].

ase daiwyo Tavisi gamosvla al. CikvaiZem da Semdeg daxvewili

inglisuriT ganagrZo Tavisi saTqmeli. reglamentiT gansaz-

Rvrul droSi man SeZlo Cveni qveynis mravalsaukunovani isto-

riis ZiriTadi etapebi Seexsenebina asambleis monawileTaTvis

da im viTarebazec gaemaxvilebina yuradReba, romelic maSin

saqarTveloSi sufevda... `CemTvis Tqvens winaSe damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirveli warmomadgenlis statusiT ga-

mosvla, gansakuTrebuli pativi da Rirsebaa. Cveni xalxi da

mTavroba ganuzomeli sixaruliTa da pasuxismgeblobis grZno-

biT Sexvda uSiSroebis sabWos gadawvetilebas, rekomendacia

mieca generaluri asambleisaTvis, raTa saqarTvelos respub-

lika erTa TanamegobrobaSi gaewevrianebina... qveyanaTa umete-

sobas civilizebuli ganviTarebis mxolod erTi SesaZlebloba

eZleva... 1920-ian wlebSi, gareSe ZalTa SeiaraRebuli agresiis

Sedegad, saqarTvelom dakarga pirveli SesaZlebloba, maSin

mas, praqtikulad aravin daxmarebia... dRes, saukunis miwu-

ruls, saqarTvelos eZleva demokratiuli ganviTarebis meore

uiSviaTesi SesaZlebloba... magram, rogorc saqarTvelos, ise

sxva axali, damoukidebeli qveynebis Zalisxmeva amaod Caivlis,

Tu daxmarebis xels ar gamogviwodebs demokratiis sikeTes na-

ziarebi danarCeni samyaro... Cven ar viTxovT, Cveni saqme sxvam

akeTos, savsebiT gvesmis, rom qveyanaSi demokratiuli Senebis

warmateba upirvelesad Tavad saqarTvelozea damokidebuli...~

[11, 339].

qarTvel diplomats ar daviwynia madloba gadaexada im

qveynebis xalxebisa da mTavrobebisaTvis, romlebmac Cvens qve-

yanas humanitaruli daxmareba gauwies gasuli ramdenime Tvis

manZilze, pirvelyovlisa, myari ekonomikuri infrastruqtu-

ris SeqmnisaTvis, rac didad dagvexmareba `demokratiul cvli-

lebaTa Seuqcevadobis uzrunvelyofaSi~. magram saqarTvelo

143

rodi apirebda sxvis xelSi Semyure qveynad darCenas, misi ga-

dawvetileba `myari, ayvavebuli da demokratiuli sazogadoe-

bis~ aSeneba iyo, romelic msoflioSi mSvidobis mniSvnelovani

faqtori gaxdeboda. ra SeeZlo saqarTvelos `mravalsaukuno-

vani istoriisa da tradiciebis mqone qveyanas~, romelmac qris-

tianoba meoTxe saukunis dasawyisSi miiRo, danarCeni msoflio-

saTvis SeeTavazebina? oratoris TqmiT, es iyo ìmis SesaZleb-

loba, rom saqarTvelos Tavis geopolitikuri mdebareoba sa-

erTaSoriso saqmeebSi mniSvnelovan dadebiT faqtorad eqcia~

vinaidan ès aspeqti gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens, radgan

saqarTvelo ara mxolod evropasa da azias, aramed CrdiloeT-

sac da samxreTsac akavSirebs~, rom es iyo àxali politikuri

realoba msoflio TanamegobrobisaTvis~ [11, 340].

amis Semdeg al. CikvaiZe sajarod acxadebda im oficia-

lur kurss, romelsac samomavlod msoflios erTa did ojaxSi

gawevrianebuli saqarTvelo daadgeboda. amis misaRwevad ki _

saqarTvelos respublika ixelmZRvanelebda gaeros qartiiT,

helsinkis saboloo dokumentisa da parizis qartiaSi mocemu-

li valdebulebebiT, romlebic demokratiuli institutebis

ganviTarebasa da adamianis uflebebs exeboda:

- saqarTvelos respublika, romelsac surda wvlili See-

tana saerTaSoriso stabilurobaSi, SeuerTdeboda saerTaSo-

riso SeTanxmebebs gaerTianebis Taobaze;

- saqarTvelos respublika Zalis gamoyenebas an mis muqa-

ras ar ganixilavda politikis kanonier iaraRad da nebismieri

regionuli Tu sxva konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi ibrZolebda mxo-

lod molaparakebis gziT mis gadasaWrelad;

- saqarTvelos respublika, evroTaTbiris procesis Se-

Tanxmebis safuZvelze, daicavda Tavis teritoriaze mcxovrebi

erovnul umciresobaTa interesebs (uflebebs)~.

am bolo debulebas al. CikvaiZe aseT komentars ukeTeb-

da: ùdavoa erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis auci-

lebloba, magram es ar SeiZleba da ar unda xdebodes ZirZveli

mosaxleobis xarjze, risi tendenciac, samwuxarod, swrafi

tempiT izrdeba. msoflios nebismier regionSi mSvidobis Se-

narCunebaze Tanabrad pasuxismgebelia yvela, imis miuxedavad,

Tu ra statusi aqvs _ erovnuli umciresobisa Tu ZirZveli mo-

saxleobis. sasiamovnoa imis Segneba, rom am problemas gaeros

dadebiTi gamoZaxili mohyva~ [11, 341]. amis dasturad oratori

144

miuTiTebda gaeros imJamindel generaluri mdivnis butros

butros-galis mier 1992 wlis 1 ivliss gamoTqmul mosazreba-

ze: `Tu yvela eTnikuri, religiuri da lingvisturi jgufi mo-

iTxovs damoukideblobas, maSin dasasruli ar eqneba daqucma-

cebas da mSvidobis, uSiSroebisa da ekonomikuri keTildReo-

bis miRweva yvelasaTvis gacilebiT gaZneldebao~ [11, 341].

Tavis mxriv, al. CikvaiZe umatebda, rom èrovnuli umci-

resobisa da eTnikuri jgufebis moTxovnebi biologiuri naci-

onalizmis damangreveli Zalis xelSi saSiSi iaraRi gaxdeboda~

da magaliTi mohyavda Cveni qveynis sinamdvilidan, roca saqar-

Tvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebma erovnulma umciresobam,

osebma, gareSe Zalis waqezebiT, sisxliani Setakebebi daiwyes...

iqve yuradRebas amaxvilebda, saqarTvelos respublikis

sazRvrebis urRvevobaze, rac mxolod mSvidobiani molaparake-

bis gziT SeiZleboda mogvarebuliyo da saqveynod acxadebda,

rom `saxelmwifoebriobis or aTaswleuls aRmatebuli istori-

is manZilze saqarTvelos arasodes miutacnia sxva xalxTa miwe-

bi da amis gakeTebas arc momavalSi apirebs... saqarTveloSi

araqarTuli miwis arc erTi goji ar aris da Cven gadaWriT aR-

vkveTT qarTul miwaze yovelgvar pretenzias~ [11, 342].

sityvis dasasruls qarTvelma diplomatma kidev erTxel

gaamaxvila yuradReba gaeros rolze msoflios erebs Soris

urTierTdamokidebulebebis daregulirebis saqmeSi da aRniSna:

`naxevari saukunis win didi sameulis TaosnobiT Seqmnili ga-

erTianebuli erebis organizacia dRes axali amocanebis winaSe

dgas. maT Sorisaa demokratiisaken siaruli da xandaxan sakama-

To gziT mimavali axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis mxar-

daWera da agresiisagan dacva. gvwams, rom gaeroSi saqarTve-

los gawevrianebiT Cvens winaaRmdeg aSkara agresiis SesaZleb-

loba didad Semcirdeba... gaeros, rogorc universaluri saer-

TaSoriso organizaciis moqmedeba sruliad gamarTlebulia,

roca Tanabrad ebrZvis nebismier agresias, rogorc gareSe Za-

lis mier, ise Signidan inspirirebuls~, xolo Cveni qveynis sa-

xeliT kisrulobda Tavis wil pasuxismgeblobas erebs Soris

konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmeSi... da iq damswreebs arwmuneb-

da, rom `saqarTvelos SeuZlia gaxdes aseTi qveyana~ Tuki sa-

erTaSoriso Tanamegobroba saqarTvelosTvisac gamoZebnis ad-

gils aseTi misiis Sesasruleblad~ [11, 342].

145

`Cven Tbili da gulRia xalxi varT. Cveni dedaqalaqis sa-

xelic `Tbils~ niSnavs qarTulad... msurs guliTadi madloba

giTxraT yvelas, vinc mxari dauWira saqarTvelos miswarfebas,

gamxdariyo gaeros wevri. Cemi qyvenisa da piradad CemTvis am

Rirsaxsovar dRes ar SemiZlia ar gavixseno aRorZinebis xanis

didi qarTveli poetis SoTa rusTavelis sityvebi, romelmac

Tavis ukvdav `vefxistyaosanSi~ Tqva: `borotsa sZlia keTil-

man, arseba misi grZelia~. dae, es sityvebi mudam JRerdes am

organizaciis kedlebSi. Cemi gamosvlis dasasruls, neba mibo-

ZeT, rusTavelis sityvebi qarTulad gavimeoro: `borotsa

sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~ [11, 343].

am Wkviani moRvawis sxva adgilas naTqvami sityvis Sexsene-

bac ar iqneba uadgilo maTTvis, vinc qarTvelobis yalbi gage-

biT, baqi-buqiTa da fuWsityvaobiT cdiloben sazogadoebis

yuradRebis miqcevas da samSobloze gamudmebiT mofiqral ma-

muliSvilebad Tavis warmoCenas: `21-e saukunis dasawyisSi 12-e

saukunis faseulobebiT cxovreba warmoudgenelia... xalxs un-

da vuTxraT, vin varT da rani varT, unda mivawodoT namdvili

istoria, unda ganvumartoT, rom msoflioSi sxva erebic arian,

visac aqvT didi istoria da kultura, magram amiT isini gamud-

mebiT ar amayoben; rom guSindeli dRe xval ver gadagvarCens;

rom mxolod Sromas, sxvisadmi pativiscemas da ara monur Tay-

vaniscemas SeuZlia Cveni xsna. ganaTlebuli, Tavis saqmis

mcodne, muyaiTi, Sromismoyvare da ara yoyoCa qarTveli male

moipovebs pativiscemas, rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise mis

farglebs gareT. marto deklarirebiT da mowodebebiT SeuZ-

lebelia amis miRweva~ [11, 345].

gaeroSi saqarTvelos erovnuli droSis aRmarTvis sazei-

mo ceremonialze sityviT gamosvlisas generalurma mdivanma

butros galim ganacxada: `mivesalmebiT erTa ojaxis axal

wevrs _ saqarTvelos respublikas. Cvens organizaciaSi yovel

axal wevrs Tan moaqvs raRac gansakuTrebuli _ novatoruli

ideebi da kulturuli Rirebulebani, romelic Cvens saerTo

kulturul Rirebulebebs amdidrebs. darwmunebuli var, rom

Cveni organizaciis saqmianobaSi Rrma da mniSvnelovani iqneba

saqarTvelos wvlili, iseTi, rogorc am qveynis rTul da

mRelvare istorias, mis mdidar da mravalferovan kulturas

Seefereba... Cven mivesalmebiT saqarTvelos respublikis axal

valdebulebas _ gaiziaros gaeros wesdeba da misi principebi

146

konfliqtis mSvidobiani gziT gadawvetis, adamianTa uflebebis

dacvisa da msoflios xalxTa keTildReobisaTvis zrunvis Se-

saxeb. msurs qarTveli eri da saqarTvelos mTavroba davarwmu-

no, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia misi sruli Tanam-

dgomi iqneba yvela im problemis gadawyvetaSi, romelTa daZ-

levas, mjera rom SevZlebT~ [13].

saqarTvelos, gaeros axali wevri qveynis mdgomareobiT,

msoflios xalxebis da maTi mTavrobebis dainteresebis saqmeSi,

didi mniSvneloba hqonda ed. SevardnaZis gamosvlas gaeros ge-

neraluri asambleis 47-e sesiaze, 1992 wlis 25 seqtembers, niu-

iorkSi.

gaeros wevrad saqarTvelos miRebidan oriode Tvis Tav-

ze misi tribunidan warmoTqmul sityvas, ufro meti saerTaSo-

riso datvirTva hqonda, vidre urTules mdgomareobaSi myofi

patara qveynis liderisas. igi erTgvar mentorad, Wkuis damri-

geblad moevlina mTeli msoflios xalxebs da, upirvelesad,

gaeros saqmianobis av-kargis Semfaseblis rolic ikisra. e. Se-

vardnaZem Tavis moxsenebaSi gaeros saqmianobis 7 muxliani mo-

sazreba warudgina generaluri asambleis monawileebs, raTa

aRniSnuli organizaciis saqmianobis gaukeTeseba momxdariyo.

araerTxel Seaxsena maT, rom mas didi gamocdileba hqonda gae-

roSi da mis uSiSroebis sabWoSi muSaobisa, rogorc ssr kavSi-

ris upirveles diplomats... man isic xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom

gaeroSi misi Casvla da misi tribunidan gamosvla, mimarTuli

iyo iqiT, `raTa saqarTvelosTvis ar daekarga dResdReobiT er-

Tad-erTi Sansi _ ecno msofliosaTvis Tavisi qveynis imedebi da

zraxvani, eTqva simarTle da uareyo sicrue~ [14].

mis gamosvlaSi moridebuli, ara-mkveTri miniSnebebi iyo

gakeTebuli, ssr kavSiris samarTalmemkvidris _ ruseTis fede-

raciis rolze, axladdamoukidebloba mopovebul saxelmwifo-

ebze, romlebic dayovnebeli moqmedebis bombebze isxdnen...

`Cvens momavals jer kidev rodis udebdnen dayovnebeli moqme-

debis bombebs. sanam ideologiisa da represiuli iZulebebis

Zala-ufleba am nairgvar erTobas (anu ssrk-s _ g. s.) aduRabeb-

da _ bombebi sdumdnen. magram rogorc ki es Zalaufleba aRik-

veTa _ maT ifeTqes. dRes udidesi siZlieris afeTqebis talRa

angrevs mTel saxelmwifoebs.

es emuqreba saqarTvelosac~ [14].

147

Semdeg ed. SevardnaZe, mokled acnobda asambleis sesiis

monawileebs saqarTvelos mier ganvlil istoriul gzas, mis

wvlils msoflios civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi, romelic `Ta-

visi yofierebis kanonad amkvidrebda rasobriv da religiur

Seuwynareblobas~. Tumca bolo xans igi garedan moqmedebis Se-

degad irRveva da ara marto misTvis, aramed kavkasiis mTeli

regionisaTvis da samomavlod saerTaSoriso daZabulobis faq-

torad iqceva.

àm axali ubedurebebis wyaro moedineba Tanamedrove ge-

opolitikuri wyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciis kalapo-

tiT, sadac globalur dapirispirebas enacvleba konfronta-

cia regionul doneze. am konfrontacias mieniWa iseTi farTo

masStabis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis xasiaTi, romlebsac Cven

vxedavT evropis zogierT qveyanaSi, dnestrispireTSi, CvenSi _

saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi, Sua aziaSi~ [14].

ed. SevardnaZis azriT, `specialuri mizezebiT warmoSo-

bil axal konfliqtebs aqvT raRac saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi... es

gaxlavT erovnul-eTnikuri siWrele, religiebisa da konfesie-

bis mravalferovneba, xalxTa socialur-ekonomikuri uTanas-

woroba, mZime istoriuli da politikuri warsuli~.

sityvis dasasruls igi aRniSnavda:

àq Cemi axlandeli amosvla (gulisxmobda gaeros asam-

bleis tribunas _ g. s.) mniSvnelovan riskTan aris dakavSirebu-

li. erTob SfoTiani viTarebaa Cvens ojaxSi. erTob xSiria sa-

qarTveloSi siZulvilis Wurvebis afeTqeba, romlebsac gulSi

umizneben Cvens politikas _ demokratiuli aRmSeneblobis, pa-

tiosani, alalmarTali, msofliosaTvis kargaxsnili saxelmwi-

fos mSeneblobis politikas~ [14].

im dros, roca ed. SevardnaZe gaeros asambleis sesiis mo-

nawileebs moZRvravda, moskovSi, ruseTis federaciis uzenaesi

sabWos mexuTe sesiis sxdomam ganixila sakiTxi àfxazeTis am-

bebTan dakavSirebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Seqmnili mdgomareo-

bis Sesaxeb~ da miiRo saTanado dadgenileba-gancxadeba, rac

praqtikulad suverenuli saqarTvelos Sinaur saqmeebSi uce-

remonio Carevas niSnavda da ramac SeaSfoTa Cveni sazogadoeb-

rioba... es gaxda mizezi ed. SevardnaZis vizitis Sewyvetisa aSS-

Si, gaeroSi da moskovSi gadmofrenisa, elcinTan pirispir mo-

salaparakeblad... asec moxda. Sexvedra TiTqmis erT saaTs gag-

rZelda, sadac saubari Seexo afxazeTSi eTnokonfliqtsa da

148

separatistul gamosvlebs, amasTan saqarTvelo-ruseTis Sem-

dgomi urTierTobis sakiTxebs...

28 seqtembers saqarTvelos delegacia TbilisSi dabrun-

da... [14].

* * *

Cveni qveynis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi gaerTianebuli

erebis organizaciis didi ojaxis wevrad miReba saqarTvelos

realuri politikuri damoukideblobis, misi saerTaSoriso

aRiarebis gvirgvini gaxldaT. gaero-s sruluflebian wevrad

saqarTvelos miRebam, axali etapi daiwyo Cveni qveynis cxovre-

baSi.

am faqtTan dakavSirebiT araerTi saintereso masala ga-

moqveynda imdroindel qarTul da ucxoenovan presaSi. gaixse-

nes isic, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebam yve-

laferi iRona erTa ligaSi Cveni qveynis miRebisaTvis, magram

sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo maSin es ver moxerxda. saerTaSoriso

Tanamegobrobam, bolSevikuri ruseTis zewoliT, ver gabeda

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Tavisi ojaxis Semad-

genlobaSi miReba. es iyo istoriuli usamarTloba, romelmac

erovnuli katastrofa gamoiwvia da 70 weli modernizebul ru-

seTis imperiaSi _ ssr kavSirSi, gvamyofa.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saqarTvelos damouki-

deblobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

Cvens respublikaSi ganviTarebulma Siga aSlilobebma gamoiw-

via. legitimuri, xalxis mier arCeuli xelisuflebis ZaliT

damxoba, iyo imis mizezi, rom yofil sabWoTa kavSiris sxva

respublikebze gvian moxda saqarTvelos gaeroSi gawevrianeba.

sainteresoa erT precendentze yuradRebis gamaxvileba: gae-

ros arsebobis istoriaSi, saqarTvelo iyo erTaderTi saxel-

mwifo, romelsac miRebis momentSi saTaveSi ar edga legitimu-

ri xelisufleba. am siZnelis gadalaxvaSi garkveuli roli

iTamaSa ed. SevardnaZis pirovnulma faqtorma da misma popu-

larobam imdroindel msoflio liderTa Soris. swored maT _

evropisa da amerikis TvalsaCino saxelmwifo moRvaweebma (bei-

keri, genSeri da sxv.) intensiuri diplomatiuri muSaoba gaswi-

es, raTa saqarTvelo evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis

TaTbiris wevri gamxdariyo, xolo Semdeg gaerTianebuli ere-

bis organizaciaSi Sesuliyo.

149

gaeroSi Sesvla saqarTvelosTvis Zalian bevrs niSnavda.

pirvelyovlisa es iyo istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgena; sa-

qarTvelos uflebisa da adgilis damkvidreba msoflio Taname-

gobrobaSi, rogorc Tanasworisa _ TanasworTa Soris. saqar-

Tvelos gaeroSi Sesvla niSnavda msoflio tribunis mopovebis

uflebas, saidanac SesaZlebeli iqneboda xmis gawvdena da Cveni

simarTlis dacva; gaeros wevroba niSnavda saqarTvelos damo-

ukideblobis aRiarebis procesis dasrulebas da msoflio Ta-

namegobrobis mier Cveni qveynis dacvis uflebis mopovebas.

amasTan erTad, gaeros wevroba Cvens respublikas aniWebda uf-

lebas monawileoba mieRo ideebis, Rirebulebebis msoflio

gacvla-gamocvlisas, adamianis goniTa da gamocdilebiT gaem-

didrebina Tavisi SesaZleblobani... gaeros wevroba, pirvel-

yovlisa, niSnavda udides pasuxismgeblobasac saerTaSoriso

Tanamegobrobis winaSe da mis mier aRiarebuli saSinao Tu sa-

gareo urTierTSorisi normebis dacvas... im dRes, 1992 wlis 31

ivliss, gaeros axalma wevrma _ saqarTvelos respublikam, aRi-

ara es ufleba-movaleobani.

saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovani da misaRebi iyo, ra Tqma

unda, gaeros wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba-movaleobani,

magram imxanad axalgazrda respublikisaTvis gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas iZenda suverenuli Tanasworobis da teritoriu-

li mTlianobis pativiscemisa da saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobis

principis aRiareba.

àm pirobebis ramdenadme damakmayofilebeli dacva moiT-

xovda respublikaSi politikuri situaciis stabilizebas, sa-

erTo erovnul Serigebas, eTnokonfliqtebis mSvidobian da sa-

marTlian mogvarebas; Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi demokra-

tiuli institutebis konsolidacias~ [15].

amgvarad, gaeroSi Sesvla ukanaskneli mijna ki ar iyo,

aramed dasawyisi demokratiuli da pluralisturi sazogadoe-

bis Seqmnis gzaze... msoflio sazogadoebriobam erTsulovnad

dauWira ra mxari saqarTvelos respublikis gaeros wevrad mi-

Rebas, amiT gamoxata Tavisi mtkice rwmena, rom saqarTvelo

SeZlebda im siZneleebis gadalaxvas, romlebic dakavSirebuli

iyo demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlasTan.

150


1. aleqsiZe l., gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia. Tbilisi,

1985.

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3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero), damxmare saxel-

mZRvanelo. gamocema meore. Tbilisi, 2003.

4. Дурденевский В. Н., Крылов С. Б., Организация Объединенных

Нации, Сборник документов, М. 1956.

5. Jvania givi. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis roli sa-

erTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebaSi. `mecniereba~, Tbili-

si, 1974.

6. saiTiZe gela. pirveli saerTaSoriso universaluri organi-

zacia _ erTa liga da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo (1919-

1921), Tbilisi, 2011.

7. Улахов В. Е., Международные организации... М.-Минск, 2005. 8. Сборник документов Генерального секретария ООН о положении в

Абхазии, Грузия с 1992-по 1999 годов, Тб., 1999. 9. uistoni adam, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba,

wignSi: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria, Tbilisi,

2004.

10. CerCili uinston, moaxloebuli qariSxali (Targmani n. ma-

xaTaZisa), Tbilisi, 2006.

11. CikvaiZe al. politikuri Wadraki sami sxvadasxva qveynis

elCis TvaliT. gamomc. `logos presi~, Tbilisi, 2004.

12. Jurn. èri~, #1, 1909.

13. gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, #149, 1992 wlis 7 agvisto.

14. gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, #194-195, 1992 wlis 29

seqtemberi.

15. gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, #145-146, 1992 wlis 4 ag-

visto.

151

Gela Saitidze, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnolo-gy, Main research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History.

Maiden Speeches of the Representatives of Georgia from the Tribune

of the United Nations

Summary

In our history, rooted far beyond centuries, the membership of the United Nations organization was a crown of Georgia’s real political independence, its international recognition. After this (July, 31, 1992) a new historical period started in the life of our country. It also was of great importance whoshould have been the first speaker and what he was going to tell the audiencein the name of the independent Georgia, the new country member of the organization. This was the lot of those days deputy head of the State of Georgia and the minister of foreign affairs AlexsandreChikvaidze, who successfully fulfilled this mission. He, as an educated and professional diplomat with great experience, could manage to tell world nations impressively that Georgia was not going to stay as a country waiting for mercy. Georgia, as an ancient, traditional country with long history, with the help of its geopolitical location could always manage to connect not only the East and the West but the North and the South. This was ~a new reality for the world commonwealth~.

A bit later, at the session of the United Nations Organizationgeneral assembly the speech of the head of the State of Georgia Eduard Shevsardnadze, was telling the audience not only about the future perspectives of our country, but about the steps UN should make to become better in its activity.

152

badri cxadaZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universi-

tetis profesori

somxur-Turquli konfliqtis gamoZaxili

qarTveli mwerlebis naazrevSi (werili pirveli: grigol robaqiZe)

konfliqtebi, lokaluri Tu globalur-masStaburi.... ka-

cobriobis Tanamdevi senia. cxadia, sxvadasxvagvaria konfliq-

tebis gamomwvevi mizezebi, warmoSobis wyaroebi da aRmofxvris

gzebic. am mxriv,sxva saukuneTagan, Cveni regionisaTvis (kavka-

siisaTvis)XX saukunis 20-iani da 90-iani wlebi gamoirCa, rom-

lis `mosavals~ axlac vimkiT. qarTveli specialistebi erTgva-

ri araorazrovani da araritorikuli SeZaxiliT xSirad gvaf-

rTxileben da Segvaxseneben: `CvenTvis axlac saSiSi da Tavsate-

xia XX saukunis I meoTxedis TurqeT-saqarTvelos urTierTo-

bis `pikis~ amsaxveli dokumenti _ `yarsis xelSekruleba~ _ win-

dauxedavi SeTanxmebis Sedegi (aseve brest-litovskis sazavo

xelSekrulebis me-4 specialuri muxli) imdroindeli saqar-

Tvelosa (èrovnuli sabWo~) da amierkavkasiis qveynebis (seimis)

`gamyidvluri~ qveynis marTva-gamgebloba `damokles maxvili-

viT~ rom aRgvmarTvia Tavze~[1, 12]. marTlac, maSin baqoelma

musavatelebma proTurquli orientaciiT Tavi gamoiCines,

imavdroulad `TurqeTis armiebi ki, radganac winaaRmdegobas

aRaravin uwevda, win modiodnen da somxeTisa da saqarTvelos

miwebs zedized ikavebdnen~ [2, 4].

pirvelma msoflio omma,ruseTis caristuli imperiis

`bolSevikurad~ daSla-gardasaxvam, agreTve eTnikur-separa-

tistulma ganwyobam, warmoSva samxreT kavkasielTa (saqarTve-

lo, azerbaijani, somxeTi) TiTqmis `mkvdradSobili~, droebi-

Tisaxelmwifo warmonaqmni, ukeT, erTobili saxelmwifo `kavka-

siis seimi~. Turqul-azerbaijanul-somxur-qarTulma politi-

kurma `wajeq-ukujeqobis~ TavCenam uaryofiTad imoqmeda am

qveynebis Semdgom urTierTobebze, metic: somxur-Turqulma

dapirispirebam (raSic wvlili somxebisa da Turqebis garda

germanias, maSindeli antantis... qveynebs, gansakuTrebiT ru-

seTs, miuZRvis), zogi mkvlevris axsniT, genocidis saxec ki mi-

iRo [3, 73; 4]. Cveni azriT, `Tqma imisa, rom es TurqTagan so-

153

mexTa genocidi iyo Tu ara, arc ise advili gamosarkvevia. am

sakiTxs specialuri kvleva, faqtebis (sarwmuno!) yovelgvari

Semowmeba-Sejereba sWirdeba~ [5, 360].

saeklesio Tu saxelmwifo samecniero uTanxmoebani, `po-

litikuri abrakadabra~ dResac grZeldeba. samwuxaroa, rom

zogierTi somexi istorikosi Tu mkvlevari araiSviaTad isto-

riuli sinamdvilis gamyalbeblis rolSi gvevlineba. aseTebi

arad dagideven qarTvel-somexTa istoriul da naTesaur er-

Tobas. qarTvelebisadmi gansakuTrebul da gamorCeul siaves

somxebi qarTvelebis eTnoyofiTi da lingvokulturologiuri

faqtebis mimarT avlenen. gveciliebian yvelas da yvelafers,

rac Cvenia istoriulad Tu eTnikurad. maTTvis rusTaveli so-

mexia, stalinic_ somexi, Tbilisic _ somxebis qalaqi, kidev

ufro metic: aRmosavleT saqarTvelo somxebis teritoriaa,

TviT zugdidis eklesiac ki somxuri yofila [6, 28] da a. S.

miuxedavad aseTi araerTi Zveli Tu Tanamedrove abrun-

disa, òdiTganve udidesi Zmoba da urTierTpativiscema akavSi-

rebda qarTvel da somex xalxebs, erTis sixaruli meoris sixa-

ruli iyo, erTis gaWirveba meoris tkivili.... uCveulod rain-

duli da Tbili damokidebuleba hqondaT yovelTvis qarTvel

da somex mwerlebs _ erTiani mizani, Wiri Tu dalxineba~, wers

mwerali avTandil CxikviSvili1990 wels gazeT `Tbilisis~

furclebze [7, 4].

qarTvelebi rom tolerantebi varT, es didixania yvela-

saTvis cnobilia. qarTvelTa gonier nawils arasdros daukar-

gavs realobisa da realurobis SegrZneba, wonasworoba, gan-

sja-meditacia da obieqturi Sefaseba.

am mxriv, Turqul-somxur konfliqtTan Tu genocidTan

dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa qarTveli mwerlebis damokidebule-

ba _ rogor ganicdian da afaseben isini eTnokonfliqtiT,

omiT gamowveul tragikul sinamdviles.

didi qarTveli mwerali da moazrovne grigol robaqiZe

gamorCeulad megobrobda qarTvel, ebrael, avstriel, germa-

nel, berZen, rus, azerbaijanel, somex kolegebs; somexTagan

gansakuTrebuli megobruli urTierToba hqonda ovanes Tuma-

nianTan.

grigol robaqiZem mxatvrul-literaturuli narkvevi `ha-

iastan~ pirvelad 1929 wels `qarTul mwerlobaSi~ (#6) gamoaq-

veyna. didi mwerali da moazrovne erT adgilas TurqeTidan

154

gadmoxvewili somxebis Sesaxeb wers: èCmiaZinTan tye iyo. es

tye ltolvilebma gaanadgures 11 wlis winad. xolo ltolvi-

lebic ganadgurdnen. 30.000 ltolvili daixoca aq: ukaro, um-

weo, sneuli, damSeuli~.

mwerlis SefasebiT, es ìstoriis saSinelebaa~ [8, 4]. iqve

gr. robaqiZe TurqeTidan devnilobaSi myofierT-erTi somexi

ltolvilis ukiduresi yofiTi SeWirvebis gamo didi gulis-

tkiviliT aRniSnavs: èrevnis axlo, aTi wlis winad, dasaxlda

erTi ltolvili. ojaxi sadRac daikarga, TviTon darCa: mar-

tod marto. masTan ori patara bavSvi iyo mxolod, magram `da-

saxlda~ ki? man aiRo patara naWeri miwa. Savi qvebisagan qoxi

aago. gamarTa kera. cecxli aanTo, magram xari? magram cxeni?

magram Zroxa? sad hyavda mas xari an cxeni, an Zroxa? `saxls~,

`keras~ ki bevri ram unda.

ltolvili midis bazarSi. jibeSi oriode groSi udevs. ka-

tas daeZebs: surs iyidos. Semxvedrni iRimebian. xolo ltol-

vils didi xania ar uRimnia. arc axla iRimis. mas surs kata

iyidos. risTvis? moCveneba rom mainc Seqmnas mowyobisa (чтобобзавестись). kata kerasTan iqneba. mas ar moscildeba.

es namdvili ambavia.

tragikuloba aq ukanasknel simartivemdea dasuli.

es kata saSeqspiro saxea.

roca exlandel amSeneblobas vxedav somxeTSi, es kata ma-

gondeba. ramxela manZili gauvlia somxeTs am katidan dRevan-

dlamde? mSenebloba dRes rkineul majiscemiT midis iq~. mwer-

lis saboloo daskvniT: `sabWoTa xelisuflebas xalxi gadaur-

Cenia fizikurad. igive xelisufleba SeZlebas aZlevs xalxs

fexze wamodges da muxli moimagros.

es faqti aRiarebul unda iqnas pirwmindaT.

`mikibul-mokibuloba~ aq danaSaulobad CaiTvleba~ [8, 4].

SeniSvna: ganaxorciela Tu ara mweralma es `saSeqspiro Ca-

nafiqri~ _ dramad, leqsad Tu prozaul teqstad an personul

saxed, CvenTvis ucnobia. gamoricxuli aq araferia.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: sabWour mweralTa delegaciaSi myo-

fi grigol robaqiZe qarTvel, somex, azerbaijanel kolegebTan

da kolegebSi myofi, somxuri siZveleebis xilva-mimoxilvisas

mwared ganicdis somxur-Turquli eTnokonfliqtidan momdina-

re ltolvilebis beds, TiToeuli somexi adgilnacvali piris

sulier Tu fizikur tragedias. es konfliqtur-genociduri

155

istoriuli saSineleba, samwuxarod, XX saukunis miwurulis

samxreT (aseve Crdilo) kavkasiaSic ganmeorda rusTa waqezebi-

Ta da xelSewyobiT yarabaRis (yarabaReli somxebisa da yaraba-

Reli azerbaijanelebis), afxazeTisa (afsua-separatistebis) da

samaCabloeli separatistulad ganwyobili cxinvaleli da ja-

vel-znaureli osebis mier. rogorc Cans, gamocdilebis miuxe-

davad, istoriuli kataklizmebi mainc meordeba. meordeba Sec-

domebic da tragikulad gadadgmuli nabijebic, romelTa ga-

mosworeba sxvadasxva Taobisagan xangrZliv, uwyvet goniT gan-

sjas, msoflio diplomatiur rudunebas da did dros moiT-

xovs.


1. l. uruSaZe, XX saukunis I meoTxedis TurqeT_saqarTve-

los urTierTobaTa istoriidan. gaz. `saqarTvelos sam-

reklo~, 1993, 17 Tebervali

2. r. jafariZe, eris istoriis brwyinvale furceli, gaz.

`Tbilisi~, 1988, 25 maisi

3. Ж. ДеМалевил, Армянскаятрагедия 1915 года, Перевод Аймен Кя-зимовой. Баку, 1990

4. Джастин Маккарти, Каролин Маккарти. Тюркииармяне. Руковод-ство по армянскому вопросу. Перевод санглийского. Перевод осу-шествлен под руководством Рауфа Асадова. Ответственный вы-пуск Идаят Оруджев. Послесловие Проф. Ю. Б. Юсупова, Баку,

1996

5. b. cxadaZe, ucxoeli avtorebi somxur-Turquli genoci-

dis Sesaxeb. krebulSi: àxali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiT-

xebi~, 1 (9), 2011

6. interviu armenolog, prof. bondo arvelaZesTan. `somexi

vai-mecnierebi zugdidis eklesiasac ki somxurad acxade-

ben~ _ gaz. àsaval-dasavali~ 2011, (#4(851), 24-30 ianvari.

7. a. CxikviSvili, winasityva gr. robaqiZis publikaciuri

narkvevisa: `haiastan~, gaz. `Tbilisi~, 1990, 13 ianvari.

8. gr. robaqiZe, haiastan, `qarTuli mwerloba~, Tbilisi,

1929, #6 gadmobeWdilia gaz.: `Tbilisi~, 1990 wlis 13 ian-

vari. vsargeblobT am ukanaskneliT.

156

Badri Tskhadadze Professor of Georgian Technical University

The Echo of Armenian-Turkish Conflict in Georgian Writers’ Thinking

(Letter 1: Grigol Robakidze)

Summary

According to the author’s conclusions based on his travel to Armenia, where he studied Armenian antiquities, while observing-reviewing Armenia of the first two decades of the 20th century Grigol Robakidze in his journalistic essay `Hayastan~ feels deeply `the brutality of time~ as a result of Armenian-Turkish ethnic conflict, sympathizes with the refugees’ evil fortune, spiritual and physical tragedy of each displaced person.

Such historical ethnic conflict and separatist-genocidal horror was repeated at the end of the 20th century in Transcaucasia (and North Caucasia), so the writer’s deep feeling and sympathy for the Armenian refugees, objectivity and empathy based on humanistic ideals are still perceived as a sympathizing, topical and contemporary act.

157

niko javaxiSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo universitetis

profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis is-

toriisa da eTnologiis institu-

tis axali da uaxlesi istoriis

ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-

TanamSromeli

qarTul-baltiuri solidarobis istoriidan

(XX saukunis meore naxevari)

qarTul-baltiur urTierTobebs aT saukuneze meti xnis

istoria gaaCnia. es urTierTobani cvalebadi intensivobiT vi-

Tardeboda. am sakiTxs ukanaskneli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi vik-

vlevT, rasac mivuZRveniT ramdenime statia [15-21; 28; 30] da

agreTve, monografia saxelwodebiT: `narkvevebi qarTul-bal-

tiuri urTierTobis istoriidan~ [22], romelic 2011 wels ga-

mosca ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis gamomcemlobam.

ssr kavSirSi Tanamimdevrulad gatarebul rusifikaciis

politikas yvelaze Seupovrad ewinaaRmdegeboda progresulad

moazrovne nawili qarTveli da baltieli, kerZod, latvieli,

litveli da estoneli erebisa. aRniSnuli imperialisturi po-

litikis gatarebaSi kremls SeZlebisdagvarad xels uSlidnen

mecnierebis, literaturisa da kulturis sferoSi moRvawe pi-

rovnebani.

qarTvelebsa da baltiel xalxebs Soris Camoyalibda er-

Tgvari Sinagani solidarobis grZnoba, romelic sakmaod xSi-

rad vlindeboda.

winamdebare statiaSi moyvanilia qarTul-baltiuri soli-

darobis istoriis ramdenime sayuradRebo faqti, romelTa

garkveuli nawilic ar Sesula Cvens zemoxsenebul monografia-

Si.

158

* * *

cnobili Teatrmcodnis, profesor vasil kiknaZis mogone-

bebSi moTxrobilia, rom gamoCenili kompozitori, diriJori

da pedagogi, mravali premiis laureati oTar TaqTaqiSvili

(1924-1989), romelic 1965-1984 wlebSi saqarTvelos kulturis

ministrad muSaobda, gansakuTrebiT megobrobda baltiispirel

kolegebTan da, maT Soris, estonelebTan.

v. kiknaZe wers: `cnobili faqtia, rom triumfiT damTav-

rda germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi qarTuli kulturis

dReebi. batonma oTarma iq Tavi gamoiCina, rogorc didi kul-

turis mqone ministrma. man Tarjimnebad qarTveli germaniste-

bi waiyvana. maSin es Zalian didi gabeduleba da unikaluri Sem-

Txveva iyo. rogorc wesi, Tarjimnebad mihyavdaT rusebi, rad-

gan rusuli unda yofiliyo urTierTobis ena. am SemTxvevaSi ki

rusuli arcerT mxares ar dasWirdeboda.

qarTuli kulturis dReebis Semdeg, politbiurom m. sus-

lovis meTaurobiT sagangebod ganixila moZme respublikebis

kulturis dReebis sakiTxi. miiRes maTTvis Cveuli, imperiuli

gadawyvetileba. aramcTu demokratiul qveynebSi, aramed mo-

kavSire respublikebsac erTmaneTTan kulturis dReebi aseTi

formiT aRar unda CaetarebinaT. SemoiRes `sabWoTa kulturis

dReebi~, rac niSnavda ruseTis monawileobas yvela respubli-

kis kulturul dekadaSi. am dros, saqarTvelos da estoneTs

ukve hqondaT gadawyvetili, rom estoneTSi Catarebuliyo qar-

Tuli kulturis dReebi. breJnevis saqarTveloSi yofnisas Se-

vardnaZis sityvaSic gaiJRera am faqtma, magram dadgenilebis

Semdeg, yvelaferi Seicvala. rogorc vTqvi, aikrZala moZme

respublikebis warmomadgenelTa erTi-erTze Sexvedra.

_ ai, axla, ra unda vqnaT. agvikrZales estoneTSi marto

wasvla. raRac unda movifiqroT _ ambobs batoni oTari da `ve-

CeTi~ rekavs moskovSi, cekaSi. daukavSirda erT-erT mdivans,

mgoni demiCevs. demiCevi pasuxobs, gadmorekeT naxevari saaTis

Semdeg, sakiTxze suslovs davelaparakebio.

batoni oTari imwamsve rekavs estoneTis cekas mesame mdi-

vanTan. estoneTs Zalian undoda qarTuli kulturis dReebis

Catareba. ruseTisadmi saocari siZulvili hqondaT. batoni

oTari mdivans ise elaparakeba, rom miaxvedros, Tu rogor un-

da Catardes es RonisZieba.

159

_ xom gaxsovT, qarTuli kulturis dReebi estoneTSi po-

litbiuros dadgenilebamde iyo gadawyvetili. Tqven xom ukve

gamoacxadeT amis Sesaxeb. albaT, radioSic iqneboda, yvelgan.

aba, xalxis motyueba rogor SeiZleba, ras ityvis sayvareli es-

toneli xalxi... me naxevar saaTSi kidev unda davureko amx. de-

miCevs da ai, vetyvi, rom estoneTSi didi samzadisia ukve Cata-

rebuli. Tanac breJnevma icis, SevardnaZem Tavis statiaSi xom

axsena estoneTSi Cveni kulturis dReebi... ase rogor SeiZleba

xalxis gabiTureba!@

mivxvdi, rom estoneTis mdivans mTeli samoqmedo infor-

macia gadasca. gaagebina, Tu rogor unda emoqmedaT. me kabine-

tidan gamosasvlelad wamovdeqi.

_ nu midixar, darCi, ar gainteresebs?

aTi wuTis Semdeg rekavs estoneTis cekas mdivani da ba-

ton oTars eubneba: estoneTis radiom es-es aris gadmosca ma-

sala qarTuli kulturis dReebis Sesaxeb. Cven ukve davukav-

SirdiT moskovSi cekas, yvelam icis qarTuli kulturis dRee-

bis Sesaxeb. xalxi ver gagvigebs, xalxSi ukmayofileba iqneba,

Tu CaiSleba RonisZieba.

batoni oTari icinis:

_ ai, vaso, ra Wkviani xalxia estonelebi. xelad mixvda

Cems saubars. aT wuTSi yvelaferi gaakeTes. axla me davurekav

amx. demiCevs. dareka. amx. demiCevma uTxra, rom estoneTi SeS-

foTebulia RonisZiebis CaSliT. raki breJnevi informirebu-

lia, dekada unda Catardes.

batonma oTarma pirdapir demonstratiulad maCvena, Tu

rogor unda gakeTdes erovnuli saqme. am mxriv is xom mar-

Tlac didi patrioti iyo _ saqmiT patrioti~ [8, 94-96].

mweral fridon xalvaSis (1924-2010) cnobiT, 1964 wlis Se-

modgomaze, CineTsa da vietnamSi mogzaurobisas, maTi delega-

ciis xelmZRvanelma maksakovma, romelic ver faravda Tavis

Sovinistur damokidebulebas ararusTa mimarT, nasvam mdgoma-

reobaSi yofnisas gaixsena, Tu rogor monawileobda maTi divi-

zia damoukidebeli latviis respublikis okupaciaSi.

f. xalvaSi igonebda: `maksakovma ratomRac omis dReebi

gaixsena. igi, polkovniki, Turme diviziis politsammarTvelos

ufrosi yofila frontze. baltiispireTs `vaTavisuflebdiTo~

_ gviyveba. bolos, roca is aRwera, Tu rogor dauSines latvi-

elma qalebma fanjrebidan `ganmaTavisuflebel~ rus ofic-

160

rebs... diax, diax, _ rusebs, rogorc Tavadve gvixsnida... in-

dobdneno qarTvelebs da sxva ararusebs ratomRac~.

maSin ukve veRar moviTmine da mivaxale:

_ iciT, latvielebma ratom gesroles maSin Tqven? _ imis

gamo gesroles, rom guSin, haifonSi, me, sityva ar maTqmevi-

neT!~ [14, 160].

aq f. xalvaSi gulisxmobda imas, rom maksakovma mas, ro-

gorc araruss, sazeimo Sexvedraze sityviT gamosvlis SesaZ-

lebloba ar misca.

1975 wels moskovSi momxdar qarTul-baltiuri solida-

robis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqts akademikosi mariam lor-

TqifaniZe (dabadebuli 1922 wels) ase igonebs: `60-iani wlebi-

dan daiwyo TiTqos taqtiani, magram gegmazomieri brZola ero-

vnuli istoriebisa da erovnuli enebis winaaRmdeg. SemuSavda

Tvalsazrisi: ssrk erTi saxelmwifoa da misi istoria Serwymu-

lad unda iyos warmodgenili, e. i. iyos erTi `История ССР~ da

masSi iyos Sesuli yvela respublikis istoria. iseTi wignebi

arsebobda (magaliTad, oTxtomiani, pankratovas redaqciiT),

romelSic saqarTvelos istorias sul 15-mde gverdi hqonda

daTmobili. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi mxolod aseTi

`Serwymuli~ istoria undodaT eswavlebinaT da zedmetad

Tvlidnen calke erovnuli istoriebis swavlebas.

dainiSna moskovSi sakavSiro da ruseTis ganaTlebis sami-

nistroebis sxdoma, sadac miiwvies yvela respublikaTa warmo-

madgenlebi... ganaTlebis ministrma, qalbatonma Tamar laSqa-

raSvilma mTxova, rom sxvebTan erTad mec wavsuliyavi mosko-

vis TaTbirze. erovnuli istoriis pozicias vicavdiT somxebi,

Cven da baltiispirelebi. danarCeni yvela Cveni winaaRmdegi

iyo. erTi debuleba, rom am xalxebis istoria sxvadasxva dros

iwyeba, rogor vaswavloT Serwymulad, _ did ukmayofilebas

iwvevda.

belorusiis ganaTlebis ministrma brZana, rom `maT ara-

visTan da sakuTriv ruseTTan gasayofi araferi aqvT~, xolo

Cem replikaze _ `Tqveni saqme Tqven iciT~, gabrazebulma brZa-

na, rom `qarTvelebs da somxebs TavianTi Tavi da istoria didi

raRaca hgoniaT da es unda amoiZirkvoso~.

kamaTi gamwvavda...

sityva iTxova latviis ganaTlebis ministrma da ganacxada:

161

_ `me saxelmwifo moxele var, gavatareb imas, rasac aq da-

adgenT, magram Tu skolebSi amoviRebT erovnuli istoriis

kurss, ori dRis Semdeg rigaSi gaCndeba iatakqveSa skolebi sa-

kuTari istoriis Sesaswavlad~.

situacia daiZaba. Camovarda siCume. Tavmjdomarem (ruse-

Tis ganaTlebis ministri) Sesveneba gamoacxada, xolo Sesvene-

bis Semdeg brZana, rom TaTbiri amJamad damTavrebulia da ga-

dawyvetilebas adgilze SegatyobinebTo...

Semdegi sxdoma, ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, regionuli princi-

piT moiwvies, amierkavkasia _ calke, albaT imitom, rom Cven da

baltiispirelebi saerTo frontiT ar gamovsuliyaviT...

saqarTvelos istoria (da aseve yvela respublikis, visac

es surda), rogorc damoukidebeli sagani, ver amoiRes saSua-

lo skolis programidan, komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi~ [10,

29-31].

qarTul-baltiuri urTierTsolidaroba sistematurad

vlindeboda rogorc mecnierebis, aseve kulturis sxvadasxva

sferoSi, maT Soris sportSic.

1960 wels romSi gamarTul XVII olimpiadaze ssr kavSiris

sakalaTburTo nakrebis SemadgenlobaSi erTad mouwiaT TamaSi

qarTvel da latviel saxelovan kalaTburTelebs: guram minaS-

vils, vladimer ugrexeliZes, maigonis valdmaniss, ianis kru-

minSsa da valdis muiJnieks. maT vercxlis medlebi moipoves,

xolo sakavSiro gundi meore adgilze gavida (aSS-is nakrebis

Semdeg).

guram minaSvili (dabadebuli 1936 wels) ixsenebs: `ro-

gorc perspeqtiuli moTamaSe, `dinamodan~ sabWoTa kavSiris na-

krebSi movxvdi. kargad maxsovs romis olimpiada. bolo TamaSi

italielebTan gvqonda. amerikelebTan wavageT da maT pirveli

adgili gainaRdes. Tu italielebs movugebdiT, meore adgili

garantirebuli gveqneboda, Tu wavagebdiT, maSin meoTxeze ga-

vidodiT. imaTac aseTive mdgomareoba hqondaT.

TamaSebi imarTeboda patara darbazSi, sadac 5.000 kaci

eteoda. ratomRac Cveni TamaSi gadaitanes did darbazSi.

12.000 italieli tifozi _ xom warmogidgeniaT, ra iqneboda,

magram arc Cven viyaviT jabanni.

me kargi damcveli viyavi. mowinaaRmdege gundidan yvelaze

Zlier Tavdamsxmels `viyvandi~ xolme. italiis nakrebSi aseTi

iyo alezini. is ise `movyronWe~, rom verafers akeTebda. Cems

162

funqciebSi burTis gaTamaSebac Sedioda. erTi italieli gada-

mekida. burTis warTmeva undoda da kinaRam burTianad SemWama.

mowinaaRmdeges ki unda aarTva burTi, magram solidurad unda

iTamaSo. is ki gadamekida. veRar moviTmine, nervebi ameSala, vi-

Tom burTi davatriale da idayvi saxeSi Cavartyi. cxviri gaus-

kda, wamouvida sisxli. atyda erTi ambavi. italielma tifozeb-

ma daiwyes yvirili, Tan aslirian monetebs isrodnen. mTeli ia-

taki gaivso, cocxebiT xvetavdnen, an sad hqondaT amdeni...

nakrebis mwvrTneli iyo spandariani. man Wkua ixmara da

moednidan gamiyvana. am dros alezinma gaijejila, 9 qula gaa-

keTa. Cems gverdiT, skamze ijda Cemi sami latvieli Tanagunde-

li. maT erTmaneTSi latviurad daiwyes saubari. Semdeg gundis

kapitani valdmanisi adga, mivida spandarianTan da rusulad

uTxra:

_ Tu ar SeiyvanT TamaSSi minaSvils, icode, wavagebTo.

6-7 qulas vagebdiT. Zalian mesiamovna. aseTi ram kalaT-

burTSi ar xdeba. kalaTburTels ufleba ar aqvs, rom TamaSis

dros mivides mwvrTnelTan da Tavisi azri uTxras.

mokled, Semiyvanes TamaSSi. isev àviyvane~ alezini da mo-

vigeT~ [7, 64-65].

qarTul-baltiuri solidarobis gamovlinebis morig

faqts misTvis damaxasiaTebel iumoristul stilSi mogviT-

xrobs cnobili qarTveli msaxiobi givi berikaSvili: `moskovSi

varT, restoranSi, giga lorTqifaniZe, irakli uCaneiSvili,

Tengiz arCvaZe, guram fircxalava, nani bregvaZe da sxvebi. xo-

lo Cvens iqiT sxedan rigeli kalaTburTelebi, rogorc ityvi-

an, namyenebi, cas TavebiT rom amtvreven. isini mxolod wvenebs

wrupaven. rigelebis axlos kidev magidas `puWura~ iaponelebi

usxedan.

erTi iaponeli gagvivlis da gamogvivlis xolme. am dros,

Cems aqeT-iqiT nani da erTi qali uceb Sextebian... ase ganmeor-

da ramdenjerme. SevamCnie, Cqmets Cvens qalebs.

Tu kidev gamoiara, me vaCveneb, Cqmeta rogor unda-meTqi.

marTlac gamoiara, magram guram fircxalavam damaswro da ia-

ponels yelSi staca xeli. ara, ar axrCobs, kani gamouwia da

mouWira TiTebi... es Cqmetas hgavs, magram Cqmetaze cxrajer

mwarea. Tanac guram fircxalavam raki CaiWira, xeli aRar gauS-

va.

163

`puWura~ gamwarebuli ayvirda. mieSvelnen iaponelebi,

umal movardnen milicielebic da eqomagebian iaponelebs. gu-

ram fircxalavas iWeren...

wamoxtnen kalaTburTelebi da zogma milicielebs daavlo

xeli, zogmac iaponelebs, aakonwiales da ase, cimcim gaiyvanes

gareT. isini isev Semovidnen, meti milicieliT. kvlav aakonwia-

les kalaTburTelebma. gvegona, damTavrda gawamawia-meTqi. ga-

gigonia? erTad mogvadga aTi milicieli. rigelma kalaTburT-

elebma isinic aakonwiales da ase gaiyvanes gareT.

sufram eSxi dakarga. magram movida erTi kalaTburTeli

CvenTan da gviTxra:

_ Cven aq saqeifod ki ar SemovsulvarT. vzivarT da velo-

debiT, nani bregvaZe rodis imRerebso.

maSinve avida nani estradaze da gaCaRda simRera. nani

irakli uCaneiSvilma Secvala, irakli _ isev nanim...

milicielebi kvlav Semovidnen, magram... axla ukve mxo-

lod taSis dasakvrelad. nanis momajadoebelma simReram, TiT-

qos grZneulebis kverTxi gadahkrao, milicielTa gaborotebac

ki sikeTis zeimad aqcia~ [3, 128].

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan baltiis respub-

likebSi farTo masStabebi miiRo erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel-

ma moZraobam, romelic ssr kavSiris mier am qveynebis meore

okupaciis (1945 w.) Semdeg, cvalebadi intensivobiT xasiaTde-

boda. es umniSvnelovanesi periodi sakmaod detalurad aris

Seswavlili baltiis qveynebis istoriografiaSi [26; 27; 29; 31]. saqarTvelos da baltiis respublikebis erovnul-ganmaTa-

visuflebeli moZraobis monawileni erTmaneTTan sakmaod mWid-

rod TanamSromlobdnen.

1989 wlis 11 marts TbilisSi muSaobas Seudga saqarTve-

los saxalxo frontis konferencia, romelSic monawileobda 450 delegati sxvadasxva politikuri da sazogadoebrivi orga-

nizaciidan. konferenciis monawileebma miiRes mimarTva, ro-

melSic gamoxates mxardaWera latviis saxalxo frontisa da

latvieli xalxis samarTliani moTxovnebisadmi. mimarTvaSi

dagmobil iqna interfrontis Sovinisturi saqmianoba latvia-

Si. imavdroulad, konferenciaze miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba

baltiis respublikebis saxalxo frontebis mxardaWerisa da

maTTan koordinirebuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb [23, 1].

164

baltiispirel patriotebTan garkveuli urTierToba

hqondaT rogorc qarTvel politikur da sazogado moRvawe-

ebs, aseve mecnierebsac, maT Soris SoTa rusTavelis sazogado-

ebis prezidents, kritikoss, literaturaTmcodnes da publi-

cist akaki baqraZes (1928-1999), akademikos Tamaz gamyreliZes

(amJamad _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis pre-

zidents) da sxvebs.

T. gamyreliZe, romelic 1989 wels ssrk-is umaRlesi sab-

Wos deputati iyo, igonebda: èrovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis

dros, 1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebis Semdeg, rodesac saWiro

gaxda gansakuTrebuli aqtivoba tragikuli Sedegebis likvida-

ciisa da qveynis mowesrigebisaTvis, akaki baqraZe maSin erovnu-

li moZraobis erT-erTi gamorCeuli liderTagani iyo... gansa-

kuTrebiT mWidro gaxda Cveni TanamSromloba 1989 wlis maisSi,

saxalxo deputatTa I yrilobaze moskovSi, romelic, SeiZleba

iTqvas, TiTqmis 9 aprilis movlenaTa niSniT Catarda.

yriloba baltiispireli deputatis, talpeJnikovis mowo-

debiT daiwyo, romelic moulodnelad gaiWra tribunisaken da

moiTxova fexze adgomiT ecaT pativi 9 aprils TbilisSi daRu-

pulTa xsovnisaTvis. es imdenad moulodneli iyo prezidiumSi

msxdomi sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, rom zogi

maTgani dabneulobisagan fexze wamodga.

am faqtis damswre akaki baqraZem, romelic yrilobaze

wargzavnil qarTvelTa sakmaod mravalricxovani deputaciis

wevri gaxldaT, aRniSna, rom baltiispirelebma gaakeTes, rac

Cven _ qarTvelebs unda gagvekeTebina, magram amasTanave dasZi-

na, rom araqarTvelis aseTi gamosvla CvenTvis politikurad

albaT, ufro momgebianic ki iyoo~ [2, 55-56].

sagulisxmoa, rom latviaSi 1988 wlidan araoficialurad

moqmedi qarTvelTa sazogadoeba am qveynis damoukideblobis

mimarT mxardaWeras gamoxatavda da adgilobriv erovnul-gan-

maTavisuflebel moZraobasTan TanamSromlobda. maT Soris ga-

moirCeodnen CogburTeli nugzar mZinariSvili, eqimi zurab

qecbaia da biznesmeni besarion beraZe.

1989 wlis 23 agvistos baltiis samive respublikaSi mow-

yobil masStabur samSvidobo aqciaSi `baltiuri jaWvi~ monawi-

leobda am qveynebis milionamde mcxovrebi. amiT maT sajarod

dagmes ssr kavSirsa da germanias Soris 50 wlis winaT gaforme-

buli dokumenti (e. w. `molotov-ribentropis paqti~) gavlenis

165

sferoTa ganawilebis Sesaxeb da imavdroulad gamoxates

swrafva im periodSi dakarguli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-

lobis aRdgenisaken.

sagulisxmoa, rom am aqciaSi monawileobdnen saqarTvelo-

dan sagangebod Casuli politikosebic, kerZod, saxalxo fron-

tis lideri nodar naTaZe, aseve, irakli Sengelaia da mixeil

naneiSvili. isini qarTuli, erovnuli droSiT idgnen latviel

da litvel demonstrantebs Soris, riTac am epoqaluri movle-

nisadmi qarTveli eris progresuli nawilis solidaroba saja-

rod daafiqsires.

saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan

aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen latviis erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-

lebeli moZraobis aqtivistebi, maT Soris, inguna ebele da mi-

si meuRle romualds raJuksi, romlebic saqarTveloSi siste-

maturad Camodiodnen.

i. ebele iyo latviis saxalxo frontis ndobiT aRWurvili

piri saqarTveloSi da Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis Se-

saxeb baltiispireTis presaSi statiebs aqveynebda. gansakuTre-

biT aRsaniSnavia misi werilebi saxelwodebiT: `Дни пробуждения Грузии~, `25 февраля – день траура в Грузии~, `Постигнет ли убийц расплата?~, `26 мая – день независимости Грузии~ da sxvebi, romle-

bic sxvadasxva dros gamoqveynda latviis saxalxo frontis

rusul enaze gamomaval sainformacio biuletenSi àtmoda~

(`gamoRviZeba~) [23-25]. Jurnalisti elguja lebaniZe, romelic 1989 wlis ganmav-

lobaSi orjer imyofeboda latviaSi, igonebda: ìnguna ebele

pirvelad TbilisSi, akaki baqraZis leqciaze vnaxe. savse darba-

zi sulganabuli usmenda Soreuli latviidan Camosul stu-

mars, romelic maT mSobliur respublikaSi mimdinare proces-

ze mouTxrobda. mas Semdeg didi dro gavida. TandaTan saqa-

rTveloSi farTo xasiaTi miiRo moZraobam, romelsac axla sa-

yovelTao gamoRviZebas veZaxiT. CvenTan ar yofila arc erTi

mniSvnelovani movlena, qalbaton ingunas rom Tavisi aqtiuri

damokidebuleba ar gamoexata. latviur presaSi sul ufro xSi-

rad ibeWdeboda misi narkvevebi da Canaxatebi saqarTveloze,

mrisxanebiT savse korespondenciebi usamarTlobis calkeul

SemTxvevebze. inguna erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, vinc latvi-

el xalxs utyuari cnobebi miawoda Tbilisis 9 aprilis trage-

diis Sesaxeb...

166

Semodgomaze bedma isev momaxvedra latviaSi. aq ukve me-

loda mivlinebaSi myofi megobari, latviuri enis specialisti

uSangi saxlTxuciSvili. swored misi meSveobiT davazuste in-

gunas telefonis nomeri...

_ Tqvenze ukve melaparaka uSangi, _ miTxra ingunam, _

xval laCplesis _ daugavaze latvieli xalxis gamarjvebis aR-

saniSnavi zeimia, mec iq viqnebi.

saRamos latviis radiosTan ise SevxvdiT erTmaneTs, ro-

gorc Zveli megobrebi. ingunam sanTeli SemomTavaza da Jurna-

list aivar berikisTan erTad SevuerTdiT xalxis zRvas, rome-

lic erovnuli droSebis frialiT mdinare daugavas sanapiro-

saken daeSva. es marTlac grandiozuli, zRapruli sanaxaoba

iyo. WarmoidgineT aTeul aTasobiT anTebuli sanTeli, dauga-

vas zedapirze mociage varskvlavebi, miniaturul navebs rom

mohqondaT...

amdeni Rimiliani saxe didi xania ar minaxavs. yoveli mxri-

dan vgrZnobdi madlierebiT mopyrobil mzeras qarTveli Jur-

nalistisadmi, romelic sxvebTan erTad yviroda: `briviiba

latviai~ _ Tavisufleba latvias...

im saRamos Tavisuflebis ZeglTan Semdgar mitingze ingu-

na ebelem mgznebare sityva warmoTqva. marTalia, latviurisa

araferi gamegeboda, magram ise xSirad mesmoda `gruzia~, rom

yvelafers mivxvdi _ inguna isev saqarTveloze, mis gaWirveba-

ze laparakobda...

dRes rom yovel meore-mesame latviels pirze saqarTve-

lo akeria da presaSi gamoqveynebul cnobas xarbad ewafeba,

upirvelesad, inguna ebeles damsaxurebaa~ [9, 14-15].

aqve davsZenT, rom zemoxsenebuli r. raJuksi wlebis ga-

nmavlobaSi muSaobda ukve damoukidebel saqarTveloSi `natos~

xaziT, rogorc mekavSire oficeri kavkasiaSi. man sakmaod bevri

gaakeTa aRniSnul organizaciasTan Cveni qveynis TanamSromlo-

bis gasaRrmaveblad.

1989 wlis agvistodan dekembramde latviis respublikur

saavadmyofoSi muSaobda eqimi ramaz mixeilis Ze Sengelia. amJa-

mad, igi aris medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,

Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universitetis medicinis is-

toriisa da bioeTikis departamentis xelmZRvaneli, saqarTve-

los medicinis mecnierebaTa akademiisa da vaSingtonis mecnie-

rebaTa akademiis wevri.

167

latviis respublikur saavadmyofoSi mivlinebuli r. Sen-

gelia muSaobda profesor v. utkinTan. amisparalelurad, v.

utkinisa da profesor vaxtang fifias erToblivi xelmZRvane-

lobiT, igi sadoqtoro disertaciazec muSaobda.

r. Sengelia igonebda: `rigaSi Cems Casvlas daemTxva lat-

viis pirveli prezidentis ian Cakstes dabadebis dRe, romel-

sac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sazeimod aRniSnavda. meuRlesTan

erTad vewvie prezidentis saflavs da igi yvavilebis Taigu-

liT Sevamke. moxda ise, rom, rodesac masmediis saSualebebma

gaaSuqes es movlena, yvelgan wina planze vCandi. aman ganapiro-

ba Cems nacnob latvielTa gansakuTrebuli pativiscema Cems mi-

marT.

im periodSi latviaSi TandaTan farTo masStabebs iZenda

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romlis wevrebsac da-

vuaxlovdi. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT davumegobrdi inguna

ebeles da mis meuRles romualds raJukss, romlebic aqtiu-

rad TanamSromlobdnen saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-

lebeli moZraobis liderebTan. am col-qmris meSveobiT Sevxv-

di latviis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis TvalsaCi-

no figurebs, maT Soris saxalxo frontis Tavmjdomares dai-

nis ivanss, imave organizaciis xelmZRvanel pirebs _ calitissa

da Skaparss, iuristTa sazogadoebis prezidents valdis bir-

kavss da sxvebs.

1989 wlis 13 oqtombers tragikulad daiRupa merab kos-

tava. amasTan dakavSirebiT, rigaSi ramdenime megobarTan er-

Tad davaarse misi saxelobis qarTvelTa sazogadoeba, romel-

Sic ZiriTadad iqauri qarTveli studentoba gaerTianda. Cveni

sazogadoeba sakmaod aqtiurobda. sistematurad vxvdebodiT

masmediis saSualebebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic saqarTve-

losa da kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebTan dakavSirebiT Ziri-

Tadad dezorientirebulni iyvnen. gvindoda, rom maT es pro-

cesebi obieqturad gaeSuqebinaT, rac araerTxel SevZeliT ki-

devac.

`laCplesis~ saxalxo dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT, Sevake-

rineT qarTuli erovnuli droSebi da monawileobis misaRebad

SevuerTdiT rigis quCebSi dawyebul latvielTa grandiozul

demonstracias. Cvenma misvlam iq myofTa sayovelTao aRfrTo-

vaneba gamoiwvia. gaismoda xmamaRali SeZaxilebi:

_ `gruzia! gruzia! gruzia!~

168

Semodgomaze Catarda latviis saxalxo frontis yriloba,

romelSic sxvebTan erTad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos erov-

nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebic, maT

Soris _ avTandil imnaZe da aleko qobulaSvili. yrilobis mo-

nawileTa winaSe sayuradRebo moxsenebiT warsdga a. imnaZe, ro-

melsac taSiT Seegebnen.

imxanad, baltiis respublikebi xmaSewyobilni ibrZodnen

TavisuflebisaTvis, rac samxreT kavkasiis respublikebze ar

iTqmoda. gvindoda gveCvenebina, rom kavkasielebic erTad vib-

rZviT ssr kavSiridan gamosvlisaTvis. am mizniT, rigaSi movaw-

yveT saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis erovnul-ganma-

Tavisuflebeli moZraobis monawileTa erToblivi preskonfe-

rencia, romelSic qarTvelTa mxridan me vmonawileobdi. me

vcdilobdi mediatoris rolis Sesrulebas urTierTdapirispi-

rebul somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris, rac im dRes met-

naklebad movaxerxe. Cemi gamosvlis dedaazri iyo kavkasielTa

gaerTianeba da darazmva TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi, msgav-

sad baltiispirelebisa.

meore dRes, saRamos, rodesac respublikuri saavadmyo-

fodan saxlSi avtobusiT vbrundebodi, mZRols radio maRal

xmaze hqonda CarTuli. gadmoscemdnen informacias Cvens gu-

Sindel preskonferenciaze. Cemi vrceli gamosvla TiTqmis

srulad gadmosces. gadaRlili viyavi da imdenad mivejaWve ra-

dios, rom avtobusma im periodSi ramdenime wre gaakeTa...

mZRolma es Semaxsena.

me vuTxari, rom radioTi Cems gamosvlas gadmoscemdnen

da mindoda bolomde momesmina. es imdenad moulodneli aRmoC-

nda latvieli mZRolisaTvis, romelsac, Cemi gamosvla, Turme,

Zalian moewona, rom man, Cemdami pativiscemis niSnad, carieli

avtobusi moabruna da saxlamde mimiyvana, Tan mTeli am xnis

ganmavlobaSi aqebda saqarTvelos da qarTvelebs~.

1989 wlis oqtombris miwuruls, rigaSi daarsebul merab

kostavas sazogadoebas saTaveSi Caudga besarion beraZe. am or-

ganizaciaSi gaerTianebulni iyvnen qarTveli studentebi, rom-

lebic imxanad rigaSi swavlobdnen: nona devaZe, inga paiWaZe,

goCa cqifuriSvili, magda kupataSvili, marine janeliZe, levan

mWedliSvili, besik JRenti, gia siWinava, avTandil aqirTava da

sxvebi.

169

1990 wlis TebervalSi xsenebuli sazogadoebis Tavmjdo-

mared airCies rigaSi mcxovrebi qirurgi zurab qecbaia.

sazogadoebis mizani iyo saqarTvelos sakiTxis, qarTuli

kulturis popularizacia latviaSi, aseve masmediisaTvis obi-

eqturi informaciis miwodeba. 1990 wels sazogadoebam gamosca

pirveli qarTuli gazeTi latviaSi, saxelwodebiT _ `Tbilisis

furceli~.

qarTul da baltiur araformalur organizaciebs Soris

Camoyalibda mWidro TanamSromloba da megobruli urTierTo-

ba, riTac am qveynebis urTierTobis istoriaSi axali, sagu-

lisxmo furclebi Caiwera.

saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

erT-erTi lideri akaki baqraZe, imave moZraobis sxva liderTa

msgavsad, Tavis sajaro gamosvlebSi ar faravda did simpaTias

baltiispirelTa mimarT, romelTa patriotizms da maRal saxe-

lmwifoebriv Segnebas igi samagaliTod saxavda.

erT-erT interviuSi a. baqraZe savsebiT samarTlianad ac-

xadebda: àraferi ise saSiSi ar aris axla CvenTvis, rogorc

dauokebeli survili _ mTeli saqarTvelo TbilisSi cxovrob-

des. Tuki SeiZleba litvis saukeTeso Teatri pawia qalaq pane-

veJisSi iyos da ara vilniusSi, ratom ar SeiZleba amgvari ram

saqarTveloSi? Tuki SeiZleba yvelaze saxelganTqmuli kalaT-

burTelTa gundi kaunasSi iyos da ara vilniusSi, ratom ar Se-

iZleba es saqarTveloSi? Tuki SeiZleba mTel msoflioSi sa-

xelganTqmuli universiteti tartuSi iyos da ara talinSi, ra-

tom ar SeiZleba es saqarTveloSi?~ [1, 175].


erT-erT liderTan, zurab WavWavaZesTan (1953-1989) megobrob-

dnen da TanamSromlobdnen litvis Tavisuflebis ligis wevre-

bi da, maT Soris, andrius tuCkusi.

1989 wlis 26 maiss, TbilisSi, leninis (amJamad _ Tavisuf-

lebis) moedanze, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-

lobis aRsaniSnavad, xalxTmravali mitingi da demonstracia

gaimarTa. mitingze sityviT gamosulTa Soris iyvnen litveli

stumrebi andrius tuCkusi da Sakalene [6].

imave wlis 11 ivniss, damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli

litveli xalxisadmi solidarobis niSnad, TbilisSi, operis

baRSi Sedga saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-

obis monawileTa grandiozuli mitingi [11].

170

1990 wlis 11 marts, litvis parlamentis mier saxelmwifo-

ebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis deklarirebas, moskovis

mxridan agresia da blokada mohyva.


xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita, rom TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol

litvel megobrebs SeZlebisdagvarad daxmareboda. saqarTve-

los wiTeli jvrisa da medicinis muSakTa profkavSirebis xel-

mZRvanelebis _ nodar cqitiSvilisa da soso kacitaZis daxma-

rebiT, TbilisSi gaixsna sagangebo sabanko angariSi litvis da-

saxmareblad.

maisSi, Tbilisidan vilniusSi Cafrinda sami sabargo

TviTmfrinavi, romelmac 20 tona sursaTi da medikamentebi Ca-

itana. qarTvelTa delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen soso ka-

citaZe da Salva wiklauri.

saqarTveloSi Seiqmna litvasTan urTierTobisa da megob-

robis warmomadgenloba, romelsac saTaveSi S. wiklauri Caud-

ga. igi xSirad Cadioda litvaSi, sadac dauaxlovda erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebs, seimis Tav-

mjdomare vitautas landsbergiss, seimis wevrebs: algirdas

endriukaitiss, algirdas katkuss, alfondas vaisnorass, Jur-

nalistTa kavSiris Tavmjdomares _ rimas eilunaviCuss, sain-

formacio centris ufross _ albinas visotskis, mfrinav vita-

utas eidukaitiss, romelic Tavis droze, tartus diviziaSi,

CeCneTis momaval prezident johar dudaevTan erTad msaxu-

robda da sxvebs.

1991 wlis dasawyisSi baltiispireTSi mimdinare cnobili

politikuri movlenebis dros, rodesac erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraobis CaxSobis mizniT, kremlma represiul

RonisZiebaTa gatareba scada da sisxlic ki daRvara, iqaur qa-

rTvelTa garkveuli nawili, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxar-

damxar, barikadebze dadga. maT Soris gamoirCeoda latviaSi

mcxovrebi saxelganTqmuli CogburTeli, mravali sapatio sa-

erTaSoriso jildos mflobeli nugzar mZinariSvili (dabade-

buli 1943 wels, TbilisSi), romelmac latviel xalxSi damsa-

xurebuli avtoriteti moipova. 2001 wels igi dajildovda

medliT am qveynis Tavisuflebis dacvisaTvis brZolaSi Setani-

li wvlilisaTvis.

1991 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi vilniusSi kvlav Cavida ze-

moxsenebuli S. wiklauri, romelic imxanad ukve saqarTvelos

171

respublikis uzenaesi sabWos deputati iyo. mis memuarebSi sa-

interesod aris moTxrobili 13-14 ianvars vilniusSi ganviTa-

rebuli movlenebi.

mogonebebSi vkiTxulobT: `sastumro `draugisteSi~

vcxovrobdi... 13 ianvars, saRamos, sastumros fanjridan vil-

niusSi Semosasvlel gzas gavyurebdi. Sebindebisas muxluxebis

Semzaravi JRaruni gaisma. mZime teqnika qalaqis centrisaken

miemarTeboda... ramdenime saaTSi TiTqmis erTdroulad daiwyo

Seteva sam obieqtze _ beWdviT saxlze, teleanZasa da telera-

diokomitetis Senobaze. grgvinvam da quxilma moicva mTeli qa-

laqi... srolebi mTeli Rame grZeldeboda.

diliT mTavrobis saxlTan Cavedi. mTavrobis saxlis mim-

debare teritoriasa da gediminas gamzirze xalxis teva ar

iyo... Seupovari, SeSfoTebuli da ganwiruli saxeebi erTmaneT-

Si ireoda. Canda, rom Tundac sicocxlis fasad ar daTmobdnen

litvelebi mopovebul Tavisuflebas...

moedanze litvis erovnuli droSebis jari idga, maT So-

ris iyo latviis, estoneTis, ukrainis da belorusiis droSe-

bic. arsad moCanda qarTuli droSa. oedanTan, gediminas gamzi-

ris # 54 a-Si qarTveli qalbatoni dali gogeSvili cxovrob-

da. mas mivakiTxe, droSa gamovitaneT da moedanze gavSaleT.

policiam derefani gaxsna, xalxi SeZaxilebiT gvxvdeba,

mogvCerebian ganuzomeli madlierebiT gamomxatveli mzeriT,

Tvalcremlianni. gaismis xmaSewyobili SeZaxilebi: `gruzia~,

`gruzia~, `gruzia~... bolos, mravalaTasianma mitingma `suli-

ko~ imRera. Cvens droSas damatebiTi tari miamagres da yvela-

ze maRla aswies, rasac mquxare taSi mohyva.

litvelebi moedans ar tovebdnen. gamocxadda sadReRami-

so morigeoba raionebis mixedviT, rac TveobiT gagrZelda. Ce-

mi morigeoba ganrigis gareSe iyo. mec maTTan erTad vaTeneb-

di...

14 ianvars landsbergisi Senobidan gamovida da xalxs mo-

uwoda simSvidisaken, raTa ar ahyolodnen provokaciebs, rac

mosalodneli iyo...

mTavrobis damcvelTa Soris ZiriTadSi SerCeuli axal-

gazrdebi iyvnen. farTo, minebiani Senobis pirvel sarTulze

barikadebi moewyoT. gasuli wlis maisSi mosalodneli Tavdas-

xmis dros Tu sanadiro TofebiT iyvnen SeiaraRebulni, axla

ukve Tanamedrove iaraRiT iyvnen aRWurvilni. garedan xalxis

172

SeZaxilebi ismoda, centralur SemosasvlelTan litvis, lat-

viis, estoneTis, ukrainis, belorusiis da azerbaijanis dro-

SebTan erTad irweoda saqarTvelos erovnuli droSa... seimis

SenobaSi rom Sevedi, Tan maxlda Jurnalisti elena veiskute.

mas vTxove, moecaT CemTvis iaraRi. misi pasuxi iyo:

_ `Cven stumrebs ar vaomebT~ [13, 29-35].

xsenebul memuarebSi asea aRwerili TavisuflebisaTvis

brZolaSi dacemul litvel gmirTa dakrZalva: `16 ianvari dad-

ga _ dRe tragikulad daRupulTa gasvenebisa. kaTedralur mo-

edanze cameti cxedari asvenia. oratorebi erTmaneTs scvlian.

litveli xalxi eTxoveba damoukideblobisaTvis daRupul Svi-

lebs. moTqvamen zarebi samrekloze da maTi xmebi Svilmkvdari

dedis godebad Camesmis. nisli abreSumis sudarasaviT dahfenia

gafiTrebul saxeebs. qalaqSi yvela fanjaraSi sanTlebi anTia.

kaTedraluri moednidan sasaflaomde ori kilometria. gzis

orive mxares sanTlebiT xelSi Wirisufalni dganan uZravad.

win bavSvebi CauyenebiaT, maTac sanTlebi ukaviaT pawia xele-

biT. procesma saaTze metxans gastana. bavSvebi ar ganZreulan.

maocebs maTi nebisyofa da gamZleoba, vakvirdebi maT saxeebs,

rac kedlis freskebze gacocxlebul angelozebs magonebs. id-

gnen dumiliT, zRvisfer TvalebSi sevda CasdgomodaT _ sevda

da ara siZulvili, mxolod morCileba RvTisadmi. cidan samZi-

marze Camofrenil angelozebs hgavdnen, mSoblebis mwuxri uc-

vlelad asaxodaT patara da lamaz saxeebze...

erT mTlian Taigulad qceuliyo yofili sabWoTa kavSi-

ris respublikebis erovnuli droSebi. maTTan erTad, Tanag-

rZnobiT Tavi daexaraT saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis dro-

Sebs, romelTac jer kidev ar SeSrobodaT igive ruseTis impe-

riis mier 1989 wlis 9 aprils TbilisSi da 1990 wlis 20 ian-

vars baqoSi daxocil patriotTa sisxli...

rekdnen zarebi da maT xmebSi iWedeboda litvis momavali.

Tavdaxrilni madlobas swiravdnen SewirulT daRvrili sis-

xlisaTvis, romeli sisxlic gazafxulze titebs amohyveba da

Tavisufali litvis naTel gzas daefineba~ [13, 34-35].

litvis respublikis xelisuflebam politikuri TavSesa-

fari SesTavaza saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos de-

putatebsa da mTavrobis wevrebs, romelTa garkveuli nawilic,

1992 wlis ianvarSi TbilisSi momxdari saxelmwifo gadatria-

lebis Semdeg, emigrantad iqca. saqarTvelos devnili xelisuf-

173

lebis wevrTa nawili (mTavrobis Tavmjdomare besarion guguS-

vili, deputati merab kiknaZe da sxv.) vilniusidan gaemgzavra

dasavleT evropaSi, xolo deputatebi Salva wiklauri, avTan-

dil kvetenaZe da sxvebi litvaSi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi

cxovrobdnen da garemoculni iyvnen litvel megobarTa yura-

dRebiT.

baltiis respublikebis erovnuli mTavrobebi Tanadgomas

ucxadebdnen rogorc damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol saqarT-

velos, aseve CeCneTsac.

prezident johar dudaevis meuRle ala dudaeva igonebs:

`Tavdadebuli da mizanswrafuli adamianebi aRmoCndnen Cveni

litveli megobrebi _ vitautas landsbergisi da misi Tanamosa-

ngreebi: algirdas endriukaitisi, algirdas potackasi, romu-

aldas gofertene da `centristebis~ partiis lideri romual-

das ozolasi. Cveni megobroba TandaTanobiT met simtkices

iZenda. CeCneTis respublikis saerTaSoriso asparezze warsad-

genad samive baltiispira qveyana erTad iRvwoda, gansakuTre-

biT litva da estoneTi~ [4, 178].

1994 wlis Tebervlis Sua ricxvebSi groznodan saqarTve-

loSi Camovida sagangebo delegacia, romlis SemadgenlobaSic,

CeCneTis vice-prezident zelimxan iandarbievTan (xelmZRvane-

li) da sxva CeCen delegatebTan erTad, Sediodnen litvis xe-

lisuflebis warmomadgenlebi: r. gofertene, a. potackasi da v.

edukaitisi. delegaciis mizani iyo saqarTvelos pirveli pre-

zidentis, zviad gamsaxurdias neStis mokvleva da groznoSi ga-

dasveneba, rac maT ganaxorcieles [4, 185].

ssr kavSiris daSlisa da masSi Semavali respublikebis sa-

xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, saqarTve-

losa da balriis respublikebs Soris diplomatiuri urTier-

Tobebi damyarda.

saqarTvelosa da Tavisuflebismoyvare qarTveli xalxi-

sadmi simpaTia baltiel mweralTa SemoqmedebaSic aisaxa.

latviuri literaturisa da kulturis popularizatoris,

profesor uSangi saxlTxuciSvilis (1939-2005) mier Targmnili

latviuri literaturis nimuSebidan qarTveli mkiTxveli sazo-

gadoebis gansakuTrebuli daintereseba gamoiwvia andris iaku-

banis sevdianma moTxrobam `Tbiliso, Tbiliso, Tbiliso~ [5]. am

nawarmoebis mTavar moqmed personaJs, latviel disident ian

zemnieks uzomod moswons kompozitor revaz laRiZis Sedevri

174

_ `Tbiliso~, romelic daiwera poet petre bagration-gruzins-

kis leqsis teqstze.

literaturaTmcodnisa da kritikosis, nino CxikviSvilis

SefasebiT: àm moTxrobas laitmotivad swored revaz laRiZis

`Tbilisos~ melodia gasdevs, rogorc erisa da pirovnebis Ta-

visuflebis, bednierebisa da srulyofilebis simbolo. ian zem-

niekis, am disidenti, axla ukve cxovrebisagan gawbilebuli ka-

cis nostalgiac es aris,amitom enatreba saqarTvelo da qar-

Tvelebi, amitom qceula misTvis Tbilisi ocnebis qalaqad, ami-

tom ukveTavs ase daJinebiT mTeli saRamo restoran `severSi~

mxolod `Tbilisos~, amitomac iTxovs TviTmkvlelobis win

isev am simReris gagonebas... da am simRera-simboloTi aerTia-

nebs latvieli mwerali ori patara, TviTmyofadi eris istori-

ul bediswerasac~ [12, 87].

amrigad, ssr kavSiris SemadgelobaSi iZulebiT moqceuli

qarTveli da baltieli, kerZod, latvieli, litveli da esto-

neli xalxebis progresulad moazrovne nawils Soris Camoya-

libda erTgvari Sinagani solidarobis grZnoba, romelic sak-

maod xSirad vlindeboda.


1. baqraZe akaki, gvianRa iqneba (interviu). akaki baqraZis

xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli `da aRvamaRle rCeuli

erisagan Cemisa~, Semdgenel-redaqtori TinaTin kobalaZe,

Tbilisi, 2002.

2. gamyreliZe Tamaz, Sexvedrebi akaki baqraZesTan. akaki baq-

raZis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli `da aRvamaRle rCe-

uli erisagan Cemisa~, Semdgenel-redaqtori TinaTin koba-

laZe, Tbilisi, 2002.

3. givi berikaSvilis naambobi, saqarTvelos satirikosTa da

iumoristTa asociaciis krebuli `salaRobo kalendari

anu 366 Rimilze meti~, Seadgines akaki gewaZem da valeri-

an mamukelaSvilma, revaz miSvelaZis redaqciiT, Tbilisi,

1992.

4. dudaeva ala, milion meerTe, wigni I, rusulidan Targmna

asmaT lekiaSvilma, Tbilisi, 2010.

175

5. Tbiliso, Tbiliso, Tbiliso. latviuri moTxrobebi da

romani, latviuridan Targmna uSang saxlTxuciSvilma,

Tbilisi, 1997.

6. ìveria~, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis gazeTi, 1989, # 8.

7. interviu guram minaSvilTan, Caiwera naTia utiaSvilma,

Jurnali `Tbiliselebi~, 2006, # 27 (288).

8. kiknaZe vasil, gamoTxoveba mogonebebTan (memuarebi), Tb.,

2007.

9. lebaniZe elguja, Cveni Soreuli axloblebi, Jurnali `sa-

qarTvelos qali~, 1990, # 1.

10. lorTqifaniZe mariam, Cemi gza (zogi ram, rac gamaxsenda),

Semdgeneli levan kikviZe, Tbilisi, 2007.

11. RmerTo samSoblo ucocxle (eZRvneba zurab WavWavaZis

xsovnas), Semdgeneli anzor abJandaZe, Tbilisi, 1993.

12. CxikviSvili nino, is kaci iyo da hangad iqca, sazogadoeb-

rivi Jurnali òmega~, 2000, # 4.

13. wiklauri Salva, emigrantis dRiurebi (litva-niderlande-

bi), Tbilisi, 2006.

14. xalvaSi fridon, omri (mogonebebi), Tbilisi, 2007.

15. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-latviuri urTierTobis isto-

riidan, àxali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2009,

#1(5).

16. javaxiSvili niko, oTxi etiudi baltiis qveynebTan saqar-

Tvelos urTierTobis istoriidan, àxali da uaxlesi is-

toriis sakiTxebi~, 2009, #2(6).

17. javaxiSvili niko, qarTvelTa kvali baltiispireTSi (XVII

saukunis miwurulidan _ XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde), àxa-

li da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2010, #1(7).

18. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-baltiuri urTierTobis isto-

riidan (XIX saukunis dasawyisidan _ XX saukunis dasawyi-

samde), àxali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2010,

#2(8).

19. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-baltiuri urTierToba emigra-

ciaSi. baltiis qveynebi qarTvel emigrantTa TvalsawierSi

(1921-1991 ww.), àxali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~,

2010, #2(8).

20. javaxiSvili niko, qarTveli generlebi baltiispireTSi

(XVIII saukunis miwurulidan _ XX saukunis ocian wlebam-

de), àxali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2011, #1(9).

176

21. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-baltiuri urTierToba II msof-

lio omis dros, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fa-

kultetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, t.

I, Tbilisi, 2011.

22. javaxiSvili niko, narkvevebi qarTul-baltiuri urTier-

Tobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2011.

23. `Атмода~, информационный бюллетень Народного фронта Латвии `Пробуждение~, Рига, 27. II. 1989.

24. `Атмода~, информационный бюллетень Народного фронта Латвии `Пробуждение~, Рига, 27. III. 1989.

25. `Атмода~, информационный бюллетень Народного фронта Латвии `Пробуждение~, Рига, 15. V. 1989.

26. Блейере Д., Бутулис И., Зунда А., Странга А., Фелдманис И., История Латвии. XX век, Рига, 2005.

27. Бутулис И. Зунда А., История Латвии, Перевод – Р. Добровенский, Рига, 2010.

28. Джавахишвили Н., Малоизвестные страницы истории грузино-балтийских взаимоотношении (X-XVIII вв.), `Кавказ и глобали-зация~, Журнал социально-политических и экономических иссле-дований, Институт стратегических исследований Кавказа, CA&CC Press, Швеция, т. 4, выпуск 3-4, 2010.

29. Bluzma V., Jundzis T., Riekstins J., Sharp G., Strods H., Regaining Independence: Non-violent Resistance in Latvia 1945-1991, Riga, 2009.

30. Javakhishvili N., Little-known pages of the history of Georgian-Baltic relations in the 10th-18th centuries, „The Caucasus and globalization~, Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, Institute of strategic studies of the Caucasus, CA&CC Press, Sweden, volume 4, issue 3-4, 2010.

31. The Latvian Saga, by U. Germanis, Editor O. Kalnins, Translated from the Latvian by K. Streips, Riga, 2007.

177

Niko Javakhishvili Doctor of Historical sciences, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chief scientist-researcher of the Modern and Contemporary History Department of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

From the History of Georgian-Baltic Solidarity

(2nd half of XX century)

Summary

Russification policy, consistently pursued by the Soviet Union, was obstinately opposed by the progressive part of the Georgian and Baltic people, in particular, Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian nations. Scientists, Literary and cultural figures resisted to the abovementioned imperialist policy of the Kremlin as much as they could.

Georgians and Baltic people developed a kind of inner feeling of solidarity between each other, which was manifested in many occasions. This article cites several important facts form the history of Georgian - Baltic solidarity.

178

epifane (ediSer) gvenetaZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universite-

tis asocirebuli profesori

maia yifiani


tis asistent-profesori

1967 wlis israel-arabeTis eqvsdRian omSi

israelis gamarjvebis faqtorebi

axlo aRmosavleTi istoriis manZilze yovelTvis mniSvne-

lovan regions warmoadgenda, aq mimdinare movlenebi didad

gansazRvravda da gavlenas axdenda danarCen msoflioSi mimdi-

nare politikur procesebze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axlo aRmo-

savleTi Tanamedrove msoflioSic erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

kvanZia, sadac mudmivad arsebobda dapirispireba da konfliq-

tebi, romlebic dResac grZeldeba da maTi mogvarebis sakiTxi

mudmivad aqtualuria. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT regionSi momxdar

bolodroindel movlenebs, romlebic dRemde grZeldeba-vgu-

lisxmobT arabuli revoluciebis talRas-ar aris gamoricxu-

li es movlenebi regionSi axali masobrivi konfliqtebis ga-

momwvevi mizezi gaxdes.

me-20 saukuneSi regionSi viTareba gansakuTrebiT maSin

daiZaba, rodesac palestinaze 1947 wels damTavrda britane-

Tis mandati da amave wlis 29 noembers gaeros generalurma

asambleam miiRo rezolucia 181, romliTac rekomendacia mis-

ca palestinis or saxelmwifod gayofas, ierusalims ki calke

raionad gamoyofas [2, 442]. ebraelebma palestinis gayofis

gegma miiRes. arabebma ki masze sastiki uari ganacxades. maT sa-

erTod ar undodaT regionSi ebrauli saxelmwifos xilva. [2,

445]

saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom israelis saxelmwifos war-

moSoba mravalwilad ganapiroba sabWoTa kavSiris imdroindel-

ma politikam axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi. kerZod, moskovis

interesebSi Sedioda axlo aRmosavleTSi ebrauli saxelmwifos

Camoyalibeba, romelic regionSi misi dasayrdeni unda yofili-

yo [3, 217]. amiT kremli gamodevnida arabuli samyarodan in-

gliss da erTgvar „sols arWobda~ aSS-sa da didi britaneTis

urTierTobebs Soris.

179

israelis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis movlenas arabebi

"nakbas" uwodeben, rac arabulad "katastrofas" niSnavs. ami-

tom, rodesac 1948 wlis 14 maiss ebraulma saxelmwifom damo-

ukidebloba gamoacxada, es faqti imTaviTve gaxda regionSi vi-

Tarebis eskalaciisa da axali konfliqtebis mizezi. israelis

saxelmwifo warmoqmnisTanave arabuli qveynebiT iqna garSe-

mortymuli. israelis damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan meore

dRes, 15 maiss israelis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg omi daiwyo

arabuli qveynebis ligam, romelSic Sedioda egvipte, siria,

libani, transiordania da erayi. Tumca es omi israelis sruli

gamarjvebiT dasrulda. am omSi israels sabWoTa kavSiri exma-

reboda teqnikis da specialistebis mxriv.

meore konfliqti 1956 wlis suecis krizisi iyo, sadac eg-

viptis winaaRmdeg israelis mxares didi britaneTi da safran-

geTi ibrZodnen. „sinas kampaniis Semdgomi periodi israel-eg-

viptis sazRvarze SedarebiT mSvidi iyo ZiriTadad, gaeros

warmomadgenlobis gamo, Tumca es ar niSnavda imas, rom axlo

aRmosavleTis regionSi simSvidem xangrZlivi droiT daisadgu-

ra~ [1, 213]. israels mieca saerTaSoriso garantiebi imisa, rom

Tavisuflad gaetarebina Tavisi gemebi tiranis sruteSi. magram

amas ewinaRmdegeboda egvipte. is faqtobrivad atarebda sru-

tis blokadas. amitom israeli acxadebda, rom egviptis es moq-

medeba SiZleba momavalSi gamxdariyo srulmasStabiani omis sa-

babi. egviptisa da gaero-s xelmZRvanelebi sxvadasxvanairad ga-

nixilavdnen iq myof samxedroTa statuss. kairos miaCnda, rom

gaero-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebi misi moTxovnisTanave unda gaey-

vana, xolo gaero-s generaluri mdivani ki Tvlida, rom es sa-

kiTxi saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad unda unda ganexila

uSiSroebis sabWos. sargeblobda ra egviptis prezidenti nase-

ri moskovis mxardaWeriT, man werilic ki miswera gaero-s ja-

rebis meTaurs-general favzis, raTa mas jarebi gaeyvana. fav-

zim upasuxa: „me var samxedro provneba da viReb brZanebebs ara

egviptedan, aramed gaerodan~.

1964 wels kairoSi Catarebul arabuli qveynebis konfe-

renciaze gadawyda, rom gatarebuliyo iordaniis wylebis daq-

saqsvis politika, riTac israels iordaniis wylis ori mesame-

di moakldeboda. israelma araerTxel ganacxada, rom tiranis

srutis daxurva an iordaniis wylebisaTvis mimarTulebis Sec-

vla maT mier saomar moqmedebebad aRiqmeboda. amitom israel-

180

ma wylebisaTvis mimarTulebis Secvlis operaciebis sapasuxod,

artileriis da tankebis meSveobiT cecxli gauxsna arxebis mSe-

neblobis samuSaoebs. amis Semdgom kvlav grZeldeboda siriis

mxridan israelis Seviwroeba, rasac Tan moyva israelis sapasu-

xo reaqciebi [1, 215; 217]. 1966 wlis 4 noembers siriam da egvip-

tem dades samxedro kavSiri.

1967 wlis „eqvsdRian oms~ axlo aRmosavleTis uaxles is-

toriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. man Secvala mTeli

regionis geopolitikuri balansi da didi gavlena moaxdina

msoflio politikaze [2, 448]. faqtiurad dRemde es regioni am

omis SedegebiT moqmedebs.

1967 wlis aprilSi siriis mxridan sastiki Setevebi gan-

xorcielda israelis soflebis winaaRmdeg rasac israelma sa-

haero ieriSiT upasuxa. israelma siriis kuTvnili 6 TviTmfri-

navi Camoagdo da mkacri komentari gaakeTa, rom israeli ar

datovebda arc erT Setevas da provokacias pasuxgaucemlad

[1, 218].

situaciis gamwvavebas xels uwyobda sabWoTa delegaciis

mier kairoSi warmoTqmuli sityva, roca maT egviptelebs Seat-

yobines, rom israelma siriis sazRvarze ganalaga 11 brigada,

da amis gamo sabWoTa elCma ganacxada protesti rac sinamdvi-

leSi sicrue iyo. „sabWoTa kavSiris regionSi Tavisi interese-

bi hqonda, mas ainteresebda siriaSi arsebuli reJimis gaZlie-

reba, rac mas axlo aRmosavleTSi seriozul dasayrdens uqmni-

da. egvipteze gavlenis moxdeniT rusebi zrunavdnen israelis

samxreTidan gandevnaze, siriis usafrTxoebasa da damaskos

mTavrobis gaZlierebaze [1, 219].

egviptis prezidentma naserma 17 maiss moiTxova gaeros

jarebis gayvana garkveuli teritoriidan. gaeros generaluri

mdivani iu sanTi or dReSi daemorCila moTxovnas.

22 maiss naserma israelis gemebisaTvis Caketa wiTel zRva-

Si gasasvleli tiranis srute. 23-Si daiwyo egvipteSi mobili-

zacia. omis dasawyisisaTvis xmelTaSua zRvaSi koncetrirebu-

li iyo 40-ze meti sabWoTa samxedro gemi da 16 wyalqveSa navi.

maT Soris sami atomuri.

30 maiss egviptem da iordaniam xeli moweres TavdacviT

paqts, romlis Semdeg naserma ganacxada-„egviptis, iordaniis,

siriis, libanis armiebi imyofebian israelis sazRvarTan...

Cvens ukan aris erayis, alJiris, kuveitis, sudanis armiebi da

181

mTeli arabuli samyaro. es unda icodes mTelma msofliom.~

erayis prezidentma ki meti sicxade Seitana arabuli samyaros

zraxvebSi: „israeli es aris Secdoma, romelic aucileblad un-

da gamoswordes... Cveni mizani naTelia aRvgavoT pirisagan mi-

wisa israeli~. [ 5, 125]

israeli seriozuli safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. arabuli

qveynebis egviptis, siriis, iordaniis samxedro Zalebi mzad iy-

vnen Setevaze gadasasvlelad. israelis mTavroba acnobierebda

Seqmnil viTarebas da gadawyvita daeswro ieriSis mitana,

mas Semdeg rac Tel-avivisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom igi

omis zRurblze imyofeboda ebraelma politikosebma gadawyvi-

tes diplomatiuri brZola imisaTvis, rom moepovebinaT dasav-

leTis liderTa mxardaWera da Tavis mxareze miemxroT msof-

lio sazogadoebrivi azri. amitom israeli diplomatiuri gziT

Seecada krizisis daZlevas da sagareo saqmeTa ministri aba

ebani dasavleTis didi qveynebis meTaurebTan sagangebo misiiT

gaagzavna. igi Tavdapirvelad Cavida parizSi, sadac Sexvda pre-

zident Sarl de gols, romelmac mokled ganucxada ministrs:

`Ne faites la guerre~(ar gaakeToT omi)-yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis ar

isroloT pirvelebma. Tu israeli daiwyebs Setevas es iqneba

katastrofa~. ver moipova ra ebraelma diplomatma safrange-

Tis mxardaWera ebani gaemgzavra londonSi. inglisis premier-

ministri vilsoni Tel-avivis poziciebs SedarebiT gagebiT Sex-

vda. man ministrs ganucxada-`Tu aucilebloba iqneba inglisi

SeuerTdeba srutis gasaxsnelad danarCenebs~. Tumca aSkara

iyo, rom isic frTxilobda.

exla israelisaTvis mTavari iyo Tu ra pozicias daiWerda

vaSingtoni. aSS-Si Casul a. ebans aeroportSi daxvda Tavisi

qveynis elCi abraam harmani, romelmac gadasca werili da Tan

daayola: „Tel-avividan gadmogvces, rom Tqven aSS-s nebismier

oficialur pirTan molaparakebebis dawyebamde gaecnoT am do-

kuments~ [4, 245]. ministrma gaxsna werili. masSi iyo depeSis

teqsti, romelic gamogzavnili iyo wina saRamos. misi mixedviT

uaxloes periodSi arsebobda realuri saSiSroeba israelze

egviptis da siriis erToblivi Tavdasxmisa. amitom sagareo

saqmeTa ministrs evaleboda saswrafod Sexvedoda aSS prezi-

dents da mieRo misgan zepiri gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom is-

raelze Tavdasxma vaSigtonis mier ganixileboda, rogorc aSS-

sa da mis SeiaraRebul Zalebze Tavdasxmad da ebrZanebina

182

xmelTaSua zRvaSi myofi aSS-s SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis

emoqmedaT israelis ZalebTan erTad koordinirebulad. depe-

Sas xels awerda israelis premier-ministri eSkoli. ebani gaog-

nda. mas amerikelebisaTvis unda ganecxadebina is, risic Tavad

ar sjeroda. vinaidan am droisaTvis vaSingtoni vietnamis omSi

iyo Cabmuli, romelic aSS-s sazogadoebriobis mxridan ar sar-

geblobda mxardaWeriT. amitom ministri Sebrunda gaero-Si is-

raelis elC g. rafaeliusaken da uTxra-„is adamiani vinc es de-

peSa Seadgina gind premieri iyos gind ara, aris suleli...`-co-

ta xnis Semdeg ki daumata: „magram me valdebuli var Sevasru-

lo davaleba...~ .

TeTr saxlSi prezidentma jonsonma ebrael diplomats

ganucxada-„Cven ar vfiqrobT, rom arabebi daesxmian Tavs isra-

els-Tu es moxdeba Tqven moklevadian omSi gaanadgurebT maT~.

bolos daumata: `Tqven ar xarT safrTxis winaSe... Tqven ubra-

lod mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofebiT~. rodesac ebani wavida

prezidentma Tavdacvis ministr r. maknamaras uTxra: „me ganvi-

cade warumatebloba, isini emzadebian omisaTvis~. [4, 257]

sagareo saqmeTa ministrma diplomatiuri misiis Sedegebi

moaxsena Tel-avivs da ganacxada, rom aSS-is prezidentma mTe-

li pasuxismgebloba daakisra israelis saxelmwifos.

Tel-avivSi ministrTa kabinetis sxdomaze cxare diskusia

gaimarTa. israeli gamouval situaciaSi iyo. saWiro iyo mTav-

robas umokles droSi emoqmeda gonivrulad, efeqturad da ga-

bedulad. amas umalve mixvda kabinetis zogierTi wevri. Sromis

ministrma i. alonma(romelic 1948 wlis omSi monawileobda) sa-

kiTxis ganxilvis dros kabinetis wevrebs mimarTa mxolod ori

sityviT: „imoqmedeT xval~. mas daeTanxma ministri x. givati.

igi ambobda: „Tu Cven ar davartyamT pirveli... naseri dagvas-

rulebs yvelas~. generalma x. vaicmanma ganacxada: „omi iqneba

Zneli, magram sxva gamosavali ara gvaqvs unda viomoT. maT Cven

gavanadgurebT, imitom rom maTze ukeTesebi varT~. sxdomaze

movlenebi ise ganviTarda, rom TviT premier-ministri l. eSko-

li romelic cdilobda omis dawyebaSi sxvebis SeCerebasa da

damuxruWebas Tavad gaxda omis momxre. masze gavlena moaxdina

orma faqtorma. 1. samxedroebis araorazrovanma dawolam pre-

mierze, romelnic moiTxovdnen iniciativas. 2. eri ar SeiZle-

boda yofiliyo mudmivi mobilizebis qveS. es gamoiwvevda isra-

elis ekonomikis ngrevas [5, 215]. sxdoma damTavrda dilis oTx

183

saaTze. Catarda xmis micemis procedura. kabinetis wevrTagan-

cxra(premieris CaTvliT) momxre iyo omis, cxra winaaRmdegi.

momdevno dReebSi movlenebi israelis politikur wreebSi

dramatulad mimdinareobda. 1967 wlis 28 maiss israelis minis-

trTa kabinetis sxdomaze, romelic gaimarTa dilis aT saaTze,

eSkolma pozicia Seicvala da ganacxada: „unda davelodoT

movlenaTa ganviTarebas erTi an ori kvira~. rogorc Cans pre-

mierze gavlena moaxdina aSS prezident jonsonis werilma, ro-

melic man diliT miiRo. sadac igi moiTxovda-ìsraels gamoe-

Cina TavSekaveba da ar daertya~. eSkoli kargad acnobierebda

imas, rom amerikelTa mxardaWera umniSvnelovanesi iqneboda

kritikul momentebSi, kerZod sabWoTa kavSiris neitralizaci-

isaTvis. amitom eSkols vaSingtonis moTxovnebi unda gaeTva-

liswinebina. amis paralelurad css rezidenti j. xadoni RamiT

ewvia „mosadis~ xelmZRvanel meir amitis. igi mkacri toniT

esaubra mas da mosTxova Zalze frTxilad mokidebodnen omis

sakiTxs. amiti seriozulad SeSfoTda. vinaidan xadonis sityve-

bi faqtiurad vaSingtonis pozicia iyo da amis Sesaxeb moaxsena

eSkols.

saqmeSi CaerTo moskovic. sabWoTa elCi l. Cuviakovi Ramis

or saaTze Sexvda israelis premiers da gaafrTxila: „Zalian

advilia xanZris gaCaReba, magram ali rom gaaqro arc ise advi-

li~ [4, 95]. es Sexvedra grZeldeboda daaxloebiT ori saaTi.

premier-ministr eSkolis poziciis gamo israelSi omiswina

periodSi daiwyo samTavrobo politikuri krizisi. garkveul

Zalebs surdaT gadaeyenebinaT eSkoli da premier-ministris

postze daebrunebinaT ben-gurioni, romelc am dros 81 wlis

iyo. sabolood saRma azrma gaimarjva da miiRes kompromisuli

varianti. eSkolma SeinarCuna posti, xolo Tavdacvis ministri

gaxda 52 wlis moSe daiani.

israelis mTavrobis azriT, arsebuli situacia maT far-

To arCevanis uflebas aRar utovebda, amitom israelma pir-

velma gaxsna cecxli. 1967 wlis 5 ivniss diliT israelis sahae-

ro SeiaraRebuli Zalebi moulodnelad Tavs daesxa Tavis saz-

Rvarze ganlagebul egviptis armias. israelis dazvervam daad-

gina, rom yvelaze xelsayreli dro SetevisaTvis iyo dilis 7

saaTi da 45 wuTi (Sesabamisi meteorologiuri pirobebi-nisli,

egvipteli mfrinavebi am droisaTvis mxolod miemarTebian sa-

uzmidan xomaldebisaken, haerSi ar aris arcerTi egviptelTa

184

morige gamanadgurebeli. israelis TviTmfrinavebi Zalian dab-

la frendnen da SeumCneveli iyvnen xmelTaSua zRvaSi sabWoTa

gemebze ganlagebuli radarebisaTvis) israelis sahaero Zaleb-

ma 07:45 saaTze general-maior mordexai hodis xelmZRvanelo-

biT pirveli dartymiTi Seteva wamoiwyo egviptis sahaero Za-

lebis da misi sivrcis gasanadgureblad. sabWoTa kavSirma el-

viseburad Seafasa israelis moqmedeba da mas uwoda „aSkara ag-

resia~. Seteva sam saaTs gagrZelda da israelma Tavisi ieriSe-

biT TiTqmis mTlianad gaanadgura egviptis sahaero Zalebi, 340

sabrZolo TviTmfrinavidan da vertmfrenidan 309 gaanadgura,

maT Soris 30 Soreuli bombdamSeni tu-16. amaSi mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSa iman, rom israelis TviTmfrinavebs dabombvisa

da ukan sawvavis aRebisaTvis sWirdebodaT 57 wuTi, maSin ro-

desac amisaTvis egviptelebi kargavdnen ori saaTs.

imave dRes siriis aviaciam Seutia israelis modelirebul

aerodromebs sadac ebraelebs ganlagebuli hyavdaT SeniRbuli

TviTmfrinavebis maketebi. israelis aviaciam dRis bolos siri-

is 60 TviTmfrinavi gaanadgura. paralelurad israelma dar-

tymebi ganaxorciela iordaniaze da dedamiwaze aufeTqa 40

TviTmfrinavi. ebraelma mfrinavebma sahaero brZolebSi Camo-

agdes egviptelTa 50 sabWouri warmoebis „миг~. faqtiurad is-

raelis samxedro-sahaero Zalebis brwyinvale moqmedebebma ga-

napirobes omis bedi. [6, 185]

eqvs dRianma omma ZiriTadad sami fronti moicva-egvip-

tis, iordaniisa da siriis. moulodneli sahaero dabombvebis

Semdeg israelis qveiTma Zalebma warmatebuli masStaburi mra-

valmxrivi Setevebi ganaxorcieles sinas naxevarkunZulze da

Razas seqtorze. omis ganviTarebasTan erTad gaCaRda egviptu-

ri propaganda, arabuli qveynebi maTi jarebis mier miRweuli

gamarjvebebis istoriebs avrcelebdnen. [1, 237]

sinamdvileSi ki sruliad sapirispiro xdeboda, 8 ivnisis

dilisTvis israelis tankebma daikaves sinas naxevarkunZuli,

miuaxlovdnen suecis arxs da daikaves Razas seqtori. israe-

lis SefasebiT, eqvsdRian omSi egviptis jarma 15000 kaci da-

karga. amasTan ebraelebma 5000 jariskaci da 500 oficeri Seip-

yres. sinaSi 800-mde egvipturi tanki Caigdes xelSi. mogviane-

biT naserma aRiara, rom sinas brZolebSi egviptem samxedro

aRWurvilobis 80% dakarga. israelis danakargebi ki 300 daRu-

puli da 1000 daWrili jariskaci iyo. [1, 247]

185

israelma iordaniis frontze dramatuli brZolebis Sede-

gad did warmatebas miaRwia da iordaniis satanko nawilebi

mTlianad gaanadgura.

1967 wlis 22 noembers gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom erTxmad

miiRo 242 rezolucia, romelic moiTxovda axlo aRmosavleT-

Si samarTlianobis aRdgenas da xangrZliv mSvidobas. romelic

unda damyarebuliyo Semdeg principebze: 1. israelis SeiaraRe-

buli Zalebis gamoyvanas mis mier okupirebuli teritoriebi-

dan. 2. regionis saxelmwifoebis mier erTmaneTis mimarT yvela

teritoriuli pretenziebis Sewyveta, erTmaneTis suverenite-

tis pativiscema. aRiarebul iqnas regionis saxelmwifoTa mier

maTi teritoriuli mTlianoba da politikuri damoukideblo-

ba. ar mimarTon erTmaneTis mimarT Zalis gamoyenebas. [9]. isra-

elma es rezolucia ar Seasrula da jarebi okupirebuli teri-

toriebidan dRemde ar gauyvania. ufro metic, Tavis monapov-

rebi Tel-avivma imiTac ganamtkica, rom qveynis umaRlesma sa-

kanonmdeblo organom qneseTma 1972 wlis 16 marts miiRo re-

zolucia, romelic amtkicebda èbraeli xalxis istoriul uf-

lebebs israelis bibliur miwaze~. [9]

sul raRac eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi israelis teritoria

3-jer gaizarda. israelma sinas naxevarkunZuli da Razas seq-

tori waarTva egviptes, mdinare iordanes dasavleT napiri

iordanias da golanis maRlobebi sirias. ssrk-s mokavSire

arabma nacionalistebma gamanadgurebeli marcxi iwvnies. israe-

li samxedro TvalsazrisiT axlo aRmosavleTis regionis mniS-

vnelovan angariS gasawev Zalad gadaiqca. „eqvsdRian omSi ga-

marjveba samarTlianadaa miCneuli ebraeli xalxis istoriaSi

udides warmatebad~. [2, 449]

ismis kiTxva-ra faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli omSi israelis

elvisebur gamarjvebas?

upirvelesad mTavrobis mier sworad gaTvlilma Wkvia-

nurma strategiam, saSualeba misca israels daemarcxebina mas-

ze ufro Zlieri mteri.

arabuli jarebis aseTi marcxi ramdenime faqtoriT SeiZ-

leba aixsnas: egviptis aviaciis moulodneli ganadgureba, ro-

melic yovelgvari TavdacviTi sistemebis gareSe Ria udabnoSi

bazirebda. arabebis mier israelis jarebis SesaZleblobisa da

maTi moqmedebis xasiaTis araswori Sefaseba. miuxedavad imisa

rom egviptisa da siriis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi flobdnen pir-

186

velxarisxovan sabWoTa samxedro teqnikas [7, 317] isini sruli-

ad ususurni aRmoCndnen israelTan omSi. arabul armiebze di-

di gavlena iqona samxedro taqtikuri da teqnikuri momzadebis

dabalma donem. romelic ganpirobebuli iyo umTavresad pira-

di Semadgenlobis ganaTlebis uaRresad dabali doniT. maT ver

SeZles Tanamedrove teqnikis aTviseba da marTva.

egviptis armiis oficerTa ZiriTad masas Seadgenda nase-

ris nacionalizaciis politikiT ukmayofiloni.

udidesi roli Seasrula „mosadma`-m. daiani mogvianebiT

werda: „israelis dazvervas aviaciasa da satanko armiaze nak-

lebi roli ar uTamaSia gamarjvebaSi~. rac maT mier gamoixate-

boda arabuli qveynebis armiebis eleqtronuli komunikaciebis

moSlasa da maT dezorganizaciaSi.

arabTa armiebis susti brZolisunarianoba kargad iyo

cnobili israelis dazvervisaTvis, ramac gauadvila israelis

xelmZRvanelobas brZolis gadawyvetilebis miReba.

tipiuri arabuli brZolis maneridan gamoirkva, rom cal-

keuli arabuli formirebebi uars acxadebden brZolis gadam-

wyvet momentebSi agresiul qmedebebze.

didi roli Seasrula israelis ubadlo da iuveluri si-

zustiT gaTvlilma diplomatiam, romelmac faqtiurad TamaS-

gare mdgomareobaSi datova sabWoTa kavSiri da sxva e. w. soci-

alisturi banakis qveynebi.

msoflio ebrauli propaganda da finansebi aRmoCnda uf-

ro metad efeqturi vidre arabuli samyaro. mTeli msoflio

gaaoca ebraelTa mier erTmaneTis mimarT gamoCenilma solida-

robam da TavianTi istoriuli samSoblos mimarT udidesma

patriotizmma. isini mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva qvey-

nebSi saelCoebTan uwyvet rigebad idgnen da iTxovdnen fron-

tze moxaliseebad wasvlas.

israelma amerikisagan 1.6 miliardi dolaris samxedro

daxmarebac miiRo. germaniis federaciulma respublikam mis mi-

er gamoyofil 3.45 miliardi markis daxmarebas meore msoflio

omis dros faSisturi genocidis msxverplTaTvis gamoyofili

kompensacia daarqva. israels finansur daxmarebas sxva qveyne-

bic uwevdnen. Tavad israeli samxedro operaciebSi qveynis bi-

ujetis 40-46%-s xarjavda. qveynis yvela ufrosi asakis mosax-

leoba, maT Soris qalebic, gawveulni iyvnen samxedro samsa-

187

xurSi, xolo 14-16 wlis mozardebi sabrZolo momzadebas gadi-

odnen specializirebul razmSi "padna". [8]

sabrZolo operaciebis dros israelis xelisuflebam ig-

norireba gaukeTa gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 6, 7 da 9 ivnisis

rezoluciebs, romelic sabrZolo operaciebis dauyovnebliv

Sewyvetas moiTxovda. israelma swori da mizanmimarTuli po-

litikis Sedegad SeZlo dasavleTis wamyvani saxelmwifoebis

mimxroba. ufro sworad Tel-avivma moxerxebulad SeZlo aSS-sa

da ssrk-s Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobis saTavisod gamoyene-

ba.

aRsaniSnavia aseve sxva faqtorebic, romlebmac Tavisi

wvlili Seitana israelis gamarjvebaSi, is iyo israelis Seiara-

Rebuli Zalebis mier efeqturad dagegmili samxedro moqmede-

bebi, omSi ebrael jariskacTa da oficerTa mier gamoCenili

umagaliTo simamace. ebraeli oficrebi, jariskacebze win ib-

rZodnen, rac aduRabebda maT sabrZolo megobrobas da amaR-

lebda armiis mebrZol suls. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo is faqti,

rom arabTa mxridan adgili hqonda araswor koordinacias da

xelmZRvanelobas. arabulma samyarom omis dagegmvisas arasaTa-

nadod Seafasa israelis SesaZleblobebi.

israelis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebs eqvsdRian omSi

da mis Sedegebs adasturebs is, rom saxelmwifoebisaTvis mud-

mivi sazrunavi erovnuli interesia, am SemTxvevaSi israelisaT-

vis es iyo TviTgadarCena da suverenitetis SenarCuneba. eq-

vsdRian omSi gamarjvebiT israeli gaxda regionSi hegemoni

samxedro Zala, ramac gamoiwvia misi usafrTxoebis zrda. omis

Sedegad israelis teritoria samjer gaizarda. misi fardobiTi

mogeba arabuli qveynebis mimarT sagrZnoblad gaizarda, rac

gamowveuli iyo rogorc israelis teritoriebis gafarToebiT

ise im samxedro, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri danakargebis da

mogebis gansxvavebiT rac israelsa da arabul qveynebs Soris

iyo. omis Sedegad axlo aRmosavleTSi israeli Camoyalibda,

rogorc Zlieri samxedro Zala da regionuli hegemoni.

1967 wlis israel-arabebis omi iyo sabWoTa kavSiris po-

litikis marcxi regionSi. am konfliqtma udidesi samxedro-po-

litikuri gavlena moaxdina kremlis avtoritetze mTel msof-

lioSi.

aqedan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom saxelmwifoebi

mudmivad anarqiis pirobebSi arseboben da ar arsebobs zesa-

188

xelmwifoebrivi uzenaesi organo, romelic maT usafrTxoebas

da suverenitets daicavs. aseT viTarebaSi israelma mTel

msoflios uCvena magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba miaRwios

patara saxelmwifom warmatebas im urTules pirobebSic ki Tu

is moqceulia mtrul saxelmwifoTa garemocvaSi.


1. x. hercogi, israel-arabeTis omebi, Tbilisi, 2007.

2. r. gaCeCilaZe, axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da po-

litika, meore Sevsebuli gamocema, Tbilisi, 2008.

3. e. gvenetaZe, israelis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis isto-

riidan, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxe-

bi, 2010 # 2(8).

4. Benny Morris, Righteous Victims-Vintage books, 2001. 5. Черчилль Р.С. и У., Шестидневная война, Иерусалим,

"Библиотека-Алия", 1989. 6. Тененбаум Б., Знаменитая арабо-израильская война 1967 года,

Иерусалим, "Библиотека-Алия", 2005. 7. Хигер Л., Шестидневная война, К истории одного мифа.

Иерусалим, "Библиотека-Алия", 2002. 8. http://www.open.ge/index.php?m=94&y=2002&art=12812. 9. http://www.open.ge/index.php?m=94&y=2002&art=12812.

Epifan (Edisher) Gvenetadze Professor of the Georgia Technical University

Maia Kipiani Professor of the Georgia Technical University

The Factor of Israel's Victory in Israel-Arabia Six Day War in 1967

Summary

The paper discusses the 1967 Israel - Israeli Arabs in the war, winning

factors. Notes that Israel's victory in the war caused the Tel - Aviv and the Israeli army's remarkable diplomacy training. As well as the world's support.

Israel's lightning victory in the war, the reasons were. The energetic and forward-lookingpolicy. Patriotism in its historic homeland of the Jewish peo-

189

ple. Jewish soldiers and officers of courage. The entire Jewish world, the world's solidarity.

From here you can make a conclusion that states the conditions of anarchy, there is alwayssomething of an authority that they defend the sovereignty and security. N such circumstances, Israel showed the world how to defend its sovereignty over a smallcountry surrounded by hostile states.

190

zurab kvetenaZe


tis asocirebuli profesori

ruseTis Tanamedrove èvropuli kursi~

(gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi)

ruseTisa da evropis urTierTobebi ukve karga xania iw-

vevs politikuri azris mkvlevarTa cxovel interess. aq gasak-

viri araferia, radgan evropis istoria ruseTis monawileobis

gareSe warmoudgenelia. yvela did evropul politikur gar-

daqmnaSi ruseTi aqtiurad monawileobda. iyo dro, roca misi

monawileoba pozitiur xasiaTs atarebda, zogjer mas èvropis

Jandarms~ uwodebdnen, zogjer ki didi politikuri balansis

saxelmwifos funqciac ekisra.

or msoflio omSi ruseTma Tavisi gansakuTrebuli sityva

Tqva da axal msoflio wesrigs Cauyara safuZveli. `civi omis~

dasrulebis Semdeg ki igi axali gamowvevebis winaSe dadga da

reformebis gatareba daiwyo. Semdeg isev zesaxelmwifos ambi-

cia gauCnda, misma politikurma liderma ssrk-s daSlas XX sa-

ukunis mTavari geopolitikuri katastrofa uwoda da axali

evraziuli kavSiris Seqmnaze alaparakda.

ganviTarebis aseTma winaaRmdegobrivma gzam ruseTis po-

litikuri Sefasebis gansxvavebuli azri ganapiroba. zogierTi

radikali mas araprognozirebad saxelmwifosac ki uwodebs da

fiqrobs, rom es saxelmwifo kvlav imperializmis gzas adgas.

am azrs ramdenadme amyarebs 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqar-

Tvelos omi, roca ruseTma saqarTvelos oci procenti teri-

toria miitaca, gamoiyena ra separatistuli ganwyoba afxazeT-

sa da e.w. samxreT oseTSi. mkvlevarTa ZiriTadi nawili ki ma-

inc or nawiladaa gayofili: erTni fiqroben, rom ruseTi sa-

erTod ar aris evropuli civilizacia, meoreni ki Tvlian, rom

ruseTi evropis nawilia, Cveulebrivi evropuli qveyanaa,

oRond arasakmarisad ganviTarebuli, xolo rom ganviTardes

man mkveTrad gamokveTili prodasavluri kursi unda airCios.

vfiqrobT orive midgomas aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da naklo-

vani mxareebi. Cveni azriT, ruseTi aris TavisTavadi, TviTmyo-

fadi civilizacia, romelsac gaaCnia bevri saerTo evropasTa-

nac da aziasTanac. ruseTis evropuli teritoria TiTqmis im-

191

denivea vidre danarCeni evropa. Tundac es faqti bevr rameze

metyvelebs.

dReisaTvis ruseTi geografiuli da politikuri Tval-

sazrisiT evraziuli saxelmwifoa. demografiuli da geoekono-

mikuri TvalsazrisiT ki _ evropuli. ruseTisaTvis XXI sauku-

neSi udidesi gamowveva iqneba aziis, pirvel yovlisa, azia-wyna-

ri okeanis regionis mZlavri ekonomikuri aRmavloba. (Tumca

iaponiaSi 2011 wlis martSi momxdarma Zlierma miwisZvram da

cunamma odnav Seaferxa es winsvla) Tu ruseTs surs rom am re-

gionSi mis nacionalur interesebs ar Seeqmnas safrTxe fexi

ufro unda auwyos azia-wynari okeanis auzSi mimdinare ekono-

mikur aRmavlobas, is unda CaerTos aq mimdinare geoekonomi-

kur revoluciaSi. dRes uzarmazari sivrce uralidan Soreul

aRmosavleTamde rusul geopolitikuri da geoekonomikuri

struqturis erT-erTi yvelaze susti adgilia. supersaxelmwi-

fo CineTi Tavis mxriv warmoadgens `saerTo Cinur bazars~, ro-

melic aerTianebs koreis saxalxo respublikas, taivans, sian-

gans, (honkongs), aomens (makao), singapurs. saerTo nacionalur

da kulturul safuZvlebze am qveynebs Soris yalibdeba mWid-

ro ekonomikuri da warmoebiTi kavSirebi. CineTi aerTianebs

planetis mosaxleobis erT meoTxeds.amgvarma ekonomikurma

kavSirebma droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios mZlavri

ekonomikuri supersaxelmwifos Seqmna, romelsac SeiZleba moh-

yves msoflioSi politikuri da ekonomikuri situaciis cvli-

leba.

XXI s-is dasawyisSi ruseTis aRmosavleTis sazRvrebTan

amoizarda ekonomikuri kolosebi. azia-wynari okeanis regionis

ekonomikuri zrda grZeldeba, ramac rig mkvlevarTa azriT,

SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos axali aziur-wynari okeaniseuli civi-

lizaciis Camoyalibebas, romlis safuZvelic iqneba CineTisa

da indoCineTis civilizaciaTa Serwyma iaponur da amerikul

civilizaciasTan ramac ruseTis saxelmwifoebriobas aziur na-

wilSi SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas [2,137]. amgvar azrs bevri po-

litikuri eqsperti gamoTqvams, magram rogoria Tavad ruseTis

federaciis xelisufalTa pozicia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT?

mimdinare wlis 17 oqtombers ruseTis federaciis mTav-

robis Tavmjdomarem vladimer putinma satelevizio interviu-

Si Jurnalistis kiTxvaze CineTi partnioria Tu safrTxe Sem-

degi upasuxa: `maT vinc cdilobs SegvaSinos Cinuri safrTxiT

192

Cven araerTxel gaveciT pasuxi. (isini ki rogorc wesi Cveni da-

savleli partniorebi arian): Tanamedrove msoflioSi, raoden

mimzidvelic unda iyos aRmosavleT cimbirisa da Soreuli aR-

mosavleTis mineraluri resursebi mTavari brZola misTvis ma-

inc ar mimdinareobs. mTavari brZola midis msoflio lidero-

bisaTvis da Cven am sakiTxze CineTTan davas ar vapirebT. Ci-

neTs aq sxva konkurentebi hyavs.dae maT erTmaneTTan arkvion

urTierToba. CvenTvis CineTi partnioria, saimedo partniori.

Cven vxedavT CineTis xelmZRvanelobisa da Cineli xalxis mzad-

yofnas aagos CvenTan megobruli, keTilmezobluri urTierTo-

ba, da eZebos kompromisi SedarebiT rTul sakiTxebTan dakavSi-

rebiT. Cven vxedavT am mzadyofnas da Cvenis mxriv aseve vmoq-

medebT, da rogorc wesi Sexebis wertilebs vpoulobT. dar-

wmunebuli varT vipoviT mas momavalSic~ [6, 5].

ruseTis sxva politikuri xelmZRvanelebis Sefasebebi,

cxadia, maTi upirvelesi politikuri lideris analogiuria.

amis safuZvels ruseT-CineTis istoriuli urTierTobebic iZ-

leva, Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris stalinis Semdgomma sustma po-

litikurma liderebma CineTTan urTierToba mniSvnelovnad ga-

afuWes. amis mTavari mizezi is iyo, rom CineTi daadga refor-

mebis gzas, sabWoTa kavSiri ki `msoflio revoluciis~ gzas ag-

rZelebda, romelsac saboloo jamSi kraxi eloda.

umTavresad, rodesac ruseTisaTvis Cinur safrTxeze sa-

ubroben cimbiris problema aqvT mxedvelobaSi. bevri fiqrobs,

rom ruseTs ara aqvs naTlad gamokveTili saxelmwifoebrivi

politika am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. marTlac, erTi SexedviT

absurdulia is situacia, rom uralis gadaRma cxovrobs sul

30-35 milioni adamiani, maSin, rodesac cimbiris da Soreuli

aRmosavleTis ukidegano sivrceebs Tavisuflad SeuZlia dai-

tios da resursebiT uzrunvelyos 300 milioni adamiani. amas

emateba isic, rom aq mcxovreb bevr xalxs Cinelebs, koreelebs,

germanelebs da a.S. sazRvargareT TavianTi istoriuli samSob-

lo aqvT. am xalxebSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv-politikuri

procesebi ki mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod sustadaa Ses-

wavlili. Tumca ruseTis saSinao da sagareo politikur kon-

cefciebSi mas mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili. cxadia ar

unda dagvaviwydes, rom cimbiri aris ara ruseTis ganapira te-

ritoria, aramed centri. amitomac ruseTis federaciis Tana-

medrove politikuri xelmZRvaneloba miiCnevs, rom centriT

193

cimbiri isini aageben TavianT àxal evropas~ minskidan dasav-

leTiT da kamCatkamde aRmosavleTiT, aseve CrdiloeTidan amu-

rispireTamde. es ki mravalpolaruli msoflios formirebis

gzaze mniSvnelovani nabiji iqneba. am mxriv ki umniSvnelovane-

sia ruseTisa da dasavelTis, ruseTisa da aSS-s Tanamedrove

urTierTobebi.

saerTaSoriso politikaSi Tanamedrove safrTxeebis Tavi-

dan asacileblad ruseTsa da aSS-s gaaCniaT rogorc saerTo,

ise winaaRmdegobrivi interesebi. amitomac ruseT-aSS-s urTier-

TobebSi SenarCunebuli iqneba rogorc TanamSromlobis, ise

garkveuli dapirispirebis elementebi. iseT Zireul sakiTxebSi

rogoricaa saerTaSoriso usafrTxoeba, masobrivi ganadgurebis

iaraRis gauvrcelebloba, regionaluri konfliqtebis daregu-

lireba, saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola ruseTsa

da amerikas SeuZliaT warmatebiT iTanamSromlon da TanamSrom-

loben kidec, Tumca gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebidan moyole-

buli rogorc erTi, ise meore saxelmwifo rig SemTxvevebSi

moqmedebdnen mxolod Zalis poziciidan (aSS eraySi, iugoslavi-

aSi, ruseTi postsabWoTa sivrceSi), aSS-s pozicia am SemTxvevaSi

upiratesi iyo, radgan igi grZnobda, rom msoflio wesrigis er-

TaderT saxelmwifod iqca. susti ruseTi ar SeiZleboda prio-

ritetuli yofiliyo vaSingtonisaTvis msoflio Tanamegobroba-

Si TamaSis wesebis regulirebis TvalsazrisiT. [5,17]

dRes realoba sxvagvaria. Tu sul cota xnis win vaSin-

gtoni ruseTis interesebis ignorirebas axdenda evropaSi, ax-

lo aRmosavleTSi, azia-wynari okeanis regionSi, postsabWoTa

sivrceSi. dRes SedarebiT gaZlierebul ruseTTan aSS-s damo-

kidebuleba sxvagvaria: 2011 wlis Tebervlis dasawyisSi aSS-s

erovnuli samxedro strategiis axal redaqciaSi adre warmod-

genili Semdegi fraza Caiwera: `Cven mivesalmebiT ruseTis mier

ufro aqtiuri rolis Sesrulebas aziaSi usafrTxoebisa da

stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi~. [4]

aSS-m garkveulwilad dauTmo poziciebi ruseTs ukraina-

Si. es imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom erT saxelmwifos ar SeiZ-

leba hqondes `msoflio kontrolis~ resursi. politikuri,

ekonomikuri, sainformacio da gansakuTrebiT samxedro Tval-

sazrisiT. vfiqrobT aSS-s dRevandeli mdgomareoba ar iZleva

imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom igi marto gaarTmevs Tavs msoflio-

Si wamoWril urTules problemebs. mas am sakiTxebis gadaWraSi

194

ruseTi udavod Wirdeba. Tanamedrove tendencia mravalpola-

rul politikur sistemazea orientirebuli.ruseTi evropul

polusSia moazrebuli. magram gaxdeba Tu ara igi àxali evro-

pa~ es damokidebulia saerTaSoriso sistemis struqturul ma-

xasiTeblebze, imaze, Tu rogor iqneba xeli Sewyobili am

struqturis formirebaze axali realobis Sesabamisad.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara ruseTi natosa da evrokavSiris wev-

ri gaxdes? `civi omis~ wlebSi aSS-s saxelmwifo mdivani, `bir-

Tvuli diplomatiis~ cnobili warmomadgeneli henri kisinjeri

Tavis naSromSi `Wirdeba Tu ara amerikas sagareo politika~

wers: `ruseTis natos wevroba, atlantikur alians gadaaqcevs

mini-gaeros tipis usafrTxoebis iaraRad, an piriqiT, dasavle-

Tis industrialur, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis antiaziur,

an ufro zustad antiCinur aliansad. ruseTis evrokavSiris

wevroba ki gamoiwvevda atlantikis napiris orad gayofas, rac

Tavis mxriv aSS-sa da evropis gaucxoebis process daiwyebda.

instituciuri urTierTobebi ruseTsa da evropas Soris ufro

daaxlovebulia, vidre evropasa da aSS-s Soris. es namdvili ga-

datrialeba iqneboda transatlantikur urTierTobebSi. ai,

amitomac iCens aseT Tavgamodebul mzrunvelobas putini, ame-

rikis zogierTi evropeli mokavSiris mimarT~. [3, 114]

SeiZleba natom saerTod dakargos funqcia, ruseTis masSi

gawevrianebis SemTxvevaSi.dRes igi Tavis arsebobas axali ga-

mowvevebiT xsnis, romelTa Soris terorizmis safrTxe upirve-

lesia. magram misi `qveteqsti~ rusuli imperializmis aRorZi-

nebis Sekavebacaa. Tu ruseTi natos wevri gaxdeba TavisTavad

moixsneba es problema.

evrokavSirTan ruseTs mWidro ekonomikuri kavSirebi ga-

aCnia. masze modis ruseTis sagareo vaWrobis 40%. evrokavSi-

ris bevri qveyana mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli rusul ener-

getikaze. evropis qveynebi sul ufro da ufro eswrafvian ru-

sul bazarze farTod Sesvlas. rogorc evrokomisiis Tavmjdo-

mare romano prodi aRniSnavs: èvrokavSiri dainteresebulia

ruseTTan TanamSromlobiT. es Zalze gonivruli iqneba ro-

gorc politikuri, ise ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. CvenTvis

aucilebelia mWidro TanamSromloba~ [6, 78]. Semdeg ki daamata:

`ruseTi da evrokavSiri es aris – viski sodiT. maT erTmane-

Tis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT~ [6, 78]. TanamSromlobidan

upirvelesia vaWroba. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom ruseTis yve-

195

la regioni Tanabrad ver iqneba evrokavSirTan integrirebuli.

evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg mag. ruseTis mTeli regioni

kaliningradis olqi evrokavSiris srul garemocvaSi eqceva.

politikur da ekonomikur eqspertTa umravlesoba fiqrobs,

rom CamorCenilobas evrokavSirTan SedarebiT kaliningradis

olqi Tavs daaRwevs mxolod evrokavSirTan mWidro TanamSrom-

lobiT. winaamdeg SemTxvevaSi igi izolaciaSi aRmoCndeba.

amrigad dRes ruseTi, vfiqrobT, imyofeba istoriul gza-

sayarze, politikuri sistemis formirebis procesSi, romelic

sabolood gamokveTs mis politikur miznebs. gaxdeba igi àxa-

li evropis~ Semoqmedi saxelmwifo, Seqmnis sakuTar sistemas

da Cajdeba evraziuli civilizaciis WrilSi, sadac arc dasav-

lur faseulobebze ityvis uars da sakuTar istoriul xelwe-

rasac SeinarCunebs CineTis msgavsad Tu mxolod imperiuli am-

biciebi eqneba, amas momavali gviCvenebs, magram ruseTis dRe-

vandeli politikuri xelmZRvaneloba, romlis meTauric ro-

gorc Cans male vladimer putini gaxdeba, vfiqrobT pragma-

tizmiT gamoirCeva da albaT zemoxsenebuli politikuri sis-

temis formirebasTan gveqneba saqme. ruseTi da evropa Cveni

azriT, kidev ufro dauaxlovdeba erTmaneTs.


1. toroSeliZe i., putinis sagareo politika, Tbilisi, 2008.

2. Кефели И.Ф., Философия геополитики, С. Петербург, 2007. 3. Киссинджер Г., Нужна ли Америке внешняя политика, К диплома-

тии для ХХ1 века, перевод с англисского В. Л. Иноземйева, Москва, 2002.

4. gaz. saqarTvelo, 2011, 23.02-1.03. 5. Nygren, Bertil. The rebuilding of Greater Russia-Putin`s foreigan policy

Towards the CIS Countries. N.Y. Routledge, 2008. 6. Междунородное публичное право: учебник под редакции К. А. Бе-

кяшева. Москва, «Проспект», 2004. 7. http:www.premier.gov.ru/evets/news..

196

Zurab Kvetenadze Doctor of History, Georgian Technical University, Associated Professor

Russia's Contemporary 'European Couse’ Challenges and Prospects

Summary

Relations between Russia and Europe have a long been a political

interests between researchers. There is nothing surprising, because the history of Europe is impossible without Russia's participation. All the great European political transformation in Russia has been actively involved. There was a time when its participation had a positive character, sometimes it also called Èurope 'zhandarmsa’, and sometimes it had a political balance of the state's function. But now Russia is in the process of political system formation. Reform of this system is complicated by the fact that Russia in a geographical and political points of view is Eurasian is European. But in terms of demographic and geoeconomical is Eurasian State. Therefore, researchers have a great interest if Russia becomes the part of the New Europe and and path the way of Eurasian civilization and imperialistic way. I think the reality is that the relation between Russia and Europe is expected

197

gela caava

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-

sis saxelmwifo universitetis doq-

toranti

`gayinuli konfliqti~ afxazeTSi da

saqarTvelo-ruseTis politikuri

urTierTobebis mowesrigebis

faqtorebi

Cveni qveynis teritoriaze afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regi-

onSi dReisaTvis arsebobs samxedro dapirispirebis Sedegad mi-

Rebuli ori `gayinuli konfliqti~.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnilma daZabu-

lobam da winaaRmdegobebma kavkasiis regionSi konfliqtebis

provocireba gamoiwvia, rac SeiaraRebul ukontrolo Setake-

baSi gadaizarda.

molaparakebebi umetesad dialogidan CixSi eqceoda, peri-

odulad ki wydeboda daZabulobis gamwvavebis fonze (1998

wlis maisSi, 2001 wlis oqtomberSi da 2004 wlis ivlisSi lamis

farTomasStabian sabrZolo moqmedebebSi gadaizarda).

oficialur doneze xeli moewera mTel rig SeTanxmebebs,

magram yvela eqsperti Tu politologi erTpirovnulad aRniS-

navs, rom arsebuli `gayinuli konfliqtis~ mogvarebis samSvi-

dobo procesi, romelic molaparakebis formatSi mimdinare-

obs, Rrma CixSia moqceuli da jerjerobiT misi mogvarebis ne-

bismier perspeqtivaze saubari naadrevia.

saubari gvinda warvmarToT saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTier-

Tobebze afxazeTis konfliqtis gavlenaze.

saqarTvelos istoriuli, ZirZveli mxare _ afxazeTi war-

moadgens ekonomikurad aramdgrad, sustad kontrolirebad

teritorias. dReisaTvis afxazeTis praqtikulad yvela moqa-

laqe flobs ruseTis pasports, xolo afxazeTis Sidapoliti-

kuri cxovreba mniSvnelovanwilad ruseTis xelisuflebis neba-

survilzea damokidebuli.

198

afxazeTis dRevandeli ekonomika mTlianad orientirebu-

lia ruseTze. afxazeTis bankebs aqvT angariSebi ruseTis sak-

redito-safinanso dawesebulebebSi. narkotikebiT vaWrobis,

Savi da feradi liTonebiT ukanono vaWroba da sxva saqmianoba-

Ta Semcireba arsebiTad ver moxerxda.

saqarTvelos dRevandeli mTavrobis strategia iqiTkenaa

mimarTuli, rom rogorme Seamciros ruseTis gavlena afxazeT-

Si da masze gaavrcelos partniori saxelmwifoebis zegavlena.

dReisaTvis faqtobrivad ar mimdinareobs pirdapiri dia-

logi mxareebs Soris (mxolod e. w. `Jenevis formatSi~. Tumca

dRemde aRniSnul formatSi diskusiebma ùsafrTxoebisa da

stabilurobisaTvis kavkasiaSi~ ar gamoiRo realuri Sedegi, ar

xerxdeba SeTanxmeba da kompromisi Zalis gamouyeneblobis Se-

saxeb, rom araferi vTqvaT separatistuli teritoriebis sta-

tusis Sesaxeb~). im dros, roca saqarTvelos mTavroba acxadebda, rom api-

rebda afxazuri mxarisaTvis SeeTavazebina saqarTvelos mTav-

robis axali samSvidobo gegma konfliqtis mSvidobian mowesri-

gebasTan dakavSirebiT, moulodnelad, 2006 wlis maisSi afxa-

zeTis de faqto mTavrobam sakiTxis dadebiTad gadaWriT dain-

teresebul mxareebs SesTavaza konfliqtis mowesrigebis de-

faqto mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa mier SemuSavebuli winada-

debebi. aRniSnuli pirobebi gaformda dokumentSi, saxelwode-

biT `momavlis gasaRebi~. am iniciativiT afxazurma mxarem gar-

kveul upiratesobasac ki miaRwia.

dokumentSi, Cveni qveynisTvis miuRebeli poziciebis gar-

da (mag. saqarTvelos mier afxazeTis damoukideblobis aRiare-

bis winadadeba), aris ramdenime sakiTxi, razec SeiZleba aqcen-

tebi gakeTdes.

magaliTad, dokumentSi praqtikulad ugulvebelyofilia

ruseTis roli. samagierod, ramdenjermea aRniSnuli, rom af-

xazur mxares surs daiwyos afxazeTis integracia SavizRvispi-

reTsa da evropul sivrceSi. aSkarad ikveTeba, rom afxazebs

surT ruseTisagan distancireba da SavizRvispireTisa da ev-

ropisaken TavianTi perspeqtivebis gansazRvris uzrunvelyofa.

Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis evropuli orientaciis fonze

afxazeTi srulad gaurkvevel situaciaSi aRmoCnda da man unda

gaakeTos arCevani – ruseTi Tu demokratiuli evropa? `momav-

lis gasaRebis~ analizis Sedegad SeiZleba gamovTqvaT varaudi,

199

rom afxazeTis interesebi evropasTan integracias gulisxmobs

da misken miiswrafis.

`momavlis gasaRebis~ sapasuxod saqarTvelos mTavrobam

2006 wlis ivnisSi afxazeTis konfliqtis srulmasStabiani po-

litikuri mowesrigebis xuTi ZiriTadi principisagan Semdgari

gegma warmoadgina, rac faqtiurad afxazuri mxarisTvis miuRe-

beli aRmoCnda.

afxazeTis konfliqtis daregulirebis ZiriTadi mimar-

Tulebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis zogadi xedva

warmodgenilia dokumentSi ùflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis Ziri-

Tadi principebi Tbilissa da soxums Soris~. mas ufro xSirad

`bodenis dokuments~ uwodeben. miuxedavad misi mniSvnelobisa,

`bodenis dokumentTan~ principuli xasiaTis pretenziebi aqvT

rogorc afxazur, aseve qarTul mxaresac.

afxazur mxares aSinebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi rein-

tegrirebis procesi. Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos mTavrobam sa-

erTaSoriso gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, separatistul regio-

nebs da afxaz xalxs unda SesTavazos teritoriul-saxelmwi-

foebrivi mowyobis specifikuri modeli, sadac detalurad un-

da iyos ganxiluli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi maTi gansakuT-

rebuli politikur-samarTlebrivi statusi da mdgomareoba,

yvela ufleba da valdebuleba.

sasurvelia ganisazRvros gansakuTrebul uflebamosile-

baTa konkretuli sakiTxebi, damatebiTi garantiebi, romlebmac

unda uzrunvelyon afxazi xalxis dacvisa da ganviTarebis pi-

robebi, maT Soris _ politikur, finansur, demografiul da

sxva sferoebSi. aucilebelia, dadgindes mxareTa valdebule-

bebi: upirveles yovlisa konfliqtis Sedegad iZulebiT gada-

adgilebul pirTa zusti aRricxva da maTi nebayoflobiTi dab-

runeba sakuTar sacxovrebel adgilebSi; paralelurad ekono-

mikuri daxmarebis ganxorcieleba, maTi usafrTxoebis uzrun-

velyofa da mdgomareobis stabilizacia.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis gancxadebiT, rusi politikose-

bis bolodroindeli reaqciuli gancxadebebi imaze miuTiTe-

ben, rom ruseTis mTavrobas bolomde ara aqvs gacnobierebuli

is, rom saqarTvelo dRes damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa. gaero-s

tribunidan saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma ga-

nacxada, rom saqarTvelos teritoria ar iyideba da ar xur-

davdeba. man ganacxada, rom `ruseTis mcdeloba _ daukavSiros

200

afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis problema kosovos problemas,

kraxiT dasruldeba~ da de faqto respublikebs ruseTis mier

okupirebuli teritoriebi uwoda.

mTel msoflioSi demokratia icavs teritoriuli mTlia-

nobis principebs, ruseTi ki am fundamentur princiebs uxeSad

arRvevs _ ganacxada saqarTvelos prezidentma. àfxazeTi da

samxreT oseTi aneqsirebulia Cveni Crdiloeli mezoblis, ru-

seTis federaciis mier, romelic aqtiurad avrcelebs rusul

pasportebs adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris, aqtiurad aris

CarTuli afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa mier mi-

tovebuli kerZo sakuTrebis privatizebaSi, rac saerTaSoriso

kanonmdeblobis uxeSi darRvevaa~.

evrokavSiris poziciidan aSkarad Cans, rom rusuli Zale-

bi ufro arTuleben konfliqtebs, vidre xels uwyoben maTi

mogvarebis sakiTxs. isini ignorireben neitralitetis dacvis,

ndobis, obieqturobisa da miukerZoeblobis principebs.

qarTuli mxaris ZiriTadi pretenziebi ruseTis samSvido-

bo Zalebis mier nakisri valdebulebebis Seusruleblobasac

exeba. rusuli mxarisa da misi samSvidoboebis qmedebebi verana-

irad ver gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom maT SeswevT unari konfliqtis

zonaSi minimaluri wesrigi mainc daamyaron. konfliqtebis

mogvarebis arsebulma meqanizmma da samSvidobo operaciebma

amowures TavianTi SesaZleblobebi.

ruseTs afxazebi ar sWirdeba da arc ainteresebs. rus

Cinovnikebs afxazeTi moswonT, TavianT teritoriad miaCniaT,

saqarTvelos saxelmwifod ar aRiareben. cxadi xdeba, rom ru-

sebis daxmarebas afxazebisaTvis erTaderTi mizani hqonda _ sa-

qarTveloze sakuTari gavlenis aRdgena [9].

aucileblad migvaCnia afxazeTis legitimuri struqture-

bisa da afxazeTidan devnili, droebiT adgilnacvali mosaxle-

obis monawileoba afxazur sazogadoebasTan pirdapir dialog-

Si. maTi xvedriTi wili da dadebiTi damokidebuleba libera-

lur afxazur wreebTan eTnikuri da sisxlxorceuli naTesao-

bis, tradiciebis, istoriuli maxsovrobis, erTi mSobeli miwis,

adaTebisa da sayofacxovrebo xasiaTis (mniSvnelobis) niSan-

Tvisebebis gamo aSkarad ganapirobebs warmmarTvel rols afxa-

zeTis problemebTan mimarTebaSi da am sakiTxSi maTi aqtiuri

Cabmis mniSvnelobas.

201

Tavis droze xom dimitri guliac werda: `Cven erTi cis

qveS erT miwaze gviSenebia Cveni kultura, erTad dagvicavs

Cveni erovnuli raoba da Cveni miwa-wyali. Cven rom vTqvaT,

`moZme erebi varT,~ _ es cotaa. Cven erTi fsiqikis, erTi ada-

Tis, erTi wesis, erTi fsiqologiis erebi varT. qarTvels ara

gvgonia hyavdes ufro axlobeli Zma, vidre afxazi. afxazebsac

ase miaCniaT qarTveli da Cven am Zmobam Segvinaxa da mogviyvana

dRemde. vinc am Zmobas xelovnurad Slis, SoTa rusTavelis

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ìgi Tavisa mteria~.

saqarTvelo, separatistuli regionebisgan gansxvavebiT,

evrokavSiris legitimuri partnioria da mis mier gadadgmuli

nabijebi aucileblad moitanen pozitiur ganviTarebas kon-

fliqtis mogvarebaSi. molaparakebis procesSi afxazebis xisti

pozicia aixsneba imiT, rom maT sxva gamosavali ar aqvT, radga-

nac isini Tavad arian damokidebulni ruseTis amJamindel in-

teresebze. evrokavSirma ruseTis xelisuflebaze Tavisi gav-

leniTa da zemoqmedebiT SeiZleba konfliqtis mogvareba axal

fazaSi gadaiyvanos. evrokavSirs SeuZlia daexmaros saqarTve-

los konkretuli winadadebebiT: Tu ra nabijebi unda gadadgas

Cvenma qveyanam afxazeTis konfliqtis mosawesrigeblad. magram

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ruseTs Tavisi interesebi aqvs evro-

kavSirSi.

evrokavSiri ruseTisTvis solidur savaWro partniors

warmoadgens, yvelaze met produqcias ruseTi yidis evrokav-

SirSi da yvelaze met produqcias iZens misgan. Tuki evrokavSi-

ri erTpirovnulad apirebs aRniSnul konfliqtSi CarTvas da

zemoqmedebas, maSin sasurveli iqneboda, ewarmoebina mas mola-

parakebebi ruseTTan, raTa ruseTma Searbilos Tavisi pozicie-

bi euTo-sa da gaero-Si.

vimedovnebT, rom gaero-m ar unda aRadginos an gauwios

administrireba damarcxebul an gayofil saqarTvelos. radgan

vfiqrob, rom saqarTvelos teritorias mxolod samSvidobo da

moTminebiT savse procesi daicavs. es mosasmenad Zalian rTu-

lia, magram problemis samxedro gadawyveta arasodes ar yofi-

la swrafi da ioli! axla Zalian adrea visaubroT imaze Tu ra

saxis arCevans gvitovebs momavali, radganac axla mxolod er-

Ti arCevania – davelodoT konfliqtis dasruldebas [1].

SesaZlebelia, dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi evrokavSiris

xelmZRvaneloba daelaparakos ruseTs saqarTvelos regioneb-

202

Tan regionuli urTierTobebis ganmtkicebaze, magram es auci-

lebelia, moxdes saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiT.

saWiroa, SemuSavdes RonisZiebaTa samoqmedo gegma, koncefcia

romelic ganapirobebs am procesis gaaqtiurebas regionuli

TanamSromlobis WrilSi.

evropisaTvis konfliqtebis daregulireba aucilebelad

migvaCnia, rom dacul iqnes evropis energetikulma usafrTxo-

eba da stabilurad ifunqcioniros energetikulma derefanma,

romelic samxreT kavkasiaze gadis. evropa da aSS dainterese-

bulni arian am derefnis usafrTxo funqcionirebis uzrun-

velyofiT.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam aucilebelia izrunos ruseTis

gavlenis maqsimalur Sesustebaze. amave dros, ruseTis faq-

torze muSaoba ar gulisxmobs uaryofiTi da gamaRizianebeli

ritorikuli politikis warmarTvas. ruseTTan konsultaciebis

warmarTvis gziT, miRweul unda iqnes SeTanxmeba, raTa ruseT-

ma angariSi gauwios saqarTvelos interesebs _ calmxrivad ki

ar daexmaros afxaz xals, aramed saqarTvelosTan erTad, ris

Sedegadac SesaZlebeli iqneba aRdges ruseT-saqarTvelos po-

litikuri da keTilmezobluri urTierToba.

eqsperti politikur sakiTxebSi arCil gegeSiZe erT-erT

interviuSi acxadebs: `miuxedavad politikuri Cixisa, ori

mxridan samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi urTierTo-

bas axerxeben, Tumca es Zalian SezRuduli raodenobiT xdeba,

magram rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania maTgan aris mzadyofna~.

dReisaTvis marTalia, arsebobs Cixi politikur urTier-

TobebSi, gawyvetilia diplomatiuri urTierTobebi or mezo-

bel qveyanas Soris, magram aucilebelia, aRniSnuli mdgomare-

obidan moiZebnos gamosavali da moxdes urTierTobebis norma-

lizacia da ruseTis mTavrobasTan gamosavlis povna.

konfliqtis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovan ko-

mentars akeTebs igor iurgensi.

genialuri iqneboda iseTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba, ro-

melic yvelas daakmayofilebda, magram amgvari gadawyvetile-

bebis miRebis SesaZleblobas jer ver vxedav. jer ver vxedav,

rom konfliqtis monawile mxareebis centraluri xelisufle-

bebi _ mxedvelobaSi maqvs saqarTvelosa da ruseTis mxareebi,

am konfliqtebis gadawyvetis survils avlendnen _ ganacxada

203

ruseTis federaciis Tanamedrove ganviTarebis institutis sa-

meTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomarem igor iurgensma [6].

erovnebiT afxazma, saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTa-

Soriso urTierTobebis fondis eqspertma, afxazeTis universi-

tetis mkvlevarma irakli xinTbam amerikaSi britanuli organi-

zacia `konsilieiSen risorsis~ mier organizebul Sexvedraze

(internet-resursi: www.voanews.ge) aRniSna: òri mxaris urTi-

erTobebi dRes ar arsebobs. oficialuri kontaqti 2006 wels

kodoris xeobaSi qarTuli mxaris mier ganxorcielebuli ope-

raciis Semdeg gawyda~. afxazi mkvlevari dasZens, rom mdgoma-

reoba analogiuri darCa 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis

da mogvianebiT, moskovis mier afxazeTis damoukideblobis

aRiarebis Semdeg. igi interviuSi acxadebs: èrTi SexedviT af-

xazebisTvis mSvidoba ukve arsebobs, maSin rodesac ruseTma

Cven usafrTxoebis garantiebi mogvaniWa da Sesabamisad, dar-

wmunebulebi varT, rom omi aRar moxdeba. meores mxriv, kon-

fliqti ar aris gadawyvtili. es aSkaraa rameTu mxareebi ax-

lac urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs aviTareben konfliq-

tTan dakavSirebiT".

dRes gadaudebel amocanad migvaCnia afxazeTTan uSualo

urTierTTanamSromlobis dawyeba Tanxmobis strategiiT. pir-

vel etapze, aucilebelia, gaCndes ndobis elementebi, urTier-

TusafrTxoebis, urTierTinteresis da urTierTsaWiroebis

gancda.

rogorc saqarTvelom, aseve ruseTma unda gadalaxos ar-

sebuli barierebi urTierTgagebis sakiTxSi da daiwyon mSvido-

biani Tanaarsebobis ganxilva _ acxadebs saerTaSoriso poli-

tikis eqsperti, aSS-s arnold salcmanis institutiს pro-

fesოri linkoln mitCeli.

dRes politikur wreebSi aqtualuria rusul-qarTuli

politikuri da diplomatiuri urTierTobebis aRdgenis Tema.

politikur jgufTa erTi nawili saqarTvelos xelisuflebas

ruseTTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebis gawyvetas sayvedu-

robs.

upirvelesad Tavad ruseTis prezidentma jer kidev manam-

de, sanam saqarTvelo moaxdenda ruseTTan diplomatiuri ur-

TierTobebis gawyvetas, gamoacxada, rom ruseTs (mis politi-

kur mmarTvelobas) ar eqneba aranairi urTierToba saqarTve-

los xelisuflebasTan, rom isini saqarTvelos xelisuflebas

204

praqtikulad ar cnoben. Sesabamisad, ruseTs saqarTvelosTan

aranairi urTierToba ar eqneba.

ruseTis xelisufleba ver egueba, rom saqarTvelo gamo-

vida misi mmarTvelobis orbitidan da cdilobs kontroli Sei-

narCunos saqarTveloze. ruseTis prezidentma dimitri medve-

devma ganacxada: `Cven kavkasiidan ukan ar davixevT,... aris Ri-

rebulebebi, romlisTvisac unda ibrZolo da gaimarjvo, ris

gareSec Cven ver warmogvidgenia Cveni qveyana [5]. dimitri medvedevi darwmunebulia, rom saqarTvelosa da

ruseTs Soris aRdgeba `kargi, Ria da konstruqciuli urTier-

Tobebi, romelic kulturuli, sulieri da istoriuli urTi-

erTobebis myar safuZvels daefuZneba~.

`rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis CaSlis nebismieri mcde-

loba warumateblobisTvisaa ganwiruli~, _ naTqvamia medvede-

vis gzavnilSi, romelic kremlis el-gverdze gamoqveynda.

gzavnilSi aseve naTqvamia, rom meore msoflio omis dros

faSizmis winaaRmdeg gverdi-gverd brZolas gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs `rus da qarTvel xalxebs Soris urTierTobe-

bis saerTo da mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi~.

ruseTis prezidenti zemoTxsenebul gzavnilSi aseve acxa-

debs, rom faSizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daRupulTa xsovna

avaldebulebs rus da qarTvel xalxs `gaufrTxildnen megob-

robis, keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis da urTierTdaxmare-

bis tradiciebs~.

ruseT-saqarTvelos omis mesame wlisTavze krizisebis sa-

erTaSoriso jgufma (International Crisis Group) gamoaqveyna axali

angariSi saTauriT _ `viswavloT Tanamezobluri cxovreba~ da

or qveyanas saerTo interesebze koncentrirebisken mouwoda.

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo analitikuri organizacia miiC-

nevs, rom mezobel saxelmwifoebs Soris dialogi SesaZlebelia

im rTuli viTarebis miuxedavadac, rac 2008 wlis ruseT-saqar-

Tvelos omis Semdeg aris Seqmnili.

krizisebis saerTaSoriso jgufis rekomendaciiT, saerTa-

Soriso Tanamegobrobam unda mosTxovos mxareebs informaciis

gacvla usafrTxoebis Zalebis masStabis, administraciuli sa-

zRvrebis siaxloves maTi gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb.

krizisebis saerTaSoriso jgufis rekomendaciebis mixed-

viT, imisaTvis, rom dialogis dasawyebad saWiro ndoba aRdges,

ruseTma da saqarTvelom Tavi unda daanebon erTmaneTis dada-

205

naSaulebas terorizmsa da teroristebTan kavSirSi da unda

CaerTon am mimarTulebiT mimdinare sagamoZiebo procesebSi.

rac Seexeba uSualod dialogs, romelmac saqarTvelosa

da ruseTis samezoblo urTierTobebis gaumjobesebas unda Se-

uwyos xeli, krizisebis saerTaSoriso jgufis rekomendaciiT,

es dialogi unda iyos upirobo da pirdapiri, Tumca, zog Sem-

TxvevaSi, dialogis warmarTva SesaZlebelia orive mxarisTvis

misaRebi Suamavlis daxmarebiT.

saqarTvelos integracia evropul da evroatlantikur

sivrceSi ki migvaCnia, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels samxreT

kavkasiis regionSi stabilurobis ganmtkicebas, rac savarau-

dod ganapirobebs ruseTis samxreT sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis

gaumjobesebas.

saqarTvelos nato-Si integraciis procesebis ganviTare-

bas mniSvnelovnad aferxebs Cvens qveyanaSi arsebuli konfliq-

turi kerebi (afxazeTi, cxinvalis regioni). separatistuli re-

gionebi warmoadgenen ukontrolo teritoriebs da, Sesabami-

sad, am regionebSi metad xelsayreli winapirobaa ukanono vaW-

robis, narkotikebis ukanono brunvisaTvis, teroristuli saq-

mianobis, fulis gaTeTrebisa da sxva kanonsawinaaRmdego ope-

raciebis ganxorcilebis uzrunvelsayofad.

konfliqtebis Tema saqarTvelosa da natos warmomadgen-

lebis Sexvedrebebisas warmoadgens mniSvnelovani ganxilvis sa-

gans, da miuxedavad natos xelmZRvanelobis gancxadebebisa,

rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli konfliqtebi xels ver SeuSlian

qveynis evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi integra-

cias, natos erT-erT mTavar da upirobo moTxovnas individua-

luri partniorobis samoqmedo gegmisa Tu intensiuri dialo-

gis farglebSi konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT daregulireba

warmoadgens.

dReisaTvis saqarTvelo ver akontrolebs Tavisi terito-

riis daaxloebiT 15%-s. saqarTvelos centraluri xelisufle-

bis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba afxazeTis (da amasTanave yofi-

li samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis) teritoria. afxazeTis

teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis aRdgena mSvidobiani

molaparakebebis gziT am etapze, samwuxarod, ver xerxdeba,

radgan saqarTvelos xelisufleba am separatistuli regionis

de-faqto xelmZRvanelobisagan moiTxovs saqarTvelos teri-

toriuli mTlianobis aRiarebas. magram is molaparakebebisas

206

mxolod damoukideblobis moTxovniT gamodis da ar Tanxmdeba

saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilad afxazeTis aRiarebaze.

afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvareba SeuZlebelia, gadawydes

samxedro gziTac. miuxedavad bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqar-

Tvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaZlierebisa, Cvens qveyanas gau-

Wirdeba awarmoos farTomasStabiani sabrZolo moqmedebebi. viTa-

rebas arTulebs is faqti, rom saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebs

mouwevs Setakeba ara mxolod ruseTTan, aramed ruseTis federa-

ciaSi Semavali Crdilokavkasiuri respublikebis SeiaraRebul

formirebebTan, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar iZleva am omSi gamarjvebis

srul garantias. aseve, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT afxazeTis mTian re-

liefs, arsebobs imis mniSvnelovani SesaZlebloba, rom separa-

tistulad ganwyobili ukanono formirebebi gadavidnen partiza-

nul moqmedebebze da, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi isini uzrunvelyo-

filni iqnebian sxvadasxva saxis SeiaraRebiT ruseTis mxridan.

is mosazreba, rom afxazeTSi gaero-s me-7 muxli amoqmed-

deba, romelic mSvidobis damyarebas saerTaSoriso Zalebis mi-

er Zalismieri gziT gulisxmobs, WeSmaritebas moklebulia,

magram gaero-s CarTvac am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia. Cvens

qveyanaSi ki viTarebas arTulebs is faqti, rom ruseTi _ ro-

gorc uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevri, gamoiyenebs veto-s uf-

lebas aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uSiSroebis sabWos mi-

er Sesabamisi rezoluciis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi.

faqtia, rom aucilebelia pirdapiri dialogi da im raRa-

cis povna raSic Cvenc da ruseTic erTnairad dainteresebulni

aRmovCndebiT. sxvagvarad igi _ ruseTi, konfliqtur regio-

nebs ar Seeleva da verc veravin (saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobi-

dan) daupirispirdeba. amisi iluzia arc unda viqonioT.

dabolos, daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom ruseTTan ur-

TierTobebi saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mniSvnelovan

erovnul problemad rCeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom or mezobel

qveyanas Soris politikuri urTierTobebis gaumjobeseba mniS-

vnelovnad aris damokidebuli afxazeTis konfliqtis mowesri-

gebaze da afxazeTis saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi dabrunebaze.


1. antonenko o., diskusia: `kavkasiis usafrTxoebis gaazreba~ –

virtualuri dialogi~, (strategiuli kvlevis saerTaSoriso

207

instituti, ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli, proeqtis xel-

mZRvaneli, 08. 08. 2010 w.), internet-resursi: www.netgazeti.ge.

2. gegeSiZe a., interviu, gazeTi `24 saaTi~: `konfliqtis mog-

vareba da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena erTi da igive

ar aris~, (saqarTvelos strategiuli da saerTaSoriso ur-

TierTobebis kvlevis fondi, ufrosi mecnier-TanamSrome-

li, eqsperti, 02. 10. 2006 w., internet-resursi.

3. iurgensi i., interviu (ruseTis federaciis Tanamedrove

ganviTarebis institutis sameTvalyureo sabWo, Tavmjdo-

mare, 22. 06. 2010 w.), internet-resursi.

4. malaSxia S., konfliqtebis anatomia, Tbilisi, 2011.

5. medvedevi d., 2008 wlis 5 noembris federaluri krebisadmi

mimarTva, itar-tasis `novostis~ masalebi, 2008 weli, 6 no-

emberi, internet-resursi.

6. miminoSvili r., fanjikiZe g., simarTle afxazeTze, Tbili-

si, 1990.

7. mitCeli l., interviu: `saqarTvelo-ruseTis konfliqti~

(saerTaSoriso politikis eqsperti, aSS-s arnold salcma-

nis instituti, profesოri), internet-resursi.

8. nadareiSvili T., genocidi afxazeTSi, naw. 1, 2, Tbilisi,

1996.

9. nodia g., konfliqti afxazeTSi _ mizezebi da gaazreba,

Tbilisi, 1999.

10. ToiZe a., afxazeTis mosaxleoba istoria da Tanamedroveo-

ba, Tbilisi, 1995.

11. yolbaia v., lacugbaia d., gelantia r., Waxrakia T., afxaze-

Tis labirinTi, Tbilisi, 1999.

12. cincaZe s., interviu: `baRafSs urCevnia, ruseTis mona iyos,

oRond prezidenti erqvas da fuli akeTos~, (politologi,

saqarTvelos diplomatiuri akademiis reqtori, 09. 21. 2010

w.), internet-resursi: www.sana.ge.

13. Дзидзирия Г., Анчабадзе З., Куправа А. История Абхазии, Сухуми, 1982.

14. Ломоури Н., Абхазия в античную и раннесредневековую эпоху, Тбилиси, 1997.

15. Маршания Л. В., Трагедия Абхазии, Тбилиси, 1995.

208

Gela Tsaava Doctoral Student of the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

`Frozen Conflict~ in Abkhazia and Georgia - Russia Relations and the Settlement of the Political Factors

Summary

As a result of the collapse of the Soviet colonial system, demon-

stratively left the Soviet Union, the Russian government decided to punish the cruel.

According to the results of the war in Abkhazia, we can say with conviction that the war was instigated by Russian authorities, who could not adopt the empire's collapse, failed peace of - as their colonies.

Georgia – Russia's political relations in the last few years gamtsvave-bulia and deadlock. The critical tension between these two neighboring countries has been going on.

Relations with Russia's national security and therefore, the most serious foreign policy problem. The Georgian political elite is trying to cope with the challenge.

So I studied and thought to be related to the ethno-political conflict and regional security issues, will be the origin of the root causes of conflict and the dynamics of development, which in turn, will enable us to make an attempt to forecast the emergence of conflict and to find optimal ways to avoid them.

209

maia amirgulaSvili

istoriis doqtori, saqarTvelos

teqnikuri universitetis asocire-

buli profesori

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis problemebi

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Ca-

nasaxis saxiT saTaves iRebs antikuri xanis saberZneTis filo-

sofiuri skolis cnobili warmomadgenlis platonis moZRvre-

baSi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, cota mogvianebiT ki naSromSi `poli-

tika.~ mis sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaze agebuli sazogadoebis

kritikasTan dakavSirebiT, aristotelem wamoayena kerZo sa-

kuTrebasa da moqalaqeTa Tavisufal saqmianobaze dafuZnebu-

li sazogadoebis tipi, romelsac sociologebi samoqalaqo sa-

zogadoebis prototipebad miiCneven. zogierTi avtoris mosaz-

rebiT yvelaze safuZvliani Tvalsazrisi samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebis Sesaxeb Camoayaliba j. lokma, Semdgom ki samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis Teoria Taviseburad ganaviTares rusom, hobsma

da sxvebma. am mxriv, azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom platonidan dawyebuli, sazogadoeba da saxelmwi-

fo yovelTvis iyo sxadasxva dargis gamoCenil moazrovneTa

gansjis sagani. amitom savsebiT kanonzomieria, rom samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisebis gadmocemas swored ber-

Znebidan iwyeben. marTalia TviTon termini `samoqalaqo sazo-

gadoeba~ axali drois gamonagonia, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba

ukanasknel periodSi SeiZina, mainc bunebrivia, rom samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis problemebis gadasaWrelad warsulis naazrevs

samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb mniSvneloba

ar daukargavs. [1, 256]

Tanamedrove avtorTa umravlesoba savsebiT marTebulad

miiCnevs, rom gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebis problematikam ukanasknel periodSi SeiZina. ra aris

amis mizezi? yovelive es gamowveulia ori garemoebiT: Tana-

medrove dasavleTis sazogadoeba ukmayofiloa kulturis kri-

zisiT, rac zogjer katastrofadac ganicdeba; meore garemoeba

dakavSirebulia socializmis saxeliT aSenebuli sazogadoebis

mankierebasTan da mis Semdgom marcxTan. samoqalaqo sazogado-

ebis miznis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu rogor unda daiZlios

210

dasavluri sazogadoebis, aseve totalitaluri socializmis

naklovanebebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom socialisturi

idealis marcxs yvela ar ganicdis, rogorc misi sruli uaryo-

fis, kerZod, ekonomikaze garkveuli gegmazomieri gavlenis sa-

Wiroebis uaryofis aucileblobas. ufro misaRebad miiCneven

im azrs, rom sabazro ekonomikasac garkveuli kontroli sWir-

deba, oRond am kontrolis xasiaTi sxvadasxvagvarad aqvT war-

modgenili. ingliseli mecnieri ernest gelneri ambobda, rom

Tu kontrols socializmTan gavaigivebT, maSin Cven yvelani

socialistebi varTo. amiT mas imis Tqma undoda, rom samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebac garkveuli kontrolis gareSe ver aSendeba

da ver ifunqcionirebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi Tavisebureba swored is aris, rom aq sazogadoebriv-

ma organizaciebma unda gaakontrolon saxelmwifosa da misi

aparatis saqmianoba. [2, 356]

aRsaniSnavia, rom `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis~ cnebis para-

lelurad Tanamedrove literaturaSi ixmareba cneba _ `Ria sa-

zogadoeba~. am ukanasknels totalitarul, `daxurul sazoga-

doebas~ upirispireben, magram dRes am Tvalsazrisis momxree-

bic miznad isaxaven xeli Seuwyon iseTi sazogadoebis aSenebas,

romelic daZlevs rogorc totalitaruli sazogadoebis manki-

erebas, aseve Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebis uaryofiT

tendenciebs, kerZod, individualizmisaTvis gadamwyveti mniS-

vnelobis miniWebas.

sazogadoeba, rogorc cnobilia, sxvadasxva interesis,

moTxovnilebis, faseulobis matarebeli adamianebis, individe-

bis erTobliobaa, romelTa urTierTobasac Sesabamisi kanonebi

da normebi aregulireben. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi

funqcia da daniSnulebaa is, rom xeli Seuwyos moqalaqeTa aq-

tivobis zrdas, maTi Tavisuflebis gafarToebas, Tavisufali

asociaciebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic ar moeqcevian saxelmwi-

fo biurokratiis kontrolis qveS da daupirispirdebian avto-

ritarizms.

yoveli sazogadoeba individebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic

erTmaneTisagan TavianTi damokidebulebebiT gansxvavdebian,

magram individebi erTiandebian sazogadoebaSi da amitom maT

ar SeiZleba ar hqondeT saerTo interesebi da Rirebulebebi.

sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu rogor

aris uzrunvelyofili individualuri interesebis dacva da,

211

Tavis mxriv rogor iTvaliswineben individebic sazogadoebis

interesebs. [3, 156]

platonisaTvis amosavali principi saxelmwifo, misi Zlie-

reba iyo. amitom is mzad iyo SeezRuda individebi saxelmwifos

sasargeblod. misgan gansxvavebiT, aristoteles pozicia zomi-

eri da gonivrulia, radganac igi Tvlida, rom saxelmwifos

daniSnulebaa individebisaTvis bednieri cxovrebis uzrunvel-

yofa. am ukanasknelma kargad icoda, rom individi mniSvnelo-

vanwilad sazogadoebazea damokidebuli, magram sazogadoeba

misi azriT Tavisi wevrebisaTvis arsebobs. aristoteles kar-

gad hqonda gaazrebuli, rom individebis Tavisuflebis gareSe

sazogadoeba dakargavda Tavis namdvil saxes.

aristoteles am Sexedulebas Taviseburad exmianeba j.

lokis Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianis bunebrivi

mdgomareobis sapirispiroa adamianTa gaerTianeba sazogadoe-

bebad, magram es ar niSnavs, rom yovelgvari sazogadoeba po-

litikuri sazogadoebis igiveobrivi iyos. samoqalaqo sazoga-

doeba lokis azriT, iseTi sazogadoebaa, romelsac aqvs kano-

nebis gamocemis ufleba da sakuTrebis floba_SenarCunebis

mizniT zrunavs Tavisi wevrebis sakeTildReod.

j. lokis mixedviT, leviaTanis, anu saxelmwifos siZliere

isaa, rom igi adamianTa erTi jgufis mier meorisaTvis Tav-

smoxveuli rame ki ar aris, aramed nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebis,

TanasworTa Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis Sedegia, sadac

mxolod da mxolod umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT dapirispi-

rebisa da konfliqtis gareSe adamianebi cxovroben erTobli-

vad.

gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan Cndeba kiTxva: Tu bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi adamiani Tavisufali, damoukidebeli, sxvebis

Tanaswori da sakuTrebis mflobeli iyo, ratom daTmo sakuTa-

ri Tavisufleba da ratom miando Tavisi sakuTrebis dacva

sxvebs? loki Tvlis, rom es ganapiroba ramdenime garemoebam:

1. bunebrivi Tavisufleba da sakuTrebis qonis uzrunvelyofa

damyarebuli iyo individis sakuTar Zalebze, rac ar iZleoda

garantias, rom individs daecva Tavisi Tavisufleba da sakuT-

reba sxvaTa xelyofisagan, risTvisac mas sWirdeboda ufro

mtkice garantiebi, rac mxolod sazogadoebis gaerTianebas Se-

eZlo uzrunveleyo; 2. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, roca yvela in-

dividi msajulicaa da sasjelis aRmsrulebelic, araa garan-

212

tia, rom is am funqcias mikerZoebis gareSe aRasrulebs; 3. bu-

nebriv mdgomareobaSi, maSinac roca samarTliani ganaCeni gamo-

aqvT, individis Zala aris sakmarisi ganaCenis sisruleSi mosay-

vanad, magram roca saxelmwifo arsebobs am funqcias asrulebs

specialur adamianTa jgufi. esaa swored sakanonmdeblo da

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sawyisi. [2, 362]

j. loki samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionirebas SesaZ-

leblad miiCnevs mxolod demokratiuli mmarTvelobis piro-

bebSi, sadac gabatonebulia umravlesobis neba da gadawyveti-

lebebis miReba xdeba umravlesobis mier. aseve aRsaniSnavia sa-

moqalaqo sazogadoebis daxasiaTebisas lokis mier yuradRebis

gamaxvileba imaze, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli samoqalaqo mSvidoba da Tanxmoba

unda iyos, romlis garanti da uzrunvelyofis saSualeba aris

sasamarTlo, romelic am sazogadoebaSi Seqmnilia kanonmdebe-

li organos saxiT. missave naazrevSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-

vania is momenti, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erTi ZiriTadi

niSani da aucilebeli moTxovnaa kanonis uzenaesoba _ kanonis

winaSe yvelas Tanasworoba yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe; ka-

nonis uzenaesoba warmoadgens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arse-

bobisa da funqcionirebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan da ganmsaz-

Rvrel funqcias.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze msjelobas meti stimuli mieca

axal droSi, roca Camoyalibda axali saxelmwifoebi amerikasa

da evropaSi. es saxelmwifoebi iqmneboda pirovnebis uflebebi-

sa da Tavisuflebis lozungebiT, magram axal, rTul politi-

kur viTarebaSi naTlad gamoikveTa, rom pirovnebaTa uflebebi

da Tavisuflebebi xSirad erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi modian

da amitom politologebi, sociologebi, filosofosebi, po-

litikosebi da sxvebi ufro metad ufiqrdebian imas Tu rogor

unda SeuTavsdes erTmaneTs adamianebisa da jgufebis uflebe-

bi da Tavisuflebebi. amis gadasawyvetad ki aucilebelia gavi-

goT Tu ras niSnavs Tavisufleba. [4, 92]

Tavisuflebaze axali drois moazrovneebis Tvalsazri-

sebs Tu mimovixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom isini Tavisuflebis sam

saxeobas ganasxvaveben:

1. Tavisufleba, rogorc adamianis unari garkveul garemo-

Si ise moiqces, rogorc es mas unda;

213

2. Tavisufleba, rogorc adamianis unari moiqces moraluri

kanonis mixedviT anu imis mixedviT, Tu ra miaCnia mas adamianis

idealuri bunebis Sesabamis moqmedebad;

3. Tavisufleba, rogorc adamianis unari Secvalos Tavisi

sakuTari xasiaTi imis mixedviT, Tu ra ideals dausaxavs is Tavis

Tavs. [4, 102]

maT umTavresad mxedvelobaSi hqondaT Tavisuflebis pir-

veli ori gageba. amasTan, yvelaze bunebrivi da TavisTavad ga-

sagebi Cans pirveli gageba _ Tavisufleba, rogorc imis unari

da SesaZlebloba akeTo is, rac ginda. Tavisuflebis amgvari

gageba ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli iyo britaneli moazrovnee-

bisaTvis. mas emyarebodnen Tavisuflebis pirveli deklaracie-

bi amerikis damoukideblobis qartiidan frangul àdamianis

uflebebamde~ da àdamianis uflebaTa deklaraciamde~. mas See-

sabameba utilitaristuli Tvalsazrisi adamianze, romlis mi-

xedviT adamianis moqmedebas mxolod misi pirovnuli interese-

bi gansazRvravs; magram vinaidan sakuTari interesebis ganxor-

cielebisaTvis aucilebelia sxvisi interesebis gaTvaliswineba,

saWiro xdeba TavisuflebisaTvis axali sfuZvlis gamonaxva. es

ki scades germanelma moazrovneebma, upirveles yovlisa, kan-

tma, romelmac aRiara, rom adamiani, mrTalia, Tavisi survile-

bis dakmayofilebisaken miiswrafvis, magram vinaidan misi amgva-

ri moqmedebis dakanoneba sazogadoebis dangrevas gamoiwvevda,

aucilebelia adamiani iseT moralur kanons emorCilebodes,

romelic ar daangrevs sazogadoebas.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aSenebis axali gzis gamonaxvas

cdiloben uaxlesi drois moazrovneebi, magram maT zogjer

uWirT misi danaxva, radgan isev Zveli gzis analogiiT undaT

gaiazron igi. amerikeli mecnieri j. maklini, romelic ganixi-

lavs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Zveli da axali drois

moazrovneebis Tvalsazrisebs, acxadebs, rom aucilebelia Se-

muSavdes samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ufro adekvaturi cneba go-

nebisa da Tavisuflebis axali, ufro mdidari cnebis safuZ-

velze, romlic saSualebas mogvcems erTianobaSi gaviazroT

moraluri mgrZnobelobis pirovnuli ganzomilebebi adamianu-

ri cxovrebis farTo konteqstSi kulturis axali hermenevti-

kis saSualebiT. [3, 348]

amgvar Tvalsazriss safuZvlad udevs da asazrdoebs

kulturis RirebulebiTi gageba, romlis mixedviT, sulieri

214

kulturis mTavari RerZi, misi kvintensencia aris zneoba, anu

zneobrivi Rirebulebani. kulturis aseTi gageba misi progre-

sis umaRles kriteriumad miiCnevs Tavisufleba_humanizaciis

dones, rogorc calkeuli individebis, pirovnebebis erTmaneT-

Tan damokidebulebaSi, aseve sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis ur-

TierTmimarTebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare ki cxadia, rom is sazo-

gadoeba unda CaiTvalos progresulad, romelic yvela piro-

bas qmnis adamianTa Tavisufleba_humanizaciis donis asamaR-

leblad.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gakeTdes

zogierTi daskvna samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsisa da misi Zi-

riTadi niSnebis Sesaxeb. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom sa-

moqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebiTi niSani da ganmsazRvreli pi-

robaa kanonis uzenaesoba _ kanonis winaSe yvelas Tanasworoba

_ gamonaklisis gareSe; misi umniSvnelovanesi Taviseburebaa ag-

reTve isic, rom aq TviTon sazogadoebam, sazogadoebrivma or-

ganizaciebma unda gaakontrolon saxelmwifosa da misi biu-

rokratiuli aparatis saqmianoba. samoqalaqo sazogadiebis ki-

dev erTi Tavisebrebaa is, rom am sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebu-

li yuradReba eqceva sayovelTao mSvidobisa da Tanxmobis miR-

wevas. [2, 378]

aseve unda iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoya-

libeba da funqcionireba aucileblad gulisxmobs pirovnebaTa

Tavisufleba_humanizaciis donis amaRlebasa da samarTlebrivi

da zneobrivi normebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad zogadsakacob-

rio RirebulebaTa realizacias, maTi damkvidrebisaTvis xel-

Semwyobi pirobebis Seqmnas.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi umTavresi niSani iqne-

ba is, rom aq adamiani mTeli Tavisi sulieri samyaroTi gaxdeba

yovelgvar ekonomikur, teqnikur, teqnologiur gardaqmnaTa

da siaxleTa erTaderTi mniSvnelovani figura. adamiani, ara

rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria, rogorc ubralod faseulo-

baTa Semqmneli, aramed rogorc umaRlesi Rirebuleba, yovel-

gvari moRvaweobis aqtiuri subieqti, unda iqces nebismier sa-

zogadoebriv gardaqmnaTa mTavar miznad. aseve mniSvnelovania

imis aRniSvna, rom kultura, rogorc adamianis sulier Rire-

bulebaTa realizaciis procesi, rogorc adamianis arsobriv

ZalTa gamovlenis sarbieli, asaxavs kulturis subieqtisa da

obieqtis _ adamianis qmnadobas, TviTdamkvidrebas da, Sesabami-

215

sad, adamianTa urTierTobis humanizaciis donesac gamoxatavs.

kulturis ganviTarebis umTavresi maCvenebelia sazogadoebaSi

Tavisufleba-humanizaciis done. swored am umaRles zogadsa-

kacobrio RirebulebaTa realizaciisa da damkvidrebis aspa-

rezs qmnis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.


1. endriu heivudi, politika, mesame gamocema, Tbilisi, 2008.

2. vaxtang erqomaiSvili, adamiani, Tavisufleba, ideologia,

Tbilisi, 2002.

3. Gill G., The Dynamics of Democratization, 2000.

4. Sorensen G., The Transformation of the State: Beyond the Myth of

Retreat, 2004.

Maia Amirgulashvili Doctor of History Georgian, Technical Uni-versity, Associated Professor

The Problem of Social Society

Summary

The authors of the article show that one of the important features of civil

society is control of state and activities of its bureaucratic bodies by social organizations. The supremacy of law is one of the essential and important features of such society. Civil society enhances growth of activity puff persons, extends their freedom.

It is, as well, extremely important to stress thet in civil society special attention is achievement of universal peace and consent and this, in its turn, is a basis for spiritual (unity and progress of) the whole humanity.

216

qeTi jijeiSvili

politikis doqtori, saqarTve-

los teqnikuri universitetis

asocirebuli profesori

giorgi CxikviSvili

saqarTvelos teqnikuri univer-

sitetis doqtoranti

Zalauflebis fsiqologia

`saerTaSoriso politika, msgavsad sxva nebis-

mieri politikisa, warmoadgens brZolas Zalauf-

lebisaTvis; ranairic ar unda iyos saerTaSoriso

politikis saboloo mizani, mis uSualo mizans yo-

velTvis warmoadgens Zalaufleba~.

h. j. morgenTau

xalxTa sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis istoriaSi nakle-

bad moiZebneba iseTi fenomeni, romelic Zalauflebas Seedreba

Tavisi TvisebiT gamudmebiT baZavdes da Tavis TavSi asaxiereb-

des socialur winaaRmdegobebs. erTis mxriv Zalaufleba aris

mudmivi ganxeTqilebis vaSli xalxTa Soris, socialur jgu-

febs Soris, klasebisa da saxelmwifoebs Soris. magram meore

mxriv, is iseve aris organizebulobisa da wesrigis ucilobeli

piroba sazogadoebaSi.

nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZlebelia

Zalauflebis Tanabrad gadanawileba. magram, ramdenime adamia-

nis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebis saWiroeba moqalaqeTa

umravlesobaSi kiTxvebs da eWvebs badebs. `vis xelSia Zalauf-

leba da gamoiyeneben Tu ara Zalauflebas efeqtianad?~ an ùp-

yria Tu ara mmarTvels politikuri Zalaufleba kanonierad~.

am da sxva kiTxvebze pasuxi rom gavceT, ganvixiloT Zala-

uflebis qceviTi koncefcia (arsobrivad, bihevioristuli),

romelic Zalauflebis arss ukavSirebs individebis urTier-

Tqmedebas politikur procesSi. qceviTi koncefcia Tavisi ar-

siT germaneli folosofosis f. nicSes Teziss imeorebs:

`cxovreba CemTvis igivdeba zrdis instiqtTan, Zalauflebas-

Tan, Zalebis dagrovebasTan. Tu ar arsebobs Zalauflebisaken

swrafvis neba, pirovneba degradacias ganicdis~. Zalauflebi-

217

saken swrafvis neba am SemTxvevaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara Zala-

uflebis Zaladobrivi modeli, romelic makiavelidan da hob-

sidan modis. am koncefciis formatSi Zalaufleba, Zalaufle-

bisaken swrafva adamianuri fsiqikisa da Segnebis dominirebu-

li Tvisebaa.

pirvelad termini `Zalauflebis survili~ (ànimas domi-

nandi`) Semoitana politikuri realizmis Teoriis erT-erTma

TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma, germanelma mecnierma h. j. mor-

genTaum (nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg igi sac-

xovreblad gadavida aSS-Si). misi azriT, Zalauflebisaken

ltolva adamianebs dabadebidan axasiaTebs. `politikuri war-

mateba, _ wers igi, _ izomeba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad SeuZ-

lia erT adamians sxvebTan mimarTebaSi sakuTari Zalauflebis

SenarCuneba, gazrda an demonstrireba~ [1,196]. am Teziss adas-

turebs 30 wlis win stenfordis universitetSi Catarebuli eq-

sperimenti, romelSic fsiqologebis meTvalyureobis qveS ra-

modenime axalgazrdam cixis ganaCenis imitireba moaxdina. uw-

yinarma TamaSma lamis katastrofa gamoiwvia, ris gamoc am Ta-

maSis procedurac da Sedegic dRemde bevrs afiqrebs.

1971 wlis 14 agvistos stenfordis universitetSi (aSS)

daiwyo eqsperimenti, romelmac msoflio aRiareba moutana mis

organizators filip zimbardos. ramdenime axalgazrdas, rom-

lebic sauniversiteto qalaq paloaltoSi cxovrobda, mou-

lodnelad Tavs daadgeba policia da didi oromtrialiTa da

sayvirebis xmiT mihyavT axalgazrdebi ganyofilebaSi. cxadia,

am incidentiT aRSfoTebuli mezoblebi gakvirvebiT icqirebi-

an, radgan aqamde eWvic ar SeparviaT am bavSvebis patiosnebaSi.

rac Seexeba Tavad studentebs maT winaswar icodnen, rom eq-

sperimentis monawileebi iyvnen. am eqsperimentis Sesaxeb sul

cota xnis win, adgilobriv gazeTSi gamoqvynda cnoba, sadac

eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis iwvevdnen studentebs, dReSi

15 dolaris anazRaurebiT. sul gamoexmaura 70 adamiani, rom-

lisganac SeirCa nawili. monawileebi pirobiTad daiyvnen or

jgufad, erTi nawili iyo pirobiTi patimrebi, meore ki zedam-

xedvelebi da maT win Zalian rTuli da dapirispirebebiT savse

gza elodaT. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom am studentebidan arc

erTi ar gamoirCeoda cudi TvisebebiT, maT CamoarTves xelwe-

rili, rom Tanaxma iyvnen am eqsperimentze.

218

namdvilma policielebma, maT daades borkilebi, waiyvanes

ganyofilebaSi, aiRes TiTis anabeWdebi, gaxades samosi da ci-

xis uniformac moarges. uniforma kabis msgavsi uxeSi qsovilis

Casacmeli iyo, patimrebs ekrZalebodaT sacvlebis tareba.

cxadia am formis tareba uxerxilobas qmnida Tundac dajdo-

mis dros, radgan mamakacebi Cveulebisamebr ver Slidnen far-

Tod fexebs da siarulisas wamdauwum isworebdnen kabis kal-

Tebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom namdvil cixeSi aseTi mouxerxebeli

uniformebi ara aqvT, ubralod am SemTxvevaSi, is saWiro iyo

patimarTa pirobebis dasamZimeblad. TiToeul maTgans aseve

mkerdze mimagrebuli hqonda nomeri, amieridan es nomeri iyo

misi saxeli da am nomriT mimarTavdnen patimrebs.

Cveulebriv cixeebSi, rogorc wesi, patimrebs Tmebs par-

savdnen, raTa moaxdinon maTi gaupirovneba. magram eqsperimen-

tis monawileebSi amgvari midgoma damcirebas gamoiwvevda da

maT Tmebis SeWris sanacvlod qalis windisagan gakeTebuli qu-

debi Camoacves Tavze da amiT miaRwies gaupirovnebis meTods,

garda amisa, fexze daades borkilebi, rac, rogorc wesi, mxo-

lod sastiki damnaSaveebis mimarT gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi

ki igi atarebda iseT xasiaTs, patimrebs ZilSiac ar daaviwyde-

bodaT sakuTari mdgomareoba.

patimrebi moaTavses sam-sami kaci TiTo oTaxSi, oTaxebi

ki iyo cudi da kargi, maTSi patimrebi xvdebodnen damsaxure-

bis mixedviT. urCi patimrebisaTvis arsebobda karceri, rome-

lic namdvili fizikuri satanjveli iyo. mniSvnelovania is,

rom bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba SeeZloT pir-

dapir kameraSi, ris gamoc irgvliv saSineli suni idga, privi-

legirebulebs ki sapirfareSoTi sargebloba SeeZloT. rac Se-

exeba zedamxedvelebs, maT yvelaze martivi davaleba hqondaT,

etarebinaT saTvaleebi, morigeobdnen dRisiT da RamiT, oTa-

xebSi damontaJebuli iyo videokamerebi, saidanac fsiqologebi

axdendnen dakvirvebas. magram gamomdinare iqidan, rom dara-

jebs egonaT fsiqologebi Tvalyurs ar adevnebdnen, RamiT

isini ufro met agresias amJRavnebdnen. amasTan isini sargeb-

lobdnen im Savi saTvaleebiT, romelic maT ufanjro bnel

sardafSi principSi ar sWirdebodaT, magram ase isini iniRbe-

bodnen, iseve rogorc amas odiTganve akeTebdnen jalaTebi.

radgan sxvagvarad Camoyalibebuli sadisti unda iyo (Riad rom

Zaladoben).

219

patimrebis dasjis forma iyo azidvebi. zogjer zedamxed-

velebi sxva patimrebs svamdnen maT zurgze da ase aiZulebdnen

awevas. zedamxedvelebs aseve hqondaT rezinis xeljoxebi (ro-

melic rac marTalia ar gamouyenebiaT) da sastvenebi. patimre-

bi or dRe-RameSi abuntdnen, sawolebi miayares gisosebs, tan-

sacmelebic gaixades. buntis CaxSoba zedamxedvelebma xanZarsa-

winaaRmdego WavliT moaxerxes, xolo organizatori karcerSi

Casves mTeli erTi dRiT. cxadia aman didi daZabuloba gamoiw-

via, patimrebi erTmaneTs aRar endobodnen. arc aravis ucdia

dasjili megobris karceridan daxsna.

zimbardos ainteresebda ramdenad Rrmad SeiWrebodnen es

adamianebi rolebSi. eqsperimentis msvlelobis meeqvse dRidan

saWiro iqna misi gauqmeba, radgan situacia metad saSiSi Seiq-

mna. axalgazrdebis nawili marTlac daemsgavsa `patimrebs~ da

`zedamxedvelebs~. maT dakarges cxovrebis gzaze SeZenili ada-

mianuri faseulobebi da cxoveluri sisastike SeiZines. eqspe-

rimentis vadamde adre Sewyvetam patimrebi gaaxara, zedamxed-

velebs ki arasasiamovno grZnoba daeuflaT.

erT-erTma fsiqologma qristina maslaCma, romelic pa-

timrebis gamokiTxvas apirebda, aRSfoTebiT SesZaxa filip zim-

bardos, ìs rasac Tqven am axalgazrdebs ukeTebT saSinelebaa~

da swored am momentSi gaacnobiera filipma, rom eqsperimenti

unda Sewydes [2,154-155].

am eqsperimentidan, bunebrivad gamodis daskvna, rom yve-

la adamiani Tavis TavSi atarebs cixes da nebismier dros SeuZ-

lia iTamaSos sastiki zedamxedvelis roli. Tu am Teziss gan-

vazogadebT, miviRebT daskvnas Zalauflebis qceviTi kocnef-

ciis CarCoebSi _ rom adamianis qmedebaSi devs moZmeebze Zala-

uflebis mopovebis motivi da rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba ganvi-

xiloT, rogorc adamianis bunebis imanenturi maxasiaTebeli.

politikis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT politikur tradi-

ciebSi Zalauflebis sagnad moiazreba `gavlena da misi mata-

reblebi~ (g. lasueli), batonoba an avtoritetul-gabatonebu-

li uflebamosileba (r. dali). aucileblad migvaCnia Zalauf-

lebis cnebaSi Semavali ZiriTadi terminebi:

gavlena _ moqmedi politikuri subieqtis unari misTvis

sasurveli saxis zegavlena iqonios sxvebis qcevaze. gavlenis

warmatebul gamoyenebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios cvlilebebi (an

aRudges arasasurvel cvlilebebs) adamianTa midrekilebebSi,

220

SexedulebebSi da TviT uSualod qcevaSic. Tumca `Zalaufle-

ba~ da `gavlena~ xSirad sinonimebad gamodian, bevri mecnieri

gavlenas ganixilavs (rac ukiduresad mniSvnelovania politi-

kuri SantaJis problemebis analizisaTvis), ufro farTo mniS-

vnelobiT, vidre mxolod gavlenis formas, romelic daumor-

CileblobisaTvis sastiki sasjelis muqarisgan warmoiSva.

moqmedi pirebis unari iqonion erTmaneTze gavlena damo-

kidebulia bevr faqtorze:

_ maT gankargulebaSi arsebul politikur SesaZleblo-

bebze.

_ maTi sasurveli gavlenis xasiaTsa da xarisxze.

_ imaze, Tu romel sferoSi funqcionireben isini.

zogierTi analitikosi Zalauflebasa da gavlenas Soris

sxvaobis aRniSvnisas gavlenis mniSvnelobas utolebs pirdapi-

ri da aramaterialuri saSualebebis gamoyenebas qcevaSi cvli-

lebebis gamowvevis mizniT. sxvebi, Zalauflebas ganixilaven

rogorc gavlenis iseT formas, romelic Seicavs daumorCileb-

lobisaTvis mkacri akrZalvis safrTxes. mTlianobaSi, Tumca

cnebam `gavlena~ ver miiRo farTo ganmarteba, mas iyeneben yve-

la saxis politikur analizSi: bihevioristul, istoriul, sa-

marTlebriv, filosofiur, deskriptul da normatiulSi.

iZuleba da Zaldataneba _ gavlenis formebi, romlebsac

axasiaTbT zewolis maRali done. politikuri SantaJis mraval-

ricxovani magaliTebi demonstrireben, Tu rogor SeiZleba

iZuleba gamoixatos mTel rig saSualebebsa da ekonomikuri,

socialuri an politikuri daSinebis xerxebSi Zalis gamoyene-

bis muqaramde misvliT (an misi realizebiT).

zogi avtori gavlenas, Zaladobasa da iZulebas Soris

sxvaobis gansazRvris dros, gavlenas ganixilavs rogorc uf-

ro metad moculobiT cnebas im cnebebs Soris, romelic Tavis

TavSi Seicavs iZulebis, Tu zewolis yvela saSualebas.

iZulebisa da Zaldatanebis, cnebebi miuxedavad saerTo

funqciebisa da miznebisa, sxvadasxva Sinaarss gulisxmoben.

iZulebis saSualebebia mizandasaxuli moqmedebani, samarTali,

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis yvela saxe (kanonmdeblobiTi, admi-

nistraciuli, sasamarTlo); iZulebis saSualebaTa xasiaTi

(ekonomikuri, politikuri, ideologiuri) ganpirobebulia sa-

boloo miznebiTa da socialuri urTierTobebiT. iZulebis ar-

sebiTi niSania daqvemdebarebuli subieqtisaTvis materialuri

221

da sulier faseulobaTa CamorTmeva an CamorTmevis muqara.

aseT situaciaSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes ara marto calkeuli su-

bieqti, aramed socialuri fena, klasi, mTlianad eri da a.S.

Zaldatanebas adgili aqvs maSin, roca daqvemdebarebuli xel-

qveiTi saerTod kargavs moqmedebis Tavisuflebas, xolo miz-

nis miRwevisaTvis xelisufleba iyenebs fizikur Zalasac.

Zaldataneba da iZuleba politikuri batonobis umTavre-

si pirobaa, amitomac Zalauflebisa da batonobis sakiTxi um-

niSvnelovanes politologiur problemaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.

batonoba _ aristoteles gagebiT batonoba Tavisufal da

araTavisufal moqalaqeTa urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli ti-

pia, romlis saSualebiTac erTi meores xarjze pirad moTxov-

nilebas ikmayofilebs. batonobis klasikur magaliTad mas miaC-

nda colqmrul urTierTobaSi qmris mdgomareoba. magram ma-

Sindel sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi batonobis arsis axsna

ar ucdiaT. avgustine aRiarebda Cagvra-batonobis arsebobas

da cdilobda garkveulwilad mis gamarTlebas. T. hobsi bato-

nobas uSualod Zalauflebas ukavSirebda, romelic Zaldata-

nebasa da Cagvrazea dafuZnebuli. hegelma batonoba sayovel-

Tao universalur kategoriad gamoacxada. batonoba mas esmis,

rogorc Sromis, Tavisuflebisa da ganaTlebis dialeqturi

ganviTarebis Sedegi. marqsizm-leninizmSi batonoba gaigeba,

uwinares yovlisa, rogorc klasobrivi batonoba, romelic

vlindeba Zalauflebis gansakuTrebuli formebiT.

Zala _ politikuri subieqtis unari sasurveli xerxebiT

zegavlena moaxdinos sxvebis qcevaze. CineTis komunisturi

partiis liderma mao Zedunma erTxel Tqva aseTi fraza: `Zala-

ufleba Tofis lulidan momdinareobso~. magram msoflio po-

litikuri gamocdileba amtkicebs, rom Zalauflebis ganxorci-

elebisaTvis martooden Zala arasakmarisi pirobaa.

napoleoni Tavs daesxa espaneTs da daimorCila igi, magram

erT dResac ar yofile misi mmarTveli. es moxda mxolod imi-

tom, rom mis zurgs ukan idga mxolod Zala da sxva araferi.

amitomac iyo, rom Tavis droze taleiranma gabeda da napole-

ons uTxra: `xiStebis meSveobiT, mowyaleo xelmwifev, SeiZleba

yvelafers miaRwio, garda erTisa, maTze ver Camojdebi~. [3,135]

avtoriteti da legitimuroba _ inglisur enaSi Sesabamisi

terminebi `power~ da àuthority~ xandaxan sinonimebadac ixma-

reba. zog konteqstSi SeiZleba vTargmnoT rogorc `xelisuf-

222

leba~, zogan _ rogorc àvtoriteti~. xelisuflebac ada av-

toritetic politikuri Zalauflebis or sxvadasxva ganzomi-

lebas aRniSnavs.

ramdenadac xelisuflebis realuri ganxorcielebisaTvis

Tofis lula ar kmara, mis garda, da SesaZloa masze ufro me-

tad, mas sWirdeba normebi, romlebic sazogadoebis did umrav-

lesobas aRiarebuli da gaTavisebuli aqvs. es normebi sxvadas-

xva zomiT fesvgadgmulia qcevis zneobriv, religiur da samar-

Tlebriv kodeqsebSi. xelisufleba rogorc avtoritetiT aR-

Wurvili Zalaufleba gulisxmobs legitimurobas _ mdgomare-

obas, roca Zalauflebis gamoyeneba misdevs garkveul insti-

tutebs da wesebs, xolo adamianebi maT iZulebis gareSe emor-

Cilebian da samarTlianad miiCneven.

cneba `legitimuri xelisufleba~ mecnierul terminolo-

giaSi Semoitana gamoCenilma germanelma mkvlevarma-polito-

logma maqs veberma. manve ganmarta, rom legitimizacia niSnavs

movlenisaTvis kanonierebis miniWebas, misi kanonierebis aRia-

rebas. veberma daasabuTa, rom xelisuflebis legitimizacia,

yovelTvis ar aris erTtipiuri procesi, romelsac erTi da

igive wyaro da safuZveli aqvs. garda demokratiisa monarqia an

diqtaturis nairsaxeobebic SeiZleba legitimuri iyos. Tu

gvinda gavigoT, gvaqvs Tu ara saqme legitimur xelisuflebas-

Tan, is ki ar unda vikiTxoT, aqvT Tu ara adamianebs arCevanSi

monawileobis, gaficvis an ukmayofilebis sajarod gamoxatvis

ufleba, aramed is, Tu ramdenad uRirT maT es uflebebi. Tu

xalxi kmayofilia arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT (imis miuxe-

davad, aqvs Tu ara arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba), maSin

mmarTveloba legitimuri yofila.

m. veberma gamohyo politikuri xelisuflebis legitimu-

robis, misi marTlzomierebis sami ZiriTadi wyaro. pirveli,

xelisuflebam SeiZleba legitimuroba SeiZinos tradiciis Se-

sabamisad. magaliTad, mmarTvelobis monarqiuli formis dros

xelisufleba tradiciis mixedviT memkvidres gadaecema. meore,

xelisuflebam legitimuroba SeiZleba SeiZinos saxelmwifo xe-

lisuflebis meTauri politikuri moRvawis didi avtoritetisa

da popularobis gamo. swored aseT tips uwoda veberma xariz-

matuli lideri. mesame, legitimuria xelisufleba, romelsac

racionalur-samarTlebrivi safuZveli gaaCnia. es xelisufle-

223

ba aRiarebulia xalxis mier, radgan igi kaninieri gziT, xalxis

mier mowonebuli wesebis dacviTaa Seqmnili.

legitimuri politikuri xelisuflebis dasaxelebuli ti-

pebidan, pirveli ori _ tradiciulad xarizmatuli _ umTavre-

sad im saxelmwifoebisaTvisaa damaxasaiTebeli, romelSic nak-

lebganviTarebuli politikuri sistemebia. Tuki aseT qveynebSi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali done arsebobs, igi ufro me-

tad bunebrivi resursebis da sxva gansakuTrebuli viTarebis

Sedegia da ara ekonomikuri procesebisa (magaliTad, energoma-

tarebeli resursebis siuxve da sxv.). mmarTvelobis formiT es

saxelmwifoebi an monarqiebia da an politikuri reJimi xariz-

matuli liderebis meTaurobiT. termini `xarizma~ momdinare-

obs berZnuli sityvidan `xarizma~, romelic im araCveulebriv

Tvisebebs niSnavs, romelic pirovnebas unikalur da magiur Za-

las aniWebs. xarizmas warmoSoba dakavSirebulia, rogorc wesi,

Rrma sazogadoebriv gardaqmnebTan _ revoluciebTan, omebTan,

msxvilmasStabian socialur reformebTan, gardamaval perio-

debTan. am dros gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs dasaxuli

`miznis~ misaRwevad xalxis mobilizebas, maT amxedrebas. xalxis

masac, romelsac ar gaaCnia maRali politikuri kultura, mza-

daa Seasrulos lideris yvela davaleba da saxelmZRvanelod

gaixados misi yvela mowodeba. aseTi masisaTvis wminda fsiqo-

logiuri momentidan gamomdinare centralizacia ufro misa-

Rebia, vidre Zireuli rgolebis efeqturi funqcionireba. er-

Ti centri maqsimalurad erTferovania da personificirdeba

mis mmarTvel pirovnebaSi.

aseT logikas, Sedegad mohyveba adamianTa umravlesobis

Segnebis konservatiuloba. erTferovnebas miCveuli adamiani,

rogorc wesi, konservatori xdeba cxovelmyofelobis yvela

sferoSi da maT Soris, politikaSic. Tu am problemas politi-

kuri qcevis doneze ganvixilavT, swored mas mivyavarT poli-

tikur, nacionalur, religiur da a.S. eqstremizmamde.

xarizmatuli xelisuflebis analizisas sainteresod mig-

vaCnia ruseTis fenomeni, sadac avtoritaruli politikuri

ganwyobilebis formirebas xeli Seuwyo am qveynis istoriis Ta-

viseburebam. am qveynis istoriaSi, faqtiurad, ar moipoveba

arc erTi magaliTi imisa, rom avtoritaruli xelisuflebis

gareSe raime mniSvnelovani, konstruqciuli gardaqmna ganxor-

cielebuliyo. ver gavixsnebT ruseTis istoriaSi TvalsaCino

224

miRwevebis romelime moments, rom igi dakavSirebuli ar iyos

konkretul avtoritarul politikur liderTan: aleqsandre

nevelTan, ivane mrisxanesTan, petre pirvelTan, leninTan, sta-

linTan. am qveyanaSi rogorc ki `susti~ xelmwife gamoCndebo-

da, warumatebloba da usiamovnebanic masTan erTad modioda.

xalxi istoriul legendebs Txzavda ivane mrisxaneze,

petre pirvelze da sxva avtoritarebze, oRond ki maTi pirov-

neba ganedidebinaTa da Zlieri xelisuflebis sikeTe daedas-

turebinaT. istoriulad, am qveynis xalxi yovelTvis beladis

mxares iWerda, iqneboda es aleqsandre neveli Tu ioseb stali-

ni. xalxTan erTad beladebi mudam gamodiodnen sazogadoebis

raRac saSualo fenis _ boiarebis, Tavad-aznaurobis, oficre-

bis, inteligenciis da a.S. winaaRmdeg. beladi ruseTSi yovel-

Tvis uSualod `gadioda~ masaze da amrigad, adamianTa Segneba-

Si mtkicdeboda sazogadoebis Sualeduri struqturebis ara-

saWiroebis (an misi nakleb saWiroebis) idea. amgvarad, yalibde-

boda sworxazobrivi kavSiri: beladi _ masa, Sualeduri fenis

gareSe. es ki avtoritaruli reJimis mtkice safuZvelia. magram

miuxedavad aseTi reJimebis legitimurobisa, adre Tu gvian igi

Seicnoboda sazogadoebis mxridan, rogorc politikuri xeli-

suflebis saxe, romelic miuRebelia civilizaciisaTvis sxva

cnobil formebTan SedarebiT da xarizmas mmarTveloba Ziri-

Tadad tragikulad mTavrdeboda. amas RaRadebs ruseTis isto-

riis ori saukunis statistika, romlis ganmavlobaSi mokles

ruseTis 12 imperatori, mxolod 2 _ elisabedi da aleqsandr III

kvdebian bunebrivi sikvdiliT. 1. petres I _ mowamles; 2. ekate-

rine I _ mowamles; 3. petre II _ gayines; 4. ana ioanes asuli _

mowamles; 5. ioane VI _ 1 wlis daapatimres (petre I-is qaliSvi-

lis elisabedis sataxto gadatrialebis Sedegad) da 25 wlis

patimrobis Semdeg daxvrites ekaterine II-is brZanebiT; 6. pet-

re III _ daaxrCves misi meuRlis ekaterine II-is brZanebiT; 7. eka-

terine II _ SubiT mokles sasaxleSi; 8. pavle I _ daaxrCves SeT-

qmulebma, romelTa Sorisac iyo misi memkvidre aleqsandre I; 9.

aleqsandre I _ daikarga mogzaurobisas; 10. nikoloz I _ dai-

karga ugzo-ukvlod (misi saflavic ar aris); 11. aleqsandre II

_ aafeTqes bombiT `narodovolcebma~; 12. aleqsandre III _ dai-

Rupa ganuwyveteli loTobiT (anu Tavisi sikvdiliT, rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT); 13. nikoloz II _ mTeli ojaxiT daxvrites

uralSi leninisa da sverdlovis brZanebiT.

225

zemoT aRniSnuli fsiqologiur-politikuri termini da

cnebebi politologiuri diskursis ganuyofel nawilad iq-

cnen. isini farTod gamoiyenebian rogorc nacionalur, ise sa-

erTaSoriso donis kvlevebSi.

amrigad terminologiebis mravalferovneba mxolod adas-

turebs `Zalauflebis sociologiur amorfulobas~. saboloo

jamSi irkveva, rom politikuri urTierTobebi moicavs ufro

mets, vidre mxolod TavisTavad zegavlenis moxdena~ an Zala-

uflebis ganxorcieleba, xolo Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi

Tavs iCenen adamianuri saqmianobis yvela sferoSi.


1. H. Morgentau, Scientific Man versus Power Politics, Chicago, 1946. 2. fsiqologiuri enciklopedia, Tbilisi, 2010.

3. xose ortega i-gaseti, masebis amboxi, Tbilisi, 1993.

Qeti Jijeishvili

Professor Georgian Technical Uni-versity

Giorgi Chkhikvishvili Doctoral student of the Georgian Technical University

Psychology of power

Summary

The article disqused the psychology of power, power theories, catego-

ries: vidence, coercion, influence, authority, legitimacy. Analyzes the social-political and the political – psychological chara-

cteristies of power, Psicological faundations os the power of aspirantion. Hare are the psicho-political analisis about the power concepts of Nietr-

schhe, Chrome, Heklauzen, Horn, Viatry and oher prominent scicentists.

226

igor kveselava

teqnikuri universitetis sazogadoeb-

riv mecnierebaTa departamentis uf-

rosi, profesori

ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxi

saerTaSoriso da qarTul politikaSi

1. ucxo Zalis gamoyeneba _ Teoria da praqtika

udavo faqtia, Zveli ideebi sicocxlisunarianobiT gamoir-

Cevian da drois moTxovnebs uZleben, am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelo-

baSi gvaqvs sakuTar qveyanaSi ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis tradi-

cia, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo da aris sxvadasxva epoqebis is-

toriuli procesebisTvis. samefo ojaxebi da politikuri kla-

sebi dapirispirebis Tavidan asacileblad zogjer Zalaufle-

bas axal politikur klass gadascemdnen an xelisuflebaSi uc-

xoelebi mohyavdaT. es xSirad xdeboda iranis politikur-sa-

xelmwifoebriv arealSi. ruseTSi jer variagebi moiwvies mmar-

Tvelebad, Semdeg aq germanul-prusiuli warmomavlobis mefee-

bi dominirebdnen. ruseTis politikur cxovrebaSi udidesi

roli iTamaSes monRoloiduri, ebrauli da qarTuli warmomav-

lobis liderebma (lenini, kerenski, trocki, kamenevi, zinovie-

vi, k. CxeiZe, i. stalini, l. beria da sxv.).

erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis procesSi

qveynis winaSe mdgar gamowvevebze pasuxis gacema msoflios

bevr qveyanaSi adekvaturad moxda, Tumca analogiur gamowve-

vebs sxvagan araadeqvaturi pasuxi gaeca. am mxriv sainteresoa

ramdenime magaliTi: Suasaukuneebis inglisis samefo karma xe-

lisuflebis SesanarCuneblad mxari dauWira safrangeTis Seia-

raRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebas, Tumca inglisis xelisuflebis

saTaveSi mosulma kromvelma, amis gamo samSoblos Ralatis

braldebiT gaasamarTla inglisis mefe Carlz pirveli stiuar-

ti da mas Tavi mohkveTes, rogorc samSoblos moRalates. ase-

Ti pasuxi gasca sakuTar qveyanaSi ucxo jaris Semoyvanis Tan-

xmobas inglisis politikurma elitam.

150 wlis Semdeg avstriisa da prusiis ucxo Zalebis gamo-

yenebis mcdelobis gamo safrangeTis revoluciurma konventma

227

sikvdilis ganaCeni gamoutana safrangeTis mefes ludoviko

XVI-s.

aseTi iyo ucxo qveynis samxedro Zalis mowvevaze safrange-

Tis politikuri elitis damokidebuleba.

`sakuTar qveyanaSi ucxo qveynis jaris gamoyenebis gamo in-

glisisa da safrangeTis mier gacemuli pasuxebis Sedegi aRmoC-

nda is, rom mas Semdeg inglisisa da safrangeTis politikur

klasSi arasodes gasCeniaT survili dasaxmareblad ucxo sa-

xelmwifoebisaTvis miemarTaT~ [2].

nebismierma qveyanam, da maT Soris saqarTvelom, uari unda

Tqvas romelime sxva saxelmwifoze mkveTrad moimedeobis kur-

sze, anu calsaxad damokidebuli ar unda iyos arc erT qveya-

naze.

qveynis Sinagani sisustis kompensireba mxolod gareSe Za-

lis faqtoriT SeuZlebelia da yovelgvari cda, moxdes misi

gadafarva ucxo Zalis gamoyenebiT, marcxisaTvis aris ganwiru-

li, rac naTlad daadastura warsulSi g. saakaZis, Semdeg s.

orjonikiZis da bolos e. SevardnaZis saxelmwifoebriv-poli-

tikurma kursma.

niSandoblivia, rom ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis qarTuli mode-

li damaxasiaTebeli aRmoCnda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

ganvlili mTeli gzisaTvis.

Cvens qveyanaSi, araerTxel SemouyvaniaT ucxo qveynis jari

mefeebs Tu mTavrebs, didgvarovnebs Tu sxva warCinebulebs,

maT zogjer gmirebs uwodebdnen, Zeglebsac udgamdnen da sim-

Rerebsa da leqsebs uZRvnidnen.

cxadia, ucxo Zalis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia am Zalis

bunebis gaTvaliswineba. Tu is mowvevis mizans amarTlebs, es

nabiji SeiZleba gamarTldes politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi

TvalsazrisiT, magram Tu is angrevs saxelmwifos da mimarTu-

lia pirovnuli Zalauflebis SenarCunebaze, maSin es qmedeba

danaSaulis tolfasia.

am mimarTulebiT saqarTveloSi ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis er-

Tgvari tradicia damkvidrda. cnobilma istorikosma niko ber-

ZeniSvilma gaiziara leonti mrovelis koncefcia Sinapoliti-

kur brZolaSi ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis mizanSewonilobis Sesa-

xeb, Tu mizani amarTlebda aseT moqmedebas da Sedegi miRweu-

li iyo.

228

am debulebis dasabuTebisaTvis n. berZeniSvils `qarTlis

cxovrebidan~ da sxva istoriuli wyaroebidan moxmobili aqvs

magaliTebi, saidanac Cans, rom qarTlosianTa sjulis damcve-

li erisTavebi xelisuflebis SesanarCuneblad somxebs mimar-

Tavdnen daxmarebisaTvis. V-VI saukuneebSi politikuri lidere-

bi sparselebs iwvevdnen, ufro mogvianebiT ki bizantielebs da

Turq-seljukebs. ucxo Zalis gamoyenebiT cdilobdnen xeli-

suflebis dauflebas demna orbeliani da hereTis erisTavi,

romlebic mefis winaaRmdeg lekebs da sxva `kavkasielebs~

Txovdnen daxmarebas.

ucxo Zalebis mowvevis Tu gamoyenebis sakiTxi xSirad gam-

xdara principuli davis sagani momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa

Soris. ase iyo es aRmaSeneblis epoqaSic, magram daviTma Seis-

wavla yivCaRebis SesaZleblobebi, maTi sargeblianobis xarisxi

Sina da gareSe mtrebTan brZolaSi da Semdeg gadawyvita maTi

gamoyeneba saqarTvelos gaerTianebis sasargeblod. swored am

da sxva warmatebuli politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweo-

bis Sedegi iyo is, rom daviTma àRmaSeneblis~ saxeli daimkvid-

ra, gansxvavebiT sxva moRvaweebisagan, romelTa arasworma qme-

debebma saqarTvelos mZime Sedegebi moutana.

saqarTveloSi mefeebis, mTavrebis Tu Tavadebis mier ucxo

Zalis mowveva Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo gvianfeodalur xanaSic.

bagrat IV, giorgi XI, aTabagebi, gurieli, raWis erisTavi, qsnis

erisTavebi, aleqsandre batoniSvili, abaSiZeebi, givi amilaxo-

ri da sxvebi Turq-osmalebs iwvevdnen, xolo xelisuflebis si-

sustis gadasafarad aleqsandre meore _ kaxTa mefe, Teimuraz

pirveli, vaxtang meeqvse, erekle meore, solomon pirveli ru-

sebs Txovdnen daxmarebas.

politikur da sxva xasiaTis literaturaSi dRemde davis

sagania qarTlis gaZlierebuli aznauris da gamorCeuli sam-

xedro piris giorgi saakaZis saqmianoba. man qveynis Sinagani si-

sustis, anu centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT,

ucxo qveynis samxedro Zala moiwvia, an ufro zustad am Zalas

Semohyva saqarTveloSi. saakaZem ver gaiTvaliswina, rom es Za-

la qveynis gadasarCenad da gasaZliereblad ki ar midioda,

aramed dasapyrobad. swored am process nebiT Tu uneblieT

xeli Seuwyo saakaZem, ver gansazRvra Sedegi da am gadauWrel

winaaRmdegobaTa kaskadSi damarcxda kidevac.

229

g. saakaZem arabunebrivi nabijebi gadadga da sakuTari Svi-

li dampyrobels dautova samsxverplod, romelic gaumarTle-

beli politikuri gzis Sedegi iyo. sxva mxriv es nabiji ar iyo

axali Taobis SenarCunebis mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli qmede-

bac. man Tavisi Tavic gaswira da momaval Taobasac Seuqmna

safrTxe.

saakaZe am mdgomareobamde pirovnul-politikurma ambiciu-

robam miiyvana. ver gansazRvra Tavisi kuTvnili adgili qar-

Tul-politikur-saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi, iZulebuli gaxda

iranul-Turqul CarCoSi moqceuliyo da tragikulad daamTav-

ra Tavisi sicocxlec. erTi ZiriTadi enisa da erTi eklesiis

droSis qveS gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi cxov-

rebisaTvis ucxo ar aris qarTvelTa dapirispirebisa da orgu-

lobis ara erTi faqti, levan sanikiZe qarTul sircxvils rom

uwodebs, magram qarTulma maxsovrobam simamacisa da erTgu-

lebis aseulobiT magaliTic Semogvinaxa. isic cxadia, rom qar-

Tul sinamdviles sxva xalxebis dapyrobis naklebi tradicia

aqvs, Tumca es tolerantuli internacionalizmi bevrjer bu-

merangad Semoubrunda da Tavsatexi gauxda.

saqarTvelos politikuri istoria icnobs mraval faqts,

rodesac qveynis mmarTvels arCevanis gakeTeba uxdeba ara ke-

Tilsa da borots, aramed borotsa da naklebad borots Soris,

da aq politikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba mizanSewonilobis

mravalmxrivi gansjisa da realobis gaTvaliswinebiT uxdeba.

magaliTad, erekle meore ucxo Zalas (`traqtati~ ruseTTan),

samefos sargeblobis TvalsazrisiT afasebda da cdilobda es

sasurvel sazRvrebSi Caeyenebina. Tumca `traqtatis~ saSuale-

biT mowveuli ruseTi qveyanas daupirispirda da qarTuli po-

litika iZulebuli gaxda `sasargeblod~ mowveul `mfarvels~

dapirispireboda. e.i. mowveuli ucxo Zala borotebad gadaiq-

ca.

cxadia, ereklesaTvis ucnobi ar iyo ucxo Zalebis mowve-

vis, misi gamoyenebis, daqiravebis, Semoyvanisa Tu Semoyolis

faqtebi, iseve rogorc Tavis mxriv qarTvelebisTvis ar yofi-

la miuRebeli gareSe ZalebTan TanamSromloba.

qveynis xelisuflebis sisustis gadafarvis praqtika dama-

xasiaTebelia msoflios istoriuli sinamdvilisaTvis, magram

ase xSirad misTvis TiTqmis arc erT qveyanaSi ar miumarTavT,

rogorc saqarTveloSi, amitom bunebrivia, qarTvelma politi-

230

kosebma SeimuSaves elastiuri politika da warmatebulad iye-

nebdnen mas qveynis Zlierebis da, Sesabamisad, xelisuflebis

gasamtkiceblad.

erekle meoris mTeli Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo `traqta-

tis~ saSualebiT mosalodneli mahmadianuri safrTxe Tavidan

aecilebina. amasTanave mefe kargad xedavda, rom ruseTi swra-

fad da mizanmimarTulad moiwevda kavkasiisaken da dapyrobas

verc qarTl-kaxeTi acdeboda. amitom or qveyanas Soris dade-

bul iuridiul dokuments urTierTobebis legitimacia unda

moexdina. Tumca, mowveva da TanamSromloba mainc dapyrobad

iqca, romelic Tavis droze stalinma `mcire borotebad~ gamo-

acxada, xolo mogvianebiT SevardnaZem es `formulac~ moxsna

da saqarTvelos mze CrdiloeTidan amoiyvana.

saerTod, ucxo Zalis gamoyenebas sxvadasxva interpretacia

eZleva: ucxo Zalebis daqiraveba (bagrati), maTi Semoyvana Tu

Semoyola (lipariti, saakaZe), ucxo mxareze dadgoma, (didi az-

naurebi, kaxeli glexebis galekeba), ucxo dampyroblebis gamo-

yeneba (monRolebi), rostom xani, Teimurazi) da isini araer-

Tgzis gamxdara qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri azris

gansjis sagani.

cxadia, rodesac qveyanas politikuri, ekonomikuri da so-

cialuri krizisi eufleba, ama Tu im liderSi Tu jgufSi ya-

libdeba gareSe Zalis gamoyenebis idea.

1918 wels, saqarTvelos politikurma klasma kavSiri Sekra

germaniasTan da saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom miiRo gadaw-

yvetileba germaniis mxridan mfarvelobisa da daxmarebis Sesa-

xeb, rac miznad isaxavda saqarTveloSi myofi tyve oficrebisa

da jariskacebisagan SeedginaT samxedro dajgufeba da gamoe-

yenebinaT isini Sinagani wesrigis dasamyareblad da anarqiasTan

sabrZolvelad, Tumca, aseTi mowveva ar hqondaT miRebuli in-

glisisa da italiis ucxo samxedro Zalebs, romlebic germani-

is damarcxebis Semdeg Semovidnen saqarTveloSi, magram dam-

pyroblebiviT iqceodnen.

damoukidebeli, saqarTvelos mesveurebma, social-demok-

ratiuli partiis liderebma, veraferi daupirispires social-

demokratiuli partiis bolSevikuri mimarTulebis Zaladobas

da ruseTis sabWouri imperiis gadawyvetilebiT da adgilobri-

vi qarTveli bolSevikebis daxmarebiT ganxorcielda ruseTis

231

wiTeli armiis nawilebis mowveva, saqarTvelos okupacia da

Semdeg aneqsia.

mogvianebiT am ideis erT-erTma mTavarma ganmaxorciele-

belma i. juRaSvilma (i. stalini) axsna saqarTvelos Sinagani

sisustis `gadafarvis~ gamo ucxo Zalebis mowvevis motivacia

da formebi. stalini ise laparakobda amis Sesaxeb, TiTqos ara-

viTari kavSiri ar hqonda am sabediswero movlenebTan.

stalinis mier qarTvel istorikosebTan (s. janaSia, n. ber-

ZeniSvili) gaxmovanebuli mosazreba, nebiT Tu uneblieT aaSka-

revebs sabWoTa ruseTis imperiul saxismetyvelebas. `saWiroa

imis codna, Tu raoden saSiSia ucxoelebis Careva sakuTari

qveynis daxmarebis da dacvis saqmeSi: aq naTlad Cans, rom ar

arsebobs ufro saeWvo da samarCielo ndoba. isini xom mzad

arian, ikadron yovelgvari aramzadoba, oRond miiTvison sxvi-

si samflobeloebi~.

aq yovelgvari istoriul-politikuri gansja zedmetia.

stalinma Tqva is, rac praqtikulad ganaxorciela sabWoTa ru-

seTis bolSevikebis politikurma klasma. amitom gasakviri ar

unda iyos misi es frazac: `saqrTvelos sWirdeba bolSevikuri

uTo da is waRma-ukuRma unda gadaixnas~.

cnobilia, rom stalinis dRis reJimi saqarTvelodan miRe-

buli informaciis gacnobiT iwyeboda. ès aris yvelaze rTuli

regioni da rTuli xalxi~, ase axasiaTebda stalini Tavis sam-

Soblos da kargad icoda, rom Tavis droze ruseTma am `mour-

julebeli~ mxaris `mosaTviniereblad~ `rbili Zalis~ gamoyene-

bis taqtika airCia (voroncovi). es iyo uari omis gagrZeleba-

ze, radganac ruseTs arc erT mxareSi ar uwarmoebia imdeni

omi, ramdenic saqarTveloSi.

`mSobel dedas mocilebulma qarTvelma xalxma dedinacva-

li dedad ar SeiTvisa. kavkasia, saerTod, da amierkavkasia, ker-

Zod, saSiS ubnad rCeboda ruseTis sagareo politikaSi. TviT-

mpyrobeloba iZulebuli gaxda mebrZoli qarTvelebisTvis yu-

ri miegdo, maT mimarT daTmobaze wasuliyo~ (niko berZeniSvi-

li).

es iyo iZulebiTi kompromisi, romelic qarTvelma xalxma

brZoliT moipova, xolo saqarTvelom droebiT daTmo Tavi-

sufleba, raTa politikurad gamorkveuliyo, ekonomikurad da

kulturulad gaZlierebuliyo, rom Semdeg Tavisufleba aRed-

gina.

232

ucxo qveynis daxmareba qveynis gasaZliereblad dadebiTi

movlenaa, magram, rodesac es xorcieldeba sakuTari Zalauf-

lebiT tkbobis mosapoveblad, es Ralatis tolfasia. am Tval-

sazrisiT, moRalaturi gamodga jer sabWoTa, xolo mogviane-

biT Tanamedrove ruseTis qmedebani, romelic Sesabamisad s.

orjonikiZis da e. SevardnaZis saxelebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

Tu ra bedi ewia moRalated gamocxadebul orjonikiZes da

mis mimdevrebs, sayovelTaod cnobilia. qarTulma politikur-

ma sinamdvilem msgavsi ganaCeni unda gamoutanos SevardnaZes,

romelmac ucxo Zalebi moiwvia kanonieri erovnuli xelisuf-

lebis dasamxobad, sakuTari Zalauflebis mosapoveblad da Se-

sanarCuneblad da ara qveynis Zlierebisa da keTildReobis mi-

saRwevad.

maSin qveyanam ixila ucxo Zalis mier saqarTvelos mmarTve-

lad dasmuli, Zalauflebis SenarCunebis ganuzomeli wyurvi-

liT Sepyrobili, guluxvi dapirebebis gamcemi, negatiuri po-

litikuri teqnologiebiT damuxtuli, garkveuli politikuri

klasis mier mxardaWerili adamiani, romelic gaurboda sagne-

bisa da movlenebis realurad danaxvas da arasodes ar yofila

erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi gagebis saxelmwifo moRvawe.

gulubryviloba iqneboda, dagvejerebina, rom arsebobs

`gulwrfeli diplomatia~, magram, rodesac politikosis TviT-

mizani xdeba mudmivi sicrue da is gamoiyeneba TviTdamkvidre-

bis instrumentad, saqme gvaqvs Tavisi qveynis moZule, mravali

standartiT momqmed avantiuristTan, romelsac miesadageba

taleiranis naTqvami fuSeze: `mas ase imitom sZagda mTeli ka-

cobrioba, rom Zalian kargad icnobda sakuTar Tavs~.

gasaziarebelia mosazreba, rom `ruseTs wyevlad eqca Tva-

luwvdeneli sivrce, romelSic ruseTis erovnuli sxeuli spi-

los avadmyofobasaviT amorfuli gaxda. saqarTvelos wyevlad

eqca `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ simcire, romelsac sakuTar siv-

rcesTan Tanauxvedrelobis problemiT Sepyrobili ruseTi

Sagrenis tyaviviT apataravebs~ [2].

orive SemTxvevaSi `damnaSaveebi~ qarTvelebi aRmoCndnen.

ruseTis uzarmazari sivrcis Seqmna stalinis didi ZalisxmeviT

moxda. saqarTvelos sivrcis SemcirebaSi udidesi roli sta-

linma, orjonikiZem da SevardnaZem iTamaSes. swored es sameu-

lia `sircxvilisa da danaSaulis kulturebis~ erToblivi

tvirTiT damZimebuli moRvaweebi. miTumetes istoriuli mov-

233

lenebis da politikosebis Sesafaseblad arsebobs erTaderTi

kriteriumi, _ am movlenebis da pirovnebebis moRvaweobis Se-

degebi.

2. SevardnaZe _ danaSaulisa da sircxvilis kulturis

produqti da ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis sindromi

SevardnaZe Tavisuflebas gaeqca da kvlav ucxo Zalas dae-

morCila, magram, sanacvlod, Zalaufleba moipova da is yvela

SesaZlo saSualebebiTa da xerxebiT SeinarCuna. afxazeTis da-

kargvis Semdeg man ruseTis, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis xeli-

suflebebs mouwoda oficialurad SemoeyvanaT samxedro Zale-

bi saqarTveloSi. baqom da erevanma es winadadeba ar miiRo,

ruseTma ki Tanxmoba ganacxada da saqarTvelo damoukidebel

saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSic aRmoCnda.

ruseT-saqarTvelos omis damTavrebas daemTxva elcinis ga-

marjveba prokomunistur Zalebze. SevardnaZe miesalma elci-

nis mier moskovis `TeTri saxlis~ dabombvas da ganacxada, rom

`ruseTSi damarcxdnen is Zalebi, romlebmac afxazeTi wagli-

jes saqarTvelos~. es iyo aSkara sicrue, romelic miznad isa-

xavda damarcxebuli, e.w. mTavarsardlis reabilitaciis mcde-

lobas qarTveli xalxis winaSe, Tumca cxadi iyo, rom ruseTis

yvela Zalam mxari dauWira saqarTvelos danawevrebas.

ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom im periodSi SevardnaZis erT-erT

teleinterviuSi gaiJRera frazam àdamianebs cxovreba undaT~,

es iyo miniSneba imaze, rom saqarTvelo unda Segueboda afxa-

zeTis dakargvas da taSi daekra SevardnaZis im reJimisaTvis,

romelic adamianebs bednier cxovrebas moutanda, rac sicrue

gamodga. ucxo Zalis gamoyenebT SevardnaZem miisakuTra xeli-

sufleba, magram sanacvlod qarTvelma erma miiRo ngreva,

TvalTmqcoba, usazRvro korufcia, dapirispireba, verSemdga-

ri saxelmwifo da a.S.

dsT-is SemadgenlobaSi Sesvla gadamwyveti da saboloo

dartyma aRmoCnda yofili xelisuflebisaTvis, romelsac ara-

viTari fizikuri SesaZlebloba ar hqonda, ebrZola ruseTis

samxedro Zalis winaaRmdeg.

saxelmwifo gadatrialebis gziT mosuli ZalebisaTvis xe-

lisuflebis SenarCunebis uzomo survili naTlad aris gamoxa-

tuli j. ioselianis mogonebebis wignSi `sami ganzomileba~. av-

234

tori wers: ìm dros (1993 wlis oqtomberi _ i. k.) mTavri iyo

imis demonstrireba da STabeWdilebis Seqmna, rom rusebi Cven

gviWerdnen mxars~.

ucxo qveynis samxedro Zalebis mier ramdenjerme daibomba,

zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebis mier dakavebuli, samegrelos

qalaqebi da raionebi (zugdidi, senaki, abaSa, martvili, xobi).

rusuli jarebi monawileobdnen md. cxeniswylis mimdebare te-

ritoriebis sadamsjelo operaciebSic.

filarmoniaSi Sekrebilma, SevardnaZis momxre partiebma da

inteligenciam (i. sariSvili, a. margiani, v. goguaZe, m. naneiSvi-

li, e. Sengelaia, r. CxeiZe, r. jafariZe, T. kvaWantiraZe, T. go-

caZe, r. amaSukeli, n. lomouri, e. kvitaiSvili, m. gigineiSvili,

g. benaSvili da sxv.) rusuli Zalis Semosvlas da pirveli pre-

zidentis ganadgurebas dauWira mxari. Tumca, swored ruseTis

samxedroebis SemosvliT sabolood daesva wertili afxazeTis

dakargvas. SevardnaZe ki aRfrTovanebuli acxadebda: `foTs

ocamde gemi moadga, jariskacebiT da artileriiT. Tavisi pos-

tebi daayenes sakvanZo adgilebze _ erTi gasrolac ar yofi-

la~.

Tavis mxriv kremli mudmivad atyuebda marionetuli xeli-

suflebis mmarTvels. mogvianebiT SevardnaZe iZulebuli iyo

es eRiarebina: èlcini wamodga da ganacxada: gaZlevT pirobas,

àfxazeTis sakiTxs uaxloes momavalSi movagvarebT~. davuje-

re, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTxel ukve momatyua – 1992 wlis

3 seqtembers. amjeradac Sevcdi~.

imJamad dasavleTis presa (ìnterneiSnl herald tribuni~,

`niu-iork taimsi~, ùvenman dui JediSi~, `fransi~, `libr belJi-

vi~, `le suari~, `le mondi~, `liberasioni~, `figaro~, `Spige-

li~, `taimsi~, èl paisi~, `gardiani~ da a.S.) regularulad beW-

davda mimoxilvebs dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlene-

bisa da sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, romelic mimarTuli

iyo kanonieri xelisuflebis Zaladobrivi gziT dasamxobad.

amrigad, SevardnaZis didi ZalisxmeviT, ruseTma SeZlo da-

emxo da fizikurad gaenadgurebina erovnuli xelisufleba.

dsT-Si saqarTvelos SeyvaniT ruseTma kidev erTxel daamtki-

ca, rom kremli yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebisaTvis

arsebobis SenarCunebis mTavar faqtors warmoadgenda. Sesaba-

misad, ruseTma saqarTvelos xelisufleba Caabara personas,

romlis politikuri saqmianoba zneobaze ki ara, mudmivad pi-

235

rad mizanSewonilobaze iyo damyarebuli da amitomac Sevar-

dnaZis xelisuflebam saqarTveloSi myof ruseTis jarebs sao-

kupacio statusi mouxsna. Tu ilias gamoTqmas gavimeorebT, sa-

qarTvelo `didi onavrebisaTvis~ misaRebi qveyana gaxda. xeli-

suflebis SenarCunebis sanacvlod, ruseTma SevardnaZisagan ki-

dev ufro metis daTmoba moiTxova, miTumetes, es ukanaskneli

SeSfoTebuli iyo elcinis manevriT saqarTvelos xelisufle-

bis orad gayofis Sesaxeb. dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zalaufle-

bas zviad gamsaxurdia unda daufleboda, aRmosavleT saqar-

TveloSi ki SevardnaZe.

irakli baTiaSvili Tavis publikaciaSi èSmakebi saqarTve-

loSi~ werda: `1993 wlis miwuruls ruseTis dazvervis moqme-

debiT mokles saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti _ zviad gamsa-

xurdia. es iyo Taviseburi garigeba: dsT-Si Sesvlaze saxelmwi-

fos meTauris (eduard SevardnaZis) Tanxmobis sanacvlod, ru-

seTma ikisra aqtiuri daxmareba, e.w. zviadisturi problemis

moxsnaSi. saxeldobr, samoqalaqo omSi CaerTvnen ruseTis sam-

xedro Zalebi, rac SevardnaZis gamarjvebis gadamwyveti faq-

tori aRmoCnda. am daxmarebis saboloo wertili ki iyo prob-

lemis mTavari mizezis _ zviad gamsaxurdias fizikuri likvi-

dacia~.

Sinauri mtris xatis Ziebam, xelisuflebis mopovebis da mi-

si SenarCunebis avadmyofurma miswrafebam, ucxo Zalebis gamo-

yenebis survilma, SevardnaZe da misi razmi tragikul da gamo-

usworebel Secdomamde Tu danaSaulamde miiyvana. is miendo

`mSobliuri kremlis~ mier dapirebul garantiebs, xeli moawe-

ra qveynisTvis damRupvel SeTanxmebebs da xelisuflebis Se-

narCunebis sanacvlod daarRvia teritoriuli mTlianoba.

SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros kremlis miTiTebiT umaR-

les Tanamdebobebze daniSnes Tavdacvis ministrad _ v. nadiba-

iZe, Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad _ S. kviraia da uSiSroebis uwye-

bis xelmZRvanelad _ i. giorgaZe.

Tavis droze SevardnaZis Tanamoazris da mxardamWeris g.

lanCavas mtkicebiT, erTi periodi qveyanas marTavda reuti _

amierkavkasiis jarebis sardali, romelTanac yovel orSabaTs

cxaddeboda S. kviraia da miTiTebebs iRebda.

cxadia, qveynis Sinagani sisustis kompensireba mxolod ga-

reSe Zalis faqtoriT SeuZlebelia da yovelgvari cda, moxdes

236

misi gadafarva ucxo Zalis gamoyenebiT, marcxisTvis aris gan-

wiruli.

Tanamedrove viTarebaSi ucxo Zalis gamoyeneba gansxvavebu-

li formiTa da meTodebiT xorcieldeba da msoflioSi àxali

wesrigis~ damyarebis politikuri koncefciis CarCoSi jdeba.

`gamarjvebuli~ qveynebi erTmaneTSi Tanxmdebian, aerTianeben

samxedro Zalebs da Slian imperiebs, koaliciebs Tu reJimebs.

axali msoflio mowyobis iniciatorebis mier SemuSavebuli

proeqti gulisxmobs qveynebis axal gadanawilebas, Tumca am

ideas hyavs mowinaaRmdegeebi mcire saxelmwifoebis mxridan,

romlebic gamodian didi saxelmwifoebis `dinebis winaaRmdeg~

da, romlebsac amis gamo safrTxe emuqrebaT `veSapi~ qveynebi-

sagan (omebi, saxelmwifo gadatrialebebi, ekonomikuri bloka-

da da a.S).

saxelmwifoTa Soris dapirispirebaSi araferi ar aris ara-

bunebrivi da istoriulad uprecedento, miTumetes `proble-

mis~ mosagvareblad gareSe Zalebs xelisuflebac iyenebs da

opoziciac, magram opoziciuri politikuri klasis `putCistu-

ri~ gziT xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvla da qaosis gamowveva

eris Ralatia. aseTi moqmedebis Sedegs dResac imkis bevri qve-

yana da maT Soris saqarTveloc.

Tu virwmunebT, rom saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis oTxi

formaa gaziarebuli _ mtroba, damorCileba, ganadgureba da

partnioroba _ warsulis Tu Tanamedrove ruseTma saqarTve-

losTan pirveli sami airCia. Tavisi wili pasuxismgeblobis

tvirTi yvelam zida. zogierTi `sizifes Sromas~ eweoda da ama-

od irjeboda urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad, zogma mSvido-

bas mimarTa da zogmac Zalasac. Tumca, sabolood realobam

gviCvena, rom problema `casa da miwas Sua daekida~ da sazoga-

doeba SiSiT Sehyurebs erTi didi ucxo Zalis da meore mcire

sasicocxlo sivrcis mqone qveynis urTierTobebis perspeqti-

vas. miTumetes Tu biblias movixmobT: `raic yofila, ukve aris

didi xania; da rac iqneba, is ukve iyo~.

ar viqnebiT obieqturi, Tu vityviT, rom sxvadasxva epoqe-

bis qarTulma sazogadoebriv-politikurma elitam mkacri pa-

suxi ar gasca sakuTar samSobloSi ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis

mcdelobas. am mxriv kiTxvebi qarTvel ers hqonda g. saakaZes-

Tan, erekle meoresTan, i. stalinTan, s. orjonikiZesTan da

calkeuli maTganis qmedebebis mimarT sazogadoebis mkveTrad

237

negatiuri damokidebuleba met-naklebad cnobilia. magaliTad,

qarTvelma erma s. orjonikiZe samSoblos moRalated gamoacxa-

da da yvelgan aiRo misi Zeglebi Tu biustebi. Tumca, es Tana-

medrove saqarTvelos sinamdvilisTvis sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda,

rom politikur liderebs arasodes gasCenodaT survili xeli-

suflebaSi mosasvlelad ucxo ZalisTvis miemarTaT.

aRniSnulis TvalsaCino magaliTia SevardnaZis mier ucxo

saxelmwifos moxmoba, romlis mZime Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis

sayovelTaod cnobilia. SevardnaZem amisTvis pasuxi unda agos

qarTveli eris winaSe. Cven Sorsa varT im azrisagan, rom sakma-

od Rrmad asakovani moxuci cixis sakanSi moTavsdes, magram is,

rogorc XX saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi `sir-

cxvili~, unda daisajos samoqalaqo ganaCeniT _ misi nawerebis,

memuarebis da sxva dokumentebis Tavze gadaxeviT.

saqarTveloSi arc erTma politikurma Zalam da misma li-

derma ver unda SesZlos gaimeoros orjonikiZis, SevardnaZis

da sxvebis danaSauli da didi zarzeimiT ar unda mouxmos uc-

xo qveyanas Tavisi xelisuflebis gadasarCenad.


1. n. berZeniSvili, saubrebi stalinTan, Jurnali: `saisto-

rio vertikalebi~, #8, 2005.

2. g. gaCeCilaZe, samdRiani dialogi politikuri teqnologi-

is maestrosTan, Jurnali: `saistorio vertikalebi~, #8,

2005.

3. j. ioseliani, mesame ganzomileba, Tbilisi, 1998.

4. a. bendianiSvili, qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos ganvi-

Tarebis etapebi, Tbilisi, 2006.

5. m. mWedliSvili, saqarTvelo borotebis imperiis 500-wlo-

van marwuxebSi, Tbilisi, 2004.

6. ucxoeli mecnierebi 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,

Tbilisi, 1998.

7. i. kveselava, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis qronikebi, II,

Tbilisi, 2008.

238

Igor Kveselava Professor of the Georgian Technical University

Subject of the Usage of Foreign Forces in the International and

Georgian Policy

Summary

The tradition of the usage of foreign force in the own country was

typical for the political and state organizational processes of different ages. Although, such kind of actions, met the severe answer and resistance in some countries (England, France).

It’s impossible to compensate the internal weakness of State only by the usage of foreign factor and every such try is predestined for failure. In this field, it’s worth to mention as an example the political activities of G.Saakadze, I. Stalin, S.Orjonikidze, E.Shevardnadze and etc.

E.Shevardnaze, is a product of crime and dishonor in a modern Georgia, which have marked off himself from freedom and with the help of foreign force has overthrown legitimate national government. As a tribute for the maintaining the power, he became a marionette in the Russia’s hands. As a result, the Georgian territorial integrity was ruined, corruption became dominant, was established the mafia-clan government and the country had lost possibility to become a State at that period.

Confrontation between the States and using of foreign forces for solving inner and outer policy is not historically unprecedented fact, but to overthrown the legitimate government with such foreign help is considered as a treason, and its outcomes affects Georgia negatively till today.

239

Tamar darCia

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti,

biznes-inJineringis fakultetis magis-

tranti

„varskvlavuri omebi~-s amerikuli idea da

ganiaraRebis procesi

aSS-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebSi strategiuli Tav-

dacvis iniciativas (Strategic efense initiative) igive „var-

skvlavuri omebis programas erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgi-

li ukavia ronald reiganisa da misi administraciis sagareo

politikaSi. es gaxldaT erTgvari politikuri, samxedro da

fsiqologiuri zewola sabWoTa kavSirze. 1983 wlis 23 marts,

roca aSS-s prezidentma reiganma televiziiT gamosvlisas ga-

nacxada Tavisi SI-s programis Sesaxeb, romelic uTuod ameri-

kis strategiul upiratesobas moaswavebda, man Semdegi sityve-

biT mimarTa amerikel mecnierebs: „me mivmarTav Cveni qveynis

mecnierul sazogadoebas, maT, vinc mogvca birTvuli iaraRi,

raTa maT axla Tavisi udidesi niWi mimarTon adamianis gadar-

Cenisa da sayovelTao mSvidobis uzrunvelyofisaken, rom mog-

vceT Cven iseTi saSualeba, romelic birTvul iaraRs gadaaq-

cevs uZlurad da moZvelebulad~. es erT-erTi yvelaze gaxmau-

rebuli da saintereso politikuri nabiji iyo gadadgmuli va-

Singtonis mier civi omis eskalaciis fonze. Tumca, dResac ar

wydeba dava imis Sesaxeb, rom iyo Tu ara strategiuli Tavdac-

vis iniciativa kargad dagegmili propagandistuli provokacia,

Tu reiganis administracia sinamdvileSi apirebda am, marTlac,

fantastikuri proeqtis ganxorcielebas.

1983 weli iTvleba erT-erT yvelaze daZabul da drama-

tul drod civi omis istoriaSi. martis dasawyisSi aSS-s pre-

zidentma sabWoTa kavSirs uwoda „borotebis imperia~. xolo,

ukve ori kviris Semdeg direqtiva #119-is amoqmedebiT Semoi-

tana cneba „strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativa~. es iyo brZo-

lis warmoebis sruliad axali maTematikuri meTodebis daner-

gva, rac gulisxmobda xmeleTze da kosmosur sivrceSi iseTi

axali raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis dayenebas, romelic saime-

dod daicavda CrdiloeT amerikis mTel teritorias da dafuZ-

nebuli iqneboda axal fizikur principebze, maT Soris bir-

240

Tvuli energiis lazerul sxivad gardaqmnis principze. es Ta-

vis mxriv saSualebas aZlevda aSS-s gaenadgurebinaT nebismieri

sakontinentTaSoriso birTvuli raketa nebismier distanciaze.

aRniSnuli iniciativa ufro TavdacviTi xasiaTis iyo, vidre

SeteviTi, Tumca imdenad ararealurad gamoiyureboda, (misi

miznebisa da meTodebis gaTvaliswinebiT), rom masmediam mas

„varskvlavuri omebi~-s programa uwoda, jorj lukasis cnobi-

li fantastikuri kinoproeqtis „varskvlavuri omebis~ saxel-

wodebis mixedviT. [7] am programis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis

SemTxvevaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris mTeli omisSemdgomi Zalisxmeva,

rom birTvuli iaraRis saSualebiT gamxdariyo zesaxelmwifo

da SiSis qveS hyoloda mTeli evropa da msoflioc ki, arc me-

ti arc naklebi, _ kotrdeboda, vinaidan ZiriTadad birTvuli

arsenali aniWebda sabWoTa kavSirs zesaxelmwifos statuss.

moskovi panikam moicva. ingreoda strategiuli pariteti

amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan. naTeli xdeboda, rom sabWoTa

kavSirs teqnologiurad aRar Seswevda unari paeqroba gaewia

am urTulesi da uZviresi proeqtisaTvis. sabWoTa analitiko-

sebis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi friad SemaSfoTeblad JRer-

da: SeerTebuli Statebi miiReben saSualebas dausjelad gana-

xorcielon pirveli birTvuli dartyma, daemxoba mTeli sam-

xedro-geopolitikuri stabiluroba, romelic damyarda bolo

10 wlis ganmavlobaSi, baTildeboda 1972 wlis SeTanxmeba ra-

ketsawinaaRmdego (ПРО)-s Sesaxeb, sabWoTa kavSiri ubralod

dakargavda zesaxelmwifos statuss. sabWoTa mecnierebi orWo-

fobdnen. maTi azriT, strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativis

programis ganxoercieleba faqtobrivad ararealuri iyo, mag-

ram Teoriulad 10-15 wlis Semdeg mainc SeiZleboda Seqmnili-

yo raime msgavsi sistema.

rogorc ixsenebs oleg grinevski (andropovTan daaxlove-

buli pirovneba), am gancxadebas mohyva swrafi reaqcia moskov-

Si. ukve 24 marts andropovma TavisTan daibara sagareo saqmeTa

saministrosa da Zalovani struqturebis warmomadgenlebi, ro-

melTac mokled moaxsenes liders aSS-s gegmebis Sesaxeb. an-

dropovma ganacxada Semdegi: „situacia metad rTulia da me ar

minda ignorireba gavukeTo arc erT SesaZlebel scenars - maT

Soris efeqturi raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis Seqmnis varian-

tsac. imis miuxedavad, SeiZleba Tu ara am sistemis praqtikuli

Seqmna, SI iqca amerikuli politikis realur faqtorad da Cven

241

ar SegviZlia ar gaviTvaliswinoT movlenebis aseTi ganviTare-

ba.~ [2, 18]

situacia marTlac Zalzed daZabuli iyo. 80-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi birTvuli balansi ase Tu ise SenarCunebuli gax-

ldaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s upiratesoba gaaCnda sabWo-

Ta kavSirTan SedarebiT sakontinentTaSoriso qobinebis rao-

denobaSi, moskovma ZiriTadi aqcenti gaakeTa axal saraketo

sistemebze gayofadi qobinebis gamoyenebiT (СС-25, СС-24). am

saxis raketebs SeeZloT erTdroulad gaenadgurebinaT ramde-

nime samizne obieqti. Tumca, reiganis administraciam daiwyo

ramdenime ZviradRirebuli samxedro proeqtis ganxorcieleba,

maT Soris „traidentis~ tipis birTvuli wyalqveSa navebisa da

„stelsis~ tipis uCinari strategiuli bombdamSenebis Seqmna,

amave dros gadawyda evropaSi ganlagebuliyo saSualo radiu-

sis birTvuli raketebi „perSing _ 2~. es ki aiZulebda sabWoTa

mxares ganexorcielebina sapasuxo RonisZiebebi da gacilebiT

meti finansuri saSualebebi daexarja Tavdacvaze. [2, 19] Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtsac, rom sabWoTa kavSiri imxanad uk-

ve Cabmuli iyo sabrZolo moqmedebebSi avRaneTis winaaRmdeg,

gasagebi gaxdeba is SeSfoTeba, romelic gamoiwvia reiganis

mxridan strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativis gamocxadebam.

sabWoTa media gamudmebiT amtkicebda, rom SI arRvevda uk-

ve arsebul SeTanxmebebs, rom amerikelebi omisTvis emzadebod-

nen. presaSi „gaJona~ andropovis sityvebma _ „reigani araprog-

nozirebadia~. rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva, es „gaJonva~ Sem-

TxveviTi ar yofila. 1983 wlis noemberSi natos wevrma qveynebma

samxedro wrTvnebi Caatares dasavleT evropaSi. wrTvnebis mas-

Staburma xasiaTma sabWoTa dazvervas Seuqmna STabeWdileba, rom

nato apirebda sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmas. moskovSi es saf-

rTxe realurad Seafases da samxedro Zalebi mzadyofnaSi moiy-

vanes. sabednierod, CI-s agenturam droulad moipova es infor-

macia da prezidenti reigani Caayena saqmis kursSi. prezidentis

administracia droulad daukavSirda sabWoTa oficialur pi-

rebs da daarwmuna isini, rom dasavleTi oms ar apirebda. sam-

xedro wrTvnebi ki droze adre daasrules. [5, 186]

amis miuxedavad amerikuli strategiuli Tavdacvis inici-

ativa, moskovs ar aZlevda mSvidi Zilis saSualebas.

sabWoTa kavSirma SI-s winaaRmdeg darazma Tavisi yvela mo-

kavSire da momxre mTel msoflioSi. daiwyo samSvidobo moZra-

242

oba lozungiT „ara varskvlavebis oms!~ mravalsaaTiani demon-

straciebi imarTeboda evropisa da amerikis qalaqebSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikuli mxare bevr am faqtors iTva-

liswinebda aseTi ambiciuri proeqtis gamocxadebisas. es kar-

gad Cans erT-erT dokumentSi, romelic Seiqmna 1983 wlis 12

seqtembers da hqvia „SesaZlo sabWoTa sapasuxo svlebi aSS-Si

strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativaze~ (ossible Soviet responses to the S Strategic efence Initiative).

dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom Tu sabWoTa mxare Seecdeba

sruliad axali, jer kidev daugegmavi, samxedro sistemebis

Seqmnas da amave dros ar Sewyvets ukve arsebul samxedro pro-

eqtebs, es gamoiwvevs uzarmazar danaxarjebs, rac mZimed daaw-

veba sabWoTa ekonomikas da sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba aRmoCnde-

ba rTuli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis winaSe. aqve mocemu-

lia moskovis SesaZlo politikuri svlebis analizi. mag: cen-

traluri sadazvervo sammarTvelos gaTvlebiT, erT-erTi pir-

veli, rasac moimoqmedebdnen sabWoTa liderebi, iqneboda gani-

araRebis molaparakebebis ganaxleba, amave dros isini aqtiu-

rad CarTavdnen am procesSi natos. moskovi pirdapir mimar-

Tavda natos xelmZRvanelobas da amave dros ganiaraRebis pro-

cesSi CarTavda msoflio sazogadoebas, mSvidobis damcav moZ-

raobebs, samecniero wreebs. samSvidobo kampaniis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani punqti gaxdeboda aSS-s dadanaSauleba, rom

strategiuli TavdacviTi iniciativis gamocxadebiT dairRveo-

da strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis SeTanxmebebi xelmowe-

rili jer kidev breJnevsa da niqsons Soris 1972 wels.

analitikosebis gaTvliT, moskovi aqtiurad daayenebda

strategiuli SeiaraRebis iniciativis SezRudvis sakiTxebs sa-

erTaSoriso forumebze. magaliTad, gaero-s ganiaraRebisa da

kosmosis komitetebis generaluri asambleis winaSe, evropis

ganiaraRebis konferenciaze, romelic igegmeboda 1984 wlis

ianvarSi. aseve iyo varaudi, rom andropovi wamoayenebda kidev

erT axal samSvidobo iniciativas, romelic iqneboda mis mier

ukve gamocxadebuli (1981 wels) gegmis gagrZeleba. 1981 wels

generalurma mdivanma iuri andropovma gaeros warudgina wina-

dadeba, rom akrZaluliyo kosmosur sivrceSi moZravi nebismie-

ri Tanamgzavris dazianeba, ganadgureba, an misi funqcionire-

bisTvis xelis SeSla. amerikelebis azriT, strategiuli Seia-

raRebis iniciativis gamocxadebis Semdeg, moskovi kidev ufro

243

ganavrcobda am gegmas da moiTxovda nebismieri kosmosuri ba-

zirebis samxedro sistemis Seqmnisa da maTi gamocdis akrZal-

vas.

amerikeli eqspertebi askvnidnen, rom moskovis mier arCe-

uli aqtiuri molaparakebebis taqtika,miscemda mas saWiro

dros, raTa SeeqmnaT sakuTari sapasuxo sistema aSS-s Tavdac-

viTi sistemis winaaRmdeg.

sainteresoa, Tu ra iqneboda ZiriTadi berketi sabWoTa

mxarisaTvis, raTa maT aerCiaT ufro aqtiuri samoqmedo gegma.

pirvel rigSi es iyo ekonomikis sfero, vinaidan Sesabamisi

programis ganxorcieleba sabWoTa kavSirSi gamoiwvevda warmo-

udgenel danaxarjebs. amave dros, isini iZulebulni iqnebod-

nen CaedoT isedac Zlier SezRuduli finansuri investiciebi

Zalze Zvir teqnologiur sferoSi, raTa saTanado pasuxi gae-

caT amerikelebisTvis. aseTi gadawyvetileba ZviradRirebuli

iqneboda ara marto sabWoTa TavdacviTi biujetisTvis, rac

Zalze mniSvnelovania, moskovi iZulebuli gaxdeboda moexdina

strategiuli Zalebis sruli struqturuli rekonstruqcia.

amas emateboda amerikelTa mosazreba, rom sabWoTa genStabi

naklebad mowadinebuli iyo daewyo masStaburi cvlilebebi, vi-

naidan isini kargavdnen gacilebiT mets, Tu airCevdnen aras-

wor strategias.

rogorc vxedavT, amerikelebs sakmaod kargad hqondaT

gaTvlili moskovis SesaZlo reaqcia strategiuli Tavdacvis

iniciativis gamocxadebaze, rac kidev erTxel metyvelebs im

faqtze, rom es proeqti ar iyo mxolod propagandistuli fan-

di da provokacia.

sainteresoa, agreTve Tavad am grandiozuli proeqtis

Seqmnis istoria da ronald reiganis damokidebuleba „var-

skvlavuri omebis~ gegmisadmi.

sxvadasxva mecnieri gansxvavebul mosazrebebs gamoTqvams

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Caisaxa es proeqti. bevri fiqrobs, rom

reiganis daintereseba birTvuli Sekavebis politikiT daiwyo

1967 wels. maSin, jer kidev rogorc kaliforniis gubernato-

ri, reigani stumrobda livermorskis laboratorias, sadac

Sexvda da am sakiTxze esaubra cnobil fizikoss eduard te-

lers, amerikuli wyalbadis bombis Semqmnels.

sainteresoa, rom zogierTi mecnieri iTvaliswinebs ra ki-

nematografiis did gavlenas reiganze, Tvlis, rom SI-s gegma

244

SeiZleboda Camoyalibebuliyo kinos zemoqmedebiT. jer kidev

1940 wels reigani TamaSobda mxatvrul filmSi „mkvleloba ha-

erSi~ saidumlo agentis rols. scenaris mixedviT, misi gmiri

ebrZvis jaSuSs, romelic cdilobs gaitacos mowyobiloba,

romliTac SeiZleboda nebismieri sahaero obieqtis Camogdeba.

rogorc aRwerilia filmSi, es mowyobiloba „axali super iara-

Ri ara marto uzrunvelyofs aSS-is usafrTxoebas, aramed aq-

cevs mas msoflio istoriaSi yvelaze Zlevamosil saxelmwi-

fod~.

rogorc aRniSnavs mwerali da ekonomisti martin ander-

soni 1988 wels gamocemul wignSi „revolucia~, „varkvlavuri

omebis`proeqtis survili reigans daebada 1979 wlis 31 ivliss,

rodesac is imyofeboda CrdiloeT amerikis sahaero-kosmosuri

Tavdacvis marTvis obieqtze, Saenis mTebSi, koloradoSi. jer

kidev gubernatorma, reiganma hkiTxa general jeims hils, Tu

ra moxdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, roca sabWoTa kavSiri moulodne-

lad esroda amerikul qalaqs erT-erT sakontinentTaSoriso

balistikur raketas. amaze generalma upasuxa, rom gasrola im

wams dafiqsirdeboda da qalaqis xelmZRvanelobas eqneboda 10

wuTi, raTa moexdina mosaxleobis evakuacia. sxva ramis gakeTe-

ba amerikul mxares ar SeeZlo. es marTlac Soki iyo reiganis-

Tvis. „Cven vxarjavT uzarmazar Tanxebs birTvuli Tavdasxmis

Setyobinebis sistemebis ganviTarebaze, magram mainc ar SegviZ-

lia davicvaT Cveni mosaxleoba Tavdasxmisagan~ - aRniSna moma-

valma prezidentma.

andersonma maSinve Camoayaliba saidumlo memorandumi,

sadac asabuTebda axali „raket- sawinaaRmdego sistemis~ Seq-

mnis aucileblobas da warudgina igi gubernators. reigani da-

interesda am ideiT da prezidentad gaxdomisTanave TeTr sax-

lSi Camoayaliba am proeqtis mxardamWeri araformaluri jgu-

fi, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga martin andersoni, xolo jgufis

teqnikur konsultaciebs uzrunvelyofda Tavad eduard tele-

ri, romelic Zalze gaitaca axalma grandiozulma ideam. miuxe-

davad amisa dasaxuli gegma ar sargeblobda mxardaWeriT pen-

tagonSi. amerikeli samxedroebi CarTulni iyvnen sakuTari

proeqtis (mobiluri raketebi X)-is lobirebaSi da ar surdaT

sakuTari Zalebi gaefantaT raRac naxevrad fantastikuri ide-

is ganxorcielebaze. Sedegad, andersonis araformaluri samu-

Sao jgufi daiSala da man datova TeTri saxli.

245

situacia arsebiTad Seicvala 1982 wlis dekemberSi, roca

aSS-s kongresma uari uTxra pentagons axali X-is tipis rake-

tebis dafinansebaze. amieridan SI-is iniciativa xelSi aiRo

erovnuli usafrTxoebis mrCevlis TanaSemwem robert makfar-

lanma. prezidentis administracia axal midgomebs eZebda

erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciisadmi, saWiro iyo raime

efeqturi da sintereso idea, romelic moipovebda sazogadoe-

bis mxardaWeras da gaamarTlebda uzarmazar samxedro xar-

jebs.

robert makfarlani jer kidev henri kisinjerma SeamCnia

da waiyvana erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWoSi. swored kisinje-

risgan, romelic misi namdvili maswavlebeli gaxda, robertma

aiTvisa rTuli strategiuli kombinaciebis xlarTva da mra-

valvariantiani midgomebis SemuSaveba. makfarlani Tvlida, rom

geopolitikuri stabiluroba seriozuli safrTxis winaSe iyo.

„SeiaraRebebis Sejibri~, misi azriT, ufro adgeboda sabWoTa

kavSirs, vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis

birTvuli SeiaraReba gacilebiT Tanamedrove iyo, sabWoTa kav-

Siri qmnida ufro mZime raketebs gayofadi qobinebis ufro

efeqturi SeTavsebiT. amitom raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis Seq-

mna gadaiyvanda „SeiaraRebis Sejibrs~ mowinave teqnologiebis

sferoSi, sadac SeerTebul Statebs aSkara upiratesoba hqonda

sabWoTa blokTan SedarebiT.

movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba, vaSingtonis azriT, SeaSi-

nebda moskovs.xolo imis safrTxe, rom sabWoTa kavSiri SeiZ-

leba aRmoCndes „ganiaraRebuli~, aiZulebs maT diplomatebs

gacilebiT meti daTmon strategiuli SeiaraRebis molaparake-

bebze.

SI-is koncefciis Seqmnaze realuri muSaoba daiwyo mas

Semdeg, rac amerikis prezidents Tavdacvis saministrom wa-

rudgina saidumlo memorandumi, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom bir-

Tvuli omis SemTxvevaSi daiRupeboda 150 milioni amerikeli.

amis Semdgom reiganma mwvane Suqi misca am proeqtis ganxorcie-

lebas.

muSaoba am proeqtze mimdinareobda saidumlo viTarebaSi,

vinaidan eSinodaT ara marto informaciis gaJonvisa, aramed

pirvel rigSi kritikisa sakuTari specialistebisa da samxed-

roebis mxridan. „varskvlavuri omebis~ programis Seqmnaze mu-

Saobda erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWos viwro jgufi admiral

246

jon poindeqsteris (termin SI-is avtori), bob linhardis, rei

palokisa da jorj keiuortis xelmZRvanelobiT. [2, 24]

23 martis cnobili sityva ki makfarlanma dawera. aRniSnu-

li sityva samxedroebsa da saxelmwifo mdivans gasacnobad ga-

dasces 24 saaTiT adre. yvelani namdvil SokSi iyvnen, gansa-

kuTrebiT, saxelmwifo mdivani jorj Sulci, romelsac eSino-

da, rom aSS-s mokavSireebi natoSi arasworad aRiqvamdnen va-

Singtonis survils moexdinaT amerikis raketsawinaaRmdego

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa mokavSireebTan SeuTanxmeblad.

magram arc reiganma da arc misma mrCevlebma ukan ar daixies

da 23 marts prezidentma gamoacxada strategiuli TavdacviTi

iniciativa.

specialistebi sxvadasxva sawinaaRmdego, Tu mxardamWer

azrs gamoTqvamdnen strategiuli Tavdacvis programis mimarT,

rac ukargavda mas politikur aspeqts. Tumca reigani yurad-

Rebas ar aqcevda msgavs teqnikur SeniSvnebs, vinaidan aRniSnu-

li programa mas ar wamouyenebia mxolod strategiuli mizne-

bisTvis, aramed pirvel rigSi birTvuli omis Tavidan asaci-

leblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom reiganma mTeli Tavisi prezi-

dentoba Sealia amerikis samxedro Zlierebas, maT Soris bir-

Tvulisas, amave dros igi iyo pacifisti da ocnebobda msof-

lioze birTvuli iaraRis gareSe. man, rodesac gorbaCovma 1986

wlis 15 ianvars wamoayena 2000 wlamde birTvuli iaraRis eta-

pobrivi likvidaciis programa, wamoiZaxa „ras ucadoT ase

didxans~.[1, 480]

reigani Tvlida, rom birTvuli omi aravis ar SeuZlia mo-

igos.magram, „mainc, vidre birTvuli iaraRi arsebobs, yovel-

Tvis iqneba riski misi gamoyenebisa, rogorc ki pirveli bir-

Tvuli Wurvi afeTqdeba, aravin ar icis, es rogor damTavrde-

ba. amitom Cemi ocnebaa iseTi msoflios arseboba, romelic Ta-

visufali iqneba birTvuli iaraRisgan~. [1, 480]

reiganma Tavis gamosvlebSi ara erTxel aRniSna: „amerika

calmxrivi wesiT bolos mouRebs saSiSroebas birTvuli ube-

durebis winaSe, Tu dauyovnebliv Seudgeba strategiuli Tav-

dacvis iniciativis programis Seqmnas. amerikis mecnierebi bir-

Tvul iaraRs moZveleburad aqceven~.

23 martis „varskvlavuri omebis~ sityvaSi reiganma mis-

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli dramatizmiT, yuradReba gaamaxvila bo-

lo wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro Zlierebis zrdaze. igi

247

Seexo centralur amerikas, kerZod kubas da „patara kunZul

grenadas~ sadac sabWoTa kavSirs dawyebuli hqonda aerodro-

mis mSenebloba 3 kilomertiani asafreni zoliT. prezidentma

dasva kiTxva, Tu ra miznebisTvis Wirdeboda grenadis aero-

ports 3 kilometriani asafreni zoli, am qveyanas xom ar gaaC-

nda sakuTari samxedro-sahaero Zalebi. miniSneba naTeli iyo -

raTqmaunda SeerTebuli Statebis damuqrebis mizniT. (prezi-

dents ar uxsenebia is faqti, rom aeroporti daproeqtebuli

iyo da Sendeboda inglisuri kompaniis mier samoqalaqo aviaci-

isTvis da rom arc proeqti da arc mSeneblobis procesi ar

iTvaliswinebda samxedro aerodromis mSeneblobisaTvis saWi-

ro komponentebs: miwisqveSa sawvavis avzebs, saradaro danadga-

rebs, miwisqveSa arsenals, pararelur afrena-dafrenis bili-

kebs, samxedro TviTmfrinavebis masStabebis angarebs da a.S.).

[4, 306]

grenadaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba gaxldaT mxolod nawi-

li (ara mTavari) prezidentis sityvisa. misi arsi mimarTuli

iyo imisken, raTa amerikelebi daerwmunebina SeiaraRebis dafi-

nansebis gazrdis aucileblobaSi.

swored am mizans emsaxureboda jorj lukasis mier kino-

fantastikis JanrSi Seqmnili filmebis „varskvlavuri omebisa~

da „kosmosuri odiseis~ gamosvla farTo ekranebze.

80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan holivudis kinoproduqciaSi

mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs samecniero fantastika. jorj

lukasis, stiven spilbergis ZviradRirebul blokbasterebs

arc sxva reJisorebis filmebi udeben tols. „varskvlaveTis

omebi~, „kosmosuri odisea 2001~, „jidais dabruneba~, „ucxop-

laneteli~, „ucxo~, ai mcire CamonaTvali kinofantastikisa,

romlebic SiSTan erTad axali sivrceebis aTvisebis interess

da amave dros Tanamedrove kosmosuri SeiaraRebis Seqmnis au-

cileblobasa da survils aRuZravdnen amerikel moqalaqeebs.

samecniero fantastikaze Seqmnili filmebi mastimulire-

bel rols asruleben im TvalsazrisiT, rom sazogadoebas uCe-

nen interess kosmosis aTvisebis, axali teqnologiebisa da

Tundac cxovrebis axleburi wesis damkvidrebis kuTxiT. kos-

mosis problemebiT dainteresebuli da damuxtuli sazogadoe-

ba Semdeg ukve socialur dakveTas aZlevs mecnierebs gamoik-

vlion da gabatondnen kosmosze, Seiswavlon Soreuli galaqti-

kebi. kosmosidan savaraudo Tavdasxmis, globaluri safrTxis

248

Tavidan acilebis mizniT ki samxedro uwyebam unda ganaviTa-

ros Tavisi potenciali. yovelive amas ki samxedro miznebis-

Tvis gamoyofili Tanxebis permanentuli zrda sWirdeba. xolo

mosaxleobam, anu gadasaxadis gadamxdelebma, unda igrZnon

kosmosidan mosalodneli saSiSroeba, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli

darwmunebuli unda iyos mis mier gadaxdili Tanxis xarjvis

sisworeSi, moqalaqeebi mudmivad unda grZnobdnen Tavdacvis-

Tvis gamoyofili Tanxebis zrdis aucileblobas. mxolod aT-

wleulis gasvlis Semdgom gaxda cnobili, rom pentagoni daex-

mara lukass ZviradRirebuli blokbasterebis SeqmnaSi, raTa

maTi ekranebze gamosvlis Semdgom SeeqmnaT miTi varskvlavuri

omebis gardauvalobaze da mizanmimarTulad waremarTad sazo-

gadoebrivi azris formireba. [3, 33]

amrigad, erTi mxriv prezidentma uzarmazari saxsrebi da-

xarja imisTvis, raTa amerikuli strategiuli arsenalis mo-

dernizeba moexdina da amave dros, didi wvlili Seitana am ia-

raRis ukanonod gamocxadebis saqmeSi. amerikeli xalxi Tavis

prezidentis moqmedebaSi imas xedavda, rom igi, sabWoTa kavSi-

risgan wamosuli safrTxis gamo, iZulebuli Seiqna aSS-s Tav-

dacvis aseTi masStabebis siZliere Seeqmna.

reiganis moraluri xasiaTis mowodebebi ar axdenda mniS-

vnelovan STabeWdilebebs sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobaze,

magram isini iZulebulni gaxdnen upirveles yovlisa mxedve-

lobaSi mieRoT amerikis teqnologiuri potenciali da stra-

tegiuli SesaZleblobani axali Tavdacvis sistemisa. SI-s prog-

ramam aiZula sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba dabrunebodnen Seiara-

Rebaze kontrolis Sesaxeb molaparakebas JenevaSi, romelic

Sewyvetil iqna evropaSi saSualo sistemis raketebis ganTavse-

bis sakiTxze arsebuli uTanxmoebis gamo. ssrk daTmobaze wavi-

da da daTanxmda molaparakebebis ganaxlebas, vinaidan misTvis

naTeli gaxda, rom igi ver SeZlebda ayoloda amerikas da war-

mateba mieRwia im teqnologiur SejibrSi da gamowvevaSi, rasac

dRis wesrigSi ayenebda reiganis SI-s programa. maRalganviTa-

rebul, industriul qveynebTan axali dapirispireba da maTgan

gamowvevis miReba, kargs arafers uqadda sabWoTa kavSirs. ga-

saTvaliswinebeli iyo is garemoebac, rom 40-wlianma „civma om-

ma~ rogorc arasdros ise SeakavSira maRalganviTarebuli in-

dustriuli qveynebi sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg.

sabWoTa kavSiris erTdros yvelaze didi mokavSire Cine-

249

Ti, mis mimarT sabWoTa kavSiris agresiulobis gamo, dasavle-

Tis saxelmwifoebis mxareze gadavida. aRmosavleT evropis

xalxebic ukmayofiloni iyvnen sabWoTa kavSiriT da elodnen

xelsayrel SemTxvevas, raTa daemxoT komunisturi reJimi Tavi-

anT qveynebSi da Tavi daeRwiaT sabWoTa morCilebisTvis. Zvi-

radRirebuli da uperspeqtivo iyo agreTve komunisturi mmar-

Tvelobis SenarCuneba ganviTarebad qveynebSic. angolidan daw-

yebuli nikaraguamde amerika sabWoTa eqspansionizms Zalzed

ZviradRirebuls xdida da mis sayovelTao diskreditacias iw-

vevda. verc teqnologiur Sejibrs gauZlo sabWoTa kavSiris

modunebulma da calmxrivad samxedro yaidaze, magram aqac Ca-

morCenaSi da daZabulobaSi myofma sabWoTa ekonomikam. saerTa-

Soriso TvalsazrisiT, sabWoTa kavSiris avtoriteti gamous-

woreblad iyo Selaxuli, sabWoTa imperia da misi gavlenis

sferoebi ki modebuli ukidegano sivrces, romlis movla pat-

ronobis resursebi aRar arsebobda. udidesi Tanxebi ixarje-

boda msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi satelituri reJimebis

dafinansebaze. mxolod fidel kastros kubas yovelwliurad

5-7 milioni dolari sWirdeboda sabWoTa biujetidan dotaci-

is saxiT. sabWoTa biujets samxedro xarjebi aSS-Tan Sedare-

biT samjer met tvirTad awveboda, maSin roca ssrk-is Sida

erovnuli produqti aSS-is mxolod erTi meeqvsedi iyo. sabWo-

Ta armia ki 5,4 milion (!) samxedros iTvlida. [5, 179] maSin ro-

ca dasavleTi iwyebda superkompiuterul-mikroCipul revolu-

cias, sabWoTa kavSiri teqnologiuri ganuviTareblobis WaobSi

efloboda.

gorbaCovi male darwmunda amaSi da Seecada Sida refor-

mebis gziT da e.w. „perestroikiT~ SeeCerebina socializmis

msoflio sistemisa da ssrk-s daSlis procesi. sanam termini

"perestroika" anu "gardaqmna" gaCndeboda, gorbaCovma jer

qveynis ganviTarebaze gaakeTa aqcenti. igi Riad ambobda, rom

sabWoTa kavSiri bevri mimarTulebiT CamorCeboda Tanamedrove

moTxovnebs, amitom ufro swrafad iyo winsvla saWiro da Tu

rogor unda ganxorcielebuliyo swrafi winsvla, amis gasar-

kvevad gorbaCovma sazogadoebas "glastnosti" anu "sajarooba"

SesTavaza.

1985 wlis 9 seqtembers gazeT „TaimsisTvis~ micemul in-

terviuSi gorbaCovma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba ssrk - aSS-s

urTierTobaSi Zvrebis aucilebloba. man aRniSna, rom am or

250

saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobaSi mTavari aris is udavo faq-

ti, rom imis miuxedavad, „mogvwons es Cven Tu ara, Cven SegviZ-

lia gadavrCeT an daviRupoT erTad~. [1, 481] amitom igi ayeneb-

da moTxovnas „samxedro saqmidan moqmedebis gadatanas mSvido-

bian liandagebze~. sul ufro naTeli xdeboda, rom msoflioSi

imdeni SeiaraReba iyo dagrovili, misi gamoyeneba planetas

sruli ganadgureba-gaqrobiT emuqreboda. aseT viTarebaSi ssr

kavSirSi gaimarjva saRma azrma, rom zesaxelmwifoebs Soris

aucilebeli iyo urTierTobis gaumjobeseba da konfrontacia-

ze uaris Tqma.

reiganma winadadebiT mimarTa sabWoTa kavSirs, Semdgariyo

regularuli Sexvedrebi ministrebisa da kabinetis wevrebis

doneze, am ori saxelmwifos winaSe mdgari barierebis likvida-

ciis sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad.

am iniciativis gagrZeleba iyo 1985 wlis 19-21 noembers

gamarTuli rigiT pirveli, istoriuli mniSvnelobis Sexvedra

reigansa da gorbaCovs Soris. eqvsi weli iyo gasuli, rac am

ori qveynis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelebi ar Sexvedrodnen erTma-

neTs.

birTvuli ganiaraRebis sakiTxze saWoTa kavSirTan mola-

parakebis dros amerikis mxare da TviT prezidenti reigani

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen saimedo kontrolis

damyarebas SeiaraRebaze da uaris Tqmas SeiaraRebis dargSi Se-

jibrze.

1988 wlis 7 dekembers gorbaCovma gaeros sxdomaze war-

moTqmul sityvaSi ganacxada,rom sabWoTa kavSiri SeiaraRebul

Zalebs amcirebda 500 aTasi kaciT da 10 aTasi tankiT, maT So-

ris natosadmi dapirispirebuli tankebis naxevriT. centralur

evropaSi myofi danarCeni Zalebis reorganizacia unda momxda-

riyo, rogorc wminda Tavdacvis xasiaTis jarebisa. CineTTan

urTierTobis gaumjobesebis mizniT gorbaCovma gamoacxada

sabWoTa jaris „mniSvnelovani nawilis~ monRoleTidan gamoyva-

nis Sesaxeb. am Semcirebasac gorbaCovma calmxrivi uwoda, mag-

ram dasavleTs mouwoda, rom masac miebaZa ssrk-sTvis. pekinma

urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis sanacvlod gorbaCovs wauyena

sami piroba: vietnamelebis mier kambojas okupaciis Sewyveta,

sabWoTa jarebis avRaneTidan gayvana da sabWoTa jarebis gayva-

na ssrk-CineTis sazRvridan. gorbaCovs 3 weli dasWirda, Tumca

es pirobebi man Seasrula.

251

1989 wlis ivlisSi, imis gamo, rom viTareba daiZaba polo-

neTSi, ungreTSi, Cexoslovakiasa da aRmosavleT germaniaSi da

gaZlierda antikomunisturi gamosvlebi, gorbaCovi ar wavida

Zveli gziT da uari Tqva „breJnevis doqtrinaze~, man uari

Tqva „gavlenis sferoebze~, am qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi Care-

vaze da maTi suverenitetis SezRudvaze. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia

isic, rom gavlenis sferoebis qveynebis SenarCuneba ukve aRema-

teboda sabWoTa SesaZleblobebs da Seqmnil saerTaSoriso vi-

TarebaSi „breJnevis doqtrinis ganxorcieleba~ ukve SeuZlebe-

li iyo.

1989 wels gorbaCovi Cavida berlinSi, sadac igi Seecada

daeTanxmebina erik honekeri reformebze. erTi Tvis Semdeg

berlinis kedeli daingra, xolo 10 Tvis Semdeg gorbaCovi da-

Tanxmda germaniis gaerTianebasa da gaerTianebuli germaniis

natos wevrobaze.

amerikas winaaRmdegoba rom ar gaewia da ar SeeCerebina

Tavdajerebuli komunisturi imperia, romelic ise moqmedebda

TiTqos mas didi momavali gaaCnda, roca mTeli msoflios xal-

xebs da xelisufalT aiZulebda erwmunaT am momavlis sinamdvi-

le, maSin roca omis Semdgom evropaSi calkeuli komunisturi

partiebi erTianobaSi angariS gasawev Zalas warmoadgenda, Se-

saZlebeli iyo maT marTlac raime gamosvlodaT. berlinis ir-

gvliv arsebuli krizisi ver gadawydeboda, Tumca SesaZlo iyo

msgavsi problemaTa ricxvis gazrda. postvietnamuri tramvis

marTebulad gamoyenebiT, kremlma Tavisi marionetuli Zalebi

gagzavna afrikaSi, xolo sakuTari jari avRaneTSi Seiyvana.

sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZlo kidev ufro ampartavnuli Tavdajere-

bulebiT emoqmeda, rom ara aSS-s mier globaluri wonasworo-

bis dacva da demokratiuli sazogadoebis mimarT daxmarebis

xelis gamarTva. vaSingtons Tavis Tavi rom ar daenaxa ZalTa

balansis dacvis erT erT Semadgenel nawilad, procesi metad

mtkivneuli da garTulebuli gaxdeboda. Tumca, yovelive aman

moiTxova amerikelebis mxridan uprecedento Tavdadeba da ama-

ve dros kreatiulobac. realobas Seesabameba is faqti, rom

swored amerikam SeinarCuna ZalTa globaluri wonasworoba da

Sesabamisad mSvidoba msoflioSi. [6, 802]

zbignev bJezinskis analiziT, 80-iani wlebis masStaburma

amerikulma samxedro mSeneblobam da strategiuli TavdacviTi

iniciativis gamocxadebam Zlier imoqmeda moskovze da gamoiwvia

252

sabWoTa resursebis mniSvnelovani daZabva, swored amitom gor-

baCovi ase aqtiurad CaerTo samSvidobo molaparakebebSi. [2, 25]

miuxedavad imisa, rom „varskvlavuri omebis~ programa ga-

nuxorcielebeli darCa da metic, verc verasodes ganxorciel-

deboda iseTi saxiT, rogorc Tavdapirvelad iyo gamocxadebu-

li, man mainc mniSvnelovani kvali datova adamianTa mexsiere-

baSi da gavlena iqonia msoflio politikur movlenebze. SI-is

programa SeiZleba CaiTvalos ronald reiganis respublikuri

administraciis erT-erT udides diplomatiur da politikur

warmatebad.

1989 wlis 11 ianvars Tavis gamosaTxovar sityvaSi r. rei-

ganma amerikel ers mimarTa Semdegi sityvebiT: „SeerTebul

Statebs kvlav pativs cemen msoflioSi da mimarTaven mas xel-

mZRvanelobisTvis... Cven gvindoda Cveni qveynis Secvla, amis

magivrad ki msoflio SevcvaleT. qveynebi mTel msoflioSi ax-

la mimarTaven Tavisufal bazrebs da sityvis Tavisuflebas,

vinaidan ideologiur warsuls CamoSordnen... demokratia

uzarmazari sikeTea _ mas udidesi produqtiuloba gaaCnia... am

aTwleulSi Cven didi gza gaviareT, da erTad viyaviT boboqar

zRvaSi. bolos da bolos Cven erTad uaxlovdebiT daniSnule-

bas... da me SemiZlia vTqva, rom Cven SevcvaleT mdgomareoba.~

[1, 483] da marTlac, reiganis winaswarmetyveleba maleve axda _

daiSala socializmis msoflio sistema da sabWoTa kavSiri.


1. v. nanitaSvili, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis aswliani is-

toria, Tbilisi, 2002.

2. l. avaliSvili, ronald reigani da „varskvlavuri omebis

programa~, ronald reigani da 1980-iani wlebis amerika,

Tbilisi, 2005.

3. z. bardaveliZe, reigani _ miTi da realoba, ronald reiga-

ni da 1980-iani wlebis amerika, Tbilisi, 2005.

4. Э. Иванян, Рональд Рейган – Хроника жизни и времени, Москва, 1991.

5. z. abaSiZe, civi omi _ warsuli Tu dRevandeloba?, Tbilisi,

2009.

6. Kissinger, ìplomacy~, 1995. 7. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sdi.

253

Tamar Darchia Georgian Technical University, Master of the Business – Engineering faculty

„Star Wars“ – Beginning of the Disarmament Process Between the United States of America and the Soviet Union

Summary

This article analyzes the US government program that implied ground-

and space-based systems to protect the nation from attack by strategic ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD). The ambitious initiative was "widely criticized as being unrealistic, even unscientific" as well as for threatening to destabilize MAD and re-ignite "an offensive arms race".

On March 23, 1983, Reagan gave a speech on “peace and national security~ which was broadcast nationwide. With this speech Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), popularly referred to as “Star Wars~.

Of course, preserving deterrence was not the only purpose of the program and it would be also incorrect to regard SDI as a ridiculous “Reagan fantasy~, in fact it supported national security, put the Soviet Union under technological, psychological and economic pressure and established an entirely new type of relationship between America and the Soviet Union.

Politically and diplomatically “Star Wars~ was successful. It brought Russians back to the strategic -arms talks, they had abandoned.

Judging from historical perspective, it should be mentioned, that the program achieved the ultimate goal of eliminating the threat posed by strategic nuclear missiles, nuclear war was prevented, and the first strategic weapons reduction treaty was signed shortly after the proposal of SDI. Moreover, relations between the Soviet Union and America improved significantly.

254

xaTuna qoqraSvili




isa da eTnologiis institutis axali



nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobis ZiriTadi

momentebi

saqarTvelo-natos urTierTobebs safuZveli Caeyara XX

s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, rodesac 1992 wels saqarTve-

lo SeuerTda natos postsabWoTa qveynebTan urTierTobis spe-

cialur programas da mis farglebSi Seqmnil (1991 wlis dekem-

beri) Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos (NACC). sa-qarTvelosTvis, romelmac is-is iyo aRidgina saxelmwifo su-

vereniteti, Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWosTan,

da saerTod, natos struqturebTan urTierToba warmoadgenda

dasavlur samyarosTan daaxloebis da demokratiul faseulo-

bebTan ziarebis, evro-atlantikur sivrceSi integraciis, qvey-

nis usafrTxoebis, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis Senar-

Cunebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes gzas.[3] 1994 wlidan saqar-

Tvelo SeuerTda natos programas `partnioroba mSvidobis-

Tvis~ (PfP - Parntnership for Peace), ris Semdegac iwyeba nato-saqar-

Tvelos mWidro TanamSromloba.

saqarTvelos kontaqtebi natosTan gansakuTrebiT gaaqti-

urda `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdgom. qveynis axali xelisuf-

lebis mier mkafiod ganisazRvra sagareo politikis ZiriTadi

prioriteti _ saqarTvelos evropul da evro-atlantikur

struqturebSi integracia.[12, 250-251] 2004 wlis 29 oqtombers

natos umaRlesma organom Crdiloatlantikurma sabWom (NAC)

daamtkica saqarTvelos ìndividualuri partniorobis samoq-

medo gegma~ (IPAP), ramac saqarTvelosa da natos Soris urTi-

erTobebi kidev ufro intensiuri gaxada. aRsaniSnavia, rom sa-

qarTvelo iyo pirveli saxelmwifo, romelTanac aliansma daiw-

yo ìndividualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma~. natosTan

Tavsebadobis umTavresi pirobebia: qveynis demokratiuli gan-

viTarebis Seuqcevadi kursi, saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis

255

mdgradoba da gamWvirvaloba, ekonomikis sabazro principebiT

marTva, sasamarTlo sistemis damoukidebloba da, ra Tqma un-

da, natos standartebis Sesaferi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmna.

ìndividualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma~ (IPAP) gulis-

xmobda saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformebis da saxelmwifoeb-

rivi ganviTarebis kursis zemoTxsenebuli mimarTulebiT war-

marTvas. 2005 wels saqarTvelos prezidentis gadawyvetilebiT

Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisia, romelsac daevala individualuri

partniorobis samoqmedo gegmis (IPAP) Sesrulebis kontroli

da uwyebaTaSorisi koordinireba. [28]

2006 wels saqarTvelo natoSi gawevrianebis sakiTxebze

intensiuri dialogis fazaze gadavida. 2006 wlis 26-30 maiss

parizSi natos saparlamento asambleam aliansis wevri saxel-

mwifoebis xelisuflebebs specialuri deklaraciiT mouwoda,

rom dawyebuliyo saqarTvelosTan natoSi gawevrianebis sakiT-

xebze intensiuri dialogis procesi. 2006 wlis 21 seqtembers

ki, niu-iorkSi, natos wevri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa minis-

trebis araformalur Sexvedraze aliansma miiRo gadawyveti-

leba saqarTvelosTan daewyo ìntensiuri dialogi gawevriane-

bis sakiTxebze~ (ID-Intensified Dialogue on Membership Issues). natoSi gawevrianebis sakiTxebze intensiuri dialogi

aris mniSvnelovani nabiji qveynis partniorobis formatidan

wevrobis kandidatis formatze gadasasvlelad. es aris alian-

ssa da saqarTvelos Soris ormxrivi TanamSromloba, romlis

ZiriTadi mizania, moamzados safuZveli saqarTvelos natoSi

`gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmaze~, anu MAP-is (Membership Action Plan), fazaze gadasasvlelad.

aRsaniSnavia, rom, ukve, 2006 wlis 27-28 noembers rigaSi

gamarTuli natos samiti Seexo makedoniis, ukrainisa da saqar-

Tvelos natoSi SesaZlo gawevrianebis Temas. natos samitze sa-

qarTvelo da ukraina erT konteqstSi ganixileboda. rigis sa-

mitze natos generaluri mdivnis, iap de hoop sxeferis gancxa-

debiT: `saqarTvelos grZeli gza aqvs gasavleli natosTan in-

tegraciis Semdgom etapze gadasasvlelad, Tumca es saqarTve-

los gardauvali momavalia…... pirveli, rasac saqarTvelo na-

tosgan unda elodos, teritoriuli mTlianobisadmi aliansis

sruli pativiscemaa.~[29] `... nato mxars uWers saqarTvelos te-

ritoriul mTlianobas. Cven unda davexmaroT mas intensiuri

dialogis farglebSi reformebis ganxorcielebaSi~.[12, 253; 30]

256

saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis sakiTxze gansakTrebuli

mxardaWera igrZnoboda aSS-isa da latviis delegaciebisgan.

saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebTan mrgval magidasTan gamarTul

Sexvedraze maTi mxridan aRiniSna, rom saqarTvelos natoSi ga-

wevrianebis sakiTxebze intensiuri dialogi warmatebiT mimdi-

nareobda, rac uaxloes momavalSi mas myar safuZvels Seuqmni-

da aliansSi `gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmaze~ (MAP _ Member-ship Action Plan) gadasasvlelad.[13]

rigis samitze miRebuli deklaraciis 39-e punqti saqar-

Tvelos daeTmo: `mivesalmebiT saqarTvelosTan intensiuri di-

alogis dawyebas, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos wvlils saerTa-

Soriso samSvidobo da usafrTxoebis kuTxiT Catarebul ope-

raciebSi. Cven kvlavac aqtiurad davuWerT mxars saqarTvelos

reformebis gatarebis procesSi. movuwodebT saqarTvelos, ga-

nagrZos winsvla politikuri, ekonomikuri, da samxedro re-

formebis, aseve sasamarTlo sistemis reformirebis da qveynis

teritoriaze arsebuli konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebis

kuTxiT.[12, 254; 30]

saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis intensiurma xasiaTma

ruseTis xelisuflebisa da politikuri wreebis gansakuTrebu-

li gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis

daZabva mniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos evro-atlan-

tikur miswrafebebs da am sakiTxSi natosa da misi wevri saxel-

mwifoebis mxardaWeras. ruseTisTvis mtkivneuli aRmoCnda imis

gacnobiereba, rom saqarTvelo suverenuli saxelmwifoa da mi-

si evro-atlantikuri sivrcisken miswrafeba myari da Seuqceva-

di procesia. 2005 wels ruseTis mxriv calmxrivad Sewyda saha-

ero mimosvla saqarTvelosTan, SeizRuda vaWroba. 2006 wels

aRiniSna ruseTidan qarTvelebis masStaburi deportaciis faq-

tebi da a.S.

2007 wlis martSi saqarTveloSi natos generaluri mdiv-

nis TanaSemwe Jan furnie estumra. Sexvedra, natos zamTris

skolis egidiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciis `saqarTvelo na-

toSi~ iniciativiT moewyo. natos generaluri mdivnis TanaSem-

wem yuradReba gaamaxvila konfliqtebis Tematikaze, Seexo sa-

qarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebsac. Jan furniem ruseTis el-

Cis gancxadebas, TiTqos saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba uar-

yofiTad imoqmedebda afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebaze, `ru-

suli diplomatiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli pozicia~

257

uwoda. man mxareebs mouwoda arsebuli daZabuli viTarebis

mSvid da konstruqciul viTarebaSi gadawyveta, amasTanave, xa-

zi gausva, rom Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi yovelTvis mxars

dauWers saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas [14].

2006 wlis bolodan da 2007 wlis ivlisis CaTvliT, inten-

siuri dialogis farglebSi, natos-s Stab-binaSi saqarTvelos

delegaciasa da natos saerTaSoriso samsaxurs Soris, gaimar-

Ta konsultaciebis ramdenime raundi adamianis uflebebis da

erovnuli umciresobebis, kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkicebis,

energousafrTxoebis, konfliqtebis mogvarebis, terorizmis

winaaRmdeg brZolis, samarTlebriv, ekonomikur usafrTxoebis,

resursebis da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

saqarTvelo-natos urTierTobebis istoriaSi udavod

mniSvnelovani faqti gaxldaT, 2007 wlis oqtomberSi, natos

generaluri mdivnis iap de hoop sxeferis saqarTveloSi vizi-

ti. vizitis farglebSi ganixiles sakiTxi saqarTvelos natoSi

gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmaze anu `MAP~-is fazaze gadasas-

vlis Sesaxeb. iap de hoop sxeferma ganacxada, rom `natos ga-

farToeba Seuqcevadi procesia, Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs,

rom axali wevrebisTvis misi kari avtomaturad gaiReba.~ man

ganmarta, rom `MAP~-ze saqarTvelos gadasvla natos 26 wevri

qveynis politikuri molaparakebebisa da diskusiis Sedegad

unda moxdes [15].

MAP-is miniWeba uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo sa-

qarTvelos usafrTxoebisTvis. misi ganxilva natos buqarestis

samitis farglebSi daigegma, romelic 2008 wlis 2-4 aprils

unda gamarTuliyo. saqarTvelos prezidentma da mTavrobam na-

tos wevri qveynebis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad araerTi mola-

parakeba da Sexvedra gamarTa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos evro-atlantikur sivrce-

Si integracias mxari dauWira qveynis politikuri speqtris

mniSvnelovanma nawilma: 2007 wels gaformda saqarTvelos par-

lamentis fraqciebis da politikuri partiebis memorandumi

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebis mxardaWris Sesaxeb. saqar-

Tvelos natoSi gawevrianebas miemxro saqarTvelos mosaxleo-

bis absoluturi umravlesoba. 2008 wlis 5 ianvars sapreziden-

to arCevnebis paralelurad aliansSi gawevrianebis Taobaze

plebisciti Catarda. kiTxvas, `gsurT Tu ara, rom saqarTvelo

gaxdes Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis (nato) sruluflebiani

258

wevri~, plebiscitis monawileTa 77,5%-ma dadebiTi pasuxi gas-

ca. am Sedegma naTelyo, rom saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba

ara mxolod xelisuflebis mizania, aramed es qarTveli xalxis

absoluturi umravlesobis arCevanicaa.[12, 275]

2008 wlis 3 marts, saqarTvelos prezidentma varSavaSi

Tavis polonel kolegasTan lex kaCinskisTan erTobliv konfe-

renciaze ganacxada, rom misi mizania farTo koaliciis Seqmna,

romelic mxars dauWers 5 aprilis samitze, buqarestSi saqar-

Tvelosa da ukrainisTvis natos wevrobis samoqmedo gegmis

(MAP) damtkicebas: `...buqarestSi... SeiZleba sabolood dafiq-

sirdes ukrainis da saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis Seuqceva-

doba _ es aris Sansi imisa, rom ukraina da saqarTvelo gaxdnen

natos wevrobis oficialuri kandidatebi. Cven gvrCeba 4 kvira

imisaTvis, rom yvela davarwmunoT am istoriuli nabijis ga-

dadgmis aucileblobaSi. saqarTvelosTvis nato niSnavs dabru-

nebas mSobliur saxlSi, integrirebas msoflios istoriaSi yve-

laze mZlavr samxedro-politikur aliansSi, aqtiur monawile-

obas am aliansis saqmianobaSi da ra Tqma unda, Cveni wili

usafrTxoebis garantiebis miRebas Cven Zalian rTul region-

Si... Cemi vizitis ZiriTadi mizani am etapze aris saqarTvelos

integraciisTvis farTo koaliciis Seqmna. poloneTi aris am

koaliciis wamyvani wevri, im qveynebis lideri, romlebic evro-

paSi mxars gviWeren Cven natoSi integraciis sakiTxSi.~[16]

2008 wlis 3 aprils buqarestis samitze aliansis dekla-

raciaSi Caiwera, rom nato miesalmeba saqarTvelosa da ukrai-

nis evro-atlantikur ltolvas. natos liderebma miiRes ga-

dawyvetileba, rom saqarTvelo gaxdeba natos wevri qveyana.[17]

Tumca amjerad, nato-m saqarTvelosa da ukrainisTvis MAP-is

miniWebaze Tavi Seikava da es sakiTxi 2008 wlis dekembrisTvis

gadado. miuxedavad MAP-is miniWebis gadadebisa, buqarestis

samitze (2008 wlis 2-4 aprili) ganviTarebuli procesebi sa-

qarTvelosTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo. qveyanam miiRo doku-

menti, romelSic aliansis mxriv saqarTvelos natoSi gawevria-

nebisTvis mzaoba Riad dafiqsirda. saqarTvelom miiRo ocam-

de natos wevri qveynis motivirebuli mxardaWera. [17]

buqarestis samitis gadawyvetilebis Semdeg ruseT-saqar-

Tvelos urTierTobebi kidev ufro daiZaba. 2008 wlis 5 maiss

saqarTvelos parlamentis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis

sakiTxTa droebiTma komisiam gamoaqveyna gancxadeba, romli-

259

Tac Seecada saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis qveynebis da saer-

TaSoriso organizaciebis yuradReba miepyro saqarTvelos mi-

marT ruseTis mzardi agresiulobisTvis. komisiis SefasebiT,

afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi ruseTis amgvari qmedebebis

mizani iyo, separatistuli reJimebis mxardaWera da saqarTve-

los natoSi integraciisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva: `... gansa-

kuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia ruseTis federaciis (romelic amave

dros Suamavalia konfliqtis mxareebs Soris) qmedebebi, rom-

lebic ... erTmniSvnelovnad aRiqmeba agresiuli separatizmis

mxardaWerad.

ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos centralur xeli-

suflebasTan SeuTanxmeblad da misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod uvi-

zo reJimis daweseba saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris afxazeTisa

da e.w. samxreT oseTis monakveTebze, afxazeTsa da yofil sam-

xreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi mcxovrebi saqarTvelos moqa-

laqeebisaTvis ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeobis miniWeba, af-

xazeTSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis ukanono privatizacia, ruse-

Tis federaciis xelisuflebis bolodroindeli gadawyvetile-

bebi ... afxazeTisa da yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

olqis separatistul anklavebTan pirdapiri kontaqtebis dam-

yarebis Taobaze, oficialur pirTa gancxadebebi, rom saWiroe-

bis SemTxvevaSi, daicaven am teritoriebze ruseTis moqalaqee-

bis interesebs, ... samSvidobo Zalebis damatebiTi kontingen-

tis Semoyvana afxazeTSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis sruli

ugulebelyofis fonze, calsaxad aRiqmeba afxazeTis _ saqar-

Tvelos ganuyofeli nawilis faqtobrivi aneqsiis mcdelobad.

... saqarTvelos parlamentis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdge-

nis sakiTxTa droebiT komisia mTlianad eTanxmeba saerTaSo-

riso TanamegobrobaSi damkvidrebul azrs imis Taobaze, rom

ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebis bolodroindeli araadek-

vaturi qmedebebi, romlebic safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeba kon-

fliqtis mxareebs Soris Suamavalis funqciis Sesrulebas, gan-

pirobebulia dasavleTis mier kosovos damoukideblobis cno-

biTa da saqarTvelo-ukrainis Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi ga-

erTianebisken miswrafebiT. kremlis mcdelobebi daufaravad

aris mimarTuli iqeTken, rom yvela arsebuli saSualebebiT Se-

ewinaaRmdegos da ar dauSvas maTi NATO-Si gawevrianeba.... ko-

misia moelis, rom saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba, gaero, saqar-

Tvelos megobari qveynebis wevri saxelmwifoebi, euTo, evro-

260

kavSiri, NATO ar miscemen viTarebis eskalaciiT dainterese-

bul Zalebs TavianTi zraxvebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis saSuale-

bas.~[18]

ruseTis mxridan kvlav gagrZelda saqarTvelos suvereni-

tetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli in-

cindentebi: ruseTis samxedro-sahaero Zalebis mier, araer-

Txel dairRva saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce da ganxorcielda

samxedro agresiis aqti; ruseTma saqarTvelos teritoriaze

(afxazeTSi) saerTaSoriso normebisa da qveynis suverenitetis

ugulebelyofiT Semoiyvana regularuli samxedro nawilebi

– e. w. sarkinigzo Zalebi da daiwyo samxedro infrastruqtu-

ris mSenebloba. man konfliqtis zonaSi ganaTavsa sadesanto

nawilebi, mZime teqnika da iseTi tipis SeiaraReba, romelic ar

iyo gaTvaliswinebuli samSvidobo operaciis formatiT da a.S.

2008 wlis 11 ivliss saqarTvelos parlamentma am faqte-

bis Taobaze mimarTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis, saerTaSo-

riso organizaciebisa da partniori qveynebis parlamentebs.

mimarTvaSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis qmede-

bebi aferxebs qarTvelebsa da afxazebs, qarTvelebsa da osebs

Soris ndobis aRdgenisa da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvare-

bis process, xdeba konfliqtebis Semdgomi eskalacia da saf-

rTxe eqmneba stabilurobas mTel regionSi. saqarTvelos par-

lamenti miuTiTebda, rom ruseTis federacia iyo konfliqtis

mxare da miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos teritoriebis (afxaze-

Tisa da cxinvalis regionis) samxedro okupacias da aneqsias.

saqarTvelos parlamenti TxovniT mimarTavda saerTaSoriso

Tanamegobrobas, saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da partniori

qveynebis parlamentebs: mkacri Sefaseba miecaT ruseTis fede-

raciis agresiuli qmedebebisTvis; Sesabamisi politikuri da

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi RonisZiebebiT aRekveTad misi

mxridan saqarTvelos mimarT SesaZlo pirdapiri samxedro ag-

resia.[18]

ruseTis federaciis agresiulma politikam kulminacias

2008 wlis agvistoSi miaRwia, rodesac saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos sazRvrebSi SemoWrilma ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma su-

verenuli saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze ganxorcieles Seia-

raRebuli agresia.

dRes sruliad cxadia, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos SeiaraRe-

buli konfliqtis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori saqarTve-

261

los Crdiloatlantikur aliansTan daaxloebis miswrafeba

iyo. ukrainisa da saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT natos gafarTo-

ebas ruseTis federaciis politikuri elita qveynis erovnuli

interesebis sawinaaRmdegod miiCnevda. 2008 wlis 8 oqtombers

agvistos movlenebis Sesaxeb ruseTis prezidentma dimitri

medvedevma safrangeTis qalaq evianSi gamarTul maRali donis

konferenciaze natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb Semdegi gancxadeba

gaakeTa: `saqarTvelosa da ukrainis natoSi miRebis sakiTxi ru-

seTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli nabijia. dRes aqtiurad ganixile-

ba natoSi saqarTvelosa da ukrainis miRebis sakiTxi... aliansi

Tavis samxedro infrastruqturas Cveni qveynis sazRvrebs uax-

lovebs da axal gamyof xazebs avlebs evropaSi, axla ukve Cvens

dasavleT da samxreT sazRvrebze. sakmaod bunebrivia, rom ...

Cven ganvixilavT am qmedebebs, rogorc Cven winaaRmdeg mimar-

Tuls.~[24]

es Tema Riad gaJRerda agvistos movlenebidan ramodeni-

me wlis Semdegac, 2011 wlis 23 noembers, vladikavkazSi, ruse-

Tis 58-e armiis StabSi (swored is armia, romelmac gansakuTre-

buli roli Seasrula 2008 wlis agvistos SeiaraRebul agresi-

aSi) ruseTis prezidentma dimitri medvedevma oficrebTan sa-

ubrisas aRniSna, rom 2008 wlis omma natos postsabWoTa siv-

rceSi Semdgomi gafarToebis gegmebi CaSala: `2008 wels Cven

rom SevmkrTaliyaviT, geopolitikuri mowyoba axla sul sxva

iqneboda da mTeli rigi is qveynebi, romelTa Crdiloatlanti-

kur aliansSi SeTrevas xelovnurad cdilobdnen, ukve iq iqne-

bodnen.~ [19] imave dRes, donis rostovSi JurnalistebTan Sex-

vedrisas dimitri medvedevma es azri kvlav daadastura: `... es,

ra Tqma unda, Zalian rTuli gverdi iyo Cvens uaxles istoria-

Si, magram, samwuxarod, absoluturad aucilebeli. maSin ruse-

Tis aseTma principulma moqcevam, saboloo jamSi, is situacia

mogvitana, rom Cven garSemo, miuxedavad garkveuli sirTulee-

bisa, axla ufro mSvidi situaciaa, vidre iyo. zogierTi mezo-

beli Cven, ubralod, davamSvideT, vaCveneT ra, rom sworad un-

da moiqcnen ruseTTanac da mezobel patara saxelmwifoebTa-

nac. xolo zogierTi Cveni partniorisTvis, maT Soris Crdilo-

atlantikuri aliansisTvis es iyo signali, rom vidre gafar-

Toebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes, geopolitikur sta-

bilurobaze unda ifiqros. es aris ZiriTadi gakveTilebi imi-

sa, rac 2008 wels xdeboda.~ [19]

262

medvedevis gancxadebebi naTlad metyvelebs, rom 2008

wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli konfliqti

ruseTis federacias Zalis demonstraciisTvis sWirdeboda. sa-

qarTvelos teritoriebis dakavebiT, afxazeTsa da samxreT

oseTSi samxedro bazebis ganTavsebiT, man msoflios samxreT

kavkasiaSi Tavisi interesebis aqtualoba uCvena da amiT pro-

testi gamoxata NATO-s am mimarTulebiT gafarToebis survi-

lis gamo.

rogor ganviTarda nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi

2008 wlis agvistos cnobili movlenebis Semdeg?

2008 wlis 12 agvistos, briuselSi, Crdiloatlantikuri

aliansis Stab-binaSi gaimarTa nato-saqarTvelos Sexvedra ru-

seT-saqarTvelos Soris mimdinare SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis

sakiTxebze.[3; 4] SeTanxmdnen, daxmareba gaewiaT saqarTvelos-

Tvis. Sexvedraze miiRes gadawyvetileba nato-saqarTvelos ko-

misiis (NGC) Seqmnis Taobaze, romelic zedamxedvelobas gau-

wevda buqarestis samitze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis ganxor-

cielebas da Tvals miadevnebda saqarTvelos daxmarebis Ro-

nisZiebebs. 21-22 agvistos Sedga natos warmomadgenelTa 15 ka-

ciani jgufis viziti saqarTveloSi ruseTis federaciis Seia-

raRebuli Zalebis samxedro qmedebebiT gamowveuli zaralis

adgilze Sefasebis mizniT; amave dReebSi saqarTveloSi samuSao

vizitiT imyofeboda kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi natos ge-

neraluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgeneli robert simon-

si.

2008 wlis 15-16 seqtembers saqarTvelos oficialurad

ewvia Crdiloatlantikuri sabWo (NAC) da natos generaluri

mdivani. gaimarTa Crdiloatlantikuri sabWos Sexvedra saqar-

Tvelos prezidentTan da misi kabinetis wevrebTan. vizitis Se-

degad, 2008 wlis 15 seqtembers, daarsda nato-saqarTvelos

komisia. amave dRes mxareebma xeli moaweres nato-saqarTvelos

komisiis damfuZnebel CarCo dokuments da Catarda komisiis

pirveli sxdoma. gakeTda erToblivi gancxadeba presisTvis, sa-

dac aliansis wevrebma kvlav daadastures saqarTvelos suve-

renitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWera da dagmes

ruseTis federaciis gadawyvetileba, samxreT oseTisa da afxa-

zeTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, dafiqsirda

natos mtkice neba, gaagrZelos saqarTvelos daxmareba refor-

mebis gaRrmavebisa da maTi Seuqcevadobis mimarTulebiT. [18]

263

preskonferenciaze natos generalurma mdivanma iaap de hoop

sxeferma ganacxada: `...nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobaze... ag-

vistoSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma ...gavlena ar unda moaxdi-

nos. aliansis 26 wevrs sakuTari Sexeduleba aqvs yovelive amis

mimarT. Cven srulad vuWerT mxars im gadawyvetilebas, rome-

lic safrangeTis monawileobiT iyo miRweuli. ... nato da ev-

rokavSiri erT poziciaze dganan. nato ar miiswrafvis politi-

kuri profilisaken. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, procesSi aq-

tiuradaa Cabmuli evrokavSiri.~'[10]

2008 wlis 15 seqtembers nato-saqarTvelos komisiis (NGC - NATO Georgia Commission) daarseba saqarTvelosa da natos ur-

TierTobebSi kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. komisias

mieniWa mTavari sazedamxedvelo funqcia natos buqarestis sa-

mitze dawyebuli procesis warmarTvaSi. saqarTvlos saSualeba

mieca nato-saqarTvelos komisiis (NGC) farglebSi aliansTan

politikuri konsultaciebi awarmoos da miiRos daxmareba

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT.

2008 wlis 3 dekembers, natos Stab-binaSi gaimarTa nato-

saqarTvelos komisiis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis Sexvedra.

maTi gadawyvetilebiT, alianss maqsimalurad unda gaeaqtiure-

bina saqarTvelosTan TanamSromloba nato-saqarTvelos komi-

siis farglebSi. nato-saqarTvelos komisiis egidiT, aliansis

wevrTa sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi SeTanmdnen, rom saqarTve-

lo SeimuSavebs `wliur erovnul programas~ (ANP - Annual National Programme), romelSic asaxuli iqneba saqarTvelos gan-

viTarebis mokle da grZelvadiani strategia. wliuri erovnul

programa moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: qveyanaSi demokratiis gan-

viTareba, cvlilebebi Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sferoebSi,

ekonomikis ganmtkiceba; ganaTlebis da mecnierebis, garemos

dacvis, demokratiuli institutebis gaZliereba; Tavisufali

da demokratiuli saparlamento, saprezidento da adgilobri-

vi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis Catareba; ekonomikisa Tu so-

cialur sferoSi gatarebuli cvlilebebi; korufciasTan

brZolis gagrZeleba; sasamarTlos, policiis, samxedro da ga-

naTlebis reformebi da sxva. mokavSireebi SeTanxmdnen, rom

moxdeba ANP-s yovelwliurad Sefaseba, rac xels Seuwyobs sa-

qarTvelos reformebis warmatebiT gatarebaSi.

ANP aris erovnuli dokumenti da misi SemuSavebisas na-

tosgan raime formalur Tanxmobas ar saWiroebs, dokumentis

264

proeqts saqarTvelo alianss wlis dasawyisSi warudgens. ANP aris saqarTvelosa da natos Soris praqtikuli TanamSromlo-

bis mniSvnelovani meqanizmi, romelic saqarTvelos daexmareba

kidev ufro gaaRrmavos demokratiuli reformebi, daaCqaros

natoSi interaciisa da aliansis standartebTan miaxlovebis

procesi. programis SemuSaveba da ganxilva mimdinareobs nato-

saqarTvelos komisiis farglebSi.[26] wliuri erovnuli prog-

rama MAP-is mqone yvela saxelmwifom gaiara gawevrianebis

procesSi. mniSvnelovania misi Sesruleba, raTa qveyana Tana-

medrove, Zlier, evropuli tipis saxelmwifod Camoyalibdes.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 2009 wels saqarTvelom warmatebiT Se-

asrula pirveli wliuri erovnuli programa (ANP). 2009 wlis

ministerialze natos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi miesalmnen

saqarTvelos progress, romelsac man ANP-s farglebSi gaTva-

liswinebuli reformebis rig sferoebSi miaRwia, dadebiTad

Sefasda individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegmidan

(IPAP) wliur erovnul programaze (ANP) saqarTvelos gadas-

vla. maT saqarTvelos samTavrobo struqturebs reformebis

koordinaciisTvis efeqturi meqanizmis Seqmna urCies.

amgvarad, saqarTvelos ukve gaaCnia metad mniSvnelovani

instrumentebi natos standartebis misaRwevad, kerZod, nato-

saqarTvelos komisia (NGC) da wliuri erovnuli programa

(ANP). aliansis mier nato-saqarTvelos komisiis (NGC) muSao-

bisa da wliuri erovnuli programis (ANP) Sesrulebis Sefase-

bebiT, saqarTvelo 2008 wlis Semdeg warmatebulad da efeqtu-

rad iyenebs am instrumentebs.

saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis procesis Seuqcevadoba

dadasturda 2009 wlis aprilSi natos saiubileo samitze miRe-

buli gadawyvetilebebiT, romliTac aliansis wevrma qveynebma

kidev erTxel aRiares buqarestis samitis valdebulebebi. na-

to-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis TvalsazrisiT

mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda, 2010 wlis 1 oqtombers saqarTveloSi

natos generaluri mdivnis anders fog rasmusenis oficialuri

viziti, romlis farglebSi saqarTveloSi gaixsna natos same-

kavSireo ofisi (xelmZRvaneli _ zbignev ribacki). saqarTvelo-

Si aliansis warmomadgenlobis gaxsnam naTlad warmoaCina is

gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi, rac buqarestis samitis Sem-

deg saqarTvelo-natos Soris Camoyalibda.[25]

265

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis Tvalsaz-

risiT mniSvnelovani iyo, 2010 wlis 16 noembers, natos sapar-

lamento asambleis mier miRebuli rezolucia. rezoluciis

Tanaxmad ruseTis jarebis yofna saqarTvelos teritoriaze

Sefasda, rogorc 2008 wlis agvistos evrokavSiris cecxlis

Sewyvetis xelSekrulebis darRveva da damoukidebeli qveynis

teritoriis okupacia. natos saparlamento asambleam oficia-

lurad cno ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia da okupire-

buli regionebis mosaxleobis gandevna eTnowmendis gziT.

buqarestis samitis gadawvetileba ganmeorda da gan-

mtkicda, 2010 wlis 19-20 noembers, q. lisabonSi natos samitze.

lisabonis samitze miRebul aliansis axal strategiul kon-

cefciasa da deklaraciaSi kvlav aRiniSna, rom saqarTvelo

gaxdeba natos wevri. ruseTs mtkiced moeTxova cecxlis Sew-

yvetis xelSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba da

saqarTvelos regionebis _ samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis da-

moukideblad aRiarebis Secvla.[25]

msoflio usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebaSi wvlilis Setanis

mizniT, saqarTvelom, Tavis mxriv, mxari dauWira natos samSvi-

dobo da antiteroristul operacias „aqtiuri Zalisxmeva~

(Active Endeavour) da monawileoba miiRo avRaneTSi mimidinare

ISAF-is (International Security Assistance Force) operaciaSi. natos

egidiT mimdinare kosovos samSvidobo operaciaSi, 1999 wlidan

2008 wlamde, Turquli batalionis SemadgenlobaSi pirveli

qarTuli samSvidobo oceuli, xolo 2003 wlidan, ki germanuli

brigadis SemadgenlobaSi erTi qarTuli aseuli iRebda monawi-

leobas. 2004 wels qarTuli kontigenti monawileobda avRaneT-

Si usafrTxoebis damxmare saerTaSoriso Zalebis (ISAF) opera-

ciaSi. saprezidento arCevnebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis

mizniT, samSvidobo misias q. qabulSi asrulebda saqarTvelos

50 samxedro mosamsaxure. usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis saq-

meSi natos samSvidobo operaciebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-

lobis gamo, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam 2009 wlis noemberSi

avRaneTSi safrangeTis sardlobis daqvemdebarebaSi gagzavna

erTi saxmeleTo aseuli, xolo 2010 wlis martSi amerikis Seer-

Tebuli Statebis sardlobis daqvemdebarebaSi 1 batalioni.[27]

2011 wlis 14-15 aprilis natos berlinis ministerialis

farglebSi saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, grigol

vaSaZem, monawileoba miiRo natos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebisa

266

da ISAF-is monawile natos arawevri saxelmwifoebis sagareo

saqmeTa ministrebis SexvedraSi. Sexvedraze man isaubra avRa-

neTSi dawyebuli gardamavali etapis politikur mniSvneloba-

ze, mxari dauWira aliansis samxedro komitetis rekomendacias

operaciis me-4 fazaSi (gardamavali etapi) gadasvlis Taobaze

da daadastura qarTuli mxaris mzadyofna mokavSireebTan er-

Tad daicvas evro-atlantikuri usafrTxoeba.[20]

2011 wlis 15 aprils, saqarTvelosa da natos Soris Ta-

namSromlobis prioritetebis ganxilvis mizniT, berlinSi, sa-

gareo saqmeTa ministrebis doneze, nato-saqarTvelos komisiis

sxdoma Sedga. miiRes erToblivi gancxadeba, romliTac: `...na-

to-saqarTvelos komisiis ministrebma daadastures nato-sa-

qarTvelos komisiisa da yovelwliuri erovnuli programis

wamyvani roli buqarestis samitze dawyebuli procesis zedam-

xedvelobaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, isini miesalmnen saqarTveloSi

natos samekavSireo ofisis gaxsnas, romelic gaaZlierebs ali-

ansis mier saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformebis daxmarebas da

mxardaWeras.

natos ministrebma gansakuTrebuli madliereba gamoxates

evro-atlantikur usafrTxoebaSi saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani

wvlilis, maT Soris ... damxmare saerTaSoriso Zalebis opera-

ciaSi saqarTvelos, rogorc natos ara wevri ... monawilis Za-

lisxmevis gawevis gamo. maT madloba gadauxades aRniSnul ope-

raciaSi monawile yvela qarTvel samxedro mosamsaxures da

Rrma mwuxareba gamoTqves am misiaSi daRupuli da daWrili

qarTveli jariskacebis ojaxebis mimarT. natos ministrebi mie-

salmnen saqarTvelos gadawyvetilebas avRaneTSi damatebiTi

daxmarebis aRmoCenisa da operaciis „aqtiuri Zalisxmeva“ mxar-

daWeris Sesaxeb.

nato-saqarTvelos komisiis ministrebma gamoxates mzaoba

praqtikuli TanamSromlobis gasagrZeleblad, maT Soris usaf-

rTxoebis iseTi axali gamowvevebis sakiTxebze, rogoricaa te-

rorizmi, kibernetikuli da energetikuli usafrTxoebis ris-

kebi. maT daadastures mzadyofna nato-saqarTvelos urTier-

Tobis yvela doneze politikuri dialogis warmarTvis Taoba-

ze... natos ministrebi miesalmnen yovelwliuri erovnuli

programis ganxorcielebis procesSi saqarTvelos mier miRwe-

ul progress da saqarTvelos demokratiuli ganviTarebis po-

zitiur dinamikas.~ [21]

267

nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani momenti

iyo 2011 wlis 9-10 noembers, saqarTveloSi natos generaluri

mdivnis, anders fog rasmusenis xelmZRvanelobiT Crdiloat-

lantikuri sabWos viziti, romlis farglebSi Sexvedrebi gai-

marTa saqarTvelos prezidentTan, saqarTvelos parlamentis

TavmjdomaresTan, parlamentis wevrebTan, saqarTvelos premi-

er-ministrTan, sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan, universitetis

studentebTan da a. S. 9 noembers, TbilisSi, aliansis 28 wevri

qveynis mudmivma warmomadgenelma natos umaRlesi Tanamdebo-

bis pirebTan da saqarTvelos premier-ministrTan erTad nato-

saqarTvelos komisiis sxdoma gamarTes. sxdomaze miRebuli er-

Toblivi gancxadebiT, 29 qveyana (28 natos wevri saxelmwifo

da saqarTvelo) miesalma saqarTvelos miRwevebs reformebis

procesSi. mokavSireebma kidev erTxel daadastures aliansis

uryevi mxardaWera saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da

suverenitetis mimarT, aRniSnes saqarTvelos afxazeTisa da

cxinvalis regionebis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad araRiare-

bis politikisadmi erTguleba, mouwodes ruseTs nakisri val-

debulebebis Sesrulebisken da yuradReba gaamaxviles saerTa-

Soriso damkvirveblebis saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze Se-

uzRudavi gadaadgilebis aucileblobaze. erTobliv gancxade-

baSi aseve aRniSnulia, rom aliansi buqarestis samitis gadaw-

yvetilebis erTguli rCeba.

aliansis pozicia saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobi-

sa da suverenitetis mimarT, kidev erTxel, naTlad gamoixata,

2011 wlis 14 noembers natos generaluri mdivanis gancxadeba-

Si, rom nato ar aRiarebs saqarTvelos regionSi, samxreT

oseTSi, 2011 wlis 13 noembers Catarebul arCevnebs: àmgvari

arCevnebis Catareba xels ar uwyobs saqarTveloSi arsebuli

viTarebis mSvidobian da saboloo daregulirebas. aliansi

kvlav adasturebs saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da teritori-

uli mTlianobisadmi srul mxardaWeras saerTaSorisod aRia-

rebul sazRvrebSi.~ aRsaniSnavia, rom 2011 wlis 26 agvistos

afxazeTSi Catarebuli arCevnebi natom analogiurad Seafasa.

2012 wlis maisSi dagegmilia Cikagos samiti, romelic sa-

qarTvelos natos gafarToebis procesis aqtualur sakiTxebs

Seexeba. amdenad, Cikagos samitamde, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelo-

bas iZens, 2011 wlis dekemberSi briuselSi gamarTuli natos

sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis sabWos Semajamebel komunikeSi

268

gaJRerebuli gancxadeba: „Cven madlobas vuxdiT Cvens partni-

or-pretendentebs: makedonias, bosnias da hercogovinas, Cer-

nogorias da saqarTvelos, mniSvnelovani saoperacio mxardWe-

risTvis, romelic maT natos aRmouCines.~ saqarTvelo pirve-

lad iqna moxseniebuli balkaneTis regionis MAP-is mqone qvey-

nebTan erTad. am qveynebis jgufs ewoda “aspiranti partniore-

bi~ da amiT moxda maTi gamoyofa natos “partniori~ qveynebis

didi jfufidan (37 saxelmwifo). am qveynebis diferencireba

moxda politikurad da ara iuridiulad, im niSniT, rom isini

warmoadgenen gansakuTrebul saxelmwifoebs, romlebic auci-

leblad gaxdebian aliansis wevrebi.[23] vice-premier ministris

giorgi baramiZis ganmartebiT, `...natom pirvelad uwoda saqar-

Tvelos „aspiranti~ anu partniori-pretendenti saxelmwifo, ...

es aris specifikuri termini, saqarTvelo natos aspiranti qve-

yana xdeba, anu saqarTvelo dajgufda im qveynebTan erTad,

romlebic manamde iyvnen aRiarebuli rogorc natoSi gawevria-

nebis gzaze myofi qveynebi, radgan maT hqondaT miRebuli

MAP. es niSnavs praqtikulad tolobis niSans. aliansSi Cveni

qveynis gawevrianebis instrumentebi, faqtiurad, utoldeba im

instrumentebs, romelic aqvT zemoT CamoTvlil saxelmwifo-

ebs~. [22]

amgvarad, evro-atlantikuri usafrTxoebis struqtureb-

Si integracia saqarTvelos sagareo da usafrTxoebis politi-

kis erT-erTi prioritetia. saqarTvelo usafrTxoebis da sta-

bilurobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

natos aniWebs. natoSi gaerTianeba, amavdroulad, qveyanaSi de-

mokratiuli faseulobebis da marTvis demokratiuli sistemis

ganmtkicebas ganapirobebs.

nato-saqarTvelos integraciis TvalsazrisiT garkveuli

etapebi saqarTvelom ukve gaiara: 1994 wels saqarTvelo Seu-

erTda natos programas “partnioroba mSvidobisTvis~, 2002

wels saqarTvelom survili gamoTqva monawileoba mieRo natos

programaSi _ ìndividialuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma~,

romelsac qveyana 2004 wels SeuerTda. 2006 wels dasrulda

ìndividialuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma~ da saqarTve-

lo gadavida aliansSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis intensiuri

dialogis programaze. miuxedavad ruseT-saqarTvelos kon-

fliqtisa da Cveni teritoriebis okupaciisa, saqarTvelo

myarad dgas natoSi integraciis gzaze. rusuli agresiis Sem-

269

deg saqarTvelo-natos urTierTobebi ase ganviTarda: wevrobis

samoqmedo gegemis nacvlad gadavediT intensiuri dialogis

reJimze, Seiqmna nato-saqarTvelos komisia, TbilisSi gaixsna

natos samekavSireo ofisi, natos maRalCinosnebis mxridan Se-

narCunebulia saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da su-

verenitetis mxardamWeri terminologia, saqarTvelos terito-

riuli mTlianobisa da ruseTis mier 2008 wlis cecxlis Sew-

yvetis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis aucileblobis sa-

kiTxi mudmivad dgas nato-ruseTis dialogis dRis wesrigSi,

natosTan yovelwliuri erovnuli programebis safuZvelze

mimdinareobs samxedro da demokratiuli institutebis ganvi-

Tareba. nato-saqarTvelos komisiisa da wliuri erovnuli

programis farglebSi mimdinare demokratiuli reformebi,

efeqturi diplomatiuri muSaoba kidev ufro aRrmavebs ali-

ansTan saqarTvelos Tavsebadobas.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. http://www.nato.int 2. http://www.eu-nato.gov.ge/index.php?title=nato 3. http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=88 4. http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=555 5. http://www.georgia.mid.ru/rg/rg_02.html 6. http://www.civil.ge/geo/ 7. http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-georgia/index-geor.html 8. http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=90&lang_id=GEO 9. http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2007/11-november/e1128b.html 10. http://www.president.gov.ge/?l=G&m=0&sm=1&id=278 11. s. cincaZe, z. abaSiZe, j. samuSia, i. menaRariSvili, d. nar-

mania, b. quTelia, saqarTvelo-nato, sawyisebi, realoba,

perspeqtivebi, Tbilisi, 2007. 12. n. CitaZe, nato Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi msoflioSi

mSvidobisa da stabilurobis mTavari garanti, Tb., 2008. 13. http://www.nato.int/docu/other/ru/2006/pr06-150r.htm 14. www.opentext.ge/resonance. marti, 2007.

15. www.24saati.ge. 2 oqtomberi, 2007.

16. http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=17653 17. http://www.president.gov.ge/ge/PressOffice/News/Releases?p=3224&i=1

270

18. http://www.parliament.gov.ge 19. http://24saati.ge/index.php/category/news/2011-11-23/22100 20. http://www.mfa.gov.ge 21. http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=454 22. http://www.eu-nato.gov.ge/ 23. http://eu-nato.gov.ge/index.php?que=geo/news&info 24. http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=19716 25. http://eu-nato.gov.ge/index.php?que=geo/NATO_W_I_N/Geo_N_P 26. http://eu-nato.gov.ge/index.php?que=geo/G_A_N_G/ANP 27. http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=453 28. http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=455 29. www.opentext.ge/resonance 30 noemberi, 2006. 30. www.nato.int. Materials of the Riga Summit. November, 2006.

Khatuna Kokrashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior Scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

The Main Points of NATO - Georgia Relations

Summary

On March 23, 1994, Georgia joined the Partnership for Peace (PFP)

programme; On November 21-22, 2002, at the NATO Summit in Prague, Georgia made a declaration on its aspiration to NATO membership and expressed its desire to take part in the new programme "Individual Partnership Action Plan"; On October 29, 2004, the North Atlantic Council of NATO approved the Individual Partnership Action Plan of Georgia and Georgia moved on to the so-called second stage of Euro-Atlantic integration. Georgia became the first country, which started implementing the IPAP.

On September 21, 2006 an informal meeting of the Ministers of For-eign Affairs of the NATO member-states was held in New-York, which adopted a decision to launch the Intensified Dialogue with Georgia on NATO membership issues. Georgia's accession to the Intensified Dialogue is a sig-

271

nificant step in terms of transition from the format of partnership to that of candidate for membership; On April 3, 2008 on Bucharest Summit the Alli-ance made decision that Georgia will become NATO member country; On September 15-16, 2008 frame document establishing NATO-Georgia Com-mission was signed during official visit of North Atlantic Council and NATO Secretary General to Georgia and first meeting of the Commission was held; On December 3, 2008 meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of NATO-Georgia Commission was held in NATO Headquarters, Brussels. NATO Ministers of Foreign Affairs made decision to further activate cooperation with Georgia through NATO-Georgia Commission. Annual National Pro-gram is being developed and discussed within the NATO-Georgia Commis-sion; On 1 October 2010 NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen visited Georgia. During the visit Secretary General officially inaugurated NATO Liaison Office in Tbilisi; On 16 November 2010, NATO Parliamen-tary Assembly adopted a Resolution on the Situation in Georgia. The Resolu-tion assessed the presence of Russian troops on the territory of Georgia as a violation of the EU-brokered Ceasefire Agreement of 12 August 2008 and an occupation of the territory of the sovereign country. NATO parliamentarians urged Russia "to reverse the results of ethnic cleansing" and allow the safe and dignified return of all internally displaced persons to their homes; Geor-gia has already successfully implemented its first ANP. Georgia perceives Annual National Programme as the practical tool for reflecting and imple-menting its strategy of advancing NATO-Georgia relations and getting closer to the NATO standards.

272

Temo jojua


sis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane

javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-

is instituti; xelnawerTa erovnuli

centri

Tbilisis (kalas) wm. Toma mociqulis

(kviracxovlis) eklesia (taZris adgilmdebareoba da istoria)

1

1. wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxovlis) eklesiis adgilmdebareoba

wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia, qarTul istoriografiaSi

damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Zveli Tbilisis erT-erTi

centraluri nawilis, istoriuli kalas teritoriaze, e. w. ze-

mo ubanSi, qalaqis CrdiloeTidan momzRudavi kedlis Soriax-

los, kviracxovlis quCaze mdebareobda, romelsac saxeli aq

aRmarTuli taZris (kviracxovlis) mixedviT hqonda Serqmeuli

[1, 24-25; 2, 593].

wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis adgilmdebareoba sakmaod

zustad aris miTiTebuli ruseTis imperiis samxedro moxelis,

kapitan Cuikos mier Sedgenil qalaq Tbilisis 1800 wlis gegma-

ze, sadac taZari 34-e nomriT aris aRniSnuli. gegmaze Cans, rom

1 2011 wlis TebervalSi TianeTisa da fSav-xevsureTis eparqiis sofel

maRaroskaris yovladwmida RmrTismSoblis miZinebis eklesiis winam-

ZRvarma, mRvdelma kaxaber mesxma daxmarebisaTvis mogvmarTa da

gvTxova, mogveZiebina masala Tbilisis (kalas) wm. Toma mociqulis

(kviracxovlis) eklesiis adgilmdebareobisa da istoriis Sesaxeb. Cven

SeZlebisdagvarad sruli saxiT movuyareT Tavi sxvadasxva werilobiT

Zeglebsa Tu samecniero publikaciebSi gabneul cnobebs wm. Toma mo-

ciqulis eklesiis Sesaxeb, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi Tvalsazri-

siT davamuSaveT es arcTu mdidari werilobiTi masala, Sesrulebuli

samuSaoebis Sedegebs erTgvari samecniero gamokvlevis saxe miveciT

da es gamokvleva 2011 wlis aprilSi mRvdel kaxaber mesxs gadaveciT.

winamdebare naSromi swored am gamokvlevis mcired gadakeTebul va-

riants warmoadgens.

273

Tbilisis CrdiloeTi kedlis im monakveTis paralelurad, ro-

melic qalaqis Sua da qvemo karibWeebs1 Soris aris moqceuli,

sakmaod mokle, daaxloebiT, 150-200 metris sigrZis quCa mie-

marTeboda, romelic amaJamindel SoTa niSnianiZis (yofili si-

nodis, SemdgomSi miliciis (`miliceiskaia~), bolos ki ilia na-

kaSiZis) quCas emTxveva. xsenebul quCas mis, daaxloebiT, Sua

welze, jer samxreTisaken mimarTuli, xolo Semdeg aRmosavle-

Tisaken Sebrunebuli patara, daaxloebiT, 50 metris sigrZis

Cixi gamoeyofoda, romelic amJamindel SoTa niSnianiZis Cixs

Seesabameba. am Cixis kidura aRmosavleTi, daaxloebiT, 15-20

metriani monakveTis samxreTiT, gegmaze, savaraudod, oTxkuTxa

galavniT mozRuduli #34 nagebobaa aRniSnuli, romelic geg-

misaTvis darTuli rusulenovani eqsplikaciis teqstSi `wm. To-

ma mociqulis qarTul eklesiad~ aris saxeldebuli: `Грузинские церкви... 34. Святого апостола Фомы~ [1, 84, CanarTi].

garda amisa, qalaq Tbilisis 1800 wlis gegmaze garkveviT

Cans isic, rom #34 nagebobas anu wm. Toma mociqulis eklesias

samxreTiT dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken mimarTuli, daax-

loebiT, amJamindeli SoTa niSnianiZis quCis paralelurad mima-

vali kidev erTi quCa esazRvreboda [1, CanarTi]. es quCa amJa-

mindel ilia da nino nakaSiZeebis (yofili avlevis) quCas em-

Txveva, romelsac, aq mdebare wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxov-

lis) eklesiis saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, Tavdapirvelad,

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT zemoT, kviracxovlis, xolo mogviane-

biT, 1922 wlamde, Tomas quCa, igive `fominskaia~ an `fominaia~

ewodeboda [1, 24-25; 3, 196].

amrigad, kapitan Cuikos mier Sedgenili qalaq Tbilisis

1800 wlis gegmisa da misi rusulenovani eqsplikaciebis Seswav-

lis safuZvelze, dgindeba, rom wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxov-

lis) eklesia mdebareobda, erTi mxriv, amJamindeli SoTa niSni-

aniZis Cixis kidura aRmosavleT, daxloebiT, 15-20 metris sig-

rZis monakveTsa da meore mxriv, amJamindeli ilia da nino naka-

SiZeebis quCis Sesabamis monakveTs Soris anu daaxloebiT, im

adgilas, sadac dRes #191 sabavSvo baga-baRis Senoba (ilia da

nino nakaSiZeebis quCa, #26), baga-baRis kuTvnili ezo da am

1 Tbilisis Sua karibWe (igive diRmiskari) mdebareobda amJamindeli

nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da aleqsandre puSkinis quCebis Sesayarze,

xolo qvemo karibWe (igive wyliskari, dablakari) _ amave baraTaSvili-

sa da ioane SavTelis quCebis kuTxeSi [1, 5].

274

ezos CrdiloeTiT mdebare patara gamwvanebuli zonaa ganTav-

sebuli.

miRebuli daskvnis marTebulobas, rogorc Cans, mTlianad

adasturebs aRniSnuli teritoriis vizualuri daTvalierebis

Sedegebic. aq, baga-baRis ezos CrdiloeT nawilSi, romelic am-

Jamindeli SoTa niSnianiZis Cixis donidan, daaxloebiT, 2 met-

riT ufro qvemoT mdebareobs, TvalnaTliv ganirCeva aguriTa

da riyis qviT amoyvanili kedlis ramdenime metris sigrZis mo-

nakveTi, romelic, savaraudod, wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis an

taZris maxloblad mdebare romelime sxva nagebobis naSTs unda

warmoadgendes1.

1 winamdebare naSromis Tavdapirvel, mRvdeli kaxaber mesxisaTvis ga-

dacemul variantze muSaoba ukve dasrulebuli gvqonda, roca Jur-

nal `saqarTvelos siZvelenis~ 2010 wels dabeWdil me-14 nomerSi gave-

caniT maia manias statias àvlevis Sesaxvevis Zveli saxli da misi mik-

roubani~. mkvlevari dasaxelebul publikaciaSi sagangebod exeba wm.

Toma mociqulis eklesiis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxs. igi #191 sabav-

Svo baga-baRis kuTvnili ezos CrdiloeT nawilSi gamovlenili kedlis

monakveTs, aq gamoyenebuli samSeneblo masalisa da kedlis wyobis xa-

siaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, XVIII saukuniT aTariRebs da mas kviracxovlis

anu wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis fragmentad miiCnevs: àRsaniSnavia

da friad sayuradRebo, rom kviracxovlis eklesiis saZirkvlis nawil-

ma dRevandlamde moaRwia. avlevisa da niSnianiZis quCebs Soris moqce-

uli ganaSenianebis viwro zolSi, XIX saukunis Zvel saxlebs Soris, sa-

bavSvo baRis axali (1980-iani ww.) Senoba dgas. Senobis ezo or doneze

_ quCis da quCis niSnulze oriode metriT dabla moTavsebul sib-

rtyezea gaSlili. ezos qveda niSnulis Suagulidan amozrdilia Zveli

nagebobis kuTxe, amoyvanili Zveli agurisa da riyis qvis monacvleo-

biTi wyobiT. igi zeda mxares axali aguris wyobiT grZeldeba, qveda

mxridan ki bazaltis filebiT Semosil cokols eyrdnoba. Cvens wina-

Sea Zveli agurisa da riyis qvis monacvleobiT (qvevidan zeviT _ ori

rigi riyis qvis, ori rigi Zveli aguris, erTi rigi riyis qvis, erTi

rigi aguris da erTi rigi riyis qvis) nagebi kedlis wyobis fragmen-

ti... es, ki XVIII saukuneSi am adgilas aSenebuli kviracxovlis eklesi-

is saZirkveli unda iyos. kedlis am fragmentis Tundac Tbilisis sxva

ubanSi, isanSi, dedofal darejanis sasaxlis kompleqsis teritoriaze

arsebul kedlebTan Sedareba maT Soris siaxlovesa da msgavsebas am-

JRavnebs. kviracxovlis eklesiis SemorCenili kedeli analogias sa-

kuTriv Tbilisis da imave isnis quCaTa qselSi Semonaxul, Zvel, sava-

raudod XVIII saukunis, sacxovrebeli saxlebis zurgebTanac poulobs.

TvalSisacemia erTi da igive samSeneblo masala _ Zveli aguri da ri-

yis (da ara fleTili an Tlili an natexi!) qva da wyobis xasiaTi. kvi-

racxovlis eklesiis zusti adgilsamyofelis dadgena, ara mxolod

siZvelis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiTaa mniSvnelovani. kviracxovlis ek-

275

2. wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxovlis) eklesiis istoria

wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis daarsebis droisa da viTa-

rebis Sesaxeb raime werilobiTi miTiTeba, jerjerobiT, ar mog-

vepoveba. dReisaTvis, praqtikulad, araferi viciT taZris XVIII

saukunemdeli istoriis Sesaxebac.

am xarvezs mxolod nawilobriv avsebs qarTveli istori-

kosisa da siZveleTmcodnis platon ioselianis (1809-1875 ww.)

mier 1866 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi `Описанiе древностей города Тифлиса~ Setanili cnoba, romelic gvauwyebs, rom wm. Toma mo-

ciqulis Zveli eklesia monRolma sardalma Temurlengma (1336-

1405 ww.) daangria, romelmac, qarTul istoriografiaSi dam-

kvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qalaqi Tbilisi 1386 wels aa-

oxra: `Церковь Апостола Фомы (k¢ra-cxoveli). На развалинахъ древней, разрушенной при Тимуре...~ [5, 58; 6, 675-680].

samwuxarod, platon ioseliani Tavis 1866 wlis publika-

ciaSi ar akonkretebs, Tu, saxeldobr, romel werilobiT Zeg-

lsa Tu zepir gadmocemaSi miakvlia aRniSnul cnobas. Sesabami-

sad, Cven, am etapze, verc calsaxad gaviziarebT da verc xela-

RebiT uarvyofT wm. Toma mociqulis Zveli eklesiis 1386 wels,

Temurlengis mier dangrevis faqts1.

wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis XVIII saukunis dasawyisis is-

toriis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis platon ioselia-

nis mamis, karis wm. giorgis eklesiis dekanozis egnate ioselia-

nis (1767-1844 ww.) mier 1837 wels Sedgenili Txzuleba, pirobi-

Ti saxelwodebiT `Tbilisis eklesiaTa aRwera~2. am Txzulebis

lesiis zusti adgilis moZebna Suasaukuneebis Tbilisis urbanuli

qsovilis Seswavlisa da kvlevis TvalsazrisiTac aris sayuradRebo.

kviracxovlis eklesia, SesaZloa zemo kalas am nawilSi mdebare sur-

bniSnis eklesiasTan erTad, Tbilisis Zvel rukebsa da gegmebze muSao-

bisas erTgvar orientirad ganvixiloT~ [4, 207-208]. 1 Cveni dakvirvebiT, aRniSnuli sakiTxis sabolood garkvevisa da zoga-

dad, wm. Tomas eklesiis XVIII saukunemdeli istoriis rekonstruirebi-

saTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs taZris naSTebisa da misi mimdebare

teritoriis arqeologiur Seswavlas, risi ganxorcielebac, samecniero

TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad saWiro da mniSvnelovan saqmes warmoadgens. 2 dasaxelebuli Txzulebis teqstSi misi avtoris vinaoba miTiTebuli

ar aris [7, 83-96. Sdr.: 8, 255]. miuxedavad amisa, es bundovani sakiTxi

savsebiT damajereblad aris garkveuli caca Wankievis mier 1963 wels

gamoqveynebul naSromSi ègnate ioselianis literaturuli memkvid-

276

Tanaxmad, 1703 wels qarTlis mTavarepiskoposma qristefore

amilaxvarma wm. Tomas Zveli eklesiis nangrevebze axali taZari

aago da is mcxeTis samTavros taZarSi mosaydre qarTlis mTa-

varepiskoposTa metoqad (`fodveriad~) anu droebiT sadgomad

aqcia: `tfilissave Sina aris patara ekklesia wmindisa mociqu-

lisa Tomas saxelsa zeda... aRSenebuli mTavarepiskoposisa

reobis SeswavlisaTvis~, sadac dadgenilia, rom gansaxilavi Txzuleba

egnate ioselianis mier iyo Sedgenili [9, 57-66]. yovelive aRniSnulis

Semdeg erTgvar gakvirvebas iwvevs 2002 wels dabeWdil enciklopedia

`TbilisSi~ Setanili statia `kviracxovlis wminda Tomas eklesia~, sa-

dac egnate ioselianis mier 1837 wels Sedgenili da leon meliqseT-

begis mier 1923 wels gamoqveynebuli Txzuleba `d. kariWaSvilis kata-

logis~ saxeliT aris moxseniebuli: èklesia xelaxla auSenebia mTava-

repiskopos qristefores... d. kariWaSvilis katalogiT _ 1703: `tfi-

lissave Sina aris patara ekklesia wmidisa mociqulisa Tomas saxelsa

zeda, qviT-kirisa, ugumbaTo, aRSenebuli mTavarepiskoposisa qriste-

fore amilaxuarovisagan metoqed anu fodveriad T¢sad welsa 1703-sa.

amas Sina aris erTi mRudeli~ [2, 593]. rogorc vxedavT, citirebuli

saenciklopedio statiidan avtomaturad gamomdinareobs mcdari az-

ri, rom gansaxilavi Txzulebis teqsti daviT kariWaSvilis `katalog-

Sia~ Setanili. am mcdar azrs kidev ufro amyarebs dasaxelebul en-

ciklopediaSi gamoqveynebuli kidev erTi statia `kariWaSvili~, sa-

dac, agreTve, SecdomiT aris aRniSnuli, rom daviT kariWaSvilis mier

1905 wels gamoqveynebuli `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrce-

lebeli sazogadoebis wignTsacavis katalogi~ `Seicavs mniSvnelovan

cnobebs TbilisSi mdebare eklesia-monastrebis Sesaxeb~ [10, 587]. xse-

nebuli ori saenciklopedio statiisa da am statiebSi daSvebuli Sec-

domebis sapasuxod, SevniSnavT, rom daviT kariWaSvilis mier 1905

wels gamoqveynebul katalogSi CvenTvis saintereso Txzulebis Sesa-

xeb mxolod ramdenime mSrali teqnikuri monacemia motanili: `161.

monastrebi da eklesiebi tfilissa da mis midamoebSi. 35,8 X 22,1. gv.

#3034~ [11, 118]. Sesabamisad, sakuTriv katalogi, saenciklopedio

statiebis miTiTebis sapirispirod, Tbilisis eklesia-monastrebisa da

maT Soris, wm. Toma mociqulis taZris Taobaze aranair cnobebs, arc

mniSvnelovans da arc umniSvnelos, ar Seicavs. anu sxvagvarad rom

vTqvaT, saenciklopedio statiebSi naxsenebi Tu citirebuli cnobebi,

sinamdvileSi, motanilia ara daviT kariWaSvilis katalogidan, ro-

gorc es saenciklopedio statiebSia aRniSnuli, aramed am katalogSi

dasaxelebuli erT-erTi Txzulebidan, romelic, caca Wankievis dak-

virvebiT, egnate ioselianis mieraa Sedgenili da romlis teqstic,

mxolod erTxel, 1923 wels, leon meliqseT-begis mier aris gamoqvey-

nebuli (am Txzulebis dedani dReisaTvis xelnawerTa erovnul cen-

trSi inaxeba da qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis S koleqciaSi 3034-e nom-

riT aris registrirebuli [8, 255]).

277

qristefore amilaxuarovisagan metoqed anu fodveriad T¢sad

welsa 1703-sa~ [7, 84]1.

qristefore amilaxvris mier axali eklesiis mSeneblobis

ambavi dReisaTvis dakargul saqtitoro lapidarul warweraSi

yofila gadmocemuli, romelic 1866 wels jer kidev taZris

erT-erT kedelSi iyo Cadgmuli da romelic platon ioselians

sakuTari TvaliT hqonda nanaxi: `Церковь Апостола Фомы... На развалинахъ древней, разрушенной при Тимуре... построена настоящая малая церковь архiепископомъ (mTavar-episkoposi) Грузинскимъ Хри-стофоромъ* (*Онъ быль изъ роду князей Амилахваровихъ). Это видно изъ надписи на камне, вложенномъ въ стену церкви~ [5, 58-59]

2.

mTavarepiskopos qristefores mier agebuli wm. Toma mo-

ciqulis axali taZari, egnate ioselianis cnobiT, qviTkiriT

1 qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis qristefore amilaxvaris moRvaweobis

pirveli periodis (XVII s.) qronologiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi

safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili guram jandieris mier 1971 wels gamoqvey-

nebul naSromSi `XVII saukunis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriuli

qronologiis sakiTxisaTvis (episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi)~. aR-

niSnul publikaciaSi dadgenilia, rom qristefore qarTlis mTavare-

piskoposis wodebiT 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1696 da 1698 wlebiT daTa-

riRebuli Svidi qarTuli istoriuli dokumentis teqstSia moxsenie-

buli. paralelurad amisa, guram jandieris mier garkveulia isic,

rom 1697 wlis erTi dokumentis teqstSi qarTlis mTavarepiskoposad,

qristefores nacvlad, evdemoz ratiSvilia moxseniebuli. aRniSnuli

garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevari askvnis, rom 1690-1696 wleb-

Si qarTlis mTavarepiskoposobas qristefore amilaxvari flobda.

1697 wels qristeforem qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis Tanamdeboba da-

karga da mis magivrad, xsenebuli saepiskoposo kaTedra evdemoz ra-

tiSvilma daikava, romelic manamde jer urbneli (1666-1674 ww.), xolo

Semdeg, mangleli (1676-1683 ww.) episkoposis Tanamdebobas flobda.

evdemozis mTavarepiskoposoba didxans ar gagrZelebula da 1698 wels

qristefore amilaxvarma qarTlis mTavarepiskoposoba ukan daibruna

[12, 334, 341-342, 344, 352-353]. 2 aqve, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT im faqts, rom platon ioseliani wm. Toma

mociqulis axali eklesiis mSeneblobis TariRs, egnate ioselianisagan

gansxvavebiT, ara 1703 wliT, aramed XVII saukunis miwuruliT gansaz-

Rvravs: `Церковь Апостола Фомы... въ конце XVII века построена архiеписко-помъ Грузинскимъ Христофоромъ~ [5, 58-59]. Cven am ori TariRidan upi-

ratesobas, pirobiTad, 1703 wels vaZlevT. marTalia, egnate ioselia-

ni im werilobiT Zegls ar asaxelebs, sadac man dasaxelebul TariRs

miakvlia, magram, am qronologiuri monacemis konkretuli xasiaTi (sa-

xeldobr 1703 weli da ara, vTqvaT, XVIII saukunis dasawyisi), gvafiqre-

binebs, rom am TariRs raime myari werilobiTi safuZveli hqonda.

278

nagebi, mcire zomis ugumbaTo eklesia iyo: `tfilissave Sina

aris patara ekklesia wmidisa mociqulisa Tomas saxelsa zeda,

qviT-kirisa, ugumbaTo~ [7, 84]. wm. Tomas eklesias mcire zomis

taZrad moixseniebs platon ioselianic: `Церковь Апостола Фо-мы... построена настоящая малая церковь архiепископомъ... Грузин-скимъ Христофоромъ~ [5, 58-59]

1.

amave platon ioselianis cnobiT, wm. Toma mociqulis ek-

lesiasTan, rogorc Cans, saerTo galavniT mozRudul terito-

riaze, savaraudod, taZris Tanadroulad aSenebuli, gemovne-

biT nagebi, orsarTuliani sacxovrebeli saxli mdebareobda,

romelic qarTlis mTavarepiskoposTa droebiT rezidencias

warmoadgenda: `Церковь эта съ домомъ, была подворьемъ архiеписко-повъ Самтаврiйскихъ~; `И такъ изъ Домовъ, во вкусе Персидскомъ лу-чшими двухъ-этажными, существовали при последнихъ царяхъ сле-дующiе... в) Домъ Самтаврскихъ архiепископовъ (mTavar-episkoposi) как их подворье~ [5, 270; 7, 84].

samwuxarod, Cven, jerjerobiT, sxva bevri araferis Tqma

ar SegviZlia wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis XVIII saukunis isto-

riis Sesaxeb. viciT mxolod, rom taZars am periodSi, misi me-

patroneebis, qarTlis mTavarepiskoposebis titulidan gamom-

dinare, `mTavarepiskoposis saydari~ ewodeboda. marTlac, wm.

Toma mociqulis eklesia qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdivanbegis

iese oses Ze baraTaSvilis (1728-1786 ww.) mier 1768-1786 wlebSi

Sedgenil `cxovreba-anderZSi~ swored am saxeliT aris moxseni-

1 platon ioselianis cnobiT, wm. Toma mociqulis axladagebul ekle-

sias imdroindeli Tbilisis erT-erT qalaqispira sofelSi, kukiaSi

mdebare wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxovlis) patara eklesia eqvemdeba-

reboda (`masze miwerili iyo~), romelic, Tavis mxriv, XVII saukuneSi,

iranis Sahis abas I-is (1587-1629 ww.) Semosevebis (1614, 1616, 1617, ww.)

dros iyo darbeuli da gapartaxebuli: `К нему же была приписана и другая малая, сущестовавшая въ Кукахъ до 1622 (?) года т. е. до разоренiя Ти-флиса Шахъ-Абасомъ великимъ* (*Она именуется ныне Русскимъ названiемъ: красная гора. Торжество празднованiя во кругъ развалинъ, совершается въ день Антипасхи)~ [5, 59]. platon ioselianis mier naxseneb wiTel, igive kvi-

racxovlis goraze (`красная гора~) aRmarTuli wm. Toma mociqulis

(kviracxovlis) eklesia, Teimuraz beriZis marTebuli dakvirvebiT,

mdebareobda ara Zveli kukiis, aramed CuRureTis teritoriaze, `did-

xevis marcxena napirze, rkinigzis xazTan, SemaRlebul adgilze (dRes

mas dakarguli aqvs eklesiis saxe, igi gadakeTebulia sacxovrebel Se-

nobad)~ [13, 163. Sdr.: 14, 152].

279

ebuli: àw SemoklebiT aRvTvalo Cemi mamuli: ...sasaxle mTava-

repiskoposis saydarsa da qsnis erisTavis sasaxles Sua, abaSi-

Zeebisagan mosyiduli~ [15, 51-52]1.

1803 wels Tbilelma mitropolitma arsen bagrationma

(1794-1810 ww.) wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiaSi qarTlisa (samTav-

rosa) da wilknis mTavarepiskoposi ioane qarumiZe (1793-1803

ww.) dakrZala. aRniSnul cnobas XIX-XX saukuneebis mwignobari

mRvdlis, polievqtos karbelaSvilis mier Sedgenili naSromi

`saqarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmTavarTa sia 318-1819 wlamde~

gvawvdis: `mcxeTis mT.episkoposni: ...ioane[,] † 1803[,] qarumiZe... Ze

onofre berisa, daviT garesjis moRvawisa. daasaflava arsen

tfilelma kviracxovlis eklesiaSi~ [17, 38v]. aRniSnul faqts sakmaod didi mniSvneloba aqvs wm. Toma

mociqulis eklesiis istoriisaTvis. marTlac, am faqtidan ir-

kveva, rom taZari qarTlis mTavarepiskoposebisaTvis mxolod

metoqi anu droebiTi sadgomi ki ar iyo, aramed, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, maTi saZvalis anu samudamo gansasveneblis funqci-

asac asrulebda.

ruseTis imperiis mier qarTlis sakaTolikosos avtokefa-

liis gauqmebis (1810 w.) Semdeg wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia, aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos sxva eklesia-monastrebis msgavsad, ru-

seTis eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida.

1825 wels wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiasTan mdebare sac-

xovrebeli saxlis adgilas, romelic XVIII saukuneSi qarTlis

mTavarepiskoposTa rezidencias warmoadgenda, axali, orsar-

Tuliani saxli aages da is saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodaluri

kantoris prokurors gadasces. am ambavs platon ioseliani Sem-

1 sxvaTa Soris, Cvenamde moaRwia im konkretuli dokumentis teq-

stmac, romlis ZaliTac iese baraTaSvilma qaixosro abaSiZisagan wm.

Toma mociqulis eklesiis maxloblad mdebare `sasaxle~ anu saxlis

asaSeneblad gankuTvnili miwa SeiZina. aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs qaixos-

ro abaSiZis mier iese baraTaSvilisaTvis micemuli 1769 wlis 10 ivni-

sis nasyidobis wigni, sadac nasyidi miwis adgilmdebareobis dasazus-

teblad miTiTebulia ara `mTavarepiskoposis saydari~ anu wm. Toma

mociqulis eklesia, rogorc amas iese baraTaSvilis `cxovreba-ander-

Zis~ zemoT citirebul fragmentSi vxedavT, aramed `mTavarefiskopo-

zis saxli~ anu wm. Toma mociqulis taZarTan mdebare qarTlis mTava-

repiskoposTa sacxovrebeli rezidencia: àse rome qalaqs mTavarefis-

kopozis saxlis pirdapir papas Cems aragvis erisTavis Svilis zurab

eSikaRasbaSisagan sasaxle eyidna...…Cemi wili am sasaxlis naxevari Sen-

Tvis mogviyidia~ [16, 331].

280

degi saxiT mogviTxrobs: ~...наместе дома, въ которомъ помещался Самтаврскiй или Мцхетскiй архiепископъ, построенъ около 1825 года двухъ-этажный домъ для помещения прокурора Грузино-Имеретинской Синодальной конторы~ [5, 60].

1830-ian wlebSi wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia kvlavindebu-

rad moqmedi iyo. amaze, Zveli Tbilisis istoriis SesaniSnavi

mkvlevris, mamisa berZniSvilis dakvirvebiT, aSkarad miuTiTebs

is faqti, rom tavernickis mier Sedgenil qalaq Tbilisis 1833-

1835 wlebis gegmaze wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia moqmedi taZ-

ris saxiT iyo aRniSnuli [1, 25]1.

mamisa berZniSvilis am dakvirvebas mTlianad adasturebs

egnate ioselianis `Tbilisis eklesiaTa aRwera~, sadac pirda-

pir aris naTqvami, rom Txzulebis Sedgenis dros anu 1837 wels

wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia jer kidev moqmedi iyo da aq erTi

mRvdeli msaxurobda: `tfilissave Sina aris patara ekklesia

wmidisa mociqulisa Tomas saxelsa zeda... amas Sina aris erTi

mRudeli~ [7, 84].

daaxloebiT, amave 1830-ian wlebSi wm. Toma mociqulis ek-

lesiis mdgomareoba, misi siZvelisa Tu SeukeTeblobis gamo,

TandaTanobiT damZimda, 1840 wels ki taZari imdenad avariul

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, rom aq RmrTismsaxureba saerTod Sew-

yda da eklesia didi xniT daixura. wm. Toma mociqulis eklesi-

is gauqmebis ambavi mokled aqvs gadmocemuli platon ioseli-

ans, romelic am movlenis Tanamedrove da uSualo TviTmxilve-

li iyo: `Церковь, строенная на развалинахъ древней во имя Ап. Фомы (k¢ra-cxoveli) за ветхостiю запечатана съ 1840 года~ [5, 270]

2.

platon ioselianisave cnobiT, wm. Tomas eklesia, gauqme-

bis Semdeg, `masze miweril~ CuRureTis kviracxovlis taZarTan

1 mamisa berZniSvilis mier naxsenebi tavernickis gegmis dedani, sava-

raudod, ruseTSi inaxeba. rac Seexeba am gegmis asls, is, mkvlevris

TqmiT, `daculia Tbilisis muzeumSi, magram mas eqsplikaciebi ar ax-

lavs~ [1, 25]. samwuxarod, rigi mizezebis gamo, Cven, jerjerobiT, ver

movaxerxeT, piradad gvenaxa tavernickis gegmis saqarTveloSi dacu-

li asli an misi foto mainc, ris gamoc, iZulebuli varT, masze saub-

risas mTlianad mamisa berZniSvilis dakvirvebebs davemyaroT. 2 platon ioselianis am cnobis marTebulobas TiTqmis mTlianad adas-

turebs mari brose, romelic aRniSnavs, rom misi saqarTveloSi mogza-

urobis dros anu 1847-1848 wlebSi, wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia ukve

daxuruli iyo [22, 18].

281

erTad, anCisxatis eklesias dauqvemdebares: `И та и другая ныне приписаны къ Анчисхатскому Собору~ [5, 59].

1860-iani wlebisaTvis wm. Toma mociqulis avariul mdgo-

mareobaSi myofi eklesia Camoqcevis realuri safrTxis winaSe

aRmoCnda da ruseTis imperiis saeklesio mmarTvelobis umaR-

lesma organom, uwmidesma sinodma taZris demontaJis gadawyve-

tileba miiRo. aRniSnuli dadgenileba sinodma 1863 wlis 10 ag-

vistos gamoitana. am gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, wm. Toma moci-

qulis eklesiis daSlis Semdeg misi wmida trapezis adgilas an

niSi unda aegoT an kidev, jvari unda aRemarTaT. garda amisa,

unda moewesrigebinaT eklesiis ezoc. sinodis am gadawyvetile-

bis Sesaxeb mokled gvauwyebs gazeT `droebis~ 1884 wlis 27 no-

embris nomerSi dabeWdili erTi xelmouwereli statia: ùwmi-

desi sinodis uqaziT 1863 w. agvistos 10-dam, eklesia... unda daS-

liliyo, magram trapezis adgilzed an niSi (часовня) unda aSene-

buliyo, an jvari dadgmuliyo da wmidad Senaxuliyo sruliad

eklesiis ezo~ [18, 1].

sinodis am gadawyvetilebam maSindel qarTul sazogadoe-

baSi, rogorc Cans, aSkara ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. am ukmayofi-

lebis erT-erT gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda platon ioselia-

nis mier 1866 wels gamoqveynebuli, zemoT ukve naxsenebi wigni

`Описанiе древностей города Тифлиса~, romelic sinodis mier wm.

Toma mociqulis eklesiis demontaJis gadawyvetilebis miRebi-

dan (1863 wlis 10 agvisto), sul raRac, ToTxmeti-TxuTmeti

Tvis Semdeg iyo dasabeWdad gadacemuli (1864 wlis 1 dekembe-

ri) [5, 1]. wignSi avtori sazogadoebas, sinodis dadgenilebis

sapirispirod, ganadgurebis piras mdgomi wm. Toma mociqulis

eklesiis aRdgena-ganaxlebis ideas sTavazobda. amasTan, pla-

ton ioseliani sagangebod ixsenebda rusuli mmarTvelobis

garkveul wreebSi arsebul erT-erT proeqts, romelic wm. To-

ma mociqulis eklesiasTan mdebare orsarTuliani sacxovrebe-

li saxlis gadakeTeba-ganaxlebasa da am saxlis maRali rangis

saeklesio moxelis, saqarTvelos egzarqosis vikarisaTvis gada-

cemas iTvaliswinebda. avtoris azriT, am proeqtis daxmarebiT,

wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia dangreva-demontaJs gadarCeboda

da STamomavlobas winaparTagan namoRvawar-naWirnaxulevi taZa-

ri aRar daekargeboda: `Нине церковь эта угрожаетъ паденiемъ, а

наместе дома, въ которомъ помещался Самтаврскiй или Мцхетскiй архiепископъ, построенъ около 1825 года двухъ-этажный домъ для

282

помещения прокурора Грузино-Имеретинской Синодальной конторы. Думали, кажется, исправить этотъ домъ для помещенiя Викарiя Грузинскаго. Можетъ быть и самая церковь получитъ новый видъ подъ своимъ же именемъ, чтобъ сохранить для потомства заветную святыню древнихъ, бурныхъ для края вековъ и воскресить память техъ святителей, которые такъ крепко стояли на страже православiя, и такъ крепко охраняли его заветныя святыни~ [5, 60-61].

samwuxarod, ruseTis imperiis saeklesio mmarTvelobis

umaRlesma wreebma platon ioselianis mowodebas dumiliT upa-

suxes da sinodis 1863 wlis 10 agvistos dadgenileba ZalaSi

datoves. miuxedavad amisa, sinodis gadawyvetilebis aRsrule-

ba, CvenTvis ucnobi mizezebis gamo, didi xniT gadaido da wm.

Toma mociqulis eklesiis demontaJis praqtikuli samuSaoebi

mxolod 1875/1876-1884 wlebSi ganxorcielda.

am xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi Camoqcevis piras myofi

taZris avariuli mdgomareobiTa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

usafrTxoebiT SeSfoTebuli Tbilisis saqalaqo administracia

wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis daSlas daJinebiT moiTxovda da

am mizniT, saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodalur kantorasTan in-

tensiur mimoweras awarmoebda. sabolood, sinodma, savarau-

dod, sinodaluri kantoris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, taZ-

ris demontaJisaTvis aucilebeli samuSaoebis xarjTaRicxva

daamtkica da am samuSaoebis Catareba sinodaluri kantoris

erT-erT TanamSromels, ivane simonovs daavala, romelic, sxva

TanamosamsaxureebTan erTad, swored wm. Toma mociqulis ekle-

siasTan mdebare orsarTulian saxlSi cxovrobda. ivane simo-

novma sinodis davaleba CinovnikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pedan-

turobiT aRasrula da 1875/1876-1884 wlebSi wm. Toma mociqu-

lis eklesia saZirkvlamde daSala1.

1 wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis demontaJis faqtis 1875/1876-1884 wle-

biT daTariRebisas or konkretul qronologiur monacems vemyarebiT:

1. gazeTi `droebis~ 1884 wlis 27 noembris nomerSi dabeWdil xelmou-

werel statiaSi aRniSnulia, rom wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis demon-

taJi (`daqceva~) sinodis mier 1863 wlis 10 agvistos gadawyvetilebis

miRebidan Tormeti-cameti wlis Semdeg anu 1875/1876 (1863+12=1875 w.

/ 1863+13=1876 w.) wlebis Semdgom periodSi ganxorcielda; 2. gazeTi

`Кавказъ~is 1884 wlis 8 noembris nomerSi dabeWdili ivane simonovis

werilidan Cans, rom xsenebuli werilis dabeWdvis droisaTvis anu

1884 wlis noembris TveSi wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia ukve daSlili

iyo.

283

taZris daSla-demontaJis ambebi metnaklebi sisruliTaa

gadmocemuli or sagazeTo publikaciaSi: 1. Tavad ivane simono-

vis statiaSi, romelic 1884 wels gazeT `Кавказъ~-is 8 noembris

nomerSi gamoqveynda; da 2. erT xelmouwerel statiaSi, rome-

lic ivane simonovis publikaciis sapasuxod, gazeT `droebis~

1884 wlis 27 noembris nomerSi daibeWda.

gazeTi `Кавказъ~: `Въ доме, где была церковь, въ числе другихъ живу и я... Деиствительно, мне было поручено разобратъ по ветхости и совершенной негодности церковное зданiе, о которомъ несколько летъ шла переписка съ Тифлисскимъ губернаторомъ, настаивавшимъ ра-зобратъ его въ предупрежденiе несчастiя. Составленная по этому поводу смета на разборъ зданiя была утверждена святейшимъ синодомъ~ [19, 3].

gazeTi `droeba~: ùwmidesi sinodis uqaziT 1863 w. agvis-

tos 10-dam, eklesia... unda daSliliyo... am ukazis Semdeg gavida

TiTqmis Tormet-cameti weliwadi da eklesia ar iqceoda. Sem-

deg daiqca eklesia...~ [18, 1].

wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis daSla-demontaJis miuxeda-

vad, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, Zveli tradiciis gavleniT, na-

taZralze salocavad misvlas kvlavindeburad agrZelebda, yo-

vel SabaT saRamos eklesiis galavanTan ikribeboda da vinaidan

ezoSi Sesasvleli mudam daketili xvdeboda, anTebul sanTlebs

pirdapir alayafis karze akravda. Tbilisis mosaxleobis mier

wm. Toma mociqulis naeklesiaris Tayvaniscemis ambavi, praqti-

kulad, erTi da imave saxiT aris gadmocemuli gazeT `droebis~

1884 wlis 1 da 27 noembris nomrebSi gamoqveynebul or xelmo-

uwerel statiaSi: `xalxi... dResac SabaT-saRamoobiT anTebs

sanTels eklesiis galavnis quCis daketil karebSi, romelic

isea gamuruli sanTlis alisagan, gegonebaT Zveli darbazis er-

doao~ [20, 3]; ~...dResac auarebeli mlocvelni midian yovel Sa-

baTobiT da galavnis yru karebze anTeben wmida sanTels da

fulsac swirven~ [18, 1].

Tbilisis mosaxleobis amgvari ganwyobilebis miuxedavad,

wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis daSlas, sazogadoebis mxridan,

raime didi winaaRmdegoba, savaraudod, ar Sexvedria. aseTma vi-

Tarebam nataZralTan mdebare saxlSi mcxovreb ivane simonovs,

rogorc Cans, dausjelobis grZnoba gauCina da man daSlili ek-

lesiis ezoSi pirutyvis sadgomi ficruli nageboba aaSena. am

ambavma qarTuli sazogadoebis moTminebis fiala sabolood

284

aavso da gazeT `droebis~ 1884 wlis 1 noembris nomerSi xelmo-

uwereli statia gamoqveynda, romlis avtoric ivane simonovis

(`b. s-s~) saqcielis gamo ukidures aRSfoTebas gamoxatavda.

anonimi avtori Tvlida, rom rusi moxele, mis mier daSlili

taZris nangrevebze Tavlis aSenebiT, qarTuli istoriuli siZ-

veleebisadmi aSkara upativcemulobas gamoxatavda da Tbilisis

mosaxleobis religiur grZnobebsa Tu saeklesio tradiciebs

abuCad igdebda: ànCis-xatis taZris axlo iyo erTi eklesia kvi-

ra-cxovlisa. es eklesia Zvelad Seadgenda mcxeTis samTavros

mTavar-episkoposebis sametoqo eklesias. dRes am eklesiis sax-

lebSi sami Tu oTxi sinodaluris kantoris Cinovniki scxov-

robs. amaTgan b. s-ma ineba dangreva eklesiisa da im adgilzed

aaSena Tavla. xalxi ki dResac SabaT-saRamoobiT anTebs san-

Tels eklesiis galavnis quCis daketil karebSi, romelic isea

gamuruli sanTlis alisagan, gegonebaT Zveli darbazis erdo-

ao: am faqts ganmarteba ar eWirveba~ [20, 3].

gazeT `droebis~ 1884 wlis 1 noembris nomerSi dabeWdil-

ma am statiam, rogorc Cans, didi interesi gamoiwvia da amitom

misi teqstis rusuli Targmani gazeT `Кавказъ~-is 1884 wlis 3

noembris nomerSic gamoqveynda. sagulisxmoa, rom werilis ru-

sulenovan TargmanSi teqstis dasawyisi nawili arsebiTad Sec-

vlili Tu damaxinjebuli iyo. kerZod, `droebaSi~ gamoqveyne-

bul werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia

Zvelad qarTlis (`mcxeTis samTavros~) mTavarepiskoposebis me-

toqs warmoadgenda, xolo `Кавказъ~-Si gadabeWdili amave frag-

mentis rusulenovan TargmanSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom wm. Toma mo-

ciqulis taZari `qarTlis mTavarepiskoposebis dros~ (?), mcxe-

Tis sveticxovlis taZris (`Мцхетскаго собора~) Semdeg, mniSvne-

lobiT, meore eklesiad iTvleboda: `Въ газете `Дроэба~ читаемъ: Близъ Анчисхатскаго храма была одна церковь, которая считалась вто-рою после Мцхетскаго собора во времена грузинскихъ архiепископовъ. Теперь въ домахъ, пренадлежавшихъ этой церкви, живутъ три или четыре чиновника синодальной канторы. изъ нихъ некто г. С. изволилъ разрушить церковь (?) и построить на томъ месте конюшню. Народ-же, по привычке, и теперь продолжаетъ ходитъ по субботамъ къ ограде храма и ставитъ свечки у запертыхъ дверей ея. Этотъ фактъ, говоритъ газета, не требуетъ комментарiй. Интересно было-бы знатъ: неужели все это правда?~ [21, 1].

285

gazeT `droebaSi~ dabeWdili statiis am damaxinjebuli

rusuli Targmanis gamoqveynebis Semdeg ivane simonovma gazeT

`Кавказъ~-is redaqtors werilobiT mimarTa da gazeTis romeli-

me momdevno nomerSi misi sapasuxo werilis gamoqveyneba sTxo-

va. aq ganmartebuli iqneboda `droebidan~ gadmobeWdil stati-

aSi wamoWrili yvela sadavo Tu bundovani sakiTxi. `Кавказъ~-is

redaqtorma Txovna daakmayofila da ivane simonovis werili

gazeTis 1884 wlis 8 noembris nomerSi gamoaqveyna.

statiis avtori, pirvel rigSi, `droebaSi~ dabeWdili sta-

tiis, ufro zustad ki, am statiis `Кавказъ~-Si damaxinjebuli

saxiT gadabeWdili rusuli Targmanis im nawilze amaxvilebda

yuradReba, sadac wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia, Tavisi mniSvne-

lobiT, mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris Semdeg, saqarTveloSi,

meore eklesiad iyo gamocxadebuli. amis Semdeg ivane simonovi

mkiTxvels mokled mouTxrobda wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis

demontaJis sakiTxis istorias, romelic zemoT, erTxel ukve

gvqonda citirebuli. kidev ufro qvemoT avtori xazgasmiT aR-

niSnavda im faqts, rom arc mas da arc mis sxva Tanamosamsaxu-

reebs, romlebic masTan erTad cxovroben nataZralTan mdebare

saxlSi, cxenebi ar hyavdaT da Sesabamisad, Tavlis ageba saer-

Tod ar sWirdebodaT. sul bolos, ivane simonovi gakvriT exe-

boda wm. Toma mociqulis naeklesiaris mdgomareobas da iuwye-

boda, rom am adgilas RobiT mozRuduli baRi iyo gaSenebuli

da iq aranairi Senoba ar idga: `М. г. г. редакторъ! Не откажите напечатать въ редактируемой вами газете настоящее мое письмо, въ опровержение известия, перепечатаннаго вами изъ газеты `Дроэба~ въ 246 `Кавказа~. Авторъ известя, говоря о разрушенной близъ Анчис-хатскаго собора церкви, говоритъ, что `изъ числа трехъ или четырехъ чиновниковъ синодальной конторы, живущихъ въ церковномъ доме, некто г. С. изволилъ разрушить церковь, которая считалась второю после Мцхетскаго собора, и построить конюшню~. `Въ доме, где была церковь, въ числе другихъ живу и я, фамилiя моя начинается съ буквы С. Деиствительно, мне было поручено разобратъ по ветхости и совер-шенной негодности церковное зданiе, о которомъ несколько летъ шла переписка съ Тифлисскимъ губернаторомъ, настаивавшимъ разобратъ его въ предупрежденiе несчастiя. Составленная по этому поводу смета на разборъ зданiя была утверждена святейшимъ синодомъ. Что-же касается устройства конюшни, то для меня страннымъ кажется, для

286

кого понадобиласъ-бы подобная постройка, такъ-какъ у чиновниковъ синодальной конторы вообще не имеется лошадей, следовательно, и конюшня совершенно не нужна. Место-же, где была церковь, огоро-жено и на немъ разводится садикъ, содержащiйся довольно опрятно и никакого строенiя тамъ нетъ. Иванъ Симоновъ~ [19, 3].

ivane simonovis sapasuxo werilma qarTuli sazogadoeba

ufro metad gaaRiziana. am gaRizianebis TvalsaCino gamoxatu-

lebas warmoadgenda imave gazeT `droebis~ 1884 wlis 27 noem-

bris nomerSi dabeWdili sakmaod vrceli xelmouwereli sta-

tia, sadac kidev ufro mkacrad iyo gakritikebuli ivane simo-

novi.

statiis pirvel nawilSi avtori mokled mimoixilavda

`droebasa~ da `Кавказъ~-Si gamoqveynebul statiebs. amis Semdeg

avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavda im faqts, rom igi sagangebod ew-

via wm. Toma mociqulis naeklesiars da sakuTari TvaliT kidev

erTxel naxa iq arsebuli suraTi. avtoris TqmiT, daSlili

taZris adgilas, uSualod naeklesiarze, galavanTan mijriT,

ficruli nageboba iyo aSenebuli, sadac ivane simonovs garkve-

uli drois win mewveli Zroxa hyavda dabmuli. rac Seexeba ivane

simonovis mier naxseneb, viTomda nataZralze gaSenebul baRs,

avtoris TqmiT, iq baRis xsenebac ki ar iyo. kidev ufro qvemoT

statiis avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebda sinodis mier miRebu-

li 1863 wlis 10 agvistos dadgenilebis im nawilze, romlis Ta-

naxmadac wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis demontaJis Semdeg misi

trapezis adgilas an niSi unda aegoT an kidev, jvari unda aRe-

marTaT. avtoris TqmiT, dadgenilebis es nawili darRveuli

iyo da Tbilisis mosaxleobas sruli ufleba hqonda, kanoniT

moeTxova wm. Toma mociqulis naeklesiarze niSis agebisa da iq

xatis dabrZanebis ufleba. dasasrul, avtori SeniSnavda imasac,

rom nataZrals mravali momlocveli hyavda da wm. Toma moci-

qulis eklesiis adgilas salocavi niSis ageba, saWiroebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, Tbilisis mosaxleobis SemowirulobiTac ki moxer-

xdeboda: `Cveni gazeTis me-236 #-Si dabeWdili iyo patara Se-

niSnva anCis-xatis maxloblad daqceul kviracxovlis saydris

gamo; SeniSnvaSi moxsenebuli iyo, rom es eklesia iyo metoqi

mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposis eklesiisa Zveladganve; sinodalu-

ri kantoris Cinovnikma s-ma inebao dangreva eklesiisa da im ad-

gilzed aaSena Tavlao, magram xalxi ki dResac loculobs da

sanTels anTebs daketils quCis karebzedao. am SeniSnvam gamo-

287

iwvia b-nis s-sagan `kavkazis~, me-250 #-Si gulis mRelvarebisa-

gamo sicruiT savse pasuxi. b. s-i viTom gvamtyunebs da rac Cven

ar gviTqvams, mis Tqmasa gvwamebs, merme aRiarebs Tavs naxevrad

danaSaulad da Tan Tavs imarTlebs[.] s., _ me momandes dangreva

im daZvelebuli, uvargisi (!) eklesiis Senobisao, razedac ram-

densame wels miwer-mowera gamarTuli iyo Tb. gubernatorisa-

gan, rom ubedureba ara moxdes-rao. Tavlis aSeneba ki mikvirs _

visTvis iqneboda saWiro, rom Cven cxenebi ara gvyavso. nasay-

drali alagi SemozRudulia da maszed Sendeba baRi, romelic

sufTad inaxebao da iq araviTari Senoba ar ariso~. Cven TviT

mivediT nasaydral adgilzed da Cvenis TvaliT erTxel-kide

vnaxeT: sakuTrad eklesiis naalagevze, galavanze miSenebulia

ficruli: Tavla, boseli, gomi, saqonlis sabmeli, (rac gnebavT

daarqviT), sadac b. s-es hbmia mewveli Zroxa. sakuTrad nasay-

dralze baRis xseneba arc ki aris. galavani Zvelivea. uwmidesi

sinodis uqaziT1863 w. agvistos 10-dam, eklesia marTalia unda

daSliliyo, magram trapezis adgilzed an niSi (часовня) unda

aSenebuliyo, an jvari dadgmuliyo da wmidad Senaxuliyo sru-

liad eklesiis ezo. am ukazis Semdeg gavida TiTqmis Tormet-

cameti weliwadi da eklesia ar iqceoda. Semdeg daiqca eklesia

da mis adgilzed Zroxis dasabmeli ficruli Tavla aiSena!...

ukazis ZaliT SegviZlian moviTxovoT, rom xsenebuls nasay-

dralze agebul iqmnas niSi xatis dasasveneblad, miT ufro, rom

saSualebac advili mosapovebelia, radgan dResac auarebeli

mlocvelni midian yovel SabaTobiT da galavnis yru karebze

anTeben wmida sanTels da fulsac swirven~ [18, 1].

samwuxarod, Sesabamisi masalebis uqonlobis gamo, Cven-

Tvis ucnobia, konkretulad, rogor ganviTarda Semdgomi peri-

odis movlenebi, ganxorcielda Tu ara gazeT `droebaSi~ dabeW-

dili statiis anonimi avtoris idea da moaxerxa Tu ara Tbili-

sis mosaxleobam nataZralze wm. Toma mociqulis xatis dasab-

rZanebeli niSis ageba. samagierod, zustad viciT, rom ruseTis

saeklesio mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organos, sinodis mier 1863

wlis 10 agvistos miRebuli dadgenilebis safuZvelze, saqar-

Tvelo-imereTis sinodaluri kantoris TanamSromlis ivane si-

monovis mier 1875/1876-1884 wlebSi saZirkvlamde daSlili wm.

Toma mociqulis (kviracxovlis) eklesia aRar aRudgeniaT da

Zveli Tbilisis am erTi saintereso taZris nangrevebi dRemde

miwiT aris dafaruli.

288


1. mamisa berZniSvili, Tbilisis garegani saxe XVIII saukuneSi

(qarTuli dokumenturi masalis mixedviT), gamomcemloba

`mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1965.

2. kviracxovlis wminda Tomas eklesia, wgn.: Tbilisi, encik-

lopedia, sawarmoo-sagamomcemlo gaerTianeba `mecniereba~,

Tbilisi, 2002.

3. avlevis quCa, wgn.: Tbilisi, enciklopedia, sawarmoo-saga-

momcemlo gaerTianeba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2002.

4. maia mania. avlevis Sesaxvevis Zveli saxli da misi mikrou-

bani, Jurn.: saqarTvelos siZveleni, 14, [gamomcemloba mi-

TiTebuli ar aris], Tbilisi, 2010.

5. Платон Iосселiани, Описанiе древностей города Тифлиса, Типогра-фiя Главнаго Управленiя Наместника Кавказскаго, Тифлисъ, 1866.

6. karlo tabataZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dam-

pyrobTa winaaRmdeg XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze, wgn.: saqar-

Tvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi III, saqarTvelo XI-XV sa-

ukuneebSi, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi,

1979.

7. leon meliqseT-begi, masalebi tfilisisa da `somxiTis~ siZ-

veleTa istoriisaTvis, kreb.: Cveni mecniereba, I, s.m.u.s.

poligrganyofilebis 3-me stamba, tfilisi, 1923.

8. qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili qarTvelTa So-

ris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S) koleq-

cia, tomi IV, Sedgenilia da dasabeWdad damzadebuli Tamar

bregaZis, lia kiknaZis, mixeil qavTarias, lamara qajaias,

mzeqala SaniZis, qristine SaraSiZis da caca Wankievis mier,

elene metrevelis saerTo redaqciiT, gamomcemloba `mec-

niereba~, Tbilisi, 1965.

9. caca Wankievi, egnate ioselianis literaturuli memkvid-

reobis SeswavlisaTvis, kreb.: xelnawerTa institutis mo-

ambe, V, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcem-

loba, Tbilisi, 1963.

10. kariWaSvili, wgn.: Tbilisi, enciklopedia, sawarmoo-saga-

momcemlo gaerTianeba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2002.

289

11. katalogi qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoebis wignT-sacavisa, Sedgenili daviT kariWaSvi-

lis mier, mswr.-mbeW. a. quTaTelaZisa, tfilisi, 1905.

12. guram jandieri, XVII saukunis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos is-

toriuli qronologiis sakiTxisaTvis (episkoposTa qrono-

logiuri rigi), kreb.: mravalTavi, filologiur-istoriu-

li Ziebani, I, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1971.

13. Teimuraz beriZe, Zveli Tbilisis gareubnebis istoria, ga-

momcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1977.

14. Teimuraz beriZe, ...da aRmocenda Tbilisi, gamomcemloba

`nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1977.

15. iese baraTaSvilis cxovreba-anderZi, teqsti gamosca Sesav-

liT, SeniSvnebiT, leqsikoniTa da saZiebelebiT avTandil

ioselianma, kreb.: masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis is-

toriisaTvis, nakveTi 28, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa

akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1950.

16. dokumentebi Tbilisis istoriisaTvis (XVI-XIX ss.), wigni

pirveli, Seadgines: niko berZeniSvilma da mamisa berZniS-

vilma, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcem-

loba, Tbilisi, 1962.

17. saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivis

centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1461 (polievqtos

karbelaSvilis piradi fondi), saqme 17.

18. Sinauri qronika, gaz.: `droeba~, 27 noemberi, #255, stamba

ar. kalandaZisa da amxanagobisa, Tbilisi, 1884.

19. Иванъ Симоновъ, Письмо къ редактору, газ.: `Кавказъ~, 8 ноября, 250, Типографiя Канцелярiи Главноначальствующаго гражданс-кой частю на Кавказе, Тифлисъ, 1884.

20. Sinauri qronika, gaz.: `droeba~, 1 noemberi, #236, stamba

ar. kalandaZisa da amxanagobisa, Tbilisi, 1884.

21. Хроника, газ.: `Кавказъ~, 3 ноября, 246, Типографiя Канцелярiи Главноначальствующаго гражданской частю на Кавказе, Тифлисъ, 1884.

22. Marie Brosset, Cinquieme rapport, in: Rapports sur un Voyage Archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l’Arménie, exécute en 1847-1748 par Marie Brosset, membre de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences, 2e livraison, avec un Atlas de 16 planches lithographiées, Imprimerie de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences, St.-Pétersbourg, 1853.

290

Temo Jojua

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology; National Center of Manuscripts

Church of St. Thomas the Disciple (Kviratskhoveli) in Tbilisi (Kala)

(The location of the church and its history)

Summary 1. Georgian scientists (Mamisa Berdznishvili, Teimuraz Beridze) have

already established that the Church of St. Thomas the Disciple (Kviratskhov-eli) was located in one of the central parts of old Tbilisi, on the territory of historical Kala, so called Zemo Ubani (upper district), nearby the wall enclos-ing the town and supporting it from the North, on the street Kviratskhoveli that was named after the church erected here.

The location of the church is more precisely given in the work. On the basis of Tbilisi map made in 1800 by the Russian empire captain Chuiko it is stated that the church of St. Thomas the Disciple was erected nearly in that very place where now there is a garden of the daycare centre 191 (Ilia and Nino Nakashidzes’ street 26). Here, in the North part of the daycare centre garden there are some three meters remained fragments of a wall built with bricks and cobble-stones (Our article was already finished, when we read Maia Mania’s article published in 2010, where the author expresses the same opinion about the location of St. Thomas the Disciple’s church).

2. As far as it was possible the various written materials about the church of St. Thomas the Disciple are gathered completely. These materials are analyzed from the point of view of historical and source studies and dif-ferent stages of the given church existence and history are established (One part of the written analyzed material is known from the works of Egnate Ioseliani, Platon Ioseliani, Mamisa Berdznishvili, Teimuraz Beridze, Maia Mania and the other part is brought in scientific circulation by us). When the church of St. Thomas the Disciple was built and in which historical situation is unknown. We know only that the church was already existed in the II half of the 14th century and was destroyed by Mongol military leader Timur when he captured and ravaged Tbilisi in 1386. In 1703 on the remains of the old church archbishop of Kartli Kristepore Amilakhvari built a new, small stone church without dome and established it as a town residence of Kartli archbishops, as a place for short term residence. In 1803 metropolitan of Tbilisi Arsen Bagrationi buried Ioane Karumidze, archbishop of Kartli and

291

Tsilkani, in the church of St. Thomas the Disciple. In the 1830es, because of being old or because it had not underwent the restoration, the situation of the church of St. Thomas the Disciple became worse and in 1840 the church was in such an emergency condition that the service was stopped and the church was closed forever. For the 1860es the church of St. Thomas the Disciple was facing the real coming down. The supreme organ of the Russian empire church government Holy Synod in August, 10, 1863 decided to demount the church. The Georgian society was dissatisfied with the decision of the Synod. The specialist of antiquities, Platon Ioseliani propounded to carry on works for restoring the church of St. Thomas the Disciple and preserve one of the oldest churches of Tbilisi for the future generation. Unfortunately, Synod did not changed its decision and in 1875/1876 – 1884 Ivane Simonov, the stuff member of Georgia – Imereti Synodic Office demounted the church of St. Thomas the Disciple to foundation. Georgian society perceived the fact of demounting of the church as a humiliation of religious and national dignity. In 1884 in the newspapers `Droeba~ and `Kavkaz~ even some articles pro-testing demounting of the church was published, but without result. The ruins of the church of St. Thomas the Disciple gradually was covered with ground.

292

caca CxartiSvili






mecnier-TanamSromeli

mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis ucnobi werilebi

episkopos kirionisadmi (saarqivo masalebis mixedviT)

wminda mRvdelmowame kirion II-is epistolaruli memkvid-

reobidan sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs mRvdel ioseb Cija-

vaZis mier kirion II-isadmi gagzavnili werilebi, romlebic jer

gamouqveynebelia da pirvelad Semodis samecniero mimoqcevaSi.

es werilebi kirionis pirad fondSia daculi. marTalia, weri-

lebis nawils fragmentulad Seexnen Cveni mecnierebi, magram

srulyofili saxiT igi pirvelad qveyndeba am publikaciaSi.

werilebi daculia xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, kirionis

fondSi. katalogsa da mecnierul aRwerilobaSi Tematuradaa

warmodgenili masala. kirionis fondi ganyofilebadaa dalage-

buli. II ganyofilebaSia gaerTianebuli miwer-mowera, swored

aq aris ganTavsebuli CijavaZis werilebi kirionisadmi da piri-

qiT.

amJamad Cvens mizans Seadgens, mimovixiloT xelnawerTa

institutSi daculi ioseb CijavaZis werilebi, romlis adresa-

ti aris avtokefaliisaTvis daucxromeli mebrZoli, sazogado

moRvawe, mkvlevar-mecnieri, kargi megobari da saqarTvelos

avtokefaliisTvis Tavganwiruli kirion II.

mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis werilebiT vecnobiT im dros ga-

moCenili adamianebis mxardaWeras avtokefaliisaTvis brZola-

Si. werilebSi uxvadaa warmodgenili is pirebic, romlebic

xels uSlidnen saqarTvelos eklesiuri damoukideblobis aR-

dgenas da Zalian bevr danaSauls Cadiodnen sinodis saxeliT.

swored aseTi adamianebia iosebis werilebSi moxsenebuli. Cija-

vaZis werilebi Seicavs metad saWiro da saintereso masalas mi-

si cxovrebis zogierTi detalis gasarkvevadac. werilebSi sa-

yuradRebo cnobebia daculi imdroindeli sazogadoebis, saek-

293

lesio, ruseTis sinodis pirTa Sesaxeb. am werilebs CvenTvis

wyaros mniSvneloba aqvs, romelic srulyofilad aRadgens

mecxramete saukunis bolosa da meoce saukunis dasawyisis sa-

qarTvelos eklesiaSi arsebul situacias.

werilebi daTariRebulia 1902-1915 wlebiT. zogierTi we-

rili uTariRoa. werilebSi asaxulia imdroindeli qarTuli da

rusuli inteligenciis kulturuli cxovreba da ruseTis sa-

suliero mTavrobis saqmianoba. mRvdel iosebis werilis adre-

satebi arian qarTveli, rusi sasuliero pirebi da sazogado

moRvaweebi. arqivSi kirionis 400-ze meti werilia daculi.

`karga xania Seni werilebi ar mimiRia. Seni ukanaskneli we-

rili sasowarkveTilebiT iyo savse, sad gaizarde, sad miiRe

swavla-ganaTleba, rom yvela usamarTlobas ar iyo SeCveuli

ruseTis saxelmwifoSi. visTanac daiCoqebs aqlemi unda moTmi-

nebiT miiRo wvaleba, usamarTloba, devna. Sen rom Tavavardni-

li, gamqcevi iyo romelime teroristi maSin daiwyebdi gadax-

das bombebiT, xocviT da sxva. Sen viTarebaSi moTminebis meti

ara gaewyoba ra. eg moTmineba Sen SemyureTac moTminebas aswav-

lis. mTeli saqarTvelo Sen Semogcqeris, Senze loculobs,

ideals Tvisas SenSi hpoulobs da Sen ki imedi dagikargavs.

qarTveli rom waiqceva mainc male wamoxteba, rom kvdebodes,

mainc fexebs aqnevs, imedi aqvs jer cocxali varo. rusi ki rom

waiqces yarauls uyviris amayeneTo! jer ar dacemula sul sa-

qarTvelo. rusebis usvindisoba, usamarTloba TviTonve daub-

rundebaT win. rusebma ki ra qnas, rusis mTavroba usvindisoa,

usamarTloa, rusi ki TviT bunebiT kargia, patiosani. vostor-

govis CareviTviRac leJava warudgeniaT episkoposobaze. n.

durnovi mwers werils, rom Sengan werilebi ara aqvs, arc sxve-

bisgan vostorgovs Zalian gadaekida. amas winaT mTxovda re-

daqciis podlogebi vostorgovisa gamomigzavneo… mgoni leJa-

vas miscemen, rusebs leJava undaT Turme. gamoyeyeCebuli da-

viTi arc cocxlebSia da arc mkvdrebSi. gigzavni Tavadaznaur-

Ta da morwmuneTa dakladnoi zapiss, jer ar warudgeniaT xels

awerineben.

(saubaria xarkovis universistetis docent nikoloz dur-

novoze. igi yovelTvis iyo qarTvelTa gulSematkivari. avto-

ria ramdenime wignisa, icavda saqarTvelos avtokefaliis inte-

resebs).

mogikiTxa yvelam Seni soso~ õ1ú

294

`Cemo episkoposoba!

karga xania Seni werili ar mimiRia, raT Saayene mowera ar

mesmis. aq bevri ambebi aris. jer seminaria gadaitanes da akur-

Txes enkenis Tves, blomaT xalxi daeswro, voroncovis Tana-

Semweni iyvnen... sasuliero wodebis pirni ufro xulignebi da

sxv. grigori Camovida CumaT wina dRiT, giorgic iyo, grigoli

Tavs edga, sityva rektorma warmosTqva uferuli. sadilad

darCnen voroncovis TanaSemweni da TiTqmis asi kaci iqneboda.

grigoli Tamadobda ra Tqma unda sxvisi mokle Wkua gamoiCina,

xulignebma aikles TavianTi `reCebiT~ yvelaferi, gorodcovma

sisulele wamoroSa, mgoni male Wkuas gamoeTxoveba ise iqceva.

Cetirkinmac bevri araxuna. me mindoda meTqva, magram varCie

siCume, radganac bevrs wamovakecamdi da tyuilad gavaRizia-

nebdi mkbenarebs, verc davZlevdi da darwmunebiTac vervis da-

varwmunebdi. aq mogvivida ambavi, rom pensia daginiSnes, mgoni

droa, an raze gtanjaven aqamde ar mesmis. me Sevityve, rom Sen-

ze kuriaJSi saCivari general gubernators Seutania, rom Tu

aqaurobas ar maaSoreT me ver vitvirTeb simSvides xarkovisas,

radganac kirionTan studentoba da bevri ganaTlebuli pirebi

daiarebiano. am general gubernatoris dasmenis Tanaxmad gada-

ubrZanebixar sanaqsarasa Sina. ramdenad marTalia, ramdenad

damnaSaveni arian sinodis wevrebi...

am Tvis 5-s baqos viyav reviziaze. sanTlis sawyobSi weri-

li momivida usaxelo da gaveSure. sxvaTa Soris iq movnaxe xa-

zinadari da saqmis mwarmoebeli odiSaria. masze miTxres da vi-

pove sakvirveli cnobebi. TiTqos ormocamde saCivari yofila

soflebidan, mRvdlebidan, maswavleblebidan qalebis gaxrwna-

ze... ise rom an iqve Tavdeboda saCivari an arqielebi aqrob-

dnen. odiSaria gadauyvaniaT baqoSi, ar vici rogor mouaro,

rom piriqiT gadaviRo an moviparoT saqmeebi. fuli karga dam-

Wirdeba, advili saqme ar aris, odiSarias magivraT viRac xu-

ligani dauniSnavs da aba ras mamcems. Sen ufro gamocdili xar

da male momwere. Tu damiTxoves ruseTSi wamosasvlelaT ra

sabuTebi wamoviRo. aba maSin iqneba saqme... aq yvela saeWvo pi-

raT mimaCnia. amas winaT mwerdi rom grZeliSvilma Svidasi Tu-

mani miityapuna, eg maraZaRli exla Cvenze Civis, ra usvindiso

da mokle Wkuis kaci yofila. n. d. (nikoloz durnovze saub-

robs) minda mivwero da ar vici sad aris. seminariis Sesaxeb Tu

gvaqvs rame cnobebi Semigrove da mamawode. iyavi yoCaRaT, am-

295

boben tamboveli inoketis niSnaven. rogori kacia, macnobe, qa-

lebi uyvarso.

Seni soso~ õ2ú

iosebi Cveulebrivi mwvave sarkazmiT, geslianad saubrobs

Tavis werilSi arsebul mdgomareobaze. yvela werili saocrad

Tbilad iwyeba `Cemo episkoposobav~ da mTavrdeba `Seni soso~.

`Cemo episkoposoba!

meore Tvea monsaterSi vzivar, nikonma es SemZina. Tavi-

sufleba bevri maqvs. neba aviRe or kviraSi erTxel Camovide

dasaxedad qarxnisa. saxlisa da samsaxurisa... mec guli gamite-

xes am SeCvenebulebma dawyebuli episkoposis daviTisagan bolo

medaviTnemdis, an sul Wkuaze gadasulebi arian an araferi

siyvaruli mamulisa ara aqvT. upirobobas, jaSuSobas, flido-

bas da sxvas. nura ityviT, yvelaferi sazogado laparaki da in-

teresebi marto mosalamazeblad aqvT. ras izam, `bedaurebi da-

ixocnen, virebs darCaT moedani~... n. durnovi mwers, Sen, am-

brosi da Cvenc ra SuaSi varT nikonis sikvdilSio, davijero

aqamdis ver darwmundnen, rom Sen da ambrosi da Cvenc arafer

SuaSi varT... bevrjer vfiqrob da gonebiT SenTan varT, magram

ras izam mec da Senc tusaRebi varT... stumrebi gvyavda, Senze

laparakma ise gamitaca, roca Seni sadRegrZelo Seisva, bavSvi-

viT avqviTindi. wignebi da fuli tarasis gadaveci. Cvenma Tava-

debma daiwunes Sedgena dokladnois zapiskisa, gadaakeTebines,

isic daiwunes da ise waeTrivnen Sin, rom araferi gaukeTebiaT

eklesiisTvis. vnaxoT ra iqneba... gigzavni aT Tumans wignebisas,

Zveli darCa sami Tumani.

Seni soso~ õ3ú

es werili exeba im periods, roca kirions CamoarTves

RvTismsaxurebis ufleba da 1908 wlis martSi, kuriaJis (xar-

kovis maxloblad) monasterSi gaamweses, magram aTi Tvis Sem-

deg, iqidan gadaiyvanes gansakuTrebiT mZime reJimis monaster-

Si _ sanaqsaris udabnoSi (tambovis gubernia), magram represie-

bi kirionis momxreebisa da mxardamWerebis mimarTac ganxorci-

elda. saqarTveloSi darCenili TanamebrZolebidan kirionis

uaxloesi megobari iyo ioseb CijavaZe, romelic dawvrilebiT

atyobinebda saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebs. igi saSi-

nel gulistkivils gamoxatavda arsebuli mdgomareobis gamo.

296

werilSi moxseniebuli piri tarasi kandelaki (uaxloesi mego-

bari da TanamebrZolo iyo kirionisa). werilSi saubaria agreT-

ve nikonze (saqarTvelos egzarqosi 1906-1908 w). 1908 wels

mokles TbilisSi da mkvlelobis braldeba kirions da ioseb

CijavaZes wauyenes. amaod cdilobda qarTuli sazogadoeba, n.

durnovo sxva rusi moRvaweebi da ucxoeTSi adamianTa ufleba-

is dacvis liga kirionis xvedri SeemsubuqebinaT, magram amaod.

werilSi did gakvirvebaa gamoTqmuli am braldebis gamo.

saocari siyvaruli, sinanuli da tkivilia gamoxatuli iosebis

sityvebSi. saqarTveloSi arsebuli gausaZlisi yofa da gul-

griloba adamianebis mimarT kargad aris gadmocemuli Semdeg

werilSi.

`Cemo episkoposoba!

karga xania werili aRar momiwera. amis mizezi avadmyofo-

ba iyo Cemi. ai, aTi dRea loginSi vwevar. dRes unda avdge. met-

simeti mamaZaRlia giorgi, orpiri cru. me vTxove ruseTSi ga-

miSvi meTqi. saqmeebi maqvs, senatSi mamulis saqme gverCeva, dam-

pirda Sevitan Txovnaso, magram bolos uari miTxra... bevri ve-

laparake, kidevac davemdure, magram ar miSvebs. axla kantora-

Si Sevitane qaRaldi da mowmoba warvadgine avadmyofobis.

vTxove gadamidon sasjeli. oTxi Tve morCenamde monasterSi

rom ar wavide, magram grigorim yvela daibriyva da rasac un-

da, imas Cadis... (werilSi saubaria im periodze, rodesac mama

iosebs saqarTvelo imereTis sinodaluri kantoris brZanebiT,

saeklesio wignebis darRvevis gamo, droebiT SeCerda mRvdel-

moqmedeba da ramdenime TviT garejis wminda ioane naTlismcem-

lis saxelobis mamaTa monasterSi gaamweses sasjelis mosaxde-

lad.

~...vin aris Cveni patroni an kantora ras warmoadgens, ro-

meli damcveli eg aris saqarTvelos eklesiis mis momsamsaxure-

Ta interesebisa. vai dedasa... grigoris mamaZaRlobam iseTi Zar-

Rvebis sisuste gamiCina, rom erTi periodi vapirebdi Sevsuli-

yavi da mecemna. ras izam, brZola brZolas ar hgavs. amaT xelSia

Zalaufleba, qoneba, yvelaferi aqvs da me... araferi garda Cemi

gmirobisa. mainc vcdilob wamovide, iqneba movaxerxo. nuTu

svindisisgan ise gadadgebian, saoperaciod ar gamiSveben.

Seni Zma soso~ õ4ú

297

`Cemo episkoposoba!

qriste aRsdga _ Cemo episkoposoba! Kkarga xania Sengan we-

rili ar mimiRia. me ufro imas vabraleb, rom qalaqi Sors aris

da miyruebul adgilas xsnian werilebs... aq didi yayania. Sen

gadayvanaze didma, pataram, urwmunom, rwmenianma xma amoiRo.

Tavadaznaurobam didi TanagrZnoba gamoiCina yvela mxriv. ga-

zeTebidan gaigebdi, rom quTaisSi didi laparaki hqoniaT. mSve-

nieri sityva uTqvams kita abaSiZes, daumTavrebia ase, Tu eseni

usvindiso farul devnas gaagrZeleben aRar gvinda magaTeburi

marTmadideblobao. Cven sxva sarwmunoeba miviRoT. kitas Sem-

deg uTqvams kargi sityva daTa miqelaZes da niko TavdgiriZes.

im krebaze, sul 22 kaci yofila. maT Soris erTi jaSuSi viRaca

gagnaZe Tu gagniZe daubezRebia general gubernatorTan da sa-

miveni daatusaRes. axla es gamouSves, radganac varancovma mo-

nawileoba miiRo am saqmeSi. prokurors quTaisSi ukiTxavs yve-

la maTTvis, mSvenivrad auweria Cveni garemoeba da daTa miqe-

laZes, romelsac uTqvams, rom ruseTis mTavroba da TviT xel-

mwifeebi marto damrRvevni arian yvela Sekrebulebisao. mere

auweria eklesiis garemoeba _ Seviwroveba da mkvaxeebi uTqvams

Zalian... yvela mxridan didi moZraobaa, aq ki rusuli gazeTebi

sisuleleebs, usvindisobas weren. namdvili jaSuSebi da oxran-

kebi arian. tarasi Camovida soflidan. ukiTxavs rodis Camovi-

da kirionio, sad iyo nikonis mkvlelobis dReso, visTan aqvs

miwer-mowerao, nestor maWavariansac ukiTxavs es ambavi. sam-

Rvdeloeba movalea ipovos mRvdelebi, radganac brali mas

edebao, mas warmouTqvams, rom gamomZiebeli Tqvena xarTo, po-

licia Tqven xelSia da Jandarmeria. ipoveT da Cvenc madlob-

lebi viqnebiTo... vin mokla da vis abraleben, ra SuaSia sam-

Rvdeloeba... eg ufro xulignebis saqmea.

`1908 wlis 28 maiss, egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobasTan da-

kavSirebiT, imdroindel rusulenovan presaSi, gansakuTrebiT

gazeT `Кавказ~-Si, aTasgvari cilismwamebluri statia daibeWda

qarTuli samRvdeloebisa da sazogadod qarTveli enis mimarT

õ10ú. egzarqos mkvlelobis safuZvlad isini qarTveli samRvde-

loebis mier gagzavnil saprotesto werils miiCnevdnen, rome-

lic 1906 wlis 8-16 ivniss qarTl-kaxeTis samRvdeloebis depu-

tatTa krebam gaugzavna mTavarepiskoposs nikons saqarTveloSi

Camosvlamde. qarTveli samRvdeloebis es protesti da egzar-

qosis mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebam qarTvel da

298

rus xalxebs Soris nacionaluri SuRlis gasaRviveblad gamoi-

yena. rusi Sovinistebi qeba-didebas asaxavdnen egzarqos niko-

nis `velikoderJavul~ saqmianobas õ11, 197ú.

~...aq sruli gazafxulia. gulSi ki sul zamTari midgas.

dResac ver momisvenia, ise gamabrazes Jandarmerebma. aba ra

daamSvidebs kacis guls ruseTis mTavrobis xelSi, roca ici,

rom samarTlis magivrad, kanonis magivrad, usamarTloba da

Zalmomreoba sufevs. general-gubernatori da Jandarmeria mo-

icavs yvela kanonebs, rasac ginda imas mizamen, aTjer rom mar-

Tali da umanko iyo.

axla Zaan eZeben Cvens gazeTebs sacenzuro komitetSi. ga-

ugzavniaT iqidan nomrebi... sambeWdao inspeqtori calke gamo-

Ziebas awarmoebda vin muSaobdnen gazeTSi, fuli saidan iSoves

da sxv. xmebi dadis 15 kaci sasuliero piri unda gadaasaxlo-

no. ras apireben, ras agvianeben. davidovi jerac isev samsaxur-

Si iTvleba. (laparakia daviT davidovze _ saqarTvelos egzar-

qors kancelariis mdivani, kirionis biografiaSi avbediTi ro-

lis Semsrulebeli pirovneba).

mgoni, sinodi Tavis tutucur dadgenilebas vostorgovis

proeqtiT Saayenebs. n. durnovi xSirad mwers, sanugeSo ki ara-

feria. ambrosisganac araferia, garda ori sityvisa _ kargad

varo. etyoba suls uxuTaven. iyavi kargad nawamebo, saqarTve-

los eklesiis moWirnaxulev

Seni Zma soso~ õ5ú

marTlac, egzarqoSi nikonis mkvlelobis Semdeg, gazeTeb-

Si atexili aurzauris gamo qarTvelma samRvdeloebam moiwvia

sagangebo kreba, romelmac ganixila saxelmwifo saTaTbiros

deputatis puriSkeviCis ciliswameba qarTveli samRvdeloebis

monawileobis Sesaxeb egzarqosis mkvlelobaSi da moitana dad-

genileba, aRZruliyo saCivari deputat puriSkeviCis winaaRm-

deg. aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilva daevala ioseb CijavaZes õ12ú.

`Cemo epikoposoba

Seni werili miviRe petres qalaqidan, aqamdi ar vici mo-

nasteri Sen mfarveobaSi iqneba, Tu marto sacxovrebeli mog-

ces. Seni rom viyo pirdapir gadavWridi sakiTxs, amdeni usvin-

disoba mosabezrebelia, an mivcemdi Txovnas, rom Tu damnaSave

var damsaje da jer sabuTebi warmoadgineT da Tu ara var dam-

299

naSave adgili damibruneT, an monasteri momeciT da ufleba

daminiSneT da Tu egec ar gindaT, gamiSviT Cven qveyanaSi an

sazRvargareT. vnaxoT ras ityvian. magaT svindisi da adamiano-

ba sul ar aqvT da samarTalze laparakic zedmetia, an pirda-

pir xelmwifes mivmarTavdi saCivriT. Sen sul endobi da vidre

raRaca samarTals eZeb ruseTis saxelmwoSi. egeni ki nel-nela

Tavis qebiT da dapirebiT suls gixuTaven. sofromma Tavi daa-

neba kantoras, an Tavi daanebebines. imis magier sergo wereTe-

li amoirCies. grigols viRaca rusebi mieyvana, axalma proku-

rorma da inoketim ar qnes da qarTvelebi Caayenes saTaveSi.

vnaxoT sxva ra iqneba

Seni soso~ õ6ú

`Cemi episkoposoba

Seni siCume makvirvebs, veli, veli werils da ar Cans.

durnovi mwers, rom pensia dauniSneso. Sen ki arafers ar iwe-

rebi... sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ra aris axali. am 8-10 dRis

win gaCxrikes bevri mowinave qarTvelebi, redaqcia `droebisa~

_ veraferi ipoves da mainc daapatimres: iliko aRlaZe, las-

xiSvili, fircxalava, jabadari saSa, qaixosro qvaTaZe, zura-

biSvili oliko da sxvebi. sul amboben 8 kacia daWerilio, mi-

zezi aravin icis. ese gavige, rom viRaca general jorjaZes

misvlia proklamacia, rom mamulebi Tu gahyido, qarTvel gle-

xebs mihyideo, imitom, rom somexi da rusebi ar Camoasaxlono.

proklamacia Jandarmeriis ufrosisaTvis gamougzavnia da miu-

TiTebia weriliT, rom `droebis~ redaqcia bude ariso... me

darwmunebuli var, rom es saqme redaqciis saqme ar unda iyos.

vostorgovze saCivari riT gaTavda ver gavige, iyo samarTali

Tu kidev gaZvra vostorgovi.

iyavi yoCaRad, Seni soso. kaxeTi.~ õ7ú

werilSi saubaria im vostorgovze, romelic siamayiT ac-

xadebda, rom is iyo kavkasiis samrevlo-saeklesio skolebis

pirveli rusi erovnebis mzrunveli. vostorgovi amtkicebda,

rom zemdgomma organoebma igi amoirCies, rogorc `rusi pat-

rioti~, raTa mas ebrZola. politikan qarTvel mRvdelmTav-

rebTan, vinc egzarqos nikonis magaliTze aCvenes, Tu ra SeuZ-

liaT. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom i. vostorgovi iyo saqarTev-

300

loSi rusuli Savrazmeli organizaciis `wesrigis momxreTa

partiis~ erT-erTi organizatori [13,17].

vostorgovi SesaniSnavad mixvda vin iyo qarTveli xalxis

interesTa upirvelesi da ukompromiso damcveli samRvdelo

wodebaSi. swored amitom amoiRo vostorgovma kirioni mizanSi

da meTodurad, veragulad dauwyo mas Seviwroveba da devna da

Sedegsac miaRwia. swored vostorgovis aSkara miTiTebiT kiri-

oni saqarTvelos moaSores da Soreul kamenec-podolskSi ga-

daisroles.

`Cemo episkoposoba!

karga xania werili ar momiweria. Senma werilebma Tvalebi

amatkiva, saqme imaSia, rom rusebs uyvarT tkbilad daZineba.

Kkargs gvpirdebian da mere sityvas TviT xelmwifeebi arRveven

da zavtra, zavtras gaiZaxian da Cvenc gvaswavles es Cveuleba

da upiroba. amas imitom gwer, rom jer-jerobiT araferi ar

aris dapirebis garda. vostorgovze kidev vera gavige ra. ram-

denadac marTalia misi daTxovna an risTvis daiTxoves. alievi

da vostorgovi didi megobrebi iyvnen da Sav razmelebs saTa-

veSi edgnen da saqarTvelos beds erTianaT sWridnen. ras izam,

mainc RmerTi avtomobiliT Tu ara urmiT mainc moeweva. sxva

ra nugeSi damrCenia. am Tvis 19-Si viyavi cagarelTan. bevri ve-

laparake sazogado saqmeebze da Senze, nawyenia, rom zaqaria

sarajiSvilis sikvdilis Taobaze telegrama TanagrZnobisa ar

gamougzavne qvrivs. Kkirioni megobrad eTvleboda sarajiSvils

da ratom daiviwyao. me vuTxari, kirioni kievSi gaemgzavra da

gzaSi iyo, amitom gvian gaigebda _ meTqi da Semdeg Cem werilSi

gamoacxada mwuxareba _ meTqi.

aq gavige, rom inoketze didi saCivrebia sinodSi da caga-

relmac sTqva, Zaan ejavrebaTo.

Seni soso. navTluRi~ õ8ú

iosebi da sxva avtokefalistebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen

inoketze mamxilebeli sabuTebi SeegrovebinaT da rogorme mo-

eSorebinaT Tavidan igi.

mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis brZola saqarTvelos eklesiis av-

tokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis carizmis periodSi xasiaTdeba

mkveTri radikalurobiT da principulobiT. misi moRvaweobis

aRniSnul periodSi Tanabarzomierad iyo Sezavebuli sityva da

301

saqme. imperiaSi gamefebuli mkacri reaqciis miuxedavad, igi

awarmoebda rogorc legalur, ise iatakqveSa brZolas arsebu-

li reJimis winaaRmdeg.

saqarTvelos erovnuli eklesiis istoriuli safuZvelis

aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi, ioseb CijavaZe upirates mniSvnelobas

aniWebda mamapapiseuli sjulis aRdgenas da erovnuli TviT-

Segnebis Camoyalibeba-ganmtkicebis sakiTxebs da miiCnevda, rom

swored am gziT unda momxdariyo qarTveli eris Semobruneba

tradiciuli erovnuli Rirebulebebisaken. igi aSkara winaaR-

mdegobas uwevda rusi Cinovnikebis mier gatarebul antiqar-

Tul politikas da xels uwyobda momavali Taobis erovnuli

TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba-ganmtkicebis process.

am mimowerebis saSualebiT Cven vecnobiT im movlenebs,

romelic danaxulia im drois Tanamedrovis TvaliT. werileb-

ze dayrdnobiT, SesaZlebeli gaxda eklesiis SigniT fexmokide-

bul reformaTa gaanalizeba, masTan erTad gaanalizeba im

drois eklesiaze xelisuflebis zemoqmedebis xerxebisa da me-

Todebisa, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs CavwvdeT eklesiis Sida da-

pirispirebaTa miRma moqmed im faqtorebs, romelebic realu-

rad amzadeben da iwvevdnen ganxeTqilebas, anda maT warmoqmna-

Si katalizatoris rols asrulebdnen.

maTi analizisas aSkara xdeba Secdomebisa da danaSauleb-

riv qmedebis ormxrivad arseboba. mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis we-

rilebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs im periodis saqarTvelo-

Si ganviTarebuli movlenebis kritikulad SeswavlisaTvis.

mdgomareoba Zalian rTuli iyo, ruseTis reaqciulma reJimma

da sinodma saqarTvelos yvela sfero moicva. swored es sir-

Tuleebi, gausaZlisi periodi da mis dasaZlevad arsebuli

brZolaa warmoCenili am mimoweraSi.


1. xelnawerTa erovnuli centris arqivi, kirionis fondi,

@1239, 1909, 2 maisi.

2. xelnawerTa erovnuli centris arqivi, kirionis fondi,

#1240. 9 ivnisi.

3. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kirionis fondi #1241, 1909,

14 ivnisi.


10 oqtomberi.

302


19 marti.

6. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kirionis fondi #1251, 15

marti.

7. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kirionis fondi #1251, 8 ma-

isi.


25ivnisi.

9. s. kakabaZe _ qarTveli xalxis istoria, 1783-1921 w.w. Tbi-

lisi, 1997.

10. Газ. `Кавказ,~ # 250, Тифлис, 1908. 11. n. ToraZe, saqarTvelos marTmadidebeli eklesia me-19 da

me-20 saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1995.

12. samRvdeloebis kreba, gaz. àli~, #43, 1908.

13. v. kiknaZe, erovnuli da sakacobrio problematika XIX s. qar-

Tveli sasuliero moRvaweebis SemoqmedebaSi, Tbilisi, 2009.

Tsatsa Chkhartishvili

Doctor of History, ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, scientific researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Unknown Letters of the Monk Iosef Chijavadze to Bishop Kirion

(According to archive materials)

Summary

In the epistolary heritage of St. Kirion II there are letters of special, par-ticular interest that were sent to him by priest Iosef Chijavadze. The letters have not been published yet and are brought to the scientific circulation with the help of the given article. These letters are in the private fund of Kirion IIpreserves in The National Centre of Manuscripts. Though, our scientists, researchers fragmen-tarily discussed these letters, still their full versions are published for the first time in the given article. Iosef Chijavadze’s letters are mostly dedicated to the auto-cephaly problems of The Church of Georgia: fighting for autocephaly, reigning cruelty of Russian synod. The letters contain very interesting and important mate-rial about the situation of those days.

303

irina arabiZe

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis


logiis institutis mecnier-TanamSro-

meli

moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli erovnuli

organizaciebis aRmaskomi da saqarTvelos

eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi (1917 w.)

sapatriarqos arqivSi, dokumenti #6465 gv. 133-137, da-

culia moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis

aRmaskomis mimarTva ruseTis I adgilobrivi saeklesio krebi-

sadmi. mimarTva gakeTebulia 1917 wlis seqtemberSi da xelmo-

werilia aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris mixeil zandukelis mier. re-

zolucia: `dacul iqmnas saTanado saqmeebSi~ dadebulia kaTo-

likos-patriarq ambrosis (xelaia, 1921-1927 ww.) mier 1926 wlis

25 Tebervals. dokumentSi qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis

aRmaskomi gamoxatavs protests saqarTvelos yofil egzarqos

platonisa (roJdestvenski) da aRsarebaTa ministris moadgilis

kotliarevskis mier 1917 wlis 25 agvistos gakeTebuli gancxa-

debebis gamo. maTi gancxadebebi exeboda qarTveli avtokefa-

listebis mier imave wlis 23 agvistos egzarqosTa yofili sax-

lis dakavebis faqts. Tumca realurad momxdari movlena ten-

denciurad iyo gadmocemuli, TiTqos qarTvelma avtokefalis-

tebma saxlis dakaveba darbeviTa da dapatimrebebiT moaxerxes.

meufe platonma saqarTvelos eklesia daadanaSaula marTlma-

dideblobisagan gandgomaSi, qarTveli samRvdeloeba ki _ rusi

sasuliero pirebis mimarT daundobel mopyrobaSi.

saeklesio krebam qarTvelTa moqmedebas protesti ganuc-

xada.

protests SeuerTda aRsarebaTa ministris amxanagi kot-

liarevski da mTavrobas mouwoda, ar ecno avtokefaliis gan-

xorcielebis gza, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiam airCia (gaz.

Кавказ, 29.08.1917, 193, 2).

Cven mier gamosaqveyneblad SerCeuli dokumenti warmoa-

Cens moskovSi moqmedi qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis

gulSematkivrobas mSobliuri eklesiis avtokefaliisadmi. am

organizaciebis aRmaskomi ruseTis saeklesio krebas kidev er-

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Txel Seaxsenebs uwmindesi sinodis Tu misi zogierTi warmo-

madgenlis ukanono qmedebebs saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT da

23 agvistos TbilisSi momxdari faqtis Sesaxeb realur infor-

macias awvdis.

egzarqosTa yofil saxlTan dakavSirebiT ganviTarebul

movlenebs vexebiT statiaSi _ amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli

komitetis (òzakomi~) wvlili saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefa-

lur uflebaTa ganxorcielebis saqmeSi (droebiTi mmarTvelo-

bis sxdomis oqmebis mixedviT) nawili I, axali da uaxlesi isto-

riis sakiTxebi, 2007 (2), gv. 251-255.

axla gvinda gagacnoT zemoaRniSnuli dokumenti da misi

qarTuli Targmani.

На Всероссийский Поместный Церковный Соборъ Отъ Исполнительнаго Комитета Грузинскихъ национальныхъ организаций въ Москве

3 А И А В Л Е Н И Е

Исполнительный Комитетъ Грузинскихъ иациональныхъ органи-

заций въ Москве имелъ 27 и З0 августа с.г. и 12 сего сентября суждения о заявленияхъ, сделанныхъ 25 минувшаго августа Собору архиеписко-помъ Платономъ, бывшимъ экзархомъ Грузии, и товарищемъ министра исповеданий профессоромъ Котляревекимъ. Содержание сделанныхъ заявлений заимствовано изъ отчётовъ, помещеныхъ въ газетахъ «Рус[ские] Вед[омости]» 195 и «Русск[ое] Сл[ово]» 195, и потому исполнительный Комитетъ ответственность за точность переданнаго въ названныхъ газетахъ не беретъ на себя. Архиепископъ Платонъ огла-силъ перодъ Соборомъ полученную им изъ Тифлиса отъ протоиерея Михайловскаго телеграмму о произведенномъ « в о о р у ж е н н о ю т о л п о ю г р у з и н ъ п р и у ч а с т и и м и л и ц и и , г р у з и н с -к и х ъ е п и с к о п о в ъ » з а х в а т е д о м а б ы в ш а г о э к з а р х а Г р у з и и , о б ъ о п е ч а т а н и и и м у щ е с т в а и пр. Оглашенный фактъ по телеграмме имелъ место въ Тифлисе 23 августа, но въ москов-скихъ газетахъ до сихъ поръ нетъ объ этомъ сообщений, которыя осве-тили бы его. Поэтому исполнительный Комитетъ поджидалъ более под-робныхъ сообщений объ этихъ событияхъ, и вотъ въ полученныхъ Ком-мтетомъ тифлисскихъ газетахъ «Сакартвело» 187 и «Республика» 44 какъ этотъ факть переданъ: «23 августа местоблюститель като-

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ликоса-патриарха Грузии, митрополитъ тифлисский Леонидъ пересе-лился въ принадлежащий грузинскому духовенству домъ /въ покои бывшихъ экзарховъ Грузии/. Для принятия меръ къ охране находяще-гося въ сихъ покояхъ частнаго имущества приглашена была городская милиция. Командированный для сего помощникъ начальника милиции нашелъ въ гостинной архиепископа Платона 5 портретовъ царствовав-шей династии Романовыхъ: Александра III, царевича Алексея, бываша-го наместника Николая Николаевича и др., а въ другомъ отделении пор-треты бывшаго царя Николая Романова и матери его Марии Федоровны. Все портреты сданы на хранение вместе съ частнымъ имуществомъ бывшаго экзарха. При сдаче дома среди братии экзаршескаго дома ока-зались частныя лица и монахи (unda iyos монашки, teqstSive xeli-

Taa Casworebuli _ i. a.) Мамкодскаго женскаго монастыря, которыя после опроса были отпущены. На месте дома экзарха Грузии въ 17-18 в. находился дворецъ грузинскихъ царей, который былъ разрушенъ во время взятия Тифлиса Ага-Магомедъ-Ханомъ. Въ начале 19 в. на месте царскаго дворца былъ построенъ домъ для тифлисскаго губернатора. Въ 1848 году администрация продала этотъ домъ духовному ведомству, причемъ покупная сумма, по распоряжению императора Николая I и согласно указу Св. Синода, целикомъ была уплачена изъ суммъ, при-надлежавшихъ грузинскому духовенству. Съ техъ поръ въ домъ имелъ пребывание экзархъ Грузии архиепископ карталинский и кахетинский». – Исполнительный Комитетъ не будетъ возражать противъ того, что за частной корреспонденцией не всегда можно признавать исчерпывающее и неопровержимое значение. Но вотъ въ 48 той же «Республики» помещенное официальное донесение начальника тифлисской милиции члену Особаго Закавказскаго Комитета: «Въ опровержение телеграфна-го сообщения Петроградскаго Телеграфнаго Агентства изъ Москвы отъ 23-го сего августа о томъ, «что толпа грузинъ во главе съ грузинскимъ епископомъ Леонидомъ при участии милиции захватила домъ экзарха, запечатала церковь, потребовала ключи отъ кассъ и арестовала неко-торыхъ духовныхъ лицъ», считаю долгомъ донести: Въ два часа дня, 23-го сего августа, я получилъ отъ местоблюстителя католикоса-патриарха всея Грузии митрополита тифлисскаго Леонида отношение за 909, следующаго содержания: «Г. начальнику тифлисской городской мили-ции. После утверждения Временнымъ Правительствомъ «Основныхъ началъ правового положения грузинской церкви въ русскомъ государ-стве» должность экзарха Грузии упразднена, домъ, въ которомъ прожи-

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валъ экзархъ Грузии, освободился не только юридически, но и фак-тически, ибо никто въ немъ въ настоящее время не живетъ. Въ виду того, что домъ этотъ преобретенъ на средства грузинскаго церковнаго Казначейства /см. дело синодальной конторы за 1849 г. 5036/, Вре-менное Управление грузинской церкви заняло этотъ домъ для поме-щения въ немъ местоблюстителя католикоса-патриарха, съ отведениемъ нижняго этажа его для проживания, если того пожелаютъ, представите-ли русской церкви въ Закавказьи до техъ поръ, пока русско-грузинские церковные интересы будутъ размежеваны. Доводя о семъ до Вашего сведения, Временное Управление покорнейше проситъ Васъ командиро-вать правомочное лицо для составления необходимой описи чужого имушества, а также прислать достаточную для ограждения живущихъ ныне въ этомъ доме лицъ охрану. Местоблюститель католикоса-патри-арха всея Грузии митрополитъ тифлисский Леонидъ».

Въ пять часовъ вечера того же дня я командировалъ въ экзар-шеский домъ, для составления описи чужого имущества и принятия соответствующихъ меръ, въ ограждение живущихъ въ доме лицъ, одного изъ своихъ помощниковъ, уведомивъ предварительно объ этомъ председателя краевого центра советовъ рабочихъ, солдатскихъ и крестьянскихъ депутатовъ и уполномоченнаго члена Особаго Закавказ-скаго Комитета. Въ экзаршескомъ доме городская милиция приняла сле-дующия меры: въ целяхъ охранения имущества, впредь до размежева-ния русско-грузинскихъ церковныхъ интересовъ, опечатала Крестовую церковь при экзаршемъ доме, въ коей хранятся драгоценности, привела въ известность все имущество, принадлежащее лично бывшему экзарху Платону, сложило таковое въ отдельную комнату и также опечатала. Въ виду категорическаго отказа бывшаго эконома экзаршескаго дома, иеро-монаха Серафима указать имущество, принадлежащее дому, предста-вить приходо-расходныя книги и кассу съ деньгами и ценными бума-гами, милиция опечатала также комнату, въ коей хранятся все доку-менты и несгораемый сундукъ. Во время осмотра этой комнаты иеро-монахъ Серафимъ покушался положить себе въ карманъ два большихъ свертка съ деньгами, вынутыхъ имъ изъ несгораемаго сундука, но былъ во время замеченъ. Такое поведение эконома вынудило милицию уста-новить особенно бдительный надзоръ, въ целяхъ предупреждения рас-хищения церковнаго имущества. При осмотре помещения въ верхнемъ этаже, на стенахъ гостинной обнаружено 5 портретовъ Романовскаго дома, въ томъ числе Александра III, бывшаго наследника Алексея и

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Николая Николаевича, а въ нижнемъ этаже того же дома – портреты Николая II /снятъ съ наследникомъ/ и матери его Марии Романовыхъ. Въ моментъ появления представителя милиции въ квартире иеромонаха Серафима находились два гражданина и две монашки Мамкодскаго Монастыря. Указанныя лица сидели за столомъ и вместе съ монахами распивали вино. Засимъ, въ виду оффициальнаго сообщения митро-полита Леонида о томъ, что въ архиве синодальной конторы замечается хищение ценныхъ документовъ, мною приняты меры къ охране архива, причемъ служащимъ синодальной конторы безпрепятственно выдаются нужные документы по особой росписке. После появления въ экзаршемь доме городской милиции никто не былъ арестованъ и в с е м ъ н а х о -д я щ и м с я в ъ д о м е л и ц а м ъ б ы л ъ п р е д о с т а в л е н ъ с в о -б о д н ы й в ы х о д ъ. 24-го августа ко мне явился Уполномоченный отъ председателя Особаго Закавказскаго Комитета Харламова съ письмен-нымъ предписаниемъ последняго объ оказании содействия въ состав-лении описи имущества экзаршескаго дома, при чемъ уполномоченное лицо заявило мне, что для составления описи будетъ образована особая согласительная комиссия изъ представителей русскаго и грузинскаго духовенства. Я сделалъ распоряжение объ оказании содействия, но къ описи не приступали, въ виду отказа русскаго духовенства принять участие въ согласительной комисси. Принятие милицией меръ и сос-тавление описи имущества санкционировано председателемъ Особаго Закавказскаго Комитета В. А. Харламовымъ».

Все приведенное ясно излагаетъ происшедшее въ Тифлисе 23 ми-нувшаго августа и изъ всего этого кроме того видно, что представители грузинскаго духовенства были вполне лояльны въ своихь действияхъ, предупредительны къ русскому духовенству, и, избравъ законный путь, не сошли съ него, а черезъ начальника тифлиской милиции действовали съ ведома какъ представителей Временнаго Правительства, такъ и местныхъ общественныхъ организаций. Грузинское духовенство ничего не захватило, а только лишь заняло то, что ему принадлежитъ, принявъ законныя меры къ охране чужого имущества. Телеграмма протоиерея Михайловскаго явно извращаетъ описанный фактъ, а Соборъ, не имея ничего более достовернаго, иначе и не могъ отнестись. Но архиепис-копъ Платонъ не удовлетворился оглашениемъ телеграммы и пошелъ дальше, и это приводитъ исполнительный Комитетъ грузинскихъ нацио-нальныхъ организаций въ Москве въ крайнее изумление и даже него-дование. Владыко Платонъ доложилъ Собору, что «Грузия о т д е л и -

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л а с ь отъ православной церкви и автокефалируется»... Но въ чемъ же архипастырь видитъ отделение Грузии отъ православной церкви. Архи-епископу Платону, пробывшему въ должности экзарха Грузии слиш-комъ два года, пользующемуся репутацией ученаго, хорошо должно быть известно, что «Грузия приняла христианство въ конце (sic.) IV века и съ техъ поръ вплоть до присоединения къ России, т. е. въ продо-лжение слишкомъ 14 столетий никогда не уклонялась отъ православия, соблюдала ее въ неприкосновенной чистоте, установленном Вселенски-ми Соборами, и за свою ревнительность къ православной религии вела непрерывную борьбу съ окружающими нехристианскими народами. Не уклонилась отъ православия грузинская церковь и после того, какъ русский Святейший Сннодъ распространилъ на нее свою власть.

И не теперь автокефалируется грузинская церковь: она была автокефалной съ VII века (sic.) и не переставала считать себя автокефальной после присоединения Грузии къ России: русский Синодъ не вправе былъ безъ постановления Вселенскихъ Соборовъ, уничтожать автокефалию грузинской церкви, и грузинская церковь считала себя только вдовствующей, но автокефальной. Съ падениемъ стараго строя и представителей старой власти православная грузинская церковь не могла мириться съ навязанной ей этимъ строемъ властью экзарха, а такъ какъ самостоятельная церковь не может оставаться безъ возглавляющей ее власти, то грузинский народъ во главе со своимъ православнымъ духовенствомъ возстановилъ еще 14 марта (12 marti unda iyos, teq-

stSive xeliTaa gasworebuli _ i. a.) с.г. грузинский католикосатъ и решилъ избрать католикоса. Это не есть отделение отъ православия, а является актомъ, основаннымъ на канонахъ Вселенскихъ Соборовъ, такъ какъ упразднение русскимъ Синодом кафедры грузинскихъ като-ликосовъ актъ неканонический. Поэтому нельзя считать отделениемъ отъ православия то, что грузинская православная церковь возвращаетъ себе автокефалию въ первоначальномъ виде. Провозглашено было воз-становление автокефалии грузинской православной церкви 14 марта (12 marti) с. г. Съ техъ поръ прошло пять месяцевъ, и Временное Прави-тельство и русский Синодъ убедилисъ, что нечего противозаконнаго, крамольнаго или сепаратистическаго въ этомъ нетъ, Правительство и Синодъ привыкли къ этому факту и признали возстановленную авто-кефальную православную грузинскую церковь. 1-го августа (25 ivlisi

unda iyos, teqstSive xeliTaa gasworebuli _ i. a.) состоялось постановление Временнаго Правительства о признании грузинской

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православной церкви автокефальной. В п. З временныхъ правилъ этого постановления говорится: «Священнослужители грузинской церкви мо-гутъ обслуживать религиозныя потребности православных не принадле-жащих къ Грузинской национальности; равно православные [русские] священники могутъ обслуживать потребности грузин». Надо полагать, что постановление Вроменнаго Правительства о грузинской православ-ной церкви состоялось не безъ участия министра исповедания и не безъ ведома русскаго Синода; а приведенный п. 3 категорически опроверга-етъ заявление архиепископа Платона: объ отделении грузинской церкви отъ православия.

Исполнительный Комитетъ решительно отказывается принять жалобы архепископа Платона на то, что Грузины его «лишили кафе-дральнаго собора». Въ Тифлисе кафедральный соборъ один, Сионский соборъ, построенный грузинскимъ царем Гурамомъ Багратидомъ, кото-рый скончался въ 600 г., такимъ образомъ Сионский соборъ построенъ въ VI в. и въ продолжении 12 столетий служилъ кафедральнымъ со-боромъ грузинскихъ католикосовъ. Спрашивается, кто у кого отнимаетъ этотъ соборъ: грузины у архиепископа Платона, или архиепископъ Платонъ пытается отнять его у грузинъ.

Исполнительному Комитету кажется страннымъ также заявление архиепископа Платона о насилияхъ, который якобы чинили Грузины надъ русскими монахами. Объ этихъ насилияхъ ни словомъ не обмолви-лся владико раньше; ничего не было объ нихъ и въ повременной печати, хотя по словамъ архипастыря, эти факты должны были иметь место дав-но – еще въ марте. Комитетъ со своей стороны категорически утверж-даеть, что этихъ фактовъ не было. Архиепископъ Платонъ пытается поставить Грузинамъ въ вину ихъ неприязненное отношение къ представителямъ русской православной церкви. Правда, не пользовались уважениемъ грузинъ протоиерей Восторговъ и Городцовъ, но деятельность этихъ лицъ достаточно известна и русскому обществу. Не будемъ говорить и о некоторыхъ непопулярных экзархахъ и непорядкахъ въ грузинскомъ экзархате, на что въ печати обращалось внимание въ такомъ авторитетномъ органе, какъ «Русь» И.С. Аксакова /см. напр. статьи Фадеева въ 80 г.г./. Но грузины умели ценить и ува-жать достойныхъ иерарховъ: экзарха Иоанникия до сихъ поръ вспоми-наютъ грузины съ уважениемъ.

Что же касается того, какъ «трудно жить русскому человеку на ок-раине, имя которой – Кавказъ» /Слова архиепископа Платона по газет-

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нымъ сообщениямъ/, то исполнительный Комитетъ имеетъ многочи-сленния сведения отъ приезжающихъ съ этой окраины, и изъ частной переписки, и изъ прессы и даже отъ русскихъ обывателей. Изъ этихъ сведений ясно видно, что на Кавказе /или вернее во всемъ Закавказьи/ новый строй водворяется спокойно и планомерно, безъ эксцессовъ. Ви-димо, местное разноплеменное, разноговорящее и разноверующее на-селение мыслитъ одинаково о новомъ строе: въ сознании опасности происходящих внешнихъ событии и продолжающейся грозной войны, въ сознании важности происшедшаго внутренняго переворота, въ созна-нии важности единыхъ общегосударственныхъ интересовъ Закавказское население занято творческой созидательной работой, каждый народъ вырабатываетъ планъ устройства своей новой жизни въ согласии, съ общегосударственною жизнью и жизнью соседнихъ народовъ.

Архиепископа Платона на Соборе поддержал, товарищъ министра исповеданий профессоръ Котляревский. Онъ говорилъ о «положении, въ которомь очутилось теперь православное население Закавказья». По сведениямъ исполнительнаго Комитета положение православнаго насе-ления Закавказья безъ различия национальностей нисколько не изме-нилось: только вместо несоответствующаго установления Вселенскихъ Соборовъ и ихъ канонамъ грузинскаго экзархата возстановленъ грузинс-кий католикосатъ, власть котораго единственно каноническая въ пра-вославной Грузии.

Далее, товарищъ министра исповеданий говорилъ, что «путь, избранный Грузией, не можетъ вызывать одобрения». Если эти слова относятся къ провозглашению автокефалии, то г. Котляревскому, какъ ученому и занимающему высокий постъ, должно быть известно, что логическая необходимость и исторический смысль всякаго переворота въ томъ именно и заключается, что къ нему прибегаютъ тогда, когда все другие пути, которые до переворота могли признаваться законными и могли вызывать «одобрение», оказываются исчерпанными, почему и Временное Правительство признало автокефальную грузинскую цер-ковь. Что касается особой согласительной комиссии, то это мнение не г. Котляревскаго, а Временное Правительство въ своемъ постановлении отъ 1-го минувшаго августа (25 ivlisi) въ п. 2 предрешило образова-ние такой комиссии. И мы веримъ, что эта комиссиа, если и не сможетъ сама размежевать церкви грузинскую и русскую, то во всякомъ случае найдетъ путь къ этому размежеванию и обратится, если будетъ нужно, къ другому более авторитетному, безпристрастному органу.

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Проживающимъ въ Москве грузинамъ особенно тяжело слышать отъ архиепископа Платона, состоявшаго, по воле русскаго Синода, экзархомъ Грузии, обвинение, взводимое имъ на грузинъ въ отделении отъ православной церкви, здесь въ Москве, центре русскаго правосла-вия и на Православномъ Церковномъ Соборе. Грузины привыкли къ наветамъ о.о. Восторговыхъ, но это было въ старой России, а въ новой свободной России, где во имя братства и равенства всехъ призываютъ къ любви, мы не ожидали слышать этого.

Въ такие дни, когда, все стремятся къ сохранению государствен-ной целосности России, когда грузины остаются вполне лояльными и ни о какомъ сепаратизме или отделении они не поднимаютъ речи, и заявляютъ лишь о своихъ законныхъ правахъ устроить свою церковную и светскую внутренную жизнь самостоятельно, какъ этого требуютъ ихъ мировозрение, ихъ национальныя нужды и бытовыя особенности, такия выступления представителей русской православной церкви и русской власти могутъ возстановить противъ грузинъ не только русский Поместный Церковный Соборъ, но и русское общественное мнение. Но это – не въ интересахъ пропаганды русской государственной целости, и при этомъ условии, конечно, не можетъ наладиться внутри нарождаю-щейся обновленной России солидарная созидательная работа разнопле-меннаго государства.

Въ виду всего изложеннаго исполнительный Комитетъ Грузин-скихъ национальныхъ организации въ Москве протестуют противъ взво-димаго архиепископом Платономъ обвинения на Грузию въ отделении ея отъ православной церкви и признаетъ на Сионский кафедральный соборъ право лишъ православнаго грузинскаго католикосата, а также протестуетъ противъ неодобрения г. Котляревскаго поведения Грузии въ церковномъ вопросе.

Москва, Сентября ------ дня 1917 года. Председатель исполнительнаго Комитета xelmowerilia mixeil

zandukelis mier.

Товарищи председателя xelmowerebi ar aris Члены исполнительнаго Комитета " _ " Секретаръ " _ "

312

ruseTis adgilobriv saeklesio krebas

moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli erovnuli

organizaciebis aRmaskomis

g a n c x a d e b a

kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosis mier dadebuli rezolucia:

`25/II.26w. dacul iqmnas saTanado saqmeSi~.

moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis

aRmaskoms 27, 30 agvistos da 12 ama seqtembers hqonda msjelo-

ba mTavarepiskopos platonis, saqarTvelos yofili egzarqosis

da aRsarebaTa ministris amxanagis profesor kotliarevskis

mier 25 ama agvistos gakeTebuli gancxadebebis Sesaxeb. gancxa-

debebis Sinaarsi aRebulia angariSebidan, romlebic moTavsebu-

lia gazeTebSi: «Рус[ские] Вед[омости]» 195 da «Русск[ое] Сл[ово]» 195, amitom aRmaskomi Tavis Tavze ar iRebs pasuxis-

mgeblobas dasaxelebul gazeTebSi moTavsebuli cnobebis si-

zustesTan dakavSirebiT. mTavarepiskoposma platonma krebaze

gaaxmovana Tbilisidan dekanoz mixailovskisagan miRebuli de-

peSa `qarTvelTa SeiaraRebuli brbos mier miliciisa da qar-

Tveli episkoposebis monawileobiT~ saqarTvelos yofili eg-

zarqosis saxlis xelSi Cagdebis, qonebis daluqvisa da sxvaTa

Sesaxeb. xsenebul faqts TbilisSi adgili hqonda 23 agvistos,

magram moskovis gazeTebSi igi dRemde ar gaSuqebula. aRmasko-

mi elodeboda am movlenebis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT cno-

bebs; komitetSi gadmogzavnil Tbilisur gazeTebSi _ `saqar-

Tvelo~ # 187-sa da `respublika~ # 44-Si es faqti Semdegnai-

rad aris gadmocemuli: `23 agvistos saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqis mosaydre, Tbilisis mitropoliti leonidi gada-

saxlda qarTveli samRvdeloebis kuTvnil saxlSi (saqarTvelos

yofil egzarqosTa samyofeli). iq arsebuli kerZo qonebis da-

sacavad zomebis misaRebad mowveuli iyo qalaqis milicia. ami-

saTvis movlenilma miliciis ufrosis TanaSemwem mTavarepisko-

pos platonis sastumroSi naxa romanovebis samefo dinastiis

warmomadgenelTa 5 portreti: aleqsandre III-is, ufliswul

aleqsis, yofili mefisnacvlis nikoloz nikolozis Zis da

sxvaTa, sxva ganyofilebaSi ki yofili mefis nikoloz romano-

vis da misi dedis maria Tevdores asulis portretebi. isini

313

Senaxulia yofili egzarqosis pirad qonebasTan erTad. saxlis

Cabarebisas saegzarqoso saxlis ZmebTan erTad imyofebodnen

kerZo pirebi da mamkodis dedaTa monastris monazvnebi, rom-

lebic dakiTxvis Semdeg gauSves. saqarTvelos egzarqosTa sax-

lis adgilze XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi qarTveli mefeebis sasaxle

iyo, romelic aRa-mahmad-xanis mier Tbilisis aRebis dros da-

ingra. XIX s. dasawyisSi samefo sasaxlis adgilze aigo Tbili-

sis gubernatoris saxli. 1848 w. administraciam es saxli mihyi-

da sasuliero uwyebas. imperator nikoloz I-is gankargulebiT

da sinodis brZanebiT Tanxa mTlianad gadairicxa qarTveli

samRvdeloebis kuTvnili saxsrebidan. amis Semdeg iq binadrob-

dnen saqarTvelos egzarqosebi, qarTlisa da kaxeTis mTavare-

piskoposebi~. aRmaskomi iziarebs im azrs, rom kerZo korespon-

dencia yovelTvis ar SeiZleba iyos amomwuravi da sando, mag-

ram ai, imave gazeT `respublikis~ # 48-Si moTavsebulia Tbi-

lisis miliciis ufrosis oficialuri pataki amierkavkasiis

gansakuTrebuli komitetis wevrisadmi: `petrogradis depeSaTa

saagentos mier moskovidan gavrcelebuli cnobis uarsayofad,

Sesaxeb imisa, rom ama agvistos 23-s qarTvelebis brbom qar-

Tveli episkoposis _ leonidis meTaurobiT miitaca egzarqo-

sis saxli, daluqa eklesia, moiTxova salaros gasaRebi da daa-

patimra zogierTi sasuliero piri, Tavs movaled vTvli, mo-

gaxsenoT: ama agvistos 23-s dRis 2 saaTze miviRe sruliad sa-

qarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydris, Tbilel mitro-

polit leonidis Semdegi Sinaarsis mimarTva # 909: `b. Tbili-

sis miliciis ufross: droebiTi mTavrobis mier `ruseTis sa-

xelmwifoSi saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebrivi mdgomareobis

ZiriTadi wesebis~ damtkicebis Semdeg egzarqosis Tanamdeboba

gauqmebulia, saxli sadac cxovrobda saqarTvelos egzarqosi,

gamoTavisuflebulia ara marto iuridiulad, aramed faqtob-

rivadac, radgan masSi axla aRaravin cxovrobs. imis gamo, rom

es saxli SeZenilia saqarTvelos saeklesio xazinis saxsrebiT

(ix. sinodis kantoris saqme #5036, 1849 w.), saqarTvelos ekle-

siis droebiTma mmarTvelobam daikava igi kaTolikos-patriar-

qis mosaydris dasabinaveblad. survilisamebr, mis qveda sar-

TulSi cxovreba SeuZliaT a/kavkasiaSi rusuli eklesiis war-

momadgenlebs, manam, sanam moxdeba rusul-qarTuli eklesiis

interesebis saboloo gamijvna. gacnobebT amis Sesaxeb da

gTxovT, miavlinoT iq uflebamosili piri sxvisi qonebis aRsa-

314

werad da agreTve _ sakmarisi dacva amJamad iq mcxovreb pirTa

usafrTxoebisaTvis. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patri-

arqis mosaydre, Tbileli mitropoliti leonidi~.

imave dRes, saRamos 5 saaTze egzarqosis saxlSi mivavline

Cemi erT-erTi TanaSemwe sxvisi qonebis aRsawerad da saxlSi

mcxovreb pirTa dasacavad zomebis misaRebad, ris Sesaxebac wi-

naswar vacnobe muSaTa, jariskacTa da glexTa deputatebis

samxareo sabWos Tavmjdomares da amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebu-

li komitetis uflebamosil wevrs. egzarqosis saxlSi qalaqis

miliciam Semdegi zomebi gaatara: rusul-qarTuli saeklesio

interesebis gamijvnamde, qonebis dacvis mizniT, daluqa eg-

zarqosis saxlTan arsebuli jvris saxelobis eklesia, romel-

Sic Zvirfaseuloba inaxeboda, aRnusxa yofil egzarqos pla-

tonis mTeli piradi qoneba, moaTavsa calke oTaxSi da isic da-

luqa. egzarqosis saxlis yofili ekonomis mRvdelmonazon se-

rafimis kategoriuli uaris gamo, mieTiTebina qoneba, romelic

saxlis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, aseve Semosaval-gasavlis

wigni da fulisa da fasiani qaRaldebis salaro, miliciam da-

luqa is oTaxic, sadac inaxeba sabuTebi da cecxlgamZle skiv-

ri. am oTaxis daTvalierebis dros mRvdelmonazonma serafimma

scada, jibeSi Caedo cecxlgamZle skivridan amoRebuli fulis

2 msxvili Sekvra, magram droulad iqna SemCneuli. ekonomis

aseTma qcevam aiZula milicia daewesebina gansakuTrebuli meT-

valyureoba saeklesio qonebis datacebis aRsakveTad. Senobis

daTvalierebisas misi zeda sarTulis sastumros kedlebze aR-

moCnda romanovTa saxlis 5 portreti, maT Soris: aleqsandre

III-is, yofili memkvidris aleqsis da nikoloz nikolozis Zis,

amave saxlis qvemo sarTulze ki _ nikoloz II-is portretebi

memkvidresTan da dedasTan _ maria romanovasTan erTad gada-

Rebuli. mRvdelmonazon serafimis oTaxSi miliciis warmomad-

genlis Sesvlisas imyofebodnen: 2 moqalaqe da mamkodis monas-

tris 2 monazoni. isini isxdnen magidasTan da berebTan erTad

svamdnen Rvinos. Semdgom, mitropolit leonidis oficialuri

gancxadebis Sesabamisad, rom arqividan SeimCneoda faseuli

dokumentebis dataceba, miviRe zomebi arqivis dasacavad, amas-

Tanave, sinodaluri kantoris TanamSromlebze daubrkoleblad

gaicema sabuTebi specialuri siis mixedviT. egzarqosis saxlSi

qalaqis miliciis warmomadgenelTa mier aravin yofila dakave-

buli da y v e l a i q m y o f s m i e c a S e n o b i s T a -

315

v i s u f l a d d a t o v e b i s s a S u a l e b a. 24 agvistos

CemTan gamocxadda amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis

Tavmjdomaris xarlamovis rwmunebuli mowerilobiT, gamewia

daxmareba egzarqosis saxlis qonebis aRweris saqmeSi. manve ama-

ve dros ganmicxada, rom aRweris Sesadgenad Camoyalibdeboda

gansakuTrebuli SemTanxmebeli komisia rus da qarTvel sasu-

liero pirTagan. gaveci gankarguleba daxmarebis aRmosaCenad,

magram SemTanxmebel komisiaSi monawileobaze rusi samRvdelo-

ebis uaris gamo aRwera aRar Catarebula. miliciis mier gata-

rebuli zomebi da qonebis nusxis Sedgena sanqcirebulia amier-

kavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis Tavmjdomaris v.a. xarla-

movis mier~.

zemoTqmuli naTlad gadmogvcems TbilisSi ama agvistos

23-s momxdars, amas garda Cans, rom qarTveli sasuliero wode-

bis warmomadgenlebi TavianTi qmedebiT iyvnen savsebiT loia-

lurni, Tavazianni rusi samRvdeloebis mimarT da arCeuli ka-

nonieri gzidan ar gadauxveviaT, Tbilisis miliciis ufrosis

meSveobiT moqmedebdnen rogorc droebiT mTavrobasTan, ise

adgilobriv sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan SeTanxmebiT. qar-

Tvel samRvdeloebas araferi miutacnia, daikava mxolod is,

rac ekuTvnoda da imavdroulad, miiRo zomebi sxvisi qonebis

dasacavad. dekanoz mixailovskis depeSa aSkarad amaxinjebs aR-

weril faqts. saeklesio krebas sxvanairad moqceva ar SeeZlo,

radgan ufro sarwmuno informacia ar hqonda. magram mTavare-

piskoposi platoni ar dakmayofilda depeSis gaxmovanebiT, ki-

dev ufro Sors wavida da es yvelaferi iwvevs moskovSi arse-

buli qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis aRmaskomis gancvif-

rebasa da aRSfoTebas.

meufe platonma moaxsena krebas, rom saqarTvelo ganudga

marTlmadidebel eklesias da avtokefalurobs... magram raSi

xedavs mRvdelmTavari qarTvelTa gandgomas marTlmadidebeli

eklesiisagan? mTavarepiskopos platonisaTvis, romelic saqar-

Tvelos egzarqosis Tanamdebobaze imyofeboda 2 welze meti

xnis ganmavlobaSi da sargeblobs mecnieris reputaciiT, kar-

gad unda iyos cnobili, rom saqarTvelom qristianoba miiRo IV

s-is bolos (sic.) da mas Semdeg, ruseTTan SeerTebamde, e.i. 14

saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi arasdros gadauxvevia mar-

Tlmadideblobisagan da msoflio krebaTa dadgenilebisamebr

wmindad icavda mas. marTlmadidebeli religiisadmi Tavisi

316

Tavdadebis gamo saqarTvelo ganuwyvetel brZolas eweoda

garSemo mcxovreb araqristian xalxebTan. saqarTvelos ekle-

sia marTlmadideblobisagan mas Semdegac ar gamdgara, rac mas-

ze uwmidesma sinodma gaavrcela Tavisi Zalaufleba. saqarTvelos eklesia axla ki ar avtokefalurobs, avto-

kefaluri iyo VII saukunidan (sic.) da Tavis Tavs avtokefalu-

rad Tvlida ruseTTan saqarTvelos SeerTebis Semdegac: ruse-

Tis sinods ar hqonda ufleba msoflio krebaTa dadgenilebis

gareSe gaeuqmebina saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia. saqar-

Tvelos eklesia Tavs Tvlida mxolod daqvrivebulad, magram

mainc avtokefalurad. Zveli wyobisa da Zveli xelisuflebis

warmomadgenelTa damxobasTan erTad saqarTvelos marTlmadi-

debel eklesias ar SeeZlo moeTmina am wyobisagan Tavsmoxveu-

li egzarqosis xelisufleba da, radgan damoukidebeli ekle-

sia ar SeiZleba arsebobdes meTauri xelisuflebis gareSe,

qarTvelma xalxma Tavisi samRvdeloebis meTaurobiT jer ki-

dev ama wlis 14 marts (unda iyos 12 marti, teqstSive xeliTaa

gasworebuli _ i. a.) aRadgina saqarTvelos sakaTolikoso da

gadawyvita sakuTari patriarqis arCeva. es aris ara marTlma-

dideblobisagan gandgoma, aramed _ msoflio saeklesio kreba-

Ta kanonebze dafuZnebuli aqti, rameTu rusuli sinodis mier

qarTveli kaTolikosebis kaTedris gauqmeba iyo arakanonikuri.

swored amitom, marTlmadideblobisagan gandgomad ar SeiZle-

ba CaiTvalos is, rom saqarTvelos eklesia ibrunebs avtokefa-

lias sawyisi formiT. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aR-

dgena ama wlis 14 marts (12 marts _ Sesworebulia iqve _ i. a.)

gamocxadda. mas Semdeg 5 Tve gavida. droebiTi mTavroba da

rusuli sinodi darwmundnen, rom es araa amboxi, masSi ukanono

da separatistuli araferia. mTavroba da sinodi Seeguen am

faqts da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefa-

lia aRdgenilad cnes. 1 agvistos (unda iyos 25 ivlisi, iqve xe-

liTaa gasworebuli _ i. a.) droebiTma mTavrobam gamosca dad-

genileba saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebis Sesa-

xeb. am dadgenilebis droebiTi wesebis §3-Si naTqvamia, rom `sa-

qarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmsaxurT SeuZliaT daakmayofilon

araqarTveli marTlmadideblebis sarwmunoebrivi moTxovnile-

bani. aseve rus marTlmadidebel mRvdlebsac SeuZliaT daakma-

yofilon qarTveli morwmuneebis moTxovnilebani. unda vivara-

udoT, rom droebiTi mTavrobis dadgenileba saqarTvelos ek-

317

lesiis Sesaxeb miRebuli iyo aRsarebaTa ministris monawileo-

biTa da sinodis nebarTviT. xolo, moyvanili §3 kategoriulad

uaryofs mTavarepiskopos platonis gancxadebas saqarTvelos

eklesiis marTlmadideblobisagan gandgomis Sesaxeb.

aRmasrulebeli komiteti gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegeba mTava-

repiskopos platonis saCivris miRebas, rom qarTvelebma `waar-

Tves sakaTedro taZari~. TbilisSi sakaTedro taZari erTia,

qarTveli mefis guaram bagratidis mier aSenebuli sionis ta-

Zari. mefe 600 wels gardaicvala, ase, rom sionis taZari aSene-

bulia VI saukuneSi da 12 s-is ganmavlobaSi qarTvel kaToli-

kosTa sakaTedro taZari iyo. sakiTxavia, vin vis arTmevs am ta-

Zars: qarTvelebi mTavarepiskopos platons Tu _ es ukanaskne-

li cdilobs mis mitacebas qarTvelebisagan.

aRmaskoms aseve ucnaurad miaCnia mTavarepiskopos plato-

nis gancxadeba qarTvelebis mier rus berebze ganxorcielebu-

li Zaladobis Sesaxeb, sagulisxmoa, rom am Zaladobis Taobaze

meufe platons adre araferi wamoscdenia, arc Tanadroul

presaSi dabeWdila rame, Tumca mRvdelmTavris TqmiT, es didi

xnis win _ jer kidev martSi xdeboda. aRmaskomi kategoriulad

amtkicebs, rom aseTi faqtebi ar yofila. mTavarepiskoposi

platoni cdilobs, qarTvelebi daadanaSaulos rusuli eklesi-

is warmomadgenlebisadmi mtrul damokidebulebaSi. marTalia,

qarTvelebis pativiscemiT ar sargeblobdnen dekanozebi vos-

torgovi da gorodcovi, magram maTi moRvaweoba sakmaodaa

cnobili rusuli sazogadoebisTvisac. ar visaubrebT arc ram-

denime arapopularul egzarqosze da arc saqarTvelos saeg-

zarqosoSi arsebul uwesrigobebze, ris Sesaxebac ibeWdeboda

presaSi, iseT popularul organoSi, rogoricaa i. s. aqsakovis

«Русь» (ix. mag. fadeevis statiebi 80-iani wlebSi). magram qar-

Tvelebs SeeZloT dafaseba da pativiscema Rirseuli ierarqe-

bisa: dRemde pativiscemiT ixseneben egzarqos ioanikes.

rac Seexeba imas, Tu raoden `Znelia rusisaTvis cxovreba

im ganapira mxareSi, romelsac kavkasia hqvia~ (mTavarepiskopos

platonis gamonaTqvami sagazeTo cnobebis mixedviT), aRmaskoms

aqvs mravalricxovani cnobebi am ganapira mxaridan CamosulTa,

piradi mimowerebis, presisa da TviTon rus mcxovrebTaganac

ki, saidanac Cans, rom kavkasiaSi (ufro sworad mTel amierkav-

kasiaSi) axali wyoba mSvidad da gegmazomierad, eqscesebis ga-

reSe myardeba. Cans, adgilobrivi sxvadasxvatomelebi, sxvadas-

318

xva enaze molaparake da sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mosaxleoba

axal wyobaze erTnairad fiqrobs: acnobierebs mimdinare saga-

reo movlenebisa Tu gaWianurebuli mrisxane omis safrTxes,

amavdroulad Segnebuli aqvs momxdari saSinao gadatrialebis

mniSvneloba. erTiani saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT a/kavkasiis mosaxleoba dakavebulia Semoqme-

debiTi SromiT. yoveli xalxi cdilobs SeimuSaos axali cxov-

rebis mowyobis gegma saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisa

da mezobeli xalxebis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

mTavarepiskopos platons krebaze mxari dauWira aRsare-

baTa ministris amxanagma kotliarevskim. man isaubra ìm mdgo-

mareobis Sesaxeb, romelSic amJamad aRmoCnda a/kavkasiis mar-

Tlmadidebeli mosaxleoba~. aRmasrulebeli komitetis xelT

arsebuli cnobebis mixedviT a/kavkasiis marTlmadidebeli mo-

saxleobis mdgomareoba erovnebis miuxedavad srulebiT ar

Secvlila: garda imisa, rom saeklesio krebaTa dadgenilebeb-

Tan da kanonebTan sruliad Seusabamo saqarTvelos saegzarqo-

sos nacvlad aRdga saqarTvelos sakaTolikoso, romlis xeli-

suflebac marTlmadidebel saqarTveloSi erTaderTi kanoni-

kuria.

aRsarebaTa ministris amxanagma isaubra, rom `saqarTve-

los mier arCeulma gzam ar SeiZleba mowoneba daimsaxuros~.

Tu es saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gamocxadebas Seexe-

ba, b. kotliarevskisaTvis, rogorc mecnierisa da maRali Ta-

namdebobis adamianisaTvis, cnobili unda iyos, rom yovelgvari

gadatrialebis logikuri aucilebloba da istoriuli azri

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gadatrialeba xdeba maSin, roca arse-

buli yvela gza, romelic gadatrialebamde kanonierad iyo

miCneuli da SeiZleboda `gamarTlebuli~ yofiliyo, amoiwura,

amitomac droebiTma mTavrobam cno saqarTvelos avtokefalu-

ri eklesia. rac Seexeba gansakuTrebul SemTanxmebel komisias,

es b. kotliarevskis ki ara, droebiTi mTavrobis azria: 1 agvis-

tos (25 ivlisi) dadgenilebis §2-Si winaswaraa gansazRvruli

aseTi komisiis Camoyalibeba. Cven gvjera, Tu es komisia ver

SeZlebs saqarTvelos da ruseTis eklesiaTa gamijvnas, saami-

sod gzas mainc ipovis da Tu saWiro iqneba, mimarTavs sxva, uf-

ro kompetentur da miukerZoebel organos.

moskovSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sam-

Zimoa rusuli marTlmadideblobis centrSi _ moskovSi da Ta-

319

nac marTlmadidebel saeklesio krebaze ruseTis sinodis ne-

biT saqarTvelos egzarqosad daniSnuli mTavarepiskopos pla-

tonis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis mosmena marTlmadidebeli

eklesiisagan gandgomaSi qarTvelebis dadanaSaulebis Taobaze.

qarTvelebi miCveuli arian m. m. vostorgovebis ciliswamebebs,

magram es iyo Zveli dro. axal, Tavisufal ruseTSi, sadac Zmo-

bisa da Tanasworobis saxeliT yvelas mouwodeben siyvaruli-

saken, amas ar movelodiT.

im dros, rodesac yvela cdilobs ruseTis erTianobis Se-

narCunebas, roca qarTvelebi kvlavac sruliad loialurni rCe-

bian da araviTar separatizmsa da gamoyofaze sityvas ar Zraven,

acxadeben mxolod TavianT kanonier uflebebs _ moawyon saku-

Tari saeklesio da saSinao cxovreba damoukideblad, rogorc

amas moiTxovs maTi msoflmxedveloba, erovnuli saWiroebani da

yofiTi Taviseburebani, ruseTis eklesiisa da rusuli xelisuf-

lebis warmomadgenelTa aseT gamosvlebs SeuZliaT qarTvelebis

winaaRmdeg ganawyon ara marto ruseTis adgilobrivi saeklesio

kreba, aramed rusuli sazogadoebrivi azric. magram es rusuli

saxelmwifos erTianobis propagandis interesebSi ar Sedis. aseT

pirobebSi, ra Tqma unda, Sinaganad ganaxlebul ruseTSi ar SeiZ-

leba mowesrigdes mravalerovnuli saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasia-

Tebeli solidaruli SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli

erovnuli organizaciebis aRmasrulebeli komiteti aprotes-

tebs mTavarepiskopos platonis braldebebs saqarTvelos mi-

marT marTlmadidebeli eklesiisagan gandgomaSi da sionis sa-

kaTedro taZarze cnobs mxolod qarTuli marTlmadidebeli

sakaTolikosos uflebas. agreTve protests gamoTqvams saek-

lesio sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kotliarevskis mier qarTvele-

bis gakicxvis gamo.

1917 w. -------- seqtemberi, moskovi

aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tav-re m. zandukeli, (xelmoweri-

lia)

Tavmjdomaris amxanagi (xelmouwerilia)

aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevrebi " _ "

mdivani " _ "

320


1. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme 6465. 2. gazeTi «Кавказъ», 29.08.1917, 193.

Irina Arabidze Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

The Executive Committee of Georgian National Organizations in

Moscow and the Autocephaly Problems of the Church of Georgia (1917)

Summary

Document published with comments (Patriarchate Archive of All Georgia, case 6465 p. 133-137) is an appeal of the executive committee of the Georgian national organizations in Moscow to the first local Church council. The appeal is dated to September, 1917 and is signed by the head of the executive committee Mikheil Zandukeli.

The executive committee of the national organizations expresses pro-test against the announcement made by former Exarch of Georgia Platon (Rozhdestvenski) at the council of the Church of Russia in August, 25 in 1917.

The announcement was about `the apostasy of the Church of Georgia~ from the Orthodox faith and the fact of occupation of Exarchs’ former house by Georgian defenders of autocephaly that, as if, was carried on by pogrom and arrests. In his tendentious evaluation of the real situation in the Church of Georgia Archbishop Platon was supported by Kotliarevski, a friend of the minister of denominations.

The former house of Exarchs and the building of the Synodic Office without contradiction was a property of the Church of Georgia as it was bought by local money. Enemies of the Church of Georgia were spreading various kinds of rumors about the behavior of the Georgian clergy and were slandering fighters for freedom.

The Moscow executive committee of the Georgian national organiza-tions with the appeal sent to the Church Council of Russia expressed its atti-

321

tude towards the restoration of the Church autocephaly rights and in fact in-formed the Church council in Georgia about the real situation.

322

merab kalandaZe


sis saxelmwifo universitetis profe-

sori

amerikis aRmoCena da qarTuli

istoriografia

winamdebare naSromi istoriografiul xasiaTs atarebs da

miznad isaxavs, gaaSuqos erTi saintereso Tema: amerikis aRmo-

Cenis Seswavla saqarTveloSi. es sakiTxi istoriografiaSi Ses-

wavlili ar yofila da amitom Cven mizanSewonilad vcaniT,

masze sagangebod SevCerebuliyaviT.

am problemis obieqturad warmoCenisaTvis didi mniSvne-

loba aqvs swori kriteriumis SerCevas. ra kriteriumiT unda

SevafasoT aRiSnuli sakiTxis Seswavlis saqmeSi qarTuli isto-

riografiis wvlili?

pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom am memkvidreobis Se-

ufasebloba ar ivargebs da am problemisadmi gulgrili, nihi-

listuri damokidebuleba swori ar iqneboda. winaaRmdeg Sem-

TxvevaSi is mcire informaciac ar gveqneboda, rac am sakiTxze

gagvaCnia qarTul enaze.

am Temis mkacri mecnieruli kriteriumebiT Sefaseba mar-

Tebulad ar migvaCia. es advili gziT siaruli iqneboda da

aRiSnuli sakiTxis realistur suraTs rodi iZleva. miT ume-

tes, rom qarTuli istoriografiis winaSe mokrZalebuli amo-

cana idga da miznad isaxavda amerikis aRmoCenis populariza-

cias. mas umTavresad SemecnebiTi datvirTva gaaCnda. am kul-

turtregerul misias qarTulma istoriografiam, SeiZleba iT-

qvas, urigod rodi gaarTva Tavi. es iyo mTavari. swored amaSi

mdgomareobda misi mniSvneloba.

* * *

amerikis aRmoCenam qarTuli sazogadoebis yuradReba mi-

ipyro me-19 saukunis bolos. maSin saqarTvelos skolebSi axa-

li istoria rusuli saxelmZRvaneloebis mixedviT iswavlebo-

323

da. upiratesad es iyo kaidanovis da d. ilovaiskis saxelmZRva-

neloebi. maTi gverdis avla gamarTlebuli ar unda Candes da

aRniSul sakiTxze srul warmodgenas rodi Segviqmnis. am sa-

xelmZRvaneloebSi amerikis aRmoCenas, bunebrivia, yuradReba

eqceva da qarTul sazogadoebas masze garkveul informacias

awvdis.

d. ilovaiskis wignSi axali istoria didi geografiuli

aRmoCenebiT iwyeba, xolo p. radaSevis da n. kareevis axali is-

toriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi axali dro renesansiT da refor-

maciiT iwyeba. am TvalsazrisSi miuRebeli araferia da mas gaa-

Cia moqalaqeobis ufleba. piradad Cven migvaCia, rom d. ilova-

iskis Tvalsazrisi SeiZleba ufro axlos iyos realobasTan [1].

cnobili rusi istorikosi kareevi jer vasko da gamas eqspedi-

cias exeba (1498), xolo Semdeg ki kolumbis mier amerikis aRmo-

Cenas (1492).

zogierTi mosazreba, romelic am drois istoriografiaSi

miRebuli iyo, SemdgomSi gadasinjul iqna, ufro dazustda.

ase magaliTad, p. ardaSevis saxelmZRvaneloSi kolumbis daba-

debis TariRad saxeldeba 1436 weli, xolo Semdgomi periodis

istoriul-samecniero literaturaSi ufro damkvidrda Tari-

Ri 1451 weli. carizmis dros arsebuli axali istoriis saxel-

mZRvaneloebi upiratesad memarjvene-konservatoruli pozici-

ebidanaa dawerili. aseTia d. ilovaiskis da p. ardaSevis saxel-

mZRvaneloebi. aris liberalur Rirebulebebze orientirebuli

saxelmZRvaneloebi: n. kareevi, r. viperi, p. vinogradovi.

saqarTveloSi msoflio istoriis popularizaciis saqmeSi

Tavisi wvlili miuZRvis wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazoga-

doebas. am mxriv, bunebrivia, kolumbis mier amerikis aRmoCena

gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda. yuradRebas ipyrobs rafiel

erisTavis mier Sedgenili patara wignaki kolumbi, romelic

1887 wels gamovida [2]. am broSuram Tavisi mokrZalebuli

wvlili Seitana saqarTveloSi kolumbis moRvaweobis popula-

rizaciis saqmeSi da qarTul sazogadoebas saerTo warmodgena

Seuqmna did zRvaosanze. misi mniSvnelobac swored amaSi mdgo-

mareobda. kolumbis biografiis es primitiuli martivi, miami-

turi gadmocema, imdroindeli qarTuli istoriografiis fon-

ze wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. sakiTxis ufro srulyofilad

warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT, kargi iqneboda, gacilebiT meti

Tqmuliyo kolumbis meore, mesame da meoTxe mogzaurobaze.

324

aris zogierTi faqtobrivi uzustoba. ase, magaliTad, axali

miwa pirvelma dainaxa ara kolumbma, aramed rodrigo trianam.

imdroindel istoriografiaSi miRebuli azri iyo, rom kolum-

bi daibada 1436 wels, Tumca SemdgomSi istoriografia ufro

im azrisken ixreba, rom kolumbi 1451 wels daibada.

amrigad, istoriulma monakveTma 1918 wlamde saqarTve-

loSi amerikis aRmoCenis istoriiT dainteresebis uvertiurad

gaiJRera da, Cveni azriT, am problemiT dainteresebis Sesav-

lad, winaistoriad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

* * *

saqarTveloSi amerikis aRmoCeniT dainteresebas mZlavri

stimuli misca orma garemoebam. 1918 wlis 26 ianvars (ax. st. 8

Tebervali) Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebam da

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxade-

bam. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amerikis aRmoCenis

Seswavlis, popularizaciis, akvani damoukidebel saqarTvelo-

Si dairwa. amitom es patara monakveTi am problemiT daintere-

sebis, popularizaciis, pirvel etapad SeiZleba miviCnioT. am

TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs damoukidebel saqarTvelo-

Si 1918-21 wlebSi gamosuli axali istoriis pirveli erovnuli

saxelmZRvaneloebi.

saintereso transformacias hqonda adgili amerikis aRmo-

Cenis ganxilvis dros damoukidebel saqarTveloSi. es imiT ga-

moixateboda, rom aRniSuli Tema damkvidrda saskolo saxel-

mZRvaneloebSi, romelic haeriviT esaWiroeboda suverenul

respublikas. es saxelmZRvaneloebi warmoadgens kidev erT

mniSvnelovan nabijs amerikis aRmoCenis popularizaciis saqme-

Si.

ra Tqma unda, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan es saxelmZRvane-

loebi Rimils iwvevs, martivia da istoriografiis ganvlil

etaps warmoadgens. maTi mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom

qarTvel mkiTxvels, pirvel rigSi moswavleebs, saerTo war-

modgenas Seuqmnida amerikis aRmoCenaze.

amerikis aRmoCenas saTanado yuradReba eTmoba T. Wumbu-

riZis da al. wereTlis axali istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi.

maT kargad unda hqonodaT gacnobierebuli amerikis aRmoCenis

istoriuli mniSvneloba: saxelmZRvaneloebSi Sua saukuneebisa

da axal istorias Soris zRvari gadis did geografiul aRmo-

325

Cenebze. aq moviZiebT mokle informacias kolumbze da mis mog-

zaurobaze. yuradReba eqceva didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis

mizezebs. Cveni azriT, SedarebiT mkrTaladaa gaSuqebuli ko-

lumbis meore, mesame da meoTxe mogzauroba. es Sinaarsobrivad

kidev ufro gaamdidrebda monakveTs da saxelmZRvaneloebi

mxolod moigebdnen.

d. uznaZisa da i. gvelesianis saxelmZRvaneloSi axali is-

toria iwyeba renesansiT da reformaciiT, magram es sulac ar

amcirebs amerikis aRmoCenis istoriul mniSvnelobas da mas sa-

xelmZRvaneloSi jerovani yuradReba eqceva. aq moTavsebuli

informacia sainteresoa da qarTvel mkiTxvels amerikis aRmo-

Cenaze saerTo warmodgenas Seuqmnida. es Zalian kargia. albaT,

ufro upriani iqneboda, aRniSnuli problemis calke monakve-

Tad gamoyofa da misi sagangebod ganxilva. saxelmZRvaneloSi

jer vasko da gamas mogzaurobas ganixilaven (1498) da mere ko-

lumbis mier amerikis aRmoCenas (1492). mokled aris gadmocemu-

li kolumbis biografia, xazgasmulia toskanelis gavlena ko-

lumbze, espaneTSi kolumbis Casvla. vfiqrobT, sasurveli iyo

saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebuli yofiliyo kolumbis (1493), me-

same (1498) da meoTxe (1502) mogzaurobis TariRebi.

s. avalianis da a. vulfiusis saxelmZRvaneloebSi axali

istoria iwyeba renesansiT. aq amerikis aRmoCena ganixileba gak-

vriT da gaSuqebulia metad mkrTalad, sustad. Tavad gansa-

jeT, a. vulfiusis saxelmZRvaneloSi is moTavsebulia monak-

veTSi gamogonebebi da aRmoCenebi, xolo s. avalianTan ki re-

formaciasTan erTad [5]. pirveli midgoma ufro logikuria,

vidre meore. albaT, ufro upriani iqneboda didi geografiu-

li aRmoCenebis calke monakveTad gamoyofa da ganxilva.

amrigad, damoukidebel saqarTveloSi 1918-21 wlebSi aR-

niSnuli sakiTxis popularizaciis TvalsazrisiT garkveuli na-

biji iqna win gadadgmuli. es imdroindeli qarTuli istoriog-

rafiis warmatebad unda miviCnioT. am mxriv sayuradReboa da-

moukidebel saqarTveloSi gamosuli axali istoriis pirveli

erovnuli saxelmZRvaneloebi. es imdroindeli qarTuli isto-

riografiis mniSvnelovan warmatebas warmoadgenda da amaze

Tvalis daxuWva, rogorc amas Cadioda sabWoTa, komunisturi

reJimi, gamarTlebuli ar unda iyos. saxelmZRvaneloebma, pir-

velad qarTul sinamdvileSi, sazogadoebas amerikis aRmoCenaze

saerTo warmodgena Seuqmna. es ar aris amerikis aRmoCenis is-

326

toriis ubralo Txroba. aq saTanado yuradReba eqceva mizeze-

bis dadgenas. saxelmZRvaneloebSi gansaxilveli sakiTxebis wre

met-naklebad adekvaturia da amerikis aRmoCenis saerTo su-

raTs iZleva. zogierTi sakiTxis Semdgomi srulyofa, daxvewa,

Cveni azriT, gamoricxuli ar unda iyos.

* * *

saqarTveloSi gasabWoebis Semdeg amerikis aRmoCeniT da-

interesebam mkveTri metamorfoza ganicada da Tvisobrivad

axal fazaSi Sevida. es aris saintereso problema. amerikis aR-

moCenis Seswavla sabWoTa epoqis qarTul istoriografiaSi

faqtobrivad es iyo aRniSnuli problemiT dainteresebis meo-

re etapi.

Tavdapirvelad xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom sabWoTa pe-

riodSi amerikis aRmoCeniT dainteresebis samecniero popula-

rizaciis xasiaTi Seuqcevadi xdeba. sabWoTa periodSi amerikis

aRmoCenis popularizaciisaTvis bevri ram gakeTda. es uwinare-

sad imiT gamoixateboda, rom am SromebSi Tavmoyrili iqna me-

tad mdidari da mravalferovani mecnieruli informacia, Seg-

rovda uxvi faqtobrivi masala. am mxriv wingadadgmuli nabiji

aSkaraa da amaze Tvalis daxuWva swori ar iqneboda. magram am

dainteresebam calmxrivi xasiaTi miiRo. damyarda erTi _ mar-

qsistul-leninuri ideologiis monopolia, diqtati. es mkveT-

ri feriscvaleba yvelaze reliefurad mJRavndeba msoflio

istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxSi, saxeldobr, msoflio isto-

riaSi amerikis aRmoCenis adgilis gansazRvris dros. sabWoTa

istoriografia amerikis aRmoCenas adgils miuCenda ara axal

droSi, rogorc es damoukidebel saqarTveloSi gadmocemul

saxelmZRvaneloebSia, aramed Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi. ami-

tom wminda konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT raime progresze,

winsvlaze, saubari marTebuli ar unda Candes.

qarTul sinamdvileSi amerikis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb erT-erT

pirvel seriozul-samecniero-popularul narkvevs warmoad-

gens cnobili mecnieris, geografis, prof. giorgi gextmanis

wigni „narkvevebi geografiul aRmoCenaTa istoriidan~ [6]. naS-

romis dasawyisSi avtori mkafiod ayalibebs Tavis amocanas.

„qarTul enaze metad mcire raodenobiT moipoveba wignebi,

romlebsac mikuTvnili aqvs dedamiwis zurgis Secnobis isto-

riuli ganviTarebis sakiTxi da adamianis mier geografiuli

327

sferos dapyrobis istoria. winamdebare narkvevi... miznad isa-

xavs cotaTi mainc Seavsos es xarvezebi qarTul samecniero

literaturaSi. vimedovnebT, rom miuxedavad yvela Tavisi nak-

lisa, es wigni usargeblo ar iqneba qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis~

[6, 3]. aq is xazs usvams am Temis Seswavlis dros qarTuli is-

toriografiis mizans. am mokrZalebul misias SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom avtorma urigod rodi gaarTva Tavi. prof. g. gextmanis

narkvevis mecnieruli mniSvneloba mdgomareobs mis SemecnebiT

datvirTvaSi.

avtori ganixilavs Semdeg saintereso Temebs: zogadi mi-

moxilvis Semdeg is saubrobs geografiul codnaze XV saukune-

Si. exeba im Tvisebriv naxtoms, romelsac adgili hqonda am

sferoSi renesansis dros. ganixilavs kolumbis mogzaurobis

winaistorias. SedarebiT vrclad exeba kolumbis mogzaurobas.

xazs usvams kolumbis mimoweras toskanelTan. es azri didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli iyo istoriul-samecniero lite-

raturaSi da bevri momxreebi hyavda, magram amerikelma isto-

rikosma viniom am faqts eWvis TvaliT Sexeda da is ufro SeT-

xzulad miiCnia.

g. gextmanis narkvevi aRniSnuli problemis populariza-

ciis gzaze kidev erT wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens da im-

droindeli qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovan SenaZenad

gvevlineba. ra Tqma unda, es wigni dRes ukve moZvelebulia da

istoriografiis ganvlil etaps warmoadgens.

prof. aleqsande namoraZis sainterso narkvevi „kolumbi

da amerikis aRmoCena~ [7] qarTul istoriografiaSi am Temaze

daweril erT-erT saukeTeso naSromad unda miviCnioT. „al. na-

moraZis wigni pirveli monografiuli xasiaTis Sromaa qarTul

enaze specialurad miZRvnili kolumbisa da amerikis aRmoCeni-

sadmi. naSromis ZiriTadi Tema erTdroulad istoriulicaa da

geografiulic; avtors didma erudiciam saSualeba misca TiT-

qmis erTnairi virtuozobiT gaeSuqebina Tavisi wignis umTav-

resi problemis es orive mxare~ [8, 185,161]. prof. al. namora-

Zis es wigni dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli Cvens monografiaSi

„dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali istoriis Seswav-

la saqarTveloSi me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi~ [9, 197, 201]

da amitom masze sityvas meti aRar gavagrZelebT.

ra Tqma unda, al. namoraZis es wigni dRes ukve moZvele-

bulia, istoriografiis ganvlil etaps warmoadgens. amitom mi-

328

zanSewonili iqneboda aRniSnul Temaze qarTul enaze Seiqmnas

axali seriozuli samecniero-popularuli xasiaTis narkvevi,

sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda Tanamedrove istoriografi-

is miRwevebi.

samecniero-popularul xasiaTs atarebs prof. giorgi

zardaliSvilis narkvevi „kolumbamdeli amerika~ [10]. aq sain-

teresod aris moTxrobili kolumbamde amerikis aRmoCenis

cdebze. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom

wignis saTauri cota sxva asociaciebs iwvevs. albaT, ufro up-

riani iqneboda sxva, SedarebiT adeqvaturi saTauri.

amerikis aRmoCenas, bunebrivia, didi adgili eTmoboda

Sua saukuneebis istoriis sabWoTa saxelmZRvaneloebSi, Tumca

ramdenad marTlzomieri iyo am problemis aRniSnuli epoqi-

saTvis mikuTvneba, Zneli saTqmelia da sakamaTo Cans [1908 wel-

saa gamocemuli 11]. saqme isaa, rom faqtobrivad, sabWoTa is-

toriografia iyo erTaderTi skola, romelic ar cnobda did

geografiul aRmoCenebs, rogorc zRvars Sua saukuneebsa da

axal epoqas Soris. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom sabWouri, mar-

qsistuli periodizacia izolaciaSi aRmoCnda da saerTaSori-

so sazogadoebam Zalze civad miiRo, ar gaiazra.

mecnierebi dRemde daoben kolumbis aRmoCenis irgvliv da

es dava, albaT, kidev didxans gastans. me-20 saukunis cnobili

holandieli istorikosis piter heilis TqmiT, „istoria daus-

rulebeli polemikaa~. ra iyo kolumbis aRmoCena „udidesi Sec-

doma, romelmac udides aRmoCenamde migviyvana~ Tu piriqiT,

kolumbma yvelaferi kargad icoda. pirvels gaaCnia raRac ro-

mantikuli Sarmi, xolo meore gacilebiT ufro prozaulad ga-

moiyureba, magram es arafers amtkicebs, niSnavs.

qarTul istoriografiaSi dominirebs tradiciuli Tval-

sazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, kolumbis aRmoCena, frangi geogra-

fis Jan anvalis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iyo „udidesi Secdoma,

romelmac udides aRmoCenamde migviyvana~ _ es aris erTi ve-

rsia. arsebobs sxva versiac, romelsac qarTuli istoriogra-

fia upiratesad, skeptikurad ekideboda. am versiis mixedviT,

kolumbma marSruti Zalian kargad icoda. germanelma mweralma

paul verner lengem, romelmac dawera saintereso wigni did

zRvaosanze, yuradReba miapyro erT garemoebas. kolumbi da-

savleTis gzisadmi did interess iCenda 1479 wlis Semdeg [12,

17]. arafers ar vamtkicebT, mxolod gamovTqvamT metad

329

frTxil varauds, rom SesaZloa, es Tvalsazrisi gacilebiT

ufro angariSgasawevi Candes, vidre es didi xnis manZilze ego-

naT qarTvel mecnierebs. oskar peSelis TqmiT: „kolumbis aR-

moCena iyo naperwkali, saidanac warmoiSva ali~. germaneli

mwerlis paul verner lenges azriT „kolumbis damsaxureba is

ki araa, rom Tamamad gadaacura atlantis okeane da aRwera

axali qveynebi, aramed aris misi aRmoCenebis istoriuli Sede-

gebi~ [12, 3].

amrigad, sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi ame-

rikis aRmoCeniT daintereseba, popularizacia mkveTrad gamok-

veTil samecniero-popularul iers iZens. am SromebSi gamov-

lenili Zalze mdidari da mravalferovani mecnieruli infor-

macia, uxvi faqtobrivi masala, sainteresoa. amave dros unda

iTqvas, rom am dainteresebam, popularizaciam calmxrivi xasi-

aTi miiRo da erT marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis CarCoebSi

moeqca. damyarda erTi marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis mo-

nopolia. gansxvavebuli azri sastikad idevneboda. marqsistu-

li midgoma iyo erTi xedva, romelsac gaaCnda Tavisi Rirsebe-

bi da nakli da sulac ar warmodgenda WeSmaritebis ukanasknel

instancias, rogorc amas didi xnis manZilze gvimtkicebdnen. aq

aisaxa savsebiT realuri viTareba. maT airCies mecnieruli

problema da mogvces misi marqsistuli gadawyveta. istorias

ar xelewifeba erTi WeSmariteba. marqsistuli midgoma sabo-

lood CixSi moeqca. periodizaciis sakiTxi marqsistuli kon-

cefciis aqilevsis quslad migvaCnia. marqsistuli istoriog-

rafia did geografiul aRmoCenebs Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi

miuCenda adgils. aseTi midgoma kargad gamoxatavda erTi sko-

lis Tvalsazriss da aradamajereblad unda Candes da aSkarad

ar Seesatyviseba saerTaSoriso istoriografiis standartebs.

* * *

1991 wlis dekemberSi daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri. saqarTve-

lom aRadgina damoukidebloba. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda.

qarTulma istoriografiam SvebiT amoisunTqa. marqsistul-le-

ninuri ideologiis monopolias wertili daesva. qarTul is-

toriografias SeeZlo Tavisufali arCevani gaekeTebina. es,

cxadia, seriozuli wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. Seiqmna winam-

ZRvrebi istoriuli movlenebisadmi mravalvariantuli midgo-

mis. praqtikulad aqedan iwyeba saqarTveloSi am TematikiT da-

330

interesebis, popularizaciis mesame periodis aTvla, romelic

dResac grZeldeba.

pirvelyovlisa saWiro iyo aRniSnuli Tematikis marqsiz-

misagan gawmenda. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmul pirvel mokrZa-

lebul nabijad me-8 klasis axali istoriis saxelmZRvanelo

migvaCnia [3].

pirvelyovlisa, didi mniSvneloba aqvs periodizaciis sa-

kiTxs. unda iTqvas, rom am Temaze qarTul istoriografiaSi

seriozuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, romelic principul

xasiaTs atarebs. erT SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs marqsistuli pe-

riodizaciis kategoriulad ugulebelyofas, xolo meore Sem-

TxvevaSi is ufro deklamaciur xasiaTs atarebs.

me-8 klasis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi Sua saukuneebisa

da axal istorias Soris niSansvetad aRebulia didi geografi-

uli aRmoCenebi. aq, faqtobrivad, kategoriuladaa dagmobili

msoflio istoriis marqsistuli periodizacia.

sul sxvagvaradaa gadawyvetili es Tema beJan javaxiasa da

akaki geTiaSvili me-7 klasis Sua saukuneebis istoriis saxel-

mZRvaneloSi. aq Sua saukuneebis istoria mTavrdeba mecniere-

bisa da teqnikis ganviTarebiT da didi geografiuli aRmoCene-

biT [14]. aseTi kompromisuli Tvalsazrisi paliatiurad, zeda-

pirulad migvaCnia da mTlad damajerebeli ar unda iyos.

qarTvel istorikosTa erTi nawili amerikis aRmoCenas

kvlavindeburad Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi moiazrebs da am

epoqis istorias asrulebs me-17 saukunis Sua xanebis inglisis

revoluciiT [15]. aq marqsistuli periodizaciis dagmoba mxo-

lod deklamaciur doneze xdeba [16].

didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma saTave daudo saokeano

civilizaciaze gadasvlas. es iyo Tvisebrivi xasiaTis siaxle,

romelic aSkarad ar Tavsdeba Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi. axa-

li drois siom Zalumad dabera. amitom saerTaSoriso istori-

ografia Sua saukuneebsa da axal istorias Soris niSansvetad

iRebs XV-XVI saukuneebis mijnas; didi geografiuli aRmoCe-

nebs, renesanss, reformacias.

kolumbis eqspediciaSi qarTvelebis SesaZlo monawileo-

bas exeba prof. greta CantlaZis saintereso naSromis „qriste-

fore kolumbisa da misi eqpediciis monawileebis Sesaxeb piri-

neisa da kavkasiis iberiidan~ [17]. kategoriulad raimes mtki-

ceba an ugulebelyofa Znelia da rogorc avtori dasZens, mo-

331

mavali kvleva gviCvenebs ra aris realoba da ra miTi.

kolumbis mier amerikis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb samecniero li-

teraturaSi gamoTqmul zogierT hipoTezas mimoixilavs prof.

leila xubaSvili naSromSi „kolumbi da amerikis aRmoCenis hi-

poTeza~ [18].

* * *

amrigad, qarTul sinamdvileSi amerikis aRmoCeniT dainte-

resebis, popularizaciis garkveuli tradicia arsebobs. es

mcire masala sainteresoa da misi wayrueba, miCumaTeba, gamar-

Tlebuli ar unda Candes. cxadia, savsebiT marTlzomieri iyo,

rom amerikis aRmoCenis istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebam um-

Tavresad asaxva hpova saxelmZRvaneloebSi. ZiriTadad es imiT

aixsneba, rom upiratesad aqcenti keTdeboda amerikis aRmoCe-

nis popularizaciaze. aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavlis saqmeSi

qarTuli istoriografiis mTavar Rirsebad am Temis gaSuqebi-

sadmi realisturi, pragmatuli damokidebuleba migvaCnia. is

am problemis mecnierul Seswavlas ki ar isaxavda miznad, ara-

med mis popularizaciaze akeTebda aqcents. es iyo swori gza.

amitom am memkvidreobisadmi mkacri mecnieruli sazomiT mid-

goma superkritikuli iqneboda. am informaciis mecnierul

mniSvnelobas misi SemecnebiTi datvirTva gansazRvravs. qar-

Tulma istoriografiam am kulturtregerul misias SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom urigod rodi gaarTva Tavi da qarTul sazogadoe-

bas amerikis aRmoCenaze saintereso informacia miawoda, rome-

lic am Temaze saerTo warmodgenas Seuqmnida.

saqarTveloSi amerikis aRmoCeniT dainteresebam, popula-

rizaciam saintereso evolucia ganicada. Tavdapirvelad is

publicistikis CarCoebs ar scildeboda da umTavresad Tar-

gmnili literaturiT Semoifargleboda. mas wminda Semecnebi-

Ti muxti gaaCnda. mkveTri metamorfoza xdeba damoukidebel

saqarTveloSi. am problemiT dainteresebam mecnieruli elfe-

ri SeiZina da asaxva hpova axali istoriis pirvel erovnul sa-

xelmZRvaneloebSi. es popularizaciis ufro maRali safexu-

ria. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am sakiTxis gaSuqe-

bisas qarTul istoriografias swori kursi hqonda arCeuli,

rac imiT gamoixateboda, rom umTavresad evropul realiebze,

progresul liberalur Rirebulebebze iyo orientirebuli

(ZiriTadad es aris rusuli saxelmZRvaneloebi). unda vifiq-

332

roT, rom Tu ara politikuri kataklizmebi, es xazi gagrZel-

deboda, magram 1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTveloSi gasabWoe-

bis Semdeg morigi mkveTri saxecvlileba xdeba. am sakiTxiT da-

interesebam mecnieruli xasiaTi miiRo, Tumca erTi marqsistu-

li ideologiis yalibSi iqna moqceuli. aq aisaxa savsebiT rea-

luri viTareba. myardeba erTi marqsistul-leninuri ideolo-

giis monopolia, diqtati. gansxvavebuli midgoma sastikad

idevneboda, miuRebeli iyo. es aris am sakiTxisadmi erTi mid-

goma, romelic sulac ar warmoadgens WeSmaritebis ukanasknel

instancias, rogorc amas didi xnis manZilze gvimtkicebdnen.

istorias ar xelewifeba erTi WeSmariteba. amitom am proble-

mis marqsistuli gaSuqeba bolosdabolos CixSi moeqca. axal

Semobrunebas adgili aqvs 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac

daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri. qarTulma istoriografiam suvereno-

ba daibruna. axla mas SeeZlo sakuTari arCevani gaekeTebina.

amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. Tanamedrove qarTulma istori-

ografiam kursi aiRo am Temis marqsizmisagan gawmendaze da

orientirebulia sakiTxisadmi mravalvariantul midgomaze. es

unda iyos swori gza, romelic evropuli realiebis reanimaci-

is mcdelobad gvevlineba. es mxolod dasawyisia, pirveli nabi-

jebia da am mimarTulebiT gasakeTebeli kidev bevria. aq pir-

velyovlisa, cxadia, vgulisxmobT imas, rom farTod unda gai-

Salos am sakiTxis popularizacia da unda daiweros Tanamed-

rove moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi istoriuli narkvevi kolumbze da

amerikis aRmoCenaze.


1. Д. Иловаский, Новая история, Москва П. 1908 Ардашев, Курс Новой историй,Спб; 1915. Н. Кареев, Учебная книга Новой историй. Спб. 1907 (arsebobs am saxelmZRvanelos mravali gamocema).

2. kolumbi, Sedgenili rafiel erisTavis mier, tfilisi, 1887.

3. T. WumburiZe, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1920. al. wereTeli,

msoflio istoria, naw. 3, axali istoria tf. 1920.

4. d. uznaZe, i. gvelesiani, axali istoria naw. 1, quTaisi,

1918.

5. s. avaliani, msoflio istoria (XV-XVIII saukuneebi), tfili-

si, 1920, vulfiusi, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1919.

6. g. gextmani, narkvevebi did mogzaurobaTa da did geogra-

333

fiul aRmoCenaTa istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1940.

7. al. namoraZe, kolumbi da amerikis aRmoCena, Tbilisi, 1961.

8. k. anTaZe, samecniero-popularuli monografia amerikis aR-

moCenis Sesaxeb _ universitetis Sromebi, t. 78, Tbilisi,

1963; k. anTaZe, aleqsandre namoraZis cxovreba da moRvawe-

oba _ qarTuli istoriografia, naw. 1, Tbilisi, 1968 w.

9. m. kalandaZe, dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali

istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi me-20 saukunis pirvel na-

xevarSi, Tbilisi, 1999.

10. g. zardaliSvili, kolumbamdeli amerika, Tbilisi, 1969.

11. Sua saukuneebis istoria, a. udalcovis, e. kosminskis da o.

vainStainis redaqciiT, t. 2, Tbilisi, 1949; e. agibalova, g.

donskoi, Sua saukuneebis istoria, me-6 klasis saxelmZRva-

nelo, Tbilisi, 1970; g. tivaZe, Sua saukuneebis istoria, t.

2, 1970; gr. CxartiSvili, Sua saukuneebis istoria, Tbilisi,

1968.

12. П. Ленге, Великий скиталец – Жизнь Христофа Колумба, Т, 1984. 13. k. anTaZe, n. mamukelaSvili, axali istoria, me-8 klasis sa-

xelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2001 (pirveli gamocema, 1992 w.).

14. b. javaxia, a. geTiaSvili, Sua saukuneebis istoria, me-7

klasis saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2003 w. SeadareT k. anTa-

Ze, l. fircxalava, Sua saukuneebis istoria, me-7 klasis sa-

xelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2001. (pirveli gamocema 1996 w.).

15. n. gomarTeli, Sua saukuneebis istoria, naw. 2, Tb., 1996 w.

Sua saukuneebis istoria, Tbilisi, 2004 w.

16. m. kalandaZe, msoflio istoriis periodizacia qarTul is-

toriografiaSi,. Tbilisi, 2007; m. kalandaZe, amerikis Seer-

Tebuli Statebis istoriis periodizacia _ klio, 25, Tbi-

lisi, 2005 w.

17. g. CantlaZe-baqraZe, qristefore kolumbisa da misi eqspe-

diciis monawileobis Sesaxeb pirineisa da kavkasiis iberii-

dan krebulSi: amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, naw. IV, Tbili-

si, 2006.

18. l. xubaSvili, kolumbi da amerikis aRmoCenis zogierTi hi-

poteza, krebulSi: amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, naw. III ,

Tbilisi, 2005.

334

Merab Kalandadze Doctor of History, Professor of Ivane Javakh-ishvili Tbilisi State University

Discover of the America and Georgian historiography

Summary

This historiography study aims to research very interesting issue – the

study of discovering the America in Georgia. Till now this subject is not re-searched and our topic will try to fill this gap.

Concerning to this problem the history of the studies can be divided on several periods.

First interest in that issue was appeared from the end of 19th century and continue will 1918th when was published Rafael Eristavi’s popular re-search about Christopher Columbus.

The beginning of the popularization in this studies can be deemed 1918 – 1920th when was edited the first manuals of modern history in Georgia.

During the soviet period, interest in history of discovering the America became more scientific. In compare to the Georgian historiography of that period it was the great step forward, but ongoing process became under con-trol of Marxist-Leninism ideology. Besides that, during this period, professor Alexander Namoradze published very interesting research `Columbus and discover of America~.

The contemporary Georgian historiography tries to free itself from the ideological chiché s of Marxism ideology. First steps toward the new epoch can be fixed in newest manuals of history for school and universities press.

335

giorgi gociriZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis profesori,


logiis institutis mTavari mecnier-

TanamSromeli

giorgi Citaias mecnieruli aRzrdis

meTodebi (seminarebi)

akademikosi giorgi Citaia Cemi maswavlebeli da moZRvari

iyo. dRes, roca qarTul eTnologias uWirs, Tvalwin misi daR-

lili saxe warmomidgeba, mTeli cxovreba rom Sealia am dargis

Seqmnas da ganviTarebas. Cemma kolegebma da gansakuTrebiT uf-

rosma Taobam kargad uwyis Tu ra didi pativia iTvlebode am

genialuri mecnieris mowafed, yofiliyavi misi aspiranti, di-

sertanti da Semdeg wlebis manZilze TanamSromeli.

pirvel rigSi minda gavixseno misi damokidebuleba dam-

wyeb eTnografebTan, aspirantebTan, maZieblebTan, axalgazrda

kolegebTan. is im gamorCeul adamianTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda, vi-

sac SeeZlo erTi SexvedrisTanave moexible Tavisi uSualobiT,

sisadaviT, ukidegano erudiciiTa da TavazianobiT.

sabazo ganaTlebiT eTnografi ar viyavi, amitomac vTvli

rom Cemi am dargSi mosvla bedisweris Sedegi iyo mxolod. da-

vamTavre Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis aRmosavleT-

mcodneobis fakulteti _ iranistikis ganxriT, da imis gamo

rom Cems specialobaSi aspiranturaSi miReba ar gamocxadda,

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis, ivane javaxisvilis saxe-

lobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutSi

eTnografiis specialobaze gadavwyvite swavlis gagrZeleba,

sadac aspiranturaSi erTi adgili iyo gamoyofili, im mizniT,

rom aRmosavlur eTnografiaSi vimuSavebdi. rCevisaTvis baton

giorgisTan unda mivsuliyavi. rekomendacia qalbatonma rusu-

dan gogolaSvilma da julieta ruxaZem gamiwia, referati ki,

romelic maSin aucilebeli iyo aspiranturaSi Casabareblad

336

prof. mixeil gegeSiZesa da cnobil iranist oTar gvilavasTan

miRebuli konsultaciebis Sedegad davwere. Tema iranSi mcxov-

rebi baxTiarebis yofasa da kulturas exeboda da Cems arCevans

Seesabameboda.

batonma giorgim yuradRebiT momismina, naxa Cemi avtore-

ferati, da gadawyvetileba momiwona. mas Semdeg ki, rac gamoc-

debi Cavabare da aspiranti gavxdi, samecniero xelmZRvanelo-

bac Tavad itvirTa. mcire xnis Semdeg TavisTan damibara bina-

ze, seminarebis mosasmenad. maSin misi ojaxi operis ukan, boris

Znelazis quCaze cxovrobda, Zvel saxlSi, kedlebi rom hqonda

dabzaruli. me gamaoca im sisadavem da ubraloebam rac iq dam-

xvda, ver warmovidgine rom akademikosebi ase Cveulebrivad,

mokrZalebulad cxovrobdnen.

seminari saRamos 8 saaTze iwyeboda, manamde ki rogorc

gagonili mqonda, batoni giorgi ori saaTiT isvenebda. aseTi

iyo misi samuSao reJimi. saubrebi wina oTaxSi _ kabinetSi imar-

Teboda, uamravi wignebis garemocvaSi. aq movismine misi pirve-

li leqcia eTnografiis SesavalSi (romelic manmade ar mqonda

mosmenili), miviRe rCeva-darigebani da seminaris momzadebis

konkretuli miTiTebebi. mogvianebiT aqve SeirCa Cemi sakandi-

dato disertaciis Temac (`qorwineba fereidnel qarTvelebSi~),

romelic maSin iranidan Cveni Tanamemamuleebis repatriaciis

gamo Zalze aqtualuri gaxldaT. me rogorc aRmosavleTmcod-

nes _ iranists, es garemoeba gansakuTrebul movaleobas makis-

rebda. swored aman ganapiroba isic, rom batoni giorgis moT-

xovniT, sakandidato minimumisTvis damatebiT savaldebuli me-

oTxe sagani _ sparsuli ena unda Camebarebina, asec moviqeci.

me aq aRarafers vityvi giorgi Citaias, rogorc samecnie-

ro xelmZRvanelis muSaobis stilsa da meTodze, radgan es

calke msjelobis sagania da Zalian bevrs kargad moexseneba,

magram vityvi mxolod, imas rom is am mxrivac gamorCeuli ada-

miani iyo. arasodes ereoda Rrmad aspirantis samuSao proces-

Si, teqstis SedgenaSi, ar asworebda dawerils da sxv. ismenda

da kiTxulobda mxolod zogierT garkveul nawilebs da iZle-

oda erT-or iseT SeniSvnas, romelsac SeeZlo safuZvlianad

Seecvala Seni winaswari `zraxvebi~, amasTan igi imTaviTve mo-

iTxovda gegmas, konkretulad gawerils da Camoyalibebuls,

misi savaraudo daskvnebiT. ar uyvarda saqebari sityvebis Tqma

da Tu amas akeTebda isic raRac gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi.

337

davubrundebi seminarebs. mogexsenebaT rom yvela mecni-

ers seminaruli muSaobis Tavisi sakuTari meTodi gaaCnia. gi-

orgi Citaias seminarebi ar iyo Cveulebrivi, saleqcio kursisa

Tu programis (axla rom silabuss uwodeben) mixedviT gamar-

Tuli msjelobis asparezi, aramed es iyo zogadTeoriuli da

praqtikuli mecadineobebi _ gakveTilebi, romelsac cnobilma

eTnografma andro lekiaSvvilma mecnieruli aRzrdis skola

uwoda. es skola TiTqmis yvela misma mowafem gaiara. seminare-

bis ZiriTadi mizani eTnologiis problemebSi Rrmad garkveva

iyo, romelTa mizanic dargis specifikis, arsisa da daniSnule-

bis, misi Taviseburebebis axsna gaxldaT, umartivesi cnebebi-

dan rTul sistemamde, TiToeuli movlenis ganviTarebis isto-

riuli dinamikis gaTvaliswinebiT. es iyo namdvili Semoqmede-

biTi procesi, laboratoriuli muSaoba, roca faqtis mxolod

konstatacia ki ar xdeboda, aramed misi Sinagani bunebis anali-

zi, eTnografiuli realiis axsna adamianis faqtoris warmoCe-

niT, im ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis gamovleniT, romlebic moce-

mul eTnosocialur sivrceSi Tu ekologiur garemoSi, sicoc-

xlis uzrunvelyofis kulturis TviTmyofadobas gansazRvrav-

da. aseTi iyo saerTod giorgi Citaias eTnografiuli kvlevis

principebi, meTodi, romelic Semdeg, misi mowafeebis mier iqna

gagrZelebuli. es is droa, roca amerikuli skolis mier evro-

paSi miRebuli saxelwodebis _ eTnologiis nacvlad samecnie-

ro mimoqcevaSi anTropologia Semodis. evropaSi da saerTod

ucxoeTSi damkvidrebuli skolebis da mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb

ki Cveni maswavlebeli, jer kidev adre Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetSi moRvaweobis dros, Tavis cnobil saleqcio

kursSi `svetebSi~ werda. maSin es naSromi xelnaweris saxiT

vrceldeboda. gavida wlebi, mecniereba ganviTarda, eTnogra-

fias eTnologia Caenacvla, anTropologia ki kvlav amerikel

mecnierTa prerogativad darCa. Tumca am sakiTxze msjeloba,

Tu romels unda mieniWos upiratesoba, sakamaToa da azrTa

sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs.

polemikis dros ar unda dagvaviwydes is garemoebac, rom

Tavad batoni giorgi gaxldaT yoveli siaxlis momxre, man pir-

velma Semoitana CvenSi cneba eTnologia (dargis saxelwode-

bad), magram Semdeg sabWoTa kavsirSi miRebuli tradiciis gamo

eTnografia arCia. eTnografiasa da eTnologias Soris gansa-

kuTrebuli principuli gansxvaveba ar arsebobs; vfiqrobT an-

338

Tropologiac eTnologias unda emyarebodes, radgan adamianis

faqtori (ànTropos~) èTnosis~ anu xalxis gareSe warmoudge-

nelia. giorgi Citaias skola udides memkvidreobas flobs da

es memkvidreoba erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobaa dargisa

romelmac didi istoriuli gza ganvlo da romelic xalxur

yofasa da kulturas iseTi siRrmiT swavlobs, rasac Tanamed-

rove eTnosociologebi ver wvdebian. aqedan gamomdinare sa-

qarTvelosTvis upriani eTnologiaa da is aseTi saxelwodebiT

unda darCes.

zemoT ukve iTqva, rom seminars batoni giorgi eTnogra-

fiis SesavliT da istoriiT iwyebda da misi mecnieruli da

pragmatuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb saubrobda. pirveli wigni,

romelic Cven unda wagvekiTxa, iulius lipsis `saganTa bunebi-

saTvis~ iyo. araerTgzis msmenia rom zogierTi mkvlevari am

naSroms seriozul mecnierul naSromad ar Tvlida da ufro

metic, saymawvilo literaturad miaCnda. drom ki namdvilad

gviCvena rom es ase araa. lipsi anTropologi iyo da Tavis dak-

virvebebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze

myofi adamianebis, sxvadasxva tomebis empiriuli gamocdilebis

mixedviT axdenda.

lipsis wignSi praqtikuli codnis TiTqmis yvela sferoa

naCvenebi: adamiani da buneba, gare samyaros Secnoba, dasaxle-

bisa da gansaxlebis formebi, meurneobis xasiaTi, iaraRebi, su-

lieri da materialuri kulturis sferoebi. damwyebi eTnogra-

fisaTvis yovelive amis drosa da sivrceSi gaazrebaa saWiro,

igi saWiroa zogadi kanonzomierebebis dasadgenad, spontanuri

da difuziuri movlenebis, maTi gavrcelebis areebis da kere-

bis gamosavlineblad.

lipsi ar iyo erTaderTi saseminaro wigni; drodadro ba-

toni giorgi sxva literaturasac gvisaxelebda. Tvals adev-

nebda imas Tu ra gvqonda wakiTxuli da ra unda wagvekiTxa.

erTgvarad amowmebda Cvens inteleqts. gansakuTrebiT moiT-

xovda axali literaturis codnas. siaxle ki mas arasdros ga-

morCenia. piriqiT, igi sistematurad iRebda wignebs, Jurna-

lebs, biuletenebs da pirvel informacias Tavad gvawvdida.

Jurnalebidan gansakuTrebiT uyvarda Àkta Ethografica~, `В мире науки~, `Вокруг света~ da `Советская этнография~, romelsac axla

`Этнографическое обозрение~ hqvia da Cvens erovnul sajaro bib-

lioTekaSic ki aRar Semodis. rac Seexeba eTnografiis istori-

339

as, msoflioSi moqmed eTnologiur skolebs, amas Cven misi

cnobili `svetebi~-dan vecnobodiT, romelic maSin xelnaweris

an foto aslebis saxiT vrceldeboda. vfirqob misi gamocema

dResac sasargeblo iqneba studentebisaTvis.

seminarebis dros Cveni maswavlebeli did mniSvnelobas

aniWebda ara mxolod ama Tu im wignis, krebulis, monografiis,

aramed calkeuli samecniero statiis Sinaarsze saubars, am mi-

marTebiT sakuTari azris gamoTqmas da damokidebulebas. xSi-

rad marTavda dialogs: gvisvamda kiTxvebs, romelzec pasuxi

unda gagveca. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca amis gamo ara erTi Cven-

gans `Tavsatexi~ gagvCenia da uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Cavvar-

dnilvarT, magram rTuli situaciidan isev mas gamovuyvani-

varT, mokled da lakonurad gvixsnida imas, rac ase rTulad

gveCveneboda. zogjer `mtkivneul~ SeniSvnasac gvaZlevda, mag-

ram is unda migeRo da Rirseulad agetana.

seminaruli muSaobis erT-erT sakvanZo moments teqstis

Sinaarsisa da komentaris garda, leqsikaze, terminebze, garkve-

ul cnebebze da ganmartebebze saubari Seadgenda. didi yurad-

Reba eTmoboda samecniero aparatis (sqolios rom vuwodebT)

da damowmebuli literaturis sworad gamoyenebis wess, weris

stilsa da orTografias. Tu axalgazrda mkvlevari amas Tavi-

dan ar daeufleboda, mere Zalian gauWirdeboda. amitomac es

moTxovna principuli da aucilebeli iyo. Tamamad SemiZlia

vTqva, rom Tu me dRes, raRacnairad vaxerxeb da SedarebiT

sworad anu marTebulad vwer, es batoni giorgis damsaxurebaa.

Secdomebs is ase advilad ar gapatiebda, magram amas saocari

taqtiT akeTebda.

kidev erTi. seminarze batoni giorgi zogjer iseTi damo-

ukidebeli samuSaos Sesrulebasac moiTxovda, romelic Semdeg

statiisaTvis an moxsenebisaTvis iyo saWiro. didi pativi iyo

konferenciaze, sesiaze da metadre gafarToebuli mniSvnelo-

bis forumebze moxsenebis wakiTxva. es gansakuTrebul pasuxis-

mgeblobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da am mxriv ganebivrebulebi

ar viyaviT, TandaTan veCveodiT.

batoni giorgi axalgazrda kadrebisagan moiTxovda saer-

To ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas, enebis codnas, erudiciis ga-

farToebas da mudmiv Ziebas, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi mimdina-

re procesebisadmi Tvalis devnebas. ara erTxel uTqvams da

urCevia, rom TeatrSic unda gvevlo da kinoSic, davswrebodiT

340

RirsSesaniSnav RonisZiebebs, rogorc mecnieruls ise sxvas da

rac yvelaze mTavaria, dros ar unda CamovrCeniliyaviT. uy-

varda aseTi gamoTqma `kvercxis naWuWSi nu CaiketebiTo~. yu-

radRebas aqcevda TiToeuli Cvenganis zneobriv mxares, pirad

cxovrebasac, magram arasodes ar daurRvevia urTierTobisas

etiketi da eTikuri zRvari, rac esoden aucilebeli iyo mas-

wavlebelsa da mowafes Soris. iyo Temebi, romelzedac is

arasdros ar laparakobda.

seminarebze xSirad saubrobda savele-eTnografiuli mu-

Saobis Sesaxeb. savele praqtikas is gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

uTmobda. es iyo erTgvari aucilebeli `gamocda~, romelic

yvela Cvengans unda gaevlo. batoni giorgi detalurad gve-

kiTxeboda imas Tu sad viyaviT, romel eqspediciaSi miviReT

monawileoba, ra vnaxeT, rogori masala SevkribeT, SevadgineT

Tu ara kiTxvarebi da sxv. gvirCevda rom masala savele dRiu-

rebSi srulad Segvetana, Cagvewera, igi yuradRebiT, gagvekeTe-

bina grafikuli Canaxatebic, dagverTo foto ilustraciebi da

sxva. Tu SesaZlebloba mogvecemoda mogvepovebina `samuzeumo

nivTebic~ da gadagveca is adgilobrivi mxareTmcodneobis mu-

zeumebisaTvis. gamogveyenebina amave muzeumebSi daculi Canawe-

rebi, safondo masalebi.

CvenTvis cnobili iyo giorgi Citaias savele-eTnografiu-

li muSaobis kompleqsur-inteleqturi meTodi da principebi,

romelic meTodur literaturaSi dRemde erT-erT aRiarebul

meTods warmoadgens da romelsac vercerTi Tanamedrove

mkvlevari gverds ver auvlis. vicodiT isic, rom Tavad gior-

gi Citaia vera bardaveliZesTan erTad iyo didi, legendaruli

eqspediciebis avtori da xelmZRvaneli, sadac TanamSromleb-

Tan erTad aspirantebi da studentebic ki mihyavda. am eqspedi-

ciebis angariSebis umetesi nawili gamoqveynebulia, iq mopove-

buli masalebi ki calkeul mkvlevarTa naSromebs udevs safuZ-

vlad da TavisTavad unikaluria.

batoni giorgis rCeviT savele masalis Canaweris dros

mTxrobelis mier naTqvam yvela wvrilmanisaTvis unda migveq-

cia yuradReba. maxsovs erTxel aseTi ram miTxra: yvela faqti

dawvrilebiT unda aRwero, es kulturis yvela elementisTvi-

saa saWiro. aviRoT magaliTad niaxuri, qondari an qinZi, ro-

gorc mcenare, daukvirdi maT agebulebas, kvebaSi gamoyenebu-

lia rogorc Ziri, Rero, ise foToli da nayofi _ Tesli. moix-

341

mareba nedlad, umad, gadamuSavebuli saxiT, saneleblad, mzadi

formiT da sxv. xalxma kargad icis misi Tvisebebi, gemo, suni,

samkurnalo daniSnuleba. arCeven am mcenareTa velur da baRis

_ kulturul saxeobebs, rasac qarTuli kvebis kulturis is-

toriisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. es epizodi SemTxveviT ar

gavixsene. amiT imis Tqma mindoda, rom giorgi Citaias semina-

rebze me gavacnobiere kidev erTi WeSmariteba _ eTnografi-

saTvis Teoriebi da mecnieruli interpretaciebi ki aris mTa-

vari (rogorc amas xSirad eTnosociologiaSi an anTropolo-

giaSi aqvs adgili), aramed is empiriuli masala, romelsac uSu-

alod xalxSi kreb da romelsac emyarebi, rogorc pirvelwya-

ros.

batoni giorgi xazgasmiT gvirCevda, rom esa Tu is sakiT-

xi, problema kulturul-istoriul WrilSi gangvexila, droSi

momxdari cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadmonaSTebis, rudi-

mentebis, konstantebis cnebaTa Sesatyvisad da zogadkavkasiur

Tu saerTod zogadkulturul RirebulebaTa formatSi, sa-

kuTriv qarTulis _ erovnulis roli da adgili warmogveCina.

es xom mecnieruli kvlevis ZiriTadi amocanaa. amitomaa rom

giorgi Citaias yvela naSromi dros uZlebs, is WeSmaritebis

Ziebis sruli dasturia. samarTlianad Tvlian misi biografebi,

rom am bumberazi mkvlevris nebismieri statia, Tundac mcire

moculobisa, axali sityvaa da arealuri kvlevis samagaliTo

nimuSi, monografiis doneze Sesrulebuli, Tanadrouli. avi-

RoT Tundac misi `Wvintiani fexsacmeli~, `qarTuli Tone~,

`raWuli saxvneli~ da sxv.

sagangebod minda xazi gavusva kidev erT faqts. roca me

batoni giorgis seminarebs vismendi, 1975-1979 wlebi iyo. maSin

XX saukunis miwiruls, mis naSromebs calke krebulebSi vkiT-

xulobdi. dRes ki, sabednierod, `xuTtomeuli~ gamocemulia,

raSiac didi wvlili mis mowafeebs q-n Tamila cagareiSvils da

mxatvar zurab wereTels miuZRvis. Seqmnilia giorgi Citaias

saxelobis eTnografiuli memkvidreobis fondi; yovelive es

saetapo mniSvnelobis movlenebia. aseve mniSvnelovan movlenad

mimaCnia, dabadebidan 120 wlisTavze mis mierve daarsebuli,

Ria cisqveS muzeumSi memorialuri kabinetis gaxsna. amiT qar-

Tveli eri da qarTuli mecniereba kidev erT pativs miagebs

didi mecnieris xsovnas.

342


1. g. Citaia, svetebi, zogadi eTnografiis kursi, Sromebi, IV,

Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 1253.

2. p. yifiani, eTnologiis problemebi, Tbilisi, 1995; l. meli-

qiSvili, eTnografia Tu eTnologia, Tbilisi, 2000; ix. ag-

reTve krebuli ànTropologia momavlis mecniereba~, re-

daqtori q. xuciSvili, Tsu, Tbilisi, 2008.

3. g. Citaia, qarTuli eTnologia (1917-1926), mimomxilveli,

1926, t. I, gv. 247-261. misive ruseTis eTnologia da eTnog-

rafiuli muSaobis praqtika ssrk muzeumebSi, Sromebi, t. III,

2001, gv. 33-44.

4. Липс Ю., Происхождение вещей, Москва, 1954. 5. j. ruxaZe, Strixebi akademikos giorgi Citaias portreti-

saTvis, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 21.

6. g. Citaia, savele eTnografiuli muSaobis meTodi, Sromebi,

IV, 2001, gv. 78-86.

7. g. gegeSiZe, giorgi Citaia, Tbilisi, 1980; T. cagareiSvili,

giorgi Citaia, 100, Tbilisi, 1993; v. SamilaZe, o. miminoSvi-

li, saqarTvelos eTnologiis istroia, Tbilisi, 2009, gv.

438.

8. g. Citaia, Sromebi xuT tomad, redaqtori T. cagareiSvili,

Tbilisi, I, 1997; t. II, 2000; t. III, 2001; t. IV, 2001; t. V, 2001.

Giorgi Gotsiridze Doctor of Historical Sciences, associated pro-fessor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Uni-versity, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of Histori and Ethnology senior research scientist of the Department of Georgian Ethnology

Giorgi Chitaia’s Methods of Scientific Upbringing (Seminars)

Summary

The article is of the autobiographical character. It is dedicated to the founder of the Georgian Ethnological School, the outstanding scientist and public figure of the 20th century, academician Giorgi Chitaia; to the recalling of his methods of teaching, supervising and evaluating it from the modern

343

perspective. The seminars carried on by the supervisor are widely discussed in the article as the laboratory process. The author underscores those main principles and demands the teacher had towards young scientist, postgraduate students and applicants of the scientific degree, who were just starting their scientific career.

The author of the article is focused on different aspects of the process of perception, the theoretical and practical meanings of the discussed prob-lems, personal features, character of the teacher, his attitude towards saving national folk heritage and his contribution in the system of the common cul-tural values.

344

mzia mgalobliSvili

lela miqiaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-

lobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis gan-

yofilebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

quTaisi da misi mosaxleoba (frederik diubua de monperes naSromidan

`mogzauroba kavkasiaSi~)

quTaisis moaxleobas, romelic 2 000 suls aRemateba (sam-

xedro pirebis gamoklebiT), Seadgenen qarTvelebi, somxebi, eb-

raelebi da rusebi; aq mcire raodenobiT cxovroben agreTve

Turqebi da berZnebi.

TiTqmis yvela aqauri somexi vaWrobas misdevs; zogierTi

maTgani laifcigSic ki Cadis. bazarSi maT bevri duqani aqvT,

sadac ZiriTadad evropul, rusul da Turqul manufaqturul

nawarms yidian. isini ori konfesiis mimdevarni arian: udidesi

nawili kaTolike somxebi arian da maT eklesias, romelic sad-

Resaswaulo dReebSi mudam xalxiT savsea, momsaxurebas uweven

kapucini mamebi; es ukanasknelni aseve zrunaven skolazec.

erT-erT kviradRes, mesis dasrulebis Semdeg, eklesiidan ga-

mosvlisas gamaoca somexi qaliSvilebis xilvam, romlebic na-

xevrad pirbadeCamofarebulebi brundebodnen Sin. rogorc we-

si, maT qarTveli qalebis msgavsi mdidruli tanisamisi ecvaT,

Tumca garegnobiT, saxis nakvTebiT, maTgan gansxvavdebodnen:

somex qalebs kupriviT Savi Tma da warbebi aqvT, SedarebiT na-

Teli saxe, da Savi feris didroni, sicocxliT savse Tvalebi.

saxis ovali maT ara aqvT iseTi lamazi, rogorc qarTvelebs;

isini adreul asakSive sagrZnoblad imateben wonaSi. somxuri

jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve sqeli da mkvrivi kiseri.

kaTolike somexTa Soris bevria bunebiT keTili adamiani.

somxur ritze mdgomi maTi TanamoZmeni ki, rogorc ambo-

ben, amgvar qebas ar imsaxureben: maT miiCneven xelmomWirne, an-

345

garebian da TaRliT adamianebad, romlebic saxels imiT ixve-

Wen, rom bevr muStars izidaven. es srulebiTac ar aris gada-

Warbebuli Sefaseba isini, vinc Cemze adre werda am xalxis Se-

saxeb, am mxriv gacilebiT ufro mkacrni iyvnen; ubeduria xal-

xi, romelic didi xnis manZilze ganicdis Cagvras, aRiarebs

misTvis saZulvel religias, mas, rogorc wesi, devnian, abuCad

igdeben da aviwroveben dampyroblebi sabolood aseTi xalxi

aucileblad mxdal, unamuso da TaRliT erad Camoyalibdeba.

am WeSmaritebis savalalo magaliTebs warmoadgenen ebraelebi

qristianTa batonobis qveS, berZnebi, romlebic ukanasknel xa-

nebamde Turqebis zegavlenas ganicdidnen da somxebi _ sparse-

lebi uRelqveS.

iakobit[1] somxebs quTaisSi sakmaod Raribuli eklesia

aqvT, romelic mmarTvelis saxlis gverdiT mdebareobs. ekle-

siis garSemo Zveli sasaflaoa, romelsac vazis talaveri fa-

ravs, es ukanaskneli ki rionis napirebamdea gadaWimuli da am

adgilebs did sigriles fens.

quTaisis bazris didi nawili uWiravT ebraelebs, romle-

bic sinamdvileSi mxolod garegnulad gvanan sakuTar xalxs.

maT duqnebs rom Cavuare, gavocdi, roca maT saxeebSi igive nak-

vTebi, am erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli igive Tvisebebi aRmovaCine,

rac polonel an litvel ebraelebSi, Tumca CacmulobiT isini

am ukanasknelTagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian. es imdenad Se-

samCnevia, rom yovel wuTs ggoniaT, TiTqos nacnob saxeebs xe-

davT da Zalze gikvirT, rom isini germanulad ar saubroben.

ufro xSirad maT arwivisebri cxviri aqvT, wagrZelebuli piri-

saxe, Savi an wiTuri Tma-wveri, rac esoden damaxasiaTebelia

litveli ebraelebisaTvis. Tvalebi Savi ferisa aqvT, taniT ki

arc Zalian maRlebi arian da arc axovanebiT gamoirCevian. ata-

reben qarTul an somxur samoss, Savi batknis bewvis sparsul

quds. wvers uSveben da safeTqlebze orive mxares Tmis TiTo

grZeli kululi aqvT CamoSvebuli. maTi umravlesoba Zvelmane-

bisa da soflis meurneobis produqtebis gadacvliT aris daka-

vebuli da a. S. ar uyvarT arc mZime Sroma, arc – savele samu-

Saoebis Sesruleba. isini Tavis win daxvavebuli wvrilmani sa-

qonlis SuaSi fexmorTxmoT mokalaTdebian, Tan kiTxuloben

biblias da bavSvebs ebraul enas aswavlian, Tumca erTmaneTSi

mxolod qarTulad saubroben. maT quTaisis bazris TiTqmis

mTeli erTi ubani uWiravT. evropeli, romelic miCveulia saku-

346

Tar Tavze didi warmodgenis mqone poloneli ebraelebis sic-

qvites, xmaurianobas, siswrafes, monur qedmoxrilobas, abezar

qcevas, didad gakvirvebulia, rom aqauri ebraelebi Zalze wy-

narni da mSvidni arian da sxva danarCeni vaWrebisagan naklebad

gamoirCevian.

erT saukuneze meti xnis win ebraelebi, romelnic manamde

imereTSi saerTod ar iyvnen, aq moizides mefeebma, anu “careb-

ma~ (tzars), romlebic maT mfarvelobdnen. isini ZiriTadad axal-

cixidan gadmovidnen. quTaisis eklesiam maT miwis nakveTi ga-

mouyo mmarTvelis saxlTan axlos, sadac isini damkvidrdnen

da sanacvlod rentas uxdian egzarqoss. maT Zalian Raribuli

sinagoga aqvT, sadac mxolod ramdenime merxi dgas kaTedris

irgvliv. interieri Cabnelebulia, kedlebi ki Seulesavi. sxva

mxriv igi Zalze waagavs litvur sinagogebs.

qvemoT me visaubreb ebraelebis saxelwodebis Sesaxeb,

romelic qarTulad istoriul fenomens warmoadgens.

imereli qarTvelebi quTaisis bazarSi umciresobas warmo-

adgenen, isini metwilad markitantebi, anu rogorc maT adgi-

lobrivebi uwodeben meduqneebi arian, yidian Rvinos, sxvadasxva

xils, Saqarlamas, yvels. maT savaWro duqnebSi ori an sami didi

qvevria (ramdenime seties[2] tevadobisa), romlebic kedelSi, uf-

ro xSirad ki Tixian miwaSia Camarxuli, Rvinis sigrileSi Senax-

vis mizniT. qvevrebidan Rvinos didi da Rrma CamCebiT amoxapaven

xolme da asxamen did kaTxebSi. Sor manZilze Rvino gadaaqvT

Txis tyavisagan damzadebuli tikebiT, romlebic Sida mxridan

baqos navTiT aris Semoglesili, rac Rvinos Tavisebur, momwaro

gemos aZlevs, magram mas advilad eCvevian. sakmaod xSirad quTa-

isSi iafad iyideba kargi wiTeli Rvino, romelic baRdaTidan,

guriidan an imereTis vake adgilebidan moaqvT.

erTi nawili imerlebisa xelosnebi arian.

taZris garda, romelsac egzarqosi uwevs momsaxureobas,

maT kidev sami eklesia aqvT.

imerlebis tanisamosi qarTulia, gamonakliss warmoadegns

Tavsaburavi: qudis nacvlad isini atareben yavisferi maudis

odnav momrgvalebul naWers, romelic nikapqveS magrdeba da

romelsac isini “quds~ eZaxian. mas zustad Tavsaxvevis forma

aqvs. Tmebi wamozrdili aqvT da ukan gadavarcxnili, raTa qu-

di kargad daexuroT. misalmebisas quds win gamosweven da ise

ixdian.

347

yvela atarebs yviTeli feris xami abreSumis naWrisagan

Sekeril perangs. am qsovils qalebi Sin amzadeben, Zafs maT mi-

erve gamoyvanili abreSumis Wiis yaWisgan arTaven. bazarze iyi-

deba aseTi abreSumis patar-patara naWrebi, zustad im zomisa,

rac erTi perangis Sesakerad aris saWiro da 4-5 abazi Rirs (4

franguli franki), SedarebiT ufro maRali xarisxis qsovilis

fasi ki 6 frankamde aRwevs. qalebi am qsovils TviTonve Reba-

ven karg wiTel ferSi.

am xalxs Cveulebad aqvs, erTxel rom Caicvamen axal pe-

rangs, manam ar gaixdian, sanam igi ar daiZonZeba. amitomac

aris, rom imerlebs Taviseburi suni aqvT; amas emateba mTeli

xrova parazitebisa, romlebic aseTi Tbili klimatis pirobeb-

Si swrafad mravldebian. es gaxlavT am mxaris qveynebis erT-

erTi didi usiamovnebaTagani, radgan am patara arsebebisagan

verafriT daicavT Tavs: isini yoveli mxridan gadmodian Sete-

vaze da yvelgan ibudeben _ rogorc warCinebul batonebTan,

ise RaribebTan. gazonebze, galereebSi, saxlebis interierSi _

isini yvelgan arian mokalaTebulni da maTi mxridan Semotevis

saSiSroeba mudam mosalodnelia.

imerlebi, megrelebi da qarTvelebi zamTarSi siamovnebiT

miirTmeven Roris xorcs. isini didi raodenobiT aSeneben Ro-

rebs, romlebic maTi saxlebis garSemo daxetialoben da ikve-

bebian leRviT, wabliT, fetviT da yvelanairi jiSis tyis xi-

liT. es aris aRTqmuli qveyana, sadac yvelaferia RorebisaT-

vis, amitom maT, TavianTi mokle da Camokidebuli yurebiT,

TiTqos raRac qedmaRluri ieric ki aqvT. Tavis droze home-

rosma SeZlo zustad Seefasebina maTi bednieri yofa, radgan

swored am adgilas moxda ulises TanamgzavrTa cnobili meta-

morfoza[3]. es Rorebi, romlebic koltebad daseirnoben qala-

qebSi, maT Soris quTaisSic, Taviseburad asufTaveben kidec

quCebs nagvisagan. amis gamo sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom aR-

mosavleTis xalxebi, kavkasielebis gamoklebiT, Rors uwmin-

dur cxovelad miiCneven da ezizRebaT.

quTaisis rusul mosaxleobas ZiriTadad jariskacebi,

oficrebi da samoqalaqo samsaxurSi myofi mcire raodenobiT

moxeleni Seadgenen. jariskacebs aq erTi yazarma da erTic la-

zareTi aqvT. Cemi iq yofnisas maT Soris bevri poloneli iyo.

ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom jariskacebi zarmacebi arian: ja-

riskaci yvelaferia da akeTebs yvelafers. rodesac igi

348

wvrTnas ar gadis, bejiTad asrulebs polkisaTvis saWiro samu-

Saoebs; mas gzavnian SeSis mosaWrelad, balaxis saTibad, tvir-

Tis gadasazidad; saWiroebisamebr, igi amzadebs agurebs, aSe-

nebs, asrulebs sadurglo samuSaoebs; erTi sityviT, iSviaTia

jariskaci, dros rom uqmad kargavdes.

quTaisSi mcire raodenobiT Turqebic cxovroben. isini

ZiriTadad qvismTlelebi, kalatozebi da durglebi arian da aq

aWaridan da trapizonidan Camodian.

aqauri berZnebi xabazebad muSaoben da acxoben dabal,

blant purs, romelic imas waagavs, yirimSi rom yidian. acxo-

ben, agreTve, arcTu ise cud simindis Rvezelebs, rgolisebu-

ri formis bliTebs, romlebsac Tokze acmulebs yidian,

cxvris cximisagan damzadebul patar-patara fenovan Rveze-

lebs da aseve cxvris Signeulis Rvezelebs da sx. yvelaferi es

ki sakmaod iafad iyideba.

quTaisis mTeli am aziuri mosaxleobis cxovreba Zvel

berZenTa cxovrebas waagavs: mamakacebi mTel dRes TavianT duq-

nebSi atareben, sxva usaqmurebic aseve bazarSi ikribebian, msje-

loben cxenebze, axal ambebze, sasamarTlo saqmeebze. aqac, iseve,

rogorc aTenSi, es aris cxovrebisa da moqmedebis centraluri

adgili. xelosansac aqve aqvs gamofenili Tavisi nawarmi da xal-

xis Tvalwin saqmianobs. yvelaferi naTlad Cans: comi, romelic

izileba, puri, romelic cxveba, wvniani, romelic ixarSeba me-

duqnesTan; aseve iWedeba nalebi, ileseba danebi, ikereba Ceqmebi,

iparseba gasapnuli Tavebi. duqani da saxelosno Ria loJebia,

sadac araferia xalxis Tvalisagan damaluli. amgvari bazari

moxetiale evropelisaTvis Taviseburad momxibvlelia; es jgu-

furi TavSeyra, gansxvavebuli yofa, xelosnobis saidumloebani,

romelic mayureblis Tvalwin ixsneba es yvelaferi nebismier ev-

ropelSi did cnobismoyvareobas aRviZebs.

kidev ufro sainteresoa bazrobis dRe. kavkasiis maRal

xeobebSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva xalxebis warmomadgenlebi Camo-

dian aq da avseben bazris quCebs.

osebs, romlebic Cerqezul qudebs atareben, aq CamoaqvT

TavianTi yveli; svanebs da zemo raWis mcxovrebT gamofenili

aqvT didi, Svidi futis sigrZisa da sami-oTxi futis[4] siganis

nacrisferi an Sav-TeTrad SeRebili Teqa, romelsac kecaven da

ise afenen cxens unagiris magivrad. mogzaurebi mas dasawola-

dac iyeneben, roca RamisTeviT Cerdebian sadme; misi fasi 5-7

349

abazi, anu 4-6 frankia. maTve CamoaqvT agreTve xurjinebi, anu

didi ormagi CanTebi, romlebic matyliTa da ZuiT aris moqso-

vili; maT cxenis unagirze gardigardmo gadakideben xolme da

Sig samgzavrod saWiro sagzals awyoben. maT Soris lamazi na-

xatebiTa da sxvadasxva feris arSiebiT morTul xurjinebsac

vxvdebiT, romelTa fasi 5-dan 7 frankamdea. mTielebs Camo-

aqvT agreTve Cerqezuli Coxa, metwilad _ nacrisferi an xmeli

foTlebisferi da igi ulaparakod iyideba 10-15 frankad.

axlomdebare soflebisa da qvemo raWis mcxovrebT Camo-

aqvT xili, CamohyavT dabaltaniani jiSis saqoneli, romelic

ise xergavs quCebs, rom SeuZlebeli xdeba gavla. maTve moaqvT

gasayidad Tafli, simindi, qaTmebi da Sesawvavad vargisi varie-

bi. isini pirdapir quCaSi awyoben RviniT savse tikebs, romel-

Tac oTxive fexi gaSverili aqvT; ismis Jivil-xivili, CoCqoli,

sxvadasxva enaze saubari da, vfiqrob, yovelive amis aRwera

bevrad ukeTes kalams imsaxurebs, vidre Cemia.

bazris saCixSi, kuTxeSi Sejguful rus jariskacebs gasa-

yidad aqvT gamotanili Zveli, dakerebuli, an axali Ceqmebi

ornaxevar an sam frankad; agreTve qveda sacvlebi, uxeSi qso-

vilis perangebi, Zveli tansacmeli da yvelaferi is, ris mog-

rovebasac moaxerxeben.

sanaxevrod rideCamofarebuli Raribi imereli qalebi,

romlebic sakuTari SromiT irCenen Tavs, erT kuTxeSi arian

mokalaTebulni da yidian Tavsafrebs, zonrebs, patar-patara

moqargul qisebs da sx.

dRis bolos duqnebs ketaven da yvela Tavis saxls miaSu-

rebs savaxSmod; cxovroben karCaketili piradi cxovrebiT. qa-

lebi iSviaTad gamodian gareT, isini aranairad ar monawileoben

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, Tumca dResaswaulebis dros xSirad

Tavis ojaxTan erTad midian saseirnod saxlidan moSorebiT.

xvamlis[5] pirdapir, cixis frialo kldeebis zemodan, fazisis

napirebze gadaSlil am patara, naxevrad tyian xeobebSi maT didi

interesiT vadevnebdi Tvals, vmonawileobdi maT drostarebaSi,

seirnobebSi; mesmoda, rogor yvirodnen daWerobanas TamaSis

dros da cdilobdnen xelidan gasxltomodnen gamarjvebuls.

maT mxiarulebaSi mSoblebi da Zmebic monawileobdnen.

rac Seexeba axalgazrda mamakacebs, ufro xSirad maT vxe-

davdi xolme kviraobiT, roca isini gasarTobad, ZiriTadad _

ferxulis sacekvaod ikribebodnen quTaisis lamazi xeebis

350

CrdilqveS. oci-ocdaaTi xelCakidebuli ymawvili simReriT iw-

yebda wreSi trials; maT Soris SedarebiT axalgazrdebi qalis

xmiT imeorebdnen misamRers, xolo ufro mowifulni maT gun-

durad pasuxobdnen dabali, mamakacuri xmiT Sesrulebuli mi-

samReriT.

me gadmoviRe imeruli ferxulis es simRera da momyavs

misi Targmani, romelic albaT naklebad gasagebia evropeli-

saTvis:

imeruli ferxuli

axalgazrdebis misamReri

asakovanTa misamReri

qali lamazi... Zalian lamazi,

mocimcime TvalebiT, “ _____ “

mosiyvarule mzeriT

tanad mSvenieri

mzeTunaxavis cxviri, sadedoflo Subli, “ ______~ abanozis warbebi,

SroSanis nikapi,

naxevrad gapobili bageebi,

sadac or mwkrivadaa

spilos Zvlisferi kbilebi,

gafurCqnuli vardebi,

fumfula mklavebi,

iniT SeRebili TiTebi,

TovliviT pirbade,

Tavaziani eSmakoba,

eleganturi ieri,

nazi gogmani,

momxiblavi Rimili,

graciozuli xma;

gnebavT?

iseTi sasiamovnoa,

iyo misi meuRle.

magram lamaz qals oh, diax

lamazi lentebi unda, “_____~ didi briliantebi

351

mdidruli da axali

saRamos kabebi, “_____~

Tbilisuri Sali. “_____~ lamazi qali WirveulobiT

sazrunavs uCens megobrebs,

xrikebi da kaprizebi

gnebavT? ara

iseTi tkbilia, iyo misi meuRle, “_____~ magram aris iseTic, movZebnoT

visTanac cxovreba sasiamovnoa, “_____~

visac aRmerTeb misi “_____~

keTili gulis gamo, kargi xasiaTis gamo, “_____~ da ganTiads adareb;

lamazebi fer-umarilis gareSe,

daxvewilebi xelovnurobis gareSe,

yovelTvis mosiyvaruleni,

yovelTvis momxibvlelni,

miuxedavad asakisa

sicocxliT savseni, mxiarulni,

rogorc Teqvsmeti wlisani,

yovelTvis rom giyvars.

gnebavT? oh, diax

iseTi sasiamovnoa “_____~

iyo misi meuRle! “_____~

ase Seusveneblad, ferxulSi grZeldeba simRera; gamar-

jveba ekuTvnis maT, vinc bolomde SerCebian sacekvao moedans

da cekvaven manam, sanam aqoSinebulni da qancgawyvetilni Zirs

ar daenarcxebian. daRlilobis miuxedavad, cekvas agrZeleben,

moZraoben laslasiT, ismis mxolo xrinwiani, CaxleCili xmebi.

es magonebs oberonis[6] cekvas, roca man Tavis patara buks Ca-

bera. bolos moedanze mxolod ori-sami mocekvaveRa rCeba da

male isinic danarCenebiviT Zalagamoleulebi ecemian miwaze.

Zveli da Tanamedrove quTaisis aRwera

Tanamedrove quTaisi Tavis Zvel nangrevebTan erTad moi-

cavs prokopisTan1 moxseniebul[7] or, erTmaneTisagan Zalze

1 II, 536, Ed. Bon.

352

gansxvavebul adgils _ uqimerionsa da quTaTisiums[8].

uqimerioni Zlieri cixesimagre iyo CrdiloeTiT, fazisis

marjvena napirze. quTaTisiumi ki moicavda Tanamedrove qala-

qis farglebs, fazisis samxreTiT _ vakeze, mdinaris marcxena

napirze.

uqimerioni sam nawilad iyofoda: akropolisi (A) _ gaSe-

nebuli iyo cicabo kldis aRmosavleT kuTxeSi, mis umaRles

mwvervalze; zeda, gamagrebuli qalaqi (B) mdebareobda akropo-

lisidan dasavleTiT, mTis platoze, xolo qvemo qalaqi (C), romelic platos kldis cicabo ferdobebze iyo gadaWimuli

da es plato ki fazisis anu rionis napirebamde aRwevda.

karga moSorebiT, am gamagrebuli cixis dasavleTiT, us-

wormasworo ladSaftze ganlagebuli iyo gareubnebi, bazrebi

da a.S.

Cems monaTxrobSi rom kargad gaerkveT, unda Tvali mia-

devnoT Cems gegmas, romelic gamovxaze atlasis I seriaSi, furc.

18. adgilis reliefisaTvis gamoviyene mTavrobis miTiTebiT

sul axlaxan Sedgenili quTaisis gareubnebis gegma. aq me daw-

vrilebiT aRvniSne antikuri xanis yvela Zegli Tu nangrevi, ro-

melTa dazustebazec inJiners Tavi ar Seuwuxebia. am gegmis Ta-

obaze zogierT mniSvnelovan ganmartebasac aqve moviyvan.

quTaisis gegmis ganmarteba

A. citadeli, anu akropolisi, eWvgareSea, prokopisdroin-

deli uqimerionia da misi daarseba adreul antikur epoqaSi un-

da vivaraudoT: igi fazisis donidan daaxloebiT 250 futis si-

maRlezea aRmarTuli. gare kedlebi kirqvis uzarmazari kvadre-

biTaa mopirkeTebuli. kldis Sverilebze ganlagebuli nagebobe-

bis daTariReba did sirTules ar warmoadgens. Crdilo da aR-

mosavleTi mxareebi miuvalia. es citadeli im dros daingra,

roca 1769 wels generali totlebeni[9] oseTisa da raWis gav-

liT aq movida imerTa mefis _ solomon I-is[10] mxardasaWerad,

romelsac imerlebi aujanydnen. amboxebulebma daxmarebisaTvis

Turqebs mimarTes, romlebic am qveynis mTavar cixeebs flob-

dnen. imereTSi rusebis Semosvlisas ajanyeba ukve Camcxrali

iyo, ase rom rusTa jaris amocanas warmoadgenda Turqebis ga-

moZeveba maT mier dakavebuli yvela cixe-simagridan. rusulma

artileriam quTaisSi maRlobze mdebare sasaflaodan cecxli

353

dauSina Turqebs da aiZula isini, iqauroba daetovebinaT; aseve

advilad gaaTavisufles varcixe, baRdaTi[11] da sx. xolo Tur-

qebisaTvis rom sabolood moespoT ukan dabrunebis saSualeba,

generalma, solomon mefesTan SeTanxmebiT, brZana, rom es cixe-

simagreebi daengriaT an aefeTqebinaT. yvelaze Zlieri Seteva

miitanes quTaisze, rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovan punqtze;

uzarmazari namsxvrevebi yvela mxares mimoifanta da mTis erTi

nawili dafara. Camoqceuli qvis grovis gamo SeuZlebelia Zveli

citadelis erTi nawilis gegmis garCeva; axali cixesimagre daax-

loebiT Zvelis msgavsadaa nagebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom igi ufro

patara zomisaa da Zveli cixis saZirkvelzea aRmarTuli.

1. citadelSi SemorCenil Zvel nagebobaTa Soris yvelaze

kargad aris Semonaxuli eklesia. misi kari qarTul stilSi Ses-

rulebuli reliefebiT aris dafaruli da igi XII saukuniT Ta-

riRdeba. 1671 wels, rodesac am cixe-simagres Turqebi daepat-

ronen, igi meCeTad gadakeTda. CrdiloeTis karze Turquli

warwerac yofila, romelic 1772 wels unaxavs giulden-

Stedts[12], me ki veRar mivakvlie. cixe-simagre aRudgeniaT da

aq Tofis wamlis sawyobi gaukeTebiaT.

2. eklesiis karis mopirdapire mxares kibe adioda vrcel

SenobaSi, romelic uamravi didi ganyofilebisagan Sedgeboda da

citadelis yvelaze amaRlebuli adgili eWira. es iyo lazTa me-

feebis gamagrebuli sasaxle; aqedan saucxoo xedi iSleboda

mTel am Tvaluwvdenel sivrceze: erT mxares mzeriT kolxeTis

auzSi eflobiT, meore mxares ki _ rionis xeobebSi da gelaTs

iqiT mdebare patara xeobebisa da porfirituli kraterebis qa-

osSi (aqauri carcovani niadagi metwilad am kraterebiT aris

daserili). CrdiloeTiT fasismTisa da kedelas[13] TeTri mwver-

valebic ki moCans. es mTebi quTaiss raWisagan gamohyofs da maT

Sorisac Cans xvamli Tavisi mkrTali da cicabo ferdobiT1.

3. aguriT amoSenebuli miwisqveSa gvirabi, iseve rogorc

am qveynis sxva cixeebSi _ awyurSi, zeda TmogvSi, darialSi[14]

da sx., _ Zalian mkveTri daqanebiT TiTqmis im kldis ZirSi ga-

dioda, romelic citadelis sayrdens warmoadgens. aq gamudme-

biT moCuxCuxebs saukeTeso wyaro2, romelic moyviTalo kldis

1 ixileT quTaisis ori xedi, me-2 seria, furc. 13 a, 13 b. 2 misi temperaturaa 10

0 ¾ reomiuriT, igi rions zemoT 50 fu-

tis simaRlezea.

354

sqel da mWidro fenebs Soris gamoedineba... es saidumlo gza

mtris isrebisagan icavda cixidan wylis amosatanad Casul ada-

mianebs. aqve, miwisqveS, terakotis cilindruli milebiT CaSe-

nebulma akvedukma mafiqrebina, rom am wyaros arteziuli wneva

gamoiyeneboda imisaTvis, raTa kalapoti daeviwrovebinaT da

wylis done aewiaT. aseTi gamogonebebi antikur xanaSic ki ar-

sebobda, amis nimuSia tiris[15] akvedukebi1.

4. zemo gamagrebuli qalaqi: igi gadaWimuli iyo mTis

platoze, akropolisis dasavleTiT. uzarmazari kedeli (4),

romelic mrgvali koSkidan citadelis samxreT-aRmosavleT

kuTxeSi (S.O.) gadioda, zeda qalaqs qvedasagan gamohyofda da

amave dros _ terasiseburi vrceli adgilis sayrden kedels

warmoadgenda, sadac amJamad saarqiepiskoposos xis Senobebia

ganlagebuli. aq, Zveli cacxvebisa da kaklis xeebis qveS, ro-

melTa Crdilic Sor manZilzea ganfenili, erT-erT im ulama-

zes adgils ixilavT, sadac guli xarobs, roca uamrav sicoc-

xliT savse sacxovrebels zemodan gadahyureb, ikargebi Se-

moqmedis qmnilebaTa vrcel panoramaSi da am yovelives Wvre-

tiT uzomod bednieri xar! es sanaxaoba dRis yovel monakveT-

Si erTnairad momxibvlelia. quTaisis terasa mxolod bernisa

da balis terasebs, an SveicariaSi _ friburis[16] kapucinebis

baRs Tu Seedreba. misi galavani didi rudunebiT aris nagebi

da Tavidan bolomde kargad damuSavebuli qvaTlilebiT aris

Semosili.

5. igive stilSia Sesrulebuli mrgvali koSki, romelic

terasis kuTxes qmnida; axla igi nangrevebad aris qceuli da

gverdiT skola ekvris.

6. Zveli, masiuri cixe-simagre gadakeTebulia seminariad.

es ori mopirdapire nageboba ixileT suraTis win, me-2 seria,

furc. 13 a.

7. zeda qalaqis mTavari karibWe. es is Sesasvleli gax-

lavT, sadac 1663 wels mokles cnobili darejani[17], romlis

Sesaxebac Sardeni Tavis “mogzaurobaSi~ Semzarav istorias

gadmogvcems.

8. qalaqis galavnis nangrevebi. odesRac es galavani ir-

gvliv ertya zeda qalaqs da masze daSenebuli iyo kvadratuli

1 Volney, Voyage en Syrie, etc., X[18].

355

formis mtkice, masiuri koSkebi. TeTri Tlili qvisagan didi

sizustiT nagebi es koSkebi erTobliobaSi cixis uZveles kon-

struqcias ganekuTvnebian. advili SesamCnevia, rom galavnis

erTi nawili uwin garRveuli yofila da uxeSad amouSenebiaT

patara, cudad damuSaveuli qvaTlilebiT: aqa-iq kedeli axlac

aseTive saxiT iyo amoSenebuli. quTaisis mcxovrebT, rogorc

Cans, ar surdaT am Zveli nangrevebis mitoveba, zogi maTgani am

koSkSi dabinavda, zogma ki mis kedelzeve miaSena xis gamoSve-

rili saxlebi da amgvarad Seiqmna xeebSi Cafluli es ulamaze-

si ansambli.

9. karibWeebi.

10. Tixis milebiT gayvanili wyalsadenebi, romelTa meS-

veobiTac cixeSi Semoedineboda axlomdebare wyaro.

11. nawilobrivad kldeSi moqceuli, qvebiT amoSenebuli

Webi.

12. zeda qalaqis quCa da sx.

13. zeda qalaqis centrSi medidurad aRmarTuli taZari

_ am qveynis ulamazesi nageboba.

qvemoT, Cem mier gadmocemuli kolxeTis istoriis das-

kvniT nawilSi1, mkiTxveli naxavs, rom X saukunis bolomde la-

zikisa da afxazeTis mefeebi TiTqmis yovelTvis aRmosavleTis

imperatorebis gavlenis qveS, an sulac _ maTTan vasalur da-

mokidebulebaSic ki imyofebodnen. qarTlis, anu saqarTvelos

mefeebi xSirad somxebis beds iziarebdnen. qarTvelTa moqceva

300 welze ufro adre moxda[19] _ somxebis mier qristianobis

miRebidan cota xnis Semdeg; qristianoba ki aq somxeTis gziT

Semovida. lazebma da afxazebma ki qristianoba konstantinopo-

lidan miiRes da wminda grZnobiT aRsavse imperatorebi, rom-

lebic dauyovnebliv Seudgnen maT moqcevas, ar dakmayofil-

dnen iq mxolod mRvdlebisa da ber-monazvnebis gagzavniT: Savi

zRvis mTel sanapiroze maT uamravi eklesia aRmarTes. maT So-

ris erT-erTi ulamazesi _ biWvinTis taZari me zemoT aRvwere;

igi wminda RvTismSoblis saxelzea nakurTxi da imperator ius-

tinianes[20] mier daaxloebiT 550 wels aris agebuli. Tumca

lazebs manamdec hqondaT eklesiebi: wm. stefanes saxelobis ek-

lesia xonSi an onSi (onogurisSi)[21], romelic agebulia V sau-

1 ix. t. II.

356

kuneSi, hunebze gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad1. prokopi imasac mog-

vagonebs, rom iustinianem aRadgina agreTve maTi uZvelesi,

magram dangreuli eklesia; es, udavod, is eklesia unda iyos,

romlis naxatic maqvs mocemuli; igi mdebareobda arqeopolis-

Si[22] _ dRevandel noqalaqevSi2, lazebis mefeTa sasaxlis Se-

sasvlelis pirdapir.

am mxareSi Cem mier moxseniebuli yvela uZvelesi eklesia

bizantiuri stilis kvals atarebs, romelic yovelTvis ber-

Znuli stilis uxeS da damaxinjebul mibaZvas warmoadgenda.

yvelaze didi nagebobebisaTvis gadmoRebulia jvris

forma; centri ganaTebulia gumbaTiT, romelic kvadratul

svetebs an marmarilos kolonebs eyrdnoba. es ukanasknelni,

Tavis mxriv, korinTuli an ioniuri orderebis[23] asls warmo-

adgendnen da TiToeulis tani an kapiteli jvriT iyo morTu-

li. aq Zveli eklesiebis kolonebic aris gamoyenebuli. TiT-

qmis erTaderTi nimuSi, romelic dauzianebeli saxiT Semog-

vrCa amgvari arqiteqturuli kompleqsidan, gaxlavT qerCis

amJamindeli eklesia, romelic qristeSobidan 757 wels (anu

qveynis dasabamidan 6265 wels) aris agebuli, rogorc es gumba-

Tis erT-erT kolonaze amokveTil warweraSia aRniSnuli. yi-

rimSi _ qersonesis da aiu-daRis eklesiebi, aseve afxazeTis ek-

lesiebi ZiriTadad erTi da igive stilSia nagebi. yvela am ek-

lesias momsaxureobas uweven maRali sasuliero ierarqiis war-

momadgenlebi _ arqiepiskoposebi da arqimandritebi.

qalaqebisa da soflebis eklesiebi igive gegmiT aris aSe-

nebuli da gamoirCevian sisadaviTa da martivi formebiT.

afxazeTsa da kolxeTSi gadmoRebulia mSeneblobis roma-

nuli Tu bizantiuri stili, romelic ar unda avurioT spar-

sul stilTan; aq erTmaneTs originalurad uxamebdnen agursa

da Tlil qvas, maT monacvleobiT, fenebad awyobdnen; an kidev

_ Senobis interiers agebdnen aguriT, xolo qvebs ki eqsterie-

risaTvis iyenebdnen. masalis es Taviseburi aRreva, romelic

Zalze iSviaTia sparselebTan, mxolod bizantiuri stilis

kuTvnilebaa dasavleT kavkasiaSi da yovelTvis mxolod XI sa-

ukunis wina periodis nagebobaTaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. am

kategoriaSi me moviazreb afxazeTis, noqalaqevis, Semoqmedis

1 Agathius, I, gv. 77. 2 ixileT atlasi, me-2 seria, ferwera, furc. 9.

357

eklesiebs, cixe-darbazis (geguTis – l.m.) sasaxles da sx. ar-

qeopolisis Zveli galavanic ki am stilSia agebuli.

mefe mirianis[24] mier saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 300 wels

agebuli uZvelesi eklesia xisa iyo. mxolod 370 wels Secvales

igi qvis eklesiiT. karga xnis ganmavlobaSi qarTvelebi TavianT

nagebobebSi somxebis stils baZavdnen, ramdenadac es ukanas-

knelni maTi maswavleblebi iyvnen[25]. xangrZlivi drois man-

Zilze didi armenia[26] Zlier da ayvavebul samefod iTvlebo-

da. aq iyo yvelanair stilSi agebuli Zeglebi. Trdats _ kon-

stantines Tanamedroves da did megobars romaelebisa, romel-

Ta Sorisac igi aRizarda, somxeTSi berZnuli xuroTmoZRvre-

bis damkvidreba undoda [man Tavis das – xosroviduxts auSena

mSvenieri ioniuri orderis taZari anu sasaxle, romlis dide-

buli nangrevebi garniSi[27] dResac aRtacebas iwvevs; somxeTis

pirveli eklesiis (romelic aseve Trdatis dros aSenda, roca

wm. grigol ganmanaTlebelma[28] daaxloebiT 275 wlis axlos

qveyana qristianobaze moaqcia) frontonebi da karnizebi keso-

nebiT iyo damSvenebuli, magram miTridates Semdeg es stili

gaqra; somxebi erTgulni darCnen im Zveli aRmosavluri sti-

lisa, uxvi ornamentebisa da CuqurTmebisa, masiuri formebisa,

romelsac vxedavT persepolisis[29] portikebze Tu mefeTa ak-

ldamebze da romelic, albaT, egvipturi Zeglebis gamoZaxili

unda iyos. TavianTi eklesiebis moTxovnebTan da garegnul

formebTan am stilis misadagebiT somxebma Seqmnes sakuTari

sakulto xuroTmoZRvreba. wm. rifsimesa da wm. gaianes eklesi-

ebi vaRarSapatSi[30], romelTa agebasac VI saukuneSi varaudo-

ben, swored am stilis prototipebs warmoadgenen. isini gansa-

kuTrebul STabeWdilebas axdenen TavianTi proporciebis gra-

ciozulobiTa da sisadaviT. mogvianebiT agebuli eklesiebi

yovelTvis ufro mdidaria qandakebebiTa da CuqurTmebiT, mag-

ram yvela am eklesiisaTvis Tlili qva erTaderT samSeneblo

masalas warmoadgens rogorc interieris, ise eqsterierisaT-

vis: arsad araa gamoyenebuli aguri, radgan forovani da

mkvrivi lavis, qviSaqvis, kirqvisa da iuruli kldeebis siuxvis

gamo somxebs sxva samSeneblo masala ar sWirdebodaT [...]

[...] magram, amasTanave, qarTvelebi yovelTvis rodi baZav-

dnen somxebs: aqa-iq, kavkasiis yvelaze Soreul xeobebSi an uZ-

veles qarTul qalaqebSi vxvdebiT iseT eklesiebs, romelTa

formac sruliad TavisTavadia da romlebic Zeglebis calke

358

wyebas qmnian. aseTia patara ugumbaTo eklesiebi martivi fron-

tonebiT aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis mxridan; mTel maT mor-

Tulobas warmoadgens frontonebis fonze naxevarwriuli Ta-

Ris erT an ramdenime niSaSi uxeSad gamoqandakebul figuraTa

jgufebi da sx. vfiqrob, es gaxlavT is, rasac uZvelesi qarTu-

li sakulto xuroTmoZRvreba gvTavazobs. ruisis, lomisis[31]

da inguSeTis galiertis[32] eklesiebi swored am stilis dama-

xasiaTebeli nimuSebia.

qarTlis samefosa da afxazeTis aRorZinebis Sedegad sa-

qarTveloSi ganviTarda ara mxolod mwerloba, aramed xuroT-

moZRvrebac. bagrat III-m quTaisSi wamoiwyo taZris mSenebloba,

romelic bagrat IV-m daasrula. rodesac bagratma colad Se-

irTo elene romaeli imperatoris _ argiris Zmiswuli[33], man

simamrisagan xuroTmoZRvrebi da mSeneblebi gamoiTxova taZris

dasamTavreblad. radganac mSenebloba qarTvelma xuroTmoZ-

Rvrebma daiwyes, xolo berZnebma ki daasrules, am nagebobis

stili somxur-bizantiuria da aq gamoyenebulia yvelaferi is,

rac saucxoo da eleganturia am orive qveynis arqiteqturul

stilSi; swored amitom igi saqarTvelos erT-erT ubrwyinva-

les Zegls warmoadgens.

am taZars bizantiuri Tu romanuli jvrisebri forma

aqvs1. misi didi navi (sakurTxevelTan erTad) sigrZiT 112 same-

fo futia, xolo siganiT 26. ekvderis sigrZea 41 futi, sigane

1 ase uwodes bizantiuris minabaZ stils, romelic gavrcelebu-

li iyo IX-XII saukuneebSi da romelic win uZRoda gotikur

stils. am stilis saukeTeso nimuSebia dedofal bertas mier

baiernSi 960 wels daarsebuli eklesia, SveicariaSi nevSatelis

kolegiumi, romelic masze ramdenime wliT ufro adreulia,

aseve X saukunis sen-Jermen-de-pre[36], maiensis[37] taZari, wm.

elenes eklesia bonSi, wm. gerionis[38] eklesia kolonSi, geli-

hauzenis taZari da sx. ra guldasawyvetia, rom paiernis mflo-

belebi (seniorebi) ase naklebad afaseben mSvenier Zeglebs,

romlebic maTi kuTvnilebaa. ratom vkiTxulobdi gakvirvebu-

li, aRar iyeneben mas, rogorc taZars? igi Zalze lamaziao

mpasuxobdnen; amasobaSi ki portiki sapyrobiled gadaakeTes,

taZris korpusi did da patara beRlad, sakurTxeveli saxazino

tvirTis Sesanaxad, samkveTlo sajinoboebad da SeSis fardu-

lebad da adgili rom ar daekargaT, beRlebis zemoT darCenil

sivrceze Tambaqos, Tivis da sx. ori didi sawyobi ganaTavses.

359

ki 10-12 futi. sakurTxeveli, romelic did navs ekvris, naxe-

varwriuli formisaa, iseve rogorc orive samkveTlo[34], rom-

lebic ekvderebs ukavSirdebian. jvris mklavebi, romelTa zo-

mac eklesiis yvelaze farTo adgilze 83 futs aRwevs, mTav-

rdeba ori didi, sakurTxevlis zedmiwevniT zusti proporcie-

bis mqone naxevarwriuli SeRrmavebiT1.

gumbaTi jvris centrSi oTx rvakuTxa svets eyrdnoboda

da misi diametri mxolod 26 futi iyo. Svidi futisa da sami

diuimis[35] diametris mqone uzarmazari gumbaTis yeli amoyva-

nili iyo Svidi futis simaRlis cilindrul kvarcxlbekebze.

TiToeul kvarcxlbekze modioda ori futi simaRlis namdvili

baza, romelic Soridan, erTi SexedviT ioniur bazas waagavda.

zemoT aRmarTuli iyo ori futisa da sami diuimis siganis da

Cvidmeti futi simaRlis mqone svetis rvakuTxa RerZi, romel-

sac agvirgvinebda ori futisa da sami diuimis simaRlis kapi-

teli; es yvelaferi ki mTel kolonas ocdarva futisa da ori

diuimis simaRles aZlevda2.

kapitelebi (furc. 15, nax. 5 da 6) yvelaze TvalsaCino

mxares morTuli iyo cxovelTa figurebiT, upiratesad _ vef-

xvebis gamosaxulebebiT, romlebic ebrZvian irmebs, gareul vi-

rebs da sx. SedarebiT naklebad TvalsaCino kuTxeebze gamoxa-

tuli iyo sfinqsebis msgavsi frinvelebi, romelTac farTo

yelsabamebiT morTuli adamianis Tavebi hqondaT, brWyalebiT

ki gvelebi da mtredebi eWiraT. naklebad Tvalmisawvdom adgi-

lebSi ki mxolod arabeskebi iyo gamoqandakebuli.

am kolonebze ayolebuli iyo 22 futis simaRlis martivi

pilastrebi; maT eyrdnoboda oTxi didi naxevarwriuli TaRi,

romelzec gumbaTi idga. am TaRebis mrudis saWeqi miwidan 62

futis simaRlezea.

31 futis simaRlis ekvderebi, iseve rogorc biWvinTaSi,

gayofili iyo orad: aq iwyeboda kaTakmevlebis galereebi..

interieris yvela TaRi naxevarwriulia. mTavari sakur-

Txevlis orive kuTxe wina mxridan eyrdnoboda sakmaod mdid-

rulad morTul patara kolonebs, ixileT baza, furc. 15, nax.

7.

rogorc Cans, TabaSiriT Zalze martivad Selesili ekle-

1 ixileT atlasi, me-3 seria, arqiteqtura, furc. 15. 2 ixileT atlasi, me-3 seria, furc. 17, nax. 5.

360

siis Siga sivrce odesRac freskebiT iyo dafaruli; axla ki

mxolod ramdenime maTganis naSTiRaa SemorCenili.

faqtiurad, interierSi rogorc formis, ise ornamente-

bis mxriv, bizantiuri stili Warbobda.

magram am nagebobisaTvis ZiriTadad eqsterieris stili

da proporciebi iyo ufro metad damaxasiaTebeli. wina fasa-

dis orive mxares aRmarTuli iyo fligelis Tu oTxkuTxa koS-

kis msgavsi ori nageboba, iseve rogorc es amSvenebs kievis

lavrisa da wminda sofios eklesiebs. maT Soris darCenil siv-

rceSi Casmuli iyo karibWe, romelic sami TaRiT ixsneboda:

yvelaze didi iyo Sua TaRi, gverdebze ki – patarebi. karibWe

gansakuTrebuli arqiteqturuli brwyinvalebiT iyo morTuli.

1833 wlis gazafxulze (quTaisSi Cem Casvlamde ramdenime TviT

adre) didi wvimebis Sedegad igi Camoingra1.

yvelaze uCveulo gaxlavT is, rom maSin, roca mTel nage-

bobaSi naxevarwriuli TaRebia gamoyenebuli, karibWisa da Se-

sasvlelis TaRebi Seisrulia, rac, ormag da sammag wamaxvile-

bul kolonebTan erTad (gotikurs rom vuwodebT), gvafiqrebi-

nebs, TiTqos erT-erTi Cveni eklesiis win vimyofebiT2. kama-

rebze, karnizebze, Sesasvlelebis Sua lilvebze da pilastre-

bis zedapirze gamokveTili sxvadasxvagvari arabeskebi da foT-

lovani CuqurTmebi uaRresad daxvewili ostatobiT aris Ses-

rulebuli.

magram rogorc Cans, xuroTmoZRvrebis mTeli sidiade sa-

kurTxevlis fasadisaTvis Semoinaxes. bizantiur da romanul

eklesiebSi sami naxevarwriuli sakurTxevlis mSeneblobisas

eqsteriersa da interiers erTmaneTs uxamebdnen da aqedan ga-

momdinare, iseve rogorc paiernis, nevSatelis, biWvinTis Tu

gelaTis taZrebSi, es sami naxevarwriuli Sverili aRniSnuli

1 Camongrevamde am portikis warmosadgenad me ar meguleba sxva

naxati, garda imisa, romelic b-n gambas atlasSia mocemuli ba-

ron friqsis (romelsac b-ni gamba frics uwodebs)[40] eskizis

mixedviT. portikis amJamindeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba

warmodgena iqonioT Cemi atlasis mixedviT _ ix. furc. 13 da

16, me-3 seria, arqiteqtura. 2 SesaZloa, Semedavon, rom es Sesasvleli eklesiis mSeneblobis

Semdegdroindelia, magram SemiZlia darwmunebiT vTqva, rom

igi mSeneblobis Tanadrouli periodiT TariRdeba da aq Seke-

Tebis raime niSnis aRmoCena SeuZlebelia.

361

nagebobebisaTvis mxolod da mxolod samkauls warmoadgenda.

ukve somxeTis uZveles eklesiebSi SeZles Tavidan aeci-

lebinaT es nakli: gamonaxes saSualeba, sakurTxevlebi da sam-

kveTloebi erT xazze ganeTavsebinaT, xolo cariel adgilebSi

didi niSebi CaesvaT. vaRarSapatis wm. rifsimes saxelobis ekle-

siaSi es forma jer kidev Zalze uxeSia, garnis nangrevebSi mas

ufro gaumjobesebuli saxe aqvs, xolo bagrat IV-s ukve hqonda

SesaZlebloba, srulad gamoeyenebina morTulobis es elementi

da misTvis ulamazesi proporciebic mieca.

mas Semdeg, rac sami absidi fasadis erT sibrtyeSi moaq-

cia, man igi 7,5 futi siganisa da 40 futi simaRlis ori sam-

kuTxa niSiT daamSvena, romelTagan TiToeuli wm. iakobis or-

namentiani TaRiT bolovdeboda. fasadis danarCeni nawili

wvrili da wagrZelebuli sammagi svetebiT sami didi dekorati-

uli TaRediT aris danawevrebuli. es yvelaferi ise iyo Ses-

rulebuli romanul da gotikur stilSi[39], rom gegonebodaT,

romeliRac Cveni, dasavluri nagebobidan gadmouRiaTo1.

wina da gverdiTi fasadebi aseTive stilSi, simetriula-

daa morTuli, yvelgan ornamentebis siuxve igrZnoba, TiTqmis

yvela patara kapiteli, yvela CuqurTma sxvadasxvagvaria, ise-

ve, rogorc Cvens Zvel nagebobebze.

am dekoratiuli TaRedis yvelaze didi nawili, romelic

65 futi simaRlis mqone mTavari sakurTxevlis frontonis wve-

ramde aRwevda, gaxsnili iyo mxolod erTi sarkmliT, romlis

CarCoc lamazi skulpturuli arabeskebiT iyo damSvenebuli.

meore TaRze, romelic sarkmels agvirgvinebda Ω formiT,

amokveTili iyo warwera. me igi gadmovxate (furc. 18, nax. 1,

me-3 seria) da momyavs misi Targmani, romelic CemTvis Seasru-

les samegrelos memkvidre mTavarma da b-nma brose-umcrosma:

`RvTis wyalobiT, bagratma uflis [SewevniT], mefe afxaz-

Ta da qarTvelTa, aago es wminda ... Tavisi [dedisaTvis] dedo-

fal guranduxtisaTvis~. frCxilebSi moTavsebulia sityvebi, romlebic avseben

warweris ramdenime waSlil adgils.

meore warwera moTavsebulia qvaze, romelic jvris mkla-

1 Tavis atlasSi b-n gambas mocemuli aqvs quTaisis taZris geg-

ma: sakurTxevlis fasadi aq mTlianad SecdomiT aris gamosaxu-

li; amasTanave, masStabi Zalze Semcirebulia.

362

vis kuTxeSi, sakurTxevlis marcxniv gaWrili lamazi sarkmlis

bazas warmoadgens; warwera or nawiladaa gayofili1, sarkmlis

erT mxares ikiTxeba:

ò, meufeo, romelic mbrZaneblob yvela mefeze, adide

mZleTa-mZle bagrat kurapalati, mefe afxazTa da qarTvelTa,

agreTve misi mama, deda, dedofali (misi meuRle) da misi Ze,

amin~. meore mxare:

`roca mSenebloba dasrulda, iyo 223 weli aRdgomis wel-

TaRricxvidan~.[41]

es TariRi Cveni welTaRricxvis 1003 wels Seesabameba. b-

ni brose, iseve rogorc me da rogorc bevri frangi swavluli,

gakvirvebuli iyo, roca arabuli cifrebi formiT gamo-

xatuli naxa; es am cifrebis erT-erTi uZvelesi cnobili for-

maa; imis axsna, Tu ratom gamiyenes igi, advilad SeiZleba, ram-

denadac saqarTvelos mefeebs mudmivad hqondaT urTierTobe-

bi sparseTis dampyrobeli arabebis STamomavlebTan; raoden

ucnauric ar unda iyos es faqti, am cifrebs sulac rom ar mi-

vaqcioT yuradReba, es warwerebi mainc SeiZleba ekuTvnodes

mxolo da mxolod bagrat III-s an bagrat IV-s, romlebmac pirve-

lebma miiRes afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefis tituli.

Cems mier aRwerili kolxeTisa da saqarTvelos mokle is-

toriis2 gacnobisas mkiTxveli advilad gaerkveva, Tu ratom

iwyebda bagrati Tavis titulaturas afxazTa mefis wodebiT:

afxazeTi kavkasiis is nawilia, romelic dRes TiTqmis sruliad

uguleblyofili da mitovebulia.

ucnauria, rom erTsa da imave epoqaSi da TiTqmis erTsa

da imave wlebSi rus mTavrebs kievSi da qarTvel mefeebs quTa-

isSi didebisa da Zlierebisaken stiqiuri swrafva hqondaT da

cdilobdnen, monumenturi nagebobebis SeqmniT gaeTqvaT saxe-

li. Tu quTaisis taZari agebuli iyo bagrat III-isa da bagrat

IV-is dros _ anu XI saukunis dasawyisSi da SuaxanebSi, _ wm. so-

fios taZari kievSi aSenda 1037 wels, xolo lavris eklesiis

mSenebloba 1054 wels daiwyo da 1077 wels dasrulda; konstan-

tinopolis erTi da igive imperatorma mSeneblebi gamougzavna

1 ixileT atlasi, me-3 seria, arqiteqtura, furc. 18, nax. 2. 2 ix. II t.

363

rus monarqs _ iaroslavs[42] da afxazTa mefes _ bagrat IV-s.

magram Cemi azriT, silamaziTa da moxdenilobiT kievis

eklesiebi quTaisis taZars ver Seedrebian: am pirveli rusuli

nagebobebis interieris simZimesa da fasadebis garegnul saxes

qarTuli taZris grandiozulobasa da didmSvenierebas ver Se-

vadarebT!

Cem mier moyvanili warwerebi Sesrulebulia qarTulad,

xucuri anbaniT, romelTa silamazes, sisadavesa da gamomsaxve-

lobas Tavisuflad SeuZlia metoqeoba gauwios berZnebisa Tu

romaelebis mSvenier warwerebs. somxuri gadmocemis Tanaxmad,

qarTuli anbani V saukunis dasawyisSi unda iyos SemoRebuli

swavlul mesropis[43] mier, romelic aseve somxuri anbanis Sem-

qmnelic gaxlavT.1 me ufro sarwmunod mimaCnia, rom mesropma

Secvala da Seaswora asoebis Zveli forma, radgan cnobilia,

rom qarTvelebs jer kidev aleqsandre makedonelis droidan

hqondaT anbani (gakruli xeli) _ mxedruli. axal damwerlobaSi

mesropma kuTxovani forma misca mTavruli asoebis simrgvales,

romelic Tavisuflad SeiZleba zenduri warmoSobisa iyos, ro-

gorc amas b-ni brose-umcrosi aRniSnavs.2` iseve rogorc ume-

tes semitur enebSi, rogoricaa ebrauli, arabuli da sx., aqac

me SevniSne, rom xSirad am warwerebSi sityvebis ZiriTadi nawi-

lidan amogdebuli iyo xmovnebi; ase magaliTad, bagratis saxe-

li da tituli xmovnebiTurT Semdegnairad unda daiweros: “ba-

grat kurapalati, mefe afxazTa da qarTvelTa~; xmovnebis ga-

reSe ki werdnen: “bgrt krplti mf afxzTa da qrTvlTa~. bagratis am sami warweris garda me aRmovaCine agreTve

meoTxec, romelic amokveTilia sakurTxevlis xelmarjvniv,

samxreTisaken mimarTul karnizis qvaze; Tumca igi ar aris

amokveTili iseTive lamazi asoebiT, rogorc danarCenebi. ai

misi Targmani, Sesrulebuli b-n brose-umcrosis mier:3

“am eklesiis xuroTmoZRvari agreTve aRsdgeba. RmerTma

Seindos meisa~. amis garda sxva warwerebi aq ar aris. qarTuli Zeglebis

1 movses xorenaci, III, 52-54, moxseniebuli sen-martenis mier

Journ. Asiat., ivnisi, 1823, gv. 322. 2 ixileT misi gramatika, xelnaweri, gv. 1, 5 da 7. 3 ixileT qarTuli originali me-3 seriaSi, arqiteqtura, furc.

18, nax. 13.

364

es zomiereba TvalSi sacemia somxurisaTvis esoden Cveuli si-

Warbis gverdiT, romelTa kedlebsac TiTqmis mTlianad fara-

ven vrceli warwerebi.

rac Seexeba bareliefs, igi mxolod erTia, patara niSaSi,

wina fasadis yvelaze amaRlebuli da mdidrulad morTuli

sarkmlis TaRze. gamosaxulia angelozi, romelsac xeli aqvs

CaWidebuli bagratisaTvis, TiTqos misi wardginebis mizniT. am

niSis zemoT, kedelze, amokveTilia lamazi jvari.1

sarkmlis CarCoze amokveTili basiliskosa da grifonis

msgavsi frinvelebs ucnauri ganlageba aqvT _ Tavebi xelmar-

jvnivaa, kudebi ki _ xelmarcxniv. es grifoni, romelic me Cav-

xate (me-3 seris, furc. 18, nax. 5) aRmosavlur ZeglebSi yvel-

gan gvxvdeba, dawyebuli pantikapeis da damTavrebuli persepo-

lisis saflavTa reliefebiT.

am didebul nagebobaze saubris dasasruls minda sinanu-

liT aRvniSno, rom droJamis garda mas adamianebisaganac didi

ziani miadga: igi xom imisaTvis Seiqmna, rom kidev mravali sau-

kunisaTvis gaeZlo mis myar, yviTeli iuruli carcis mSvenier

qvaTlilebs. Turqebma misi ngreva 1691 wels[44] daiwyes _ daaq-

cies da aafeTqes im periodSi, roca mas flobdnen2. jer kidev

1772 wels, Tavisi mogzaurobisas giuldenStedtma[45] ixila in-

terieris ramdenime uvneblad gadarCenili sveti3. dRes ki aRa-

raferia SemorCenili arc gumbaTidan da arc TaRebis umrav-

lesobidan; interieri gawmendilia da iq asaflaveben imaT,

vinc karg gasamrjelos gadauxdis mRvdlebs, maT ki moagroves

rac ki ram kargi iyo am nangrevebs Soris, ase Tu ise moaxerxes

maTi erTmaneTze dawyoba da samxreTis grZel kedelze patara

ekvderi miaSenes, sadac egzarqosi mesas asrulebda. erTxel,

swored RvTismsaxurebis dros, mis axlos qva Camovarda. Sem-

dgomSi, msgavsi ubedurebis Tavidan asacileblad, man mTavro-

bisagan iTxova nebarTva, moengriaT taZris gadarCenili erTi

kedlis mozrdili nawili, romelic saSiSriebas uqmnida ek-

vders. nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg kedlis es nawili marTlac

1 ixileT atlasi, me-3 seria, furc. 18, nax. 3. 2 Cronique armenienne, romelic b-ma Sulcma gaugzavna b-n sen-

martens da romelic gadmomca brose-umcrosma. 3 Guldenstadt, Reisen nach Georgien, etc., gv. 164, klaprotis gamoc.

365

moangries1. Camongreul kedlebze yvelgan suro moedo: igi

sul zemoT miiwevs, rogorc safarveli da karnizebze amosul

buCqebs ebRauWeba.

jer kidev 1772 wels quTaisi mitropolitis (quTaTelis)

adgilsamyofeli iyo. es ukanaskneli emorCileboda afxazeTis

patriarqs, romelic Cveulebriv, gelaTSi ijda. dRes patriar-

qisa da mitropolitis funqciebi SeTavsebuli aqvs erT sasu-

liero pirs, romelic imereTis arqiepiskoposis xarisxSia da

emorCileba saqarTvelos egzarqoss, romlis rezidenciac Tbi-

lisSia. amgvar damokidebulebas sulac ar SeuSlia xeli imis-

Tvis, rom quTaisis am arqiepiskoposs yvela Zveli tituli See-

narCunebina2.

bagrat III da bagrat IV saqarTvelosa da imereTSi xuroT-

moZRvrebis axali stilis damfuZneblebad gvevlinebian; XI sau-

kuneSi daviT II-m, misma SviliSvilma, gelaTis agebisas biWvin-

Tis TiTqmis zusti asli gadmoiRo, ornamentebi ki quTaisis

taZrisas gvagonebs. daaxloebiT imave periodiT TariRdeba ni-

korwmindisa da martvilis saepiskoposo taZrebi, agreTve –

kacxis[46] eklesia; rac Seexeba mcxeTis taZars, zemoT vnaxeT,

rom igi mtris mier mTlianad iqna dangreuli da 1414 wels me-

fe aleqsandrem aRadgina da daamSvena lamazi gumbaTiT, rome-

lic, samwuxarod, 1656 wels Camoingra; magram igi imave wels

1 taZris axlandeli mdgomareobis mis pirvandel saxesTan Sesa-

dareblad ixileT atlasi, me-3 seria, furc. 13-14: me-13-ze me

mocemuli maqvs am nangrevebis ori xedi, xolo me-14-ze aRvad-

gine sakurTxevlis fasadi. 2 1772 wels giuldenStedts kolxeTis sasuliero ierarqiis Sem-

degi suraTi aqvs aRwerili: imereTs hyavda patriarqi anu ka-

Talikosi, romelic biWvinTisa da afxazeTis patriarqis ti-

tuls atarebda; misi iurisdiqciis qveS iyo quTaisis saarqie-

piskoposo, xonis, nikorwmindis, eparqiebi; mas emorCilebodnen

agreTve Semoqmedisa da jumaTis eparqiebi guriaSi. b-ni brose-

umcrosis qronikis mixedviT, imereTis sam eparqiad dayofa

moxda 1529 wels (gv.7). giuldentedtis Camosvlamde cota xniT

adre, imereTis mefesa da dadians Soris dapirispirebis Sede-

gad, samegrelom miaRwia imas, rom sakuTari patriarqi, anu ka-

Talikosi hyoloda; manamde ki odiSis, leCxumisa da samegre-

los samive episkoposi aseve afxazeTis patriarqs emorCilebo-

da[49]..

366

aRadgina rostomma[47] _ saqarTvelos muslimma mefem. mTlia-

nobaSic da detalebSic aq imitirebulia quTaisis taZari1.

me aq quTaisis taZarze did xans SevCerdi ara mxolod

imis gamo, rom es uaRresad saintereso istoriuli Zeglia,

aramed imitomac, rom es gaxlavT saukeTeso xuroTmoZRvrebis

uZvelesi nimuSi. vagrZeleb Cem mier mocemuli gegmis ganmar-

tebas:

14. mitropolitis dა mRvdლebis sacxovrebeli _ es is

Senobebia, romlebic ტaZris garSemoa ganTavsebuli; xelmar-

cxniv, portikis pirdapir mdebare didi kibe taZars ukavSir-

deboda.

C. _ qveda gamagrebuli qalaqi:

15. eqvsi-Svidi futis sisqis mqone, mdinaresTan kuTxis

didi mrgvali koSkiT daboloebuli kedeli, romelic mas da-

savleTidan icavda, romaelebis jus-is[48] msgavsad iyo agebuli,

anu garedan kldis lodebiT an kvadrebiT. SesaZloa igi iusti-

nianes dros berZnebis mier uqimerionis mSeneblobis periods

ganekuTvneba. miuxedavad qvis amgvari uxeSi wyobisa, es kedeli

imdenad mtkice iyo, rom rodesac solomon mefem 1770 wlis 6

agvistos es cixe totlebenisagan miiRo (romelmac igi Tur-

qTagan gaanTavisufla), da misi dangreva moisurva, raTa moma-

valSi mtrisaTvis misi gamoyenebis saSualeba moespo, es TiT-

qmis SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. bolos iZulebulni gaxdnen, rom

igi 100-130 futis daSorebiT mdgari qvemexidan nasroli yum-

barebiT daengriaT. am kedlis nawili, uzarmazari namsxvreve-

bis saxiT, miwaze daenarcxa, danarCeni ki naxevrad Camoiqca da

gadmokidebul mdgomareobaSi darCa. ori oTxkuTxa, didi da

kargad gamagrebuli koSki, romelic kedels mdinaris mxridan

icavda, aseve Suaze gaipo da sanaxevrod Camoiqca.

16. am kedelSi CaWrili iyo Tlili qvis didi Sesasvleli

kari, romelic Tavis droze giuldenStedtsac unaxavs[50],

dRes ki igi mTlianad dangreulia; am kariT Sig kldeSi nakveTi

safexurebisaken gadiodnen.

17. qveda qalaqis quCa, odesRac orive mxares Camwkrive-

buli saxlebiT.

18. patara eklesia.

1 me-2 seria, ferwera, furc. 6.

367

19. didi eklesia ramdenadme daqanebul ferdobze, amJa-

mad mxolod misi nangrevebia SemorCenili. irgvliv mofenilia

Tlili qvis namsxvrevebi, romlebsac iseTive CuqurTmebi da

ornamentebi amSveneben, rogoric taZarzea.

20. qveda qalaqis aRmosavleTi kedeli, romelic kldeebs

miuyveba da rionamde Cadis.

D. fazisis anu rionis napirze mdebare dabla-cixis plac-

darmi;

21. misi galavani, iseve rogorc zeda-cixe, Tlili qviT

aris nagebi da Zalze mtkicea. me ver aRmovaCine xidis burje-

bis kvali: albaT aq odesRac xis xidi iyo; yovel SemTxvevaSi,

jer kidev naTlad Cans kldeSi gamokveTili xvrelebi, romleb-

Sic bagirebs amagrebdnen bornebisaTvis. savaraudod, aq oTxi-

xuTi borani unda yofiliyo.

22. karibWe, romlis naSTebi TeTri JasminiT aris dafa-

ruli.

23. gamagrebuli koSki, romelsac mama kapucinebma Tavian-

Ti saswavlebeli miaSenes; TiTqmis mTeli es placdarmi amJamad

maTi sakuTrebaa. SuaSi xis eklesia iyo aRmarTuli, dRes ki

apireben igi Secvalon qvis eklesiiT, romelic albaT daitevs

kaTolike somxebis mravalricxovan mrevls; es ukanaskneli ki

quTaisSi dRiTi dRe izrdeba. am eklesiis saZirkveli ukve

mzad aris; misi gaTxris dros miwaSi ipoves vercxlis monete-

biT savse qoTani wm. evgenis (Eugene) gamosaxulebiTa da berZnu-

li warweriT.

E. gaumagrebeli qalaqi, romelic aRmosavleTiT, uswor-

masworo ferdobebze da platoze iyo gadaWimuli. aq ramdenime

quCa da Zveli gzebi advilad amosacnobia. vxdebiT gzis piras

Camwkrivebuli uamravi qvis saxlis nangrevebs an saZirkvlis

narCenebs. #24-iT aRniSnuli saxli erTaderTia, romelic kar-

gad aris Semonaxuli.

25. uZvelesi da nangrevebad qceuli wm. giorgis eklesia;

igi arafriT ar aris mniSvnelovani. mis garSemo Zveli leRvis

xeebiTa da baRis frTaTeTraTi daburuli sasaflaoa.

26. kidev erTi dangreuli eklesia, mravalricxovani mi-

naSenebis naSTebiT. swored am adgilidan gavakeTe Zveli quTa-

isisa da fazisis xeobebis xedis Canaxatebi _ atlasi, II seria,

furc. a. 27. didebuli saxli, cixis msgavsad _ mtkice, Tlili qviT

368

naSeni galavniT garSemovlebuli.

28. Zveli bazari.

29. xis qalaqis adgili.

30. aguriT naSeni yvelaze Zveli ubani; amJamad aq Senobe-

bi TiTqmis gamqralia, Cans agurebis grova qvebis gareSe; zogi-

erTi maTgani Zalze didi zomisaa.

31. mTlianad dangreuli qvis Zveli eklesiebi Tu sam-

locveloebi; isini ulamazes adgilas iyvnen ganlagebulni.

erT-erTi am samlocvelos ZirSi, gzispiras, mTis platodan

Znelad misadgomi, Rrma ufskruli eSveboda; wvimis wyali swo-

red am ucnaur ZabrSi Caedineboda, romelic carcovan kldeSi

gaCenil uzarmazar naprals warmoadgenda.

32. marcxena napirze moCans riyis qviT nagebi xidis bur-

jis naSTebi, romlis boloSic, aRmosavleTiT, Turquli abano

iyo.

33. aqve Cans meore xidis burjebic; es xidi pirdapir ci-

xisken mimavali fenili quCiT bolovdeboda.

34. Zvel burjebze daSenebuli axali xidi.

35. meoTxe xidis burjebi; am xidiT erTi napiridan meo-

reze ise gadadiodnen, rom mdinarispira kldeebze asvla aRar

sWirdebodaT.

F. rionis marcxena napirze gaSenebulia dabla-qalaqi.

igi TiTqmis mTlianad xiT iyo nagebi. Cans mxolod xuTi-eqvsi

xis eklesiisa Tu samlocvelos nangrevebi. erT-erT maTganSi

dRes saxelmwifo baRis mebaRe cxovrobs, meore ki mmarTvelis

sasaxlis samzareulod aris gadakeTebuli.

axali rusuli qalaqi Zveli qalaqis adgilze gaSenda: a aris samxedro hospitali, b _ yazarmebi, c _ bazari, d _ didi

moedani, e _ saxelmwifo baRi, f _ mmarTvelis saxli, g _ ebra-

elTa ubani sinagogiT.

G. îmereTis mefeTa Zveli rezidencia (manam, sanam am

mxares ruseTi daepatroneboda). aq uamravi nageboba garSemov-

lebuli iyo uZvelesi kedlebiT da erTi TxriliT, maTgan

dRes mxolod nakvalevia SemorCenili. giuldenStedtis dros

am adgils òqros Cardaxs~ (anu galereas) uwodebdnen[51]. pro-

kopis Txzulebis mixedviT, es ubani iyo pirvandeli quTaisi, _

berZnebis kutaia, aietis samSoblo, romelic lazebma (mas rom

“ქuTaTisiums~ uwodebdnen) mefe gubazis dros daangries, raTa

369

sparselebisaTvis ar CaebarebinaT; magram sparselebma 551

wels, mermereosis[52] dros, aRdgines quTaTisiumi, raTa igi

TavianT ZiriTad adgilsamyofelad eqciaT. SemdgomSi, rode-

sac lazebma kvlav ukan daibrunes qalaqi, adgilobriv mefeebi

aq xSirad iwyobdnen sakuTar rezidencias.

36. am rezidenciis ZiriTadi nageboba dRes mTlianad dan-

greulia; pirveli sarTuli warmoadgenda gadaxurul sacxov-

reblebs, maT zemoT ki xis sarTuli iyo daSenebuli. 1650

wels, rodesac ruseTis mefis _ aleqsi mixeilis Zis[53] elCebi

nikifore irbaxis (ColoyaSvilis)[54] meTaurobiT imereTis me-

fe aleqsandres[55] eaxlnen, am didi oTaxebis yvela kedeli da-

faruli iyo naxatebiT, romlebzec aleqsandres winapar mefeTa

sabrZolo scenebi iyo asaxuli. sasaxlis ukan gadaWimuli iyo

xeebiT daburuli didi baRi.

37. meore, qvis sasaxle, nawilobrivad rionzea gadmoki-

debuli, sami TaRiT anu arkadiT. mas ufro beRelis Sesaxedao-

ba aqvs.

38. samefo eklesia, romelic dRes rusul eklesiad aris

gadakeTebuli.

39. sakmaod lamazi formis izolirebuli samreklo; uwin

igi mefis rezidenciis Sesasvlel kars warmoadgenda. SemorCe-

nilia ramdenime mSvenieri xe, romelTa Crdilic samreklos fa-

ravs.

H. quTaisis gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli da qalaqidan

moSorebiT mdebare ubani, romelic bunebrivadac da galavni-

Tac aris daculi. aq aranakleb oTxi eklesiis nangrevebia Se-

morCenili. es ubani, savaraudod, romeliRac didebuls ekuT-

vnoda, radgan #40 _ erT-erTi im kvadratul, gadaxurul koS-

kTagania, romelic mtris Semosevis dros TavdacvisaTvis gamo-

iyeneboda: TaRovani RiobiT xalxi koSkSi adioda da iq afareb-

da Tavs.

41. qalaqis am nawils wyliT amaragebda mSvenieri wyaro

(wyalsadeniT), misi temperatura reomiuriT 8,50-ia.

42. dabolos, fazisisaken Camaval kldis ferdobze, Zali-

an lamaz garemoSi, momwvano qviSaqvisagan nagebi patara sam-

locvelos nangrevebia[56]. dasavleTisaken mimarTul mis Sesas-

vlels naxevarwriuli TaRi aqvs. did qvaze, romelic mis zeda-

pirs faravda, uwin warwera iyo moTavsebuli. axla qva kldis

ZirSi egdo da mec Cavedi warweris gadmosaRebad; radgan qvis

370

kuTxeebi ukve Camomtvreuli iyo, warweris sruli mniSvneloba

ver gavarkvie, yoveli SemTxevisaTvis, gadmoviRe is, rac ga-

darCa. Cemi TxovniT, misi Targmani b-ma brose-umcrosma Seas-

rula:

“…[Ze]… mefe bagratidma [aaSena mTavarangelozebis es

wminda eklesia, gabras monawileobiT 6617 wels~. es TariRi, romelic Cveni welTaRricsvis 1109 wels See-

sabameba[57], adasturebs, rom es patara eklesia agebuli yofi-

la saxelovani daviT III dros, romelsac metsaxelad aRmaSene-

beli uwodes. manve aago wminda RvTismSoblis taZari gelaTSi.

misi zeoba 1089 wlidan 1124 Tu 1126 wlamde grZeldeboda[58].

bagratidis saxelis win, romliTac, rogorc aRvniSne, es nak-

luli warwera iwyeboda, datovebuli iyo mxolod oTxi asos

adgili, savaraudod _ aq im bagratidis saxeli igulisxmeba,

romlis Sesaxebac warweraSia saubari. am asoebidan SemorCeni-

lia mxolod “r~, romelic demetres[59] _ daviT III-is Zisa da

memkvidris saxelis bolo aso unda iyos. igi jer kidev mamis

sicocxleSi iyo CarTuli saxelmwifo saqmianobaSi da cnobili

iyo Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg brZolebSi gamoCenili gmiro-

biT. SesaZlebelia, eklesiis qvemoT ganlagebuli, galavanSe-

movlebul nagebobaTa mTeli es ansambli misi, rogorc mefis

Zis, saufliswulo mamuli da rezidencia iyo.

am eklesiis qvemoT, kldeSi amokveTilia mravali mRvime

da savaraudoa, rom aq gadioda miwisqveSa gza, romlis meSveo-

biTac ukavSirdebodnen eklesiis patara ezos; SemorCenilia mi-

si kvalic… eklesiis gverdiT, kldis ukana mxare dafarulia

uzarmazari kvadratuli saflavis qvebiT, iseve, rogorc es

bretanSia. Svidi-rva futis siganis filebi qmnian kvadrats,

romelic aseve sxva filebiT aris dafaruli. aseTi saxis saf-

lavis qvebi kavkasiis uZveles mosaxleobas hqonda da mogviane-

biT me is zemo raWis mcxovreblebTanac aRmovaCine.

komentarebi

[1] iakobitebi – monofizitebis erT-erTi Sto; daarse-

bulia episkopos iakob baradeis (zanzales) mier, romelic VI s.

Sua xanebSi ganudga marTlmadideblur eklesias. es mimdinare-

oba gavrcelebuli iyo Crdilo-aRmosavlet afrikaSi, dasav-

leT aziasa da samxreT indoeTSi (diubuas naSromis Sesaxeb ix.

371

Cveni werilebi: Jurn. “analebi~, #2, 2000, #1-2, 2002; kerb.

“Casucasica~, #7, 2003; kreb. “axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiT-

xebi~, #2, 2009, #1-2, 2010).@

[2] setie – Zv. franguli siTxisa da marcvleulis sazomi

erTeuli, daaxl. 150-idan 200 litramde.

[3] igulisxmeba kirkes (circes) mier Sinisaken mimavali

odisevsis Tanamgzavrebis Rorebad gadaqcevis epizodi.

[4] futi _ sigrZis sazomi erTeuli inglisur sistemaSi

(0,3048 m.).

[5] xvamli – mTa cageris r-nSi, raWa-leCxumis kavkasion-

ze.

[6] oberoni _ (miT.) elfebis mefe Zv. franguli legendi-

dan, feriebis dedoflis – titanias qmari. am gmiris saxels

vxvdebiT araerT cnobil avtorTan; gansakuTrebuli popula-

roba moipova Seqspiris piesisa (“zafxulis Ramis sizmari~) da

veberis operis (“oberoni~) wyalobiT. legendis Tanaxmad, obe-

roni jadosnuri bukis mflobelia.

[7] prokopi kesarieli _ VI s. bizantieli istorikosi, av-

tori naSromisa “iustinianes omebis istoria~. [8] antikuri xanis avtorebTan quTaisi sxvadasxva formiT

moixsenieba: kutaia, kutaioni, kutatisioni, quTaTisiumi, qu-

TaTisi, kvitaioni da sx.

istoriuli cixesimagris _ uqimerionis adgilmdebareo-

bis Sesaxeb qarTul samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadas-

xvaobaa; erT-erTi versiiT, es aris quTaisSi, arqielis goraze

dRemde nangrevebis saxiT SemorCenili Zveli cixesimagre. akad.

s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, uqimerioni Zveli quTaisis cixea, xolo

prokopis mier moxseniebuli uqimerioni rionis marjvena napir-

ze _ leCxumisa da svaneTisaken mimaval gzaze unda mdebareob-

des (amis Taobaze vrclad ix. georgika, II, gv. 203; v. jaoSvili,

quTaisi, Tb., 1989, gv. 65-66; v. CakvetaZe, quTaisis istoriidan,

Tb., 1960).

[9] totlebeni gotlib kurt hainrix fon (1715-1778) _ ru-

seTis armiis general-maiori, 1761 w. Ralatis braldebiT daa-

patimres da sikvdili miusajes, magram imperator petre III-s

sikvdilis Semdeg ekaterine II-m Seiwyala; saqarTveloSi, ker-

Zod ki imereTSi totlebenis Camosvla 1768-1774 ww. ruseT-

TurqeTis oms ukavSirdeba: ruseTi Tavad iyo dainteresebuli

am omSi saqarTvelos CabmiT. Tavis mxriv, solomon I-ic garkve-

372

uli mosazrebiT CaerTo saomar moqmedebebSi: igi imedovnebda,

ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT daemorCilebina urCi mTavrebi, da-

ebrunebina TurqTa mier mitacebuli teritoriebi da sabolo-

od ganedevna isini imereTidan. am SemTxvevaSi diubuas Tval-

sazrisi solomonis winaaRmdeg “imerlebis ajanyebis~ Taobaze

realur safuZvels moklebulia.

[10] solomon I (aleqsandre V-s Ze) _ imereTis mefe 1752-

1784 ww.

[11] varcixe (vardcixe, adreuli Suasaukuneebis rodopo-

lisi) _ sofeli imereTis dablobze, md. xaniswylisa da rionis

SesarTavTan; pirvelad moixsenieba VI s. bizantiur wyaroebSi

(georgika, t. III, s. yauxCiSvilis gamoc., Tb., 1936). gviandel Su-

asaukuneebSi _ imereTis mefeTa erT-erTi rezidencia.

baRdaTi (1940-1990 ww. _ maiakovski) _ qalaqi imereTis

dablobze, md. xaniswylis napiras. 1703 w. igi osmalebma daika-

ves da aq jer xis (e.w. Txmelis-cixe), mogvianebiT ki _ qviTki-

ris cixe aages, sadac Turquli garnizoni idga. 1770 w. solo-

mon I-ma da totlebenma erToblivi ZalebiT alyaSi moaqcies da

brZoliT aiRes baRdaTis cixe.

[12] ix. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba, gv. 139.

[13] fasismTa _ mwvervali raWis kavkasionis mTavar qedze,

md. rionisa da cxeniswylis saTaveebTan; kedela _ qedi onis r-

nSi, Soda-kedelas aRmosavleTi nawili.

[14] awyuris cixe _ feodaluri xanis cisesimagre mtkvris

marjvena napirze, sof. awyurTan, borjomidan 30 km-ze; zeda

Tmogvi//Tmogvis cixe _ istoriuli cixe-qalaqi javaxeTSi, md.

mtkvris marcxena napirze, axland. aspinZis r-nis sof. TmogvSi;

wyaroebSi pirvelad ixsenieba X s-Si. darialis cixe _ gadmoce-

mis Tanaxmad, darialis xeobaSi pirveli simagre mefe mirians

augia, V s-Si ki igi vaxtang gorgasals aRudgenia.

[15] tiri (axland. suri _ libanSi) _ finikielTa qalaq-sa-

xelmwifo xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze; mdebare-

obs kldovan kunZulze (“tir~ _ klde).

[16] bali (germ. bazeli) _ qalaqi Crd. SveicariaSi, saf-

rangeTisa da germaniis sazRvarTan, daarsebulia romaelTa mi-

er da cnobilia Tavisi arqiteqturuli ZeglebiT. friburi _

qalaqi das. SveicariaSi, md. sarinze, friburis kantonis admi-

nistraciuli centri.

[17] igulisxmeba Teimuraz I-is asuli darejani _ zurab

373

aragvis erisTavis, Semdeg ki imereTis mefis aleqsandre III-is

coli.

[18] volnei konstantine fransua de Sansebefi (1757-1820)

_ frangi filosofosi da mwerali; imogzaura axlo aRmosav-

leTSi da gamoaqveyna naSromi “mogzauroba egviptesa da siria-

Si~ (1787 w.). [19] qarTul istoriografiaSi qristianobis saxelmwifo

religiad gamocxadebis TariRad aRiarebulia 326 w.

[20] iustiniane I didi (483-456) bizantiis imperatori 527-

565 ww., ibrZoda sasanianTa iranis winaaRmdeg da am brZolis

asparezi iyo lazikis (egrisis) samefo. arazusti cnoba imis Se-

saxeb, rom afxazebma iustinianes dros miiRes qristianoba, da

rom man afxazTa qveyanaSi RvTismSoblis taZari aaSena, momdi-

nareobs prokopi kesarielisagan. sinamdvileSi biWvinTis cnobi-

li taZari X-XI ss. nagebobaa, restavrirebulia XIX s-Si, 1866 w.

voronovis mier (l. rCeuliSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 281). proko-

piseul legendas zogierTi qarTuli wyaroc iziarebs: mag. va-

xuSti wers rom “am muwis-wyalis dasavliT ars biWvintas ekle-

sia didi, didSeni, keTil friad, gumbaTiani, zRvis kidesa ze-

da. es aRaSena iustiniane keisarman SemkobiTa didiTa. pirvel

iyo saepiskopozo, Jamsa afxazTa mefeTaTa iqmna sakaTaliko-

zod, da aw ars saydari afxazTa kaTalikozisa, aramed aw xucis

amarad, vinadgan afxazni arRara moneben rjulsa da sarwmuno-

ebasa~ (vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, s. yauxCiSvilis

gamocema, Tb., 1973, gv. 171). taZris mxatvrul-stilisturi ana-

liziT dadgenilia, rom igi ara uadres X s-isaa. misi pirveli

vrceli aRweriloba ekuTvnis diubuas, man Tavis naSroms da-

urTo Canaxatebi da azomvebi, romelTac dResac ar daukar-

gavT mniSvneloba (ix. l. rCeuliSvili, dasax. naSr., gv 284).

[21] VI s-is bizantieli istorikosis _ agaTia sqolastiko-

sis cnobiT “onogurisi~ martvilisa da xonis r-nebis sazRvar-

ze mdebare unagiras mTas Seesabameba: “es saxeli [onogurisi]

Zveladve Seerqva am adgils, sesaZlebelia, imis gamo, rom hun-

nebi, romelTac onogurebi ewodebodaT, am adgilas Sebmian

kolxebs warsul wlebSi da damarcxebulan, da am gamarjvebis

niSnad da Zeglad aqaur mcxovrebT es saxeli SeurqmeviaT am

adgilisaTvis. amJamad bevri ase ki aRar uwodes, aramed, rad-

gan aq dafuZnebulia im wminda stefanes taZari, romelic, ro-

gorc amboben, sakuTari nebiT Seeba mters saukeTeso qristian-

374

Ta gulisaTvis da Caqolil iqna mowinaaRmdegeTa mier, misi sa-

xeli ewoda am adgils~(vrclad ix. georgika, III, gv. 59-62).

[22] igulisxmeba arqeopolisSi (noqalaqevSi) dRemde Se-

morCenili ormoc mowameTa eklesia, romelic V s-Si augiaT,

magram omianobis periodSi dazianebula da prokopi kesarielis

cnobiT, VI s-Si imperator iustinianes ganuaxlebia (ix. georgi-

ka, II, gv. 220).

[23] arqiteqturuli orderi – dgarul-koWovani siste-

mis struqtura da mxatvruli damuSaveba, romelic cnobili

iyo Zveli egviptis, babilonur-asurul da sparsul xuroTmoZ-

RvrebaSi. orderebis mzidi nawilebia sveti, kapiteliTa da ba-

zisiTurT. klasikur sistemad es stili Camoyalibda Zvel ber-

Znul arqiteqturaSi (Zv. w. aR. V s.): korinTuli orderi Zv. w.

aR. V s-is II naxevarSi Seiqmna da farTod gavrcelda romaul

arqiteqturaSi; ioniuri orderi SedarebiT msubuqi proporci-

ebiTa da mdidruli dekoriT gamoirCeva.

[24] qarTlis mefis mirianis zeobis zusti TariRi daud-

genelia; qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis monacemebiT, igi so-

mexTa mefis _ Trdat III-is (298-330 ww) da romis imperator kon-

stantines (306-337 ww.) Tanamedrovea da, amave dros, jer kidev

cocxalia 361 wels (vrclad mis Sesaxeb ix. saqarTvelos isto-

ria uZvelesi droidan XX saukunis bolomde, t. II, Tb., 2012,

gv. 10-18). wm. ninos miTiTebiT mirians IV s. 30-ian wlebSi xis

eklesia auSenebia, romelic aRar gadarCenila. meore, qvis ek-

lesiisagan, romelic iqve aago vaxtang gorgasalma (V s. meore

naxevarSi), gadarCa mxolod calkeuli nawilebi, amJamad Car-

Tuli sveticxovlis taZris dRevandel korpusSi: 1970-1971 ww-

Si Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad, calkeul

fragmentebTan erTad, gorgasliseuli eklesiis mTeli moxazu-

loba da mirianiseuli samlocvelos kvalic gamovlinda (v. be-

riZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1974, gv. 21-22)

[25] qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis somxuridan warmomavlo-

bis diubuaseuli mcdari koncefciis Sesaxeb ixileT Cveni we-

rili “frederik diubua de monperes koncefcia qarTuli xu-

roTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb~ (krebulSi “axali da uaxlesi istoriis

sakiTxebi~, 2, 2010).

[26] didi armenia (didi somxeTi) _ Zveli somxeTis saxel-

mwifo. warmoiSva mas Semdeg, rac Zv. w. aR. 220 w. selevkidma

antioqe III-m daipyro araratis samefo da igi somxeTis satrapi-

375

es SeuerTa. didi somxeTi moicavda urartus saxelmwifos

TiTqmis mTel teritorias. gansakuTrebul Zlierebas miaRwia

tigran II didis zeobisas (Zv. w. ar. 95-55 ww.); 387 wels didi

Armenia daeca, misi teritoria gaiyves bizantiam da iranma, xo-

lo 428 w. aq sabolood mefobac gaauqmes.

[27] garni _ (qarT. wyaroebSi garnisi), erevnis aRmosavle-

TiT (27 km-ze), geRamis mTebis Ziras mdebareobs; savaraudod,

cixe agebulia Zv. w. aR. II s-Si. IV s-is pirvel mesamedSi Trdat

III-is mier Catarebuli mSeneblobis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs 1945

w. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili bazaltis qva-

ze moTavsebuli berZnuli warwera. xosroviduxtis sasaxle ar-

werilis aqvs somex mematianes movses xorenacs (ix. movses xo-

renaci, somxeTis istoria, gamosca al. abdalaZem, Tb., 1984, gv.

176).

[28] grigol ganmanaTlebeli (daaxl. 2390326) _ somexTa

ganmanaTlebeli da kaTalikosi (302-326 ww.). misi saxelis mi-

xedviT somexTa eklesias ewoda grigorianuli.

[29] persepolisi _ darios I-is mier (Zv. w. aR. VI s. miwu-

ruls) daarsebuli aqemenidebis iranis Zveli sataxto qalaqi.

[30] vaRarSapati _ qalaqi arartis dablobze, somxuri

grigorianuli eklesiis centri katalikosis rezidenciiT. va-

RarSapatis raionSi mdebareobs eCmiaZini, ris gamoc mas am sa-

xeliTac moixseniebdnen (1945 wlamde). wm. rifsimes taZari (eC-

miaZinis aRmosavleT mxares) agebulia 618 w. kaTalikos komita-

sis dros. wm. gaianes taZari mdebareobs eCmiaZinis samxreT na-

wilSi da agebulia kaTalikos ezras mier 630 wels.

[31] ruisi _ daba Sida qarTlSi (qarelis r-ni); ruisis ta-

Zari VIII-IX ss-is Zeglia, XI s-Si igi mniSvnelovnad gadaukeTebi-

aT (vrclad ix. g. CubinaSvili, ruisis taZrisi istoria, enimkis

moambe, V-VI, 1940).

lomisa _ uZvelesi salocavi, wm. giorgis saxelobis ek-

lesia (VIII-IX ss.) md. qsnisa da aragvis wyalgamyofi qedis

uReltexilze; gegmiT _ martivi sameklesiiani bazilika. tra-

diciis Tanaxmad, misi saxelwodeba loma-xars ukavSirdeba. sa-

varaudod, lomisa Tavdapirvelad mTvaris sakulto taZari yo-

fila, mogvianebiT ki warmarTuli taZris adgilze augiaT

qristianuli eklesia, romelic qsnis xeobis mosaxleobis upir-

veles salocavad iqca (ix. j. gvasalia, qsnis xeobis istoriuli

geografiis sakiTxebi, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis

376

krebuli, t. III, Tb. 1967).

[32] gal-erdi _ qristianuli sakulto nageboba inguSeT-

Si, sof. egentis maxloblad (ix. l. xuciSvili, gal-erdi _

qristianobisdroindeli Zegli inguSeTSi, Zeglis megobari, 64,

Tb., 1988).

[33] bagrat III _ gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefe

(975-1014); bagrat IV _ saqarTvelos mefe 1027-1072 ww., giorgi

I-is Ze. mas colad hyavda bizantiis imperatoris romanoz III-is

Zmis _ basilis asuli elene, romelic maleve gardaicvala da

bagratma colad SeirTo osTa mefis asuli borena. bagratis

taZris mSenebloba X s-is bolo meoTxedSi daiwyo da, warweris

Tanaxmad, 1003 wels dasrulda. diubua cdeba, rodesac taZris

dasrulebas bagrat IV-s miawers. aseve mcdaria misi msjeloba

taZris somxur-bizantiur arqiteqturul stilze (ix. aqve, 25-e

koment.).

[34] savaraudod, aq diubua, rogorc kaTolike, saTana-

dod ver gaerkva detalebSi: sakurTxevlis marcxniv iyo sam-

kveTlo, xolo marjvniv _ sadiakvne.

[35] diuimi//duimi _ Zv. sigrZis sazomi erTeuli, 2,54 sm.

[36] sen-Jermen-de-pre _ 990-1014 ww. agebuli taZari pa-

rizSi.

[37] maiensi _ qalaqi da porti germaniaSi. maiensis eklesia

X-XIII ss-iT TariRdeba daSereuli stiliT aris nagebi (romanu-

li, gotikuri da baroko).

[38] koloni _ qalaqi germaniaSi, rainis marcxena napirze,

mniSvnelovani industriuli centri. aq SemorCenil brwyinvale

monumentur ZeglTa Soris aris wm. gerionis eklesia, agebuli

IV s-Si.

[39] romanuli stili – X-XII ss-Si das. evropaSi gabatone-

buli mxatvruli stili. termini SemoRebul iqna XIX s-Si.

gotika, gotikuri xelovneba – (ital. gotiko – guTuri), pi-

robiTi saxelwodeba stilisa, romelic evropul xuroTmoZ-

Rvrebasa da saxviT xelovnebaSi batonobda XII s. miwurulidan

XV (zogan XVI) s-mde.

[40] gambas mixedviT frici livorneli baronia, gzis mSe-

nebeli, kapitani. gamba mas axasiaTebs rogorc “dauRalav, si-

cocxliT savse, guldinj~ adamians, “mas unda umadlodnen qu-

Taissa da surams Soris dRes arsebuli mSvenieri gzisa da misi

Tavdasavlelis gayvanas~ (ix. Jak fransua gamba, mogzauroba

377

amierkavkasiaSi, m. mgalobliSvilis Targmani, Tb., 1987, gv. 167).

[41] pirveli warwera bagratis taZris aRmosavleT fasad-

ze, sarkmlebs zemodan Semoyolebuli CuqurTmiani kamaris qve-

da waxnagzea moTavsebuli da Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: “q. Sewev-

niTa RmrTisaÁTa, bagratisagan _ nebiTa RmrTisaÁTa afxazTa

da qarTvelTa mefisa da kurapalatisa da dedisa maTisa gua-

randuxt dedoflisa, aReSena wmidaÁ ese saydari, ÃeliTa... “

meore warwera amokveTilia taZris CrdiloeTis kedelSi,

sarkmlis qvemoT Casmul qvis filaze da masSi gandidebulia

bagrat III: “q. hoi meufeo, mflobelo yovelTa sufevaTao, ume-

tesad adide Zlieri bagrat kurapalati, afxazTa da qarTvel-

Ta mefeÀ, Tana: mamiT, dediT, dedofliT da ZiT maTiT, amen~ (ix. qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi, II, dasavleT sa-

qarTvelos warwerebi, gamosca v. silogavam, nakv. I, Tbn., 1980,

gv. 52-54).

mesame warwera gvamcnobs: “q. odes ganamtkicna iataki,

qronikoni iyo 223~ (v. cincaZe, bagratis taZari, Tb., 1964, gv.

8).

[42] igulisxmeba iaroslav brZeni (978-1054) _ kievis didi

mTavari 1019 wlidan; misi mmarTvelobisas, 1037 wels daiwyo

kievis sofios taZris mSenebloba. kiev-peCoris monasteri 1051

w. daarsda, 1598 wlidan ki mas lavra ewoda.

[43] mesrop maStoci _ V s. somexi moRvawe, somxuri tradi-

ciis Tanaxmad _ somxuri anbanis Semqmneli. cnoba maStocis mi-

er qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis Taobaze Zireulad mcdaria

(ix. epistoleTa wigni, z. aleqsiZis gamocema, Tb., 1968, 030-

047).

[44] bagratis taZari 1692 wels “Semusres osmalTa, da wa-

riRes svetni misni da marmariloni samcxes~ (vaxuSti., aRwera..,

gv. 157).

[45] giuldenStedtis mogzauroba, t. I, gv. 141.

[46] nikorwminda 1010-1014 ww. TariRdeba; rac Seexeba mar-

tvils (Wyondidis taZari), dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom igi VII

s. pirvel naxevarSia agebuli, xolo X s-Si afxazTa mefis gi-

orgi II-s dros (922-957 ww.) safuZvlianad iqna gadakeTebuli;

swored amitomac garegnulad igi aRar gavs jvris tipis Zegls.

amrigad, gaugebaria, ris safuZvelze miiRo diubuam aseTi das-

kvna. Tumca, rogorc irkveva, mas mxedvelobidan gamorCa kidev

erTi warwera imave taZris dasavleT fasadze, romelsac, mar-

378

Talia Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram Tavis droze igi broses

mier iqna gamocemuli. swored am warweris teqstSia mocemuli

TariRi _ 996 weli (ix. Cveni werili “frederik diubua de mon-

peres koncefcia...~, gv. 7). kacxis eklesia X-XI ss. mijnazea age-

buli.

[47] rostomi _ qarTlis mefe 1632-1658 ww., daviT XI-is

(dauT-xanis) Ze.

[48] didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, Cven ver mivakvlieT am

terminis zust gansazRvrebas. savaraudod, aq igulisxmeba sa-

marTaldamcavi dawesebulebis romelime nairsaxeoba (jus _ laT.

samarTal;I, kanonTa krebuli, sasamarTlo sistema; daxmarebi-

saTvis did madlobas movaxsenebT b-n l. gordezians).

[49] ix. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba, t. I, gv. 209.

[50] iqve, gv. 141.

[51] “oqros Cardaxi~ XVII s. pirvel naxevarSi augia imere-

Tis mefes giorgi III-e (1605-1639). Senoba SemorCa XIX s-mde, ro-

desac igi sacxovrebel saxlad gadaakeTes. imave saukunis Sua

wlebSi jer kidev idga uZvelesi karis eklesia, romelic jer

ruseTis jaris sagarnizono saydrad iTvleboda, xolo 1850

wlidan klasikur gimnazias gadaeca. iqve idga sasaxlis yofili

kedlis SesasvlelTan aRmarTuli koSki-samreklo, romlis dan-

grevis neba ar miucia kavkasiis mefisnacval m. voroncovs. am-

Jamad aRar arsebobs arc koSki da arc eklasis (vrclad ix. v.

jaoSvili, quTaisi.., gv. 302-303).

[52] gubaz II _ egrisis mefe VI.s. 40-50-ian wlebSi; mermere-

osi (mermeroe) _ iraneli sardali, ibrZoda bizantielTa wina-

aRmdeg.

[53] aleqsi mixeilis Ze (1629-1676) _ ruseTis mefe 1645-

1676 ww. mis dros imereTis samefom ruseTis mfarveloba mii-

Ro. axlo urTierToba hqonda kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz I-Tan,

romlis SviliSvili _ erekle (SemdgomSi erekleI) 1652 wlidan

mis karze imyofeboda.

[54] igulisxmeba 1650-1652 ww. moskovis saxelmwifos mier

imereTSi gamogzavnili elCoba nikifore toloCanovisa da

aleqsi ievlevis SemadgenlobiT. maT mier Sedgenili saangari-

So moxseneba XVII s. Suaxanebis imereTis samefos istoriis am-

saxvel mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs (ix. toloCanovis ime-

reTSi elCobis muxlobrivi aRweriloba, 1650-1652 ww., rusuli

teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da mimoxilviT gamosca i. cinca-

379

Zem, Tb., 1970; aqvea mocemuli imereTis mefis aleqsandres sac-

xovreblis aRwerilobac, ix. gv. 109). nikifore irbaxTan (niko-

loz ColayaSvilTan) dakavSirebiT diubua imeorebs im mcdar

mosazrebas, romelic qarTul istoriografiaSi iyo gabatone-

buli mis mogzaurobamdec da momdevno periodSic: kerZod, Te-

imurazis mier moskovSi elCad gagzavnili nikifore episkoposi

(warmoSobiT berZeni) sul sxva pirovnebaa da mas araferi aqvs

saerTo nikifore irbaxTan; sinamdvileSi aleqsi mixeilis Zis

elCi toloCanovi marTlac Sexvedria nikifore irbaxs, oRond

es moxda imereTSi misi diplomatiuri vizitis dros _ 1650-

1652 ww. (vrclad am sakiTxze ix. g. akofaSvili, qarTveli dip-

lomati nikoloz ColayaSvili _ nikifore irbaxi, Tb., 1977, gv.

8-15).

[55] aleqsandre III _ imereTis mefe 1629-1660 ww.

[56] saubaria quTaisis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi gan-

lagebul mwvane yvavilas istoriul-arqiteqturul kompleq-

sze; aq aris Zveli eklesiis nangrevebi. irgvliv uamravi mRvi-

mea, romlebsac mtris Semosevisas tavSesafrad iyenebdnen. aqve

yofila Zveli sasaflaoc. diubuas mier moyvanili warwerebi

dRes aRar arsebobs, amJamad ki am teritoriaze quTaisis sazo-

gado moRvaweTa panTeonia (v. jaoSvili, quTaisi..., gv. 301).

[57] es TariRi bizantiuri welTaRricxvis (e.w. dasabamis)

mixedviT aris gamoTvlili: 6617-5508=1109.

[58] saubaria daviT IV aRmaSenebelze, romlis zeobis wle-

bia 1089-1125.

[59] demetre I _ daviT aRmaSeneblis Ze, saqarTvelos mefe

1125-1155/1156 ww.

* arqiteqturuli terminologiis dasazusteblad gaweu-

li daxmarebisaTvis did madlobas movaxsenebT prof. T. saniki-

Zes.

380

Mzia Mgaloblishvili Lela Mikiashvili

Doctor of history, scientific researcher, the Department of Modern and Contemporary History,

The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Kutaisi and Its Population

(From “Travel in The Caucasus~ by Frederic Dubois de Monpere)

Summary

Frederic Dubois de Monpere is a scientist-traveler, whose works promoted the development of Europian Kartvelology. Frenchman by origin, born in Switzerland, he was an outstanding geologist, naturalist and archeologist. He traveled a lot, including Transcaucasian countries and Georgia among them (1833-1834) which resulted in fis extensive work (in 6 volums) “Travels around the Caucasus, at Circassians and Abkhazians, in Kolkhida, in Georgia, Armenia and the Crimea~. The work is written in the genre of keeping a diary, where he described everything heard and seen in detail, precisely defining the information on antique, medieval and his contemporary authors about this region. The striking illustration of this very important work is the honorary reward – the gold medal of French Geografical society, awarded ti him in 1838.

The importance of “Travels~ for Georgian original source studies should be espesially noted: because of the known political events, a certain gap has appeared in Georgian historiography, concerning the description on the history of the first half of the 19-th century (after the conquest of Georgia by Russia). Hence, Duboi’s “Travels~ acquires the significance of primary source in many historical aspects of the given period.

One part of Dubois’ work, complitly dedicated to the describtion of Kutaisi and its population, is published in the given article.

381

gia gelaSvili

istoriis dotqori, ivane javaxiSvilis






lazistanis sanjayi

Wardr.15.4 trapizoni, 1872.24.X

(moxseneba Sedgenilia britaneTis konsulis mier Tavisi mTavro-

bisTvis da daculia q. oqsfordSi, bodlis biblioTekis uor-

dropTa koleqciis fondSi)

es sanjayi, anu olqi mesamea komerciuli TvalsazrisiT,

xolo politikuriT da eTnografiuliT pirveli mniSvnelobis

im oTxs Soris, romlebic qmnian trapizonis vilaeTs. igi moi-

cavs vilaeTis aRmosavleT nawils _ rizedan ruseTis sazRvre-

bamde. misi uSualo gubernatoria faSa _ muTeserefis rangiT;

is imyofeba baTumSi.

sanjayi dayofilia sam kaim-makamlikad (kaim-makamliks). pirvels, albaT SecdomiT, uwodeben lazistans _ esaa saxeli,

romelic, Tu marTals vityviT, ekuTvnis meore kaim-makamliks.

is vrceldeba rusuli sazRvridan _ nikolaevidan anu SekveTi-

ladan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, Woroxis SesarTavamde samxreT-

dasavleTiT. [olqis] Sida nawili SemosazRvrulia focxovi-

sa(Poskow) da artaanis(Ardahan) mxareebiT, romlebic miekuTvne-

bian erzrumis vilaeTs. igi Sedgeba oTxi nawilisgan:

pirveli _ yaza (kaza) anu baTumis iurisdiqcia. qalaq ba-

Tumis garda am yazaSi aris 52 sofeli 13.388 mcxovrebiT; am

ukanasknelTagan 12.370 mahmadiania, 804 berZeni da 214 somexi.

aRweris sias, romelSic adgilobrivi macxovreblebia mxolod

Setanili, axla unda daematos CerqezTa koloniebi, romlebic

gansaxldnen yazas sazRvrebSi. isini Semdegnairad ganisazRvre-

bian: Cerqezebi da afxazebi pirveli, anu didi emigraciis dros

1864 wels gadmosaxlebuli _ 9500 suli; afxazebi meore, an

ufro mcire emigraciisas 1867 wels _ 1200; sul 10.700 suli.

es migrantebi soflebad ar ganixilebian: metwilad Semoinaxes

382

saxlebis Senebis Tavisi wesi _ did farTebze calcalke da ga-

fantulad. yvela mahmadiania. amaT Tu mivumatebT zemodasaxe-

lebulTa ricxvs, am mxareSi gamodis 24.088 macxovrebeli.

berZnebisa da somxebis gamoklebiT, romlebic SedarebiT

axali Camosulebi arian (pirvelebi trapizonis mezoblad, meo-

reni livanas-Liwaneh), am yazas mosaxleoba TiTqmis yvela qar-

Tul-guruli modgmisaa; isini arian lamazi, Sromismoyvare (me-

urne) da ufro mSvidi bunebis, vidre sakuTriv qarTvelebi.

Tumca maT meTaurebs, romlebic cxovroben baTumsa Tu mis ax-

los, amboben, uRalates rusebma.

ZvelTagan mtroba (Suri) arsebobda qarTvelebsa da Cerqe-

zebs Soris, rac, rogorc sxvaganac xdeba, SemorCa da gaZlierda

ubedurebisa da gadasaxlebis gamo; aqedan gamomdinare, advilia

Cxubis gaCaReba ZiriTad macxovreblebsa da axal migrantebs So-

ris, romlebic erTad Sejgufulan baTumis yazas sazRvrebSi. am

viTarebaSi rusuli intrigebi, cxadia, moqmedebdnen.

am mxaris dabali adgilebi mdidaria simindiT da brinjiT;

maRlobebi _ tyeebiT.

meore nahie (nahija) anu raioni, aris aWara-ulia, anu zemo

aWara. is vrceldeba maRali mTagrexilis samxreTi kalTis gas-

wvriv, romelic gamohyofs Turqul saqarTvelos rusulisgan.

maRalmTianeTi xuTi Tvis manZilze _ maisi-seqtemberi _ warmo-

adgens ialaRs (Yaila), anu zafxulis saZovrebs; Svidi Tve ki is

TovliTaa dafaruli. mTis ferdebi, gansakuTrebiT Crdiloe-

Tis, anu zRvis mxareze, uxvadaa Semosili giganturi soWis,

fiWvis, wifelis da sxva xeTa tyeebiT. mTeli mxare mdebareobs

zRvis donidan 3.500-7.500 futis simaRleze. CrdiloeTiT mde-

bareoben qvablianisa (Kaboulian) da axalcixis(Achizka) rusuli

provinciebi; aRmosavleTiT _ focxovis; samxreTiT arian Sav-

SeTis (Showshat) giganturi mwvervalebi, romlebzec Tovli

mTlianad arasodes dneba.

mkacrad rom ganvsajoT, am mxareSi araa soflebi. adgi-

lobrivTa xis qoxebi aqa-iq arian gafantuli xeebs Soris; zog-

jer ramdenime saxli erTad Sejgufulad dgas miwis mcire nak-

veTze, sadac mTis ferdis kuTxe iZleva saSualebas moiyvanon

xorbali, simindi, Svria; aseve aqvT cota xexili. mudur-i

(Mudeer) anu gubernatori warmoSobiT Zlieri da memkvidreobi-

Ti qarTveli begia; misi rezidencia samflobelos TiTqmis cen-

trSia da ewodeba kulah-i (Kulah).

383

zemo aWaraSi saxlTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 2.700-ia. is

iTvlis 14.000 suls; yvela mahmadiania da qarTul-guruli war-

moSobis. yoveli mamakaci SeiaraRebulia. am mTielebs ukaviaT

aRmosavleT anatoliis e.w. karis gasaRebi, misi mTavari Sesas-

vleli, anu wina kari, yarsis mxridan. erTaderTi gamoyenebuli

gza baTumidan mZlavr rusul cixesa da savaWro centr axalci-

xemde (Achiska), gadis am arealis Sua xeobaSi _ aWara-su-dereze

(Ajarah-Soo-Dere) da exeba rusul sazRvars vali-eliasTan (Wali-Elias), zed umaRles Txemze. am gzis nawili memkvidreobiTi mu-

duris, anu gubernatoris _ Serif begis (Shereef Beg) iSviaTi

mondomebiTa da ostatobiT moyvanilia saukeTeso mdgomareo-

baSi, rac iZleva mZime artileriis gatarebis saSualebas. sxva

adgilas gza viwro gasasvleliT gadis zed ufskrulis piras _

igi erTnairad Tvalwarmtacia da saSiSi.

arsebul trasaze (sasurvelia ukeTesi) bevri transporti

gadis, Tumca uamravi dabrkolebiT; gaivlis ra aWaris saz-

Rvars, nawili miemarTeba axalcixisken, nawili, focxovisa da

arsianis gadasasvleliT, ardahanisken. sargebeli mcire Semo-

dis am mxaris saucxoo xe-tyidan da asec iqneba, sanam gza gaum-

jobesdeba.

mesame nahie (nahija) anu raioni, aris aWara-sufla (Ajarah-Supla), igive qvemo (Lower) aWara. mas ukavia mTebis dabali nawi-

li qvemoT baTumis yazamde, sadac aWara-su erTvis Woroxs da

Cans zRva.

ZiriTadi reliefiT, produqtiT da mcxovrebTa xasiaTiT

es mxare Zalze gvagonebs zemo aWaras; mxolod gansxvavdeba da-

bali mdebareobiT da ufro rbili haviT. saxlebi aq erTmane-

Tis axlosaa da imsaxureben soflis saxels. damrgvalebuli

gamoTvliT aq 37 sofelia da 11.000 mcxovrebi. yvela mahmadia-

nia. yovelTvis SuRlis msgavsi Cndeba amaTsa da wina nahias So-

ris.

muduri anu gubernatori, memkvidre begi zis qedaSi

(Kedah) da Zalze mkacrad ganagebs gadasasvlels.

meoTxe nahie, anu raioni aris Coruk-su (Chorook-Soo). igi mdebareobs zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv, baTumidan Crdilo-aRmo-

savleTis mimarTulebiT, zemoT sasazRvro mdinare Corukamde (Chorook), romelic ar unda avurioT WoroxSi (Chorok). es uka-

naskneli aris didi mdinare, romelic saTaves iRebs lazista-

384

nis mTebSi balahoris axlos, beiburTis iqiTa mxares, Sors da-

savleTisken.

is moedineba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken zRvis napiris

paralelurad, oRond Zalze daSorebiT qveynis SigniT; bolos

mkveTrad uxvevs CrdiloeTisken, gaivlis livanas (Livaneh) da ba-

Tumidan daaxloebiT 8 milze dasavleTiT erTvis zRvas. amas-

Tan, sul TurqeTis teritoriaze miedineba. Coruki (Chorook) ki aris mcire, saTaves iRebs guriis mTebSi da moedineba aRmosav-

leTidan dasavleTisken; mis erT mxares rusuli samflobeloa,

meoreze _ Turquli. mis SesarTavTan aris patara sofeli, ro-

melsac adgilobrivebi SekveTils (Shefkatil), rusebi ki nikolaevs

eZaxian. Coruk-sus raioni Tavis mxriv guriis dabali mxaris na-

wilia, sadac pirvelad aRimarTebian aWaris mTebi. misi mTavari

sofelia Coruk-su; is Zevs sazRvridan daaxloebiT 9 milze sam-

xreTiT, zRvis axlos. aq dgas fexosanTa batalioni.

`muduri~ anu gubernatori aris memkvidre begi. mosaxleo-

ba mTlianad mahmadiania, warmoSobiT gurulebi, otomanTa er-

Tguli, miuxedavad rusTa intrigebisa, rac Sesustda. aq 50 so-

felia da 21.000 mosaxle. mohyavT simindi da brinji; sxva same-

urneo produqcia TiTqmis gamoricxulia; mniSvnelovania zRva-

Si TevzWera. mTel kaim-makamlikSi, baTumis gamoklebiT, aris

daaxloebiT 176 sofeli da 70.088 mcxovrebi. amaTgan 69.070

mahmadiania, 1.018 _ aramahmadiani. mosaxleobis saSualo sim-

Widrove daaxloebiT 27-ia erT kvadratul milze.

meore kaim-makamliki aris arxova (Arkhowa). esaa namdvili

lazistani, yvelgan mkvidri lazuri mosaxleobiT. is zRvis na-

pirs misdevs Woroxis SesarTavidan aRmosavleTiT, rizes saz-

Rvrebisken dasavleTiT; qveynis SigniT mas akravs Zalian maRali

qedi, cnobili lazistan daRleris (Daghler), anu lazistanis

mTebis saxeliT. am samflobelos mTliani sigrZe daaxloebiT 80

milia, gani _ 25, udidesi ki 50. aq Cven gvaqvs xuTi qvedanayofi.

pirveli _ arxovas yaza, anu iurisdiqcia. mTavari sofeli,

sadac TviT kaim-makami zis, aris arxova (Arkhova) zRvis napir-

ze, magram unavsadgurod. is Zevs TiTqmis naxevar gzaze baTum-

sa da rizes Soris. sanapiro kldovania; niadagi, sadac araa tye

da buCqnari, nayofieria. mTavar mosavals iZleva simindi da

xexili. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili meTevzea. nusxiT aq

51 sofelia 19.551 macxovrebliT. amaTgan 18.115 mahmadiania,

1.436 `berZeni~. unda SevniSnoT, rom `berZnebi~sxva araferia,

385

Tu ara `lazi~, romlebmac bizantiis xanaSi miiRes qristianoba

da axlac garkveulwilad axsovT (SeinarCunes). es yaza kargad

amaragebs otomanTa mamaci mezRvaurebiT.

meore `nahie~ aris hamSini (Hamsheen). is mTlianad qveynis

SigniT mdebareobs, lazistanis mTebis gare da Sida qedebs So-

ris zeganze, sadac iwyeba didi mdinare orTanah-su (Ortanah-Soo); igi gadakveTs mxares da aTinesTan axlos Caedineba zRva-

Si. mTavari sofelia hamSini. gverdiTi gza, romelic zamTarSi

gauvalia, aqedan miemarTeba rizes trasisken da Semdeg erzru-

misken.

am mxares, romelic jer piradad ar mominaxulebia, ambo-

ben, rom aqvs gansakuTrebuli iaila (Yaila _ ialaRi-g.g.), anu

saZovrebi, garSemortymuli tyiani mTebiT. hamSinSi aris som-

xuri kolonia; albaT esenia Turqmanuli ambebis dros gamoq-

ceulebi. gamoTvliT da damrgvalebiT aq aris 40 sofeli da

20.000 mosaxle. amaTgan 17.000 mahmadiania, 3.000 _ somexi. ar-

cerTi `berZeni~ araa aq registrirebuli.

mesame `nahie~, anu raioni aris aTine (Atineh). mas ukavia

zRvis sanapiro zoli arxovadan rizemde. saxelwodeba berZnu-

lia: aTine identuria aTenis. iq aris berZnuli nangrevebi; pa-

tara koncxi da gasaCerebeli adgili (pireusis imitacia) gamoS-

verilia zRvisken; misi kldis boloze aRmarTulia saintereso

(Taviseburi) bizantiuri cixe, romelic amJamad wyliTaa gamo-

yofili, rac nela, magram TandaTan aRwevs am napirs. erT lie-

ze aRmosavleTiT aris eski-trapezunis (Eski-Trabezun), anu `Zve-

li trapezondis~ nangrevebi; es unda iyos klasikuri xanis ber-

Znebis trapezunti. aq aTi aTasma [igulisxmeba qsenofontis

ànabazisi~ _ g.g.], romelic misdevda mTis ferdebs TorTumi-

dan, gadakveTa harpasusi, anu Woroxi beiburTs qvemoT; pirve-

lad dainaxes zRva demir-daRidan, anu `rkinis mTidan~ hamSinis

axlos, da ase daeSvnen napirisken maSin arsebul trapezundis-

ken. Tanamedrove trapizoni umTavresad romanul-bizantiuri

qmnileba unda iyos da qsenofontis dros iyo umniSvnelo. es-

ki- trapezuni ueWvelad berZnulia.

aTine, arxovas msgavsad, TevzWeris mxarea; magram napiri

ufro dabalia da bevrgan aqvs adgilebi Ruzis CasaSvebad da

mcire zomis navsadgomisTvis. mxare, romelic araa dafaruli

xSiri buCqnariT, ieliT da SqeriT, nayofieria simindisa da se-

386

lisTvis. aRweriT aq 22 sofelia da 8.328 mosaxle; amaTgan

7.828 mahmadiania, 500 _ `berZeni~.

meoTxe `nahie~ aris gonio (Konieh). igi mdebareobs Woro-

xis marcxena anu dasavleT napirsa da sanapiros Soris kuTxeSi,

baTumTan axlos. Tavad gonio, am mcire `raionis~ mTavari so-

feli, Zevs mdinaris SesarTavTan. mas gaaCnia forti (simagre),

magram ganiaraRebuli. aq didi TevzWeraa; mxaris mosavalia si-

mindi da brinji. aqvs 19 sofeli 6.212 mosaxliT. amaTgan mahma-

diania 5.150, berZeni _ 626, somexi _ 436. es ukanaskneli aris

axali kolonia livanadan.

mexuTe `nahie~, anu raioni (segmenti) aris xofa (Khopah). mas ukavia zRvis sanapiro zoli goniodan arxovamde. misi mTa-

vari sofelia xofa. aq aris mSvenieri yure, sadac sakabotaJo

gemebi afareben Tavs. xofaSia sakarantino sadguri da sabaJo

Senoba. janmrTeli havisa da garemos silamazis gamo xofa gax-

da sayvareli sazafxulo kurorti mdidari baTumelebisaTvis.

saxlebis raodenoba TviT xofaSi 120-ia, macxovrebeli _ 800.

xofasa da gonios Soris mTebze saxloben kaxaberis qur-

Tebi (Kakhaber Curdes) _ Semawuxebeli da xandaxan saSiSi mezob-

lebi. maTTan iTvlian 150 karavs. sxva qurTebi TavianT saqo-

nels aZoveben ufro maRla mTebSi. zemoT dasaxelebulTa gar-

da, didi raodenobiT gadmosaxlebuli Cerqezebi da afxazebi

gafantulebi arian yvelgan kaim-makamlikSi. maTi zusti raode-

noba ucnobia; albaT, sadRac 10.000-mde unda iyvnen.

sasoflo da zRvis produqtebi xofas raionSi(seqciaSi)

msgavsia arxovasa da aTinesi. aq aRricxulia 20 sofeli da

8.000 mosaxle. amaTgan 7.700 mahmadiania, 300 _ berZeni.

yvela rom SevajamoT, arxovas mTel kaim-makamlikSi aris

152 sofeli da 78.091 mosaxle. aqedan 27.793 iyo mahmadiani;

aramahmadiani _ 6.298. mosaxleobis simWidrove erT kvadratul

milze daaxloebiT 26-ia. mTlianad mxare Txladaa dasaxlebu-

li, magram, rac maT macxovreblebs sWirdebaT, asruleben xa-

risxianad, radgan arian anatoliaSi yvelaze saukeTeso da

energiuli modgmis warmomadgenlebi. sanapiro soflebi mra-

valmxriv hgavs aRmosavleT norfolkis sanapiros meTevzeebi-

sas (portis mtvirTavebisas).

mesame kaim-makamliki aris livana (Livaneh). is mTlianad Si-

da qveyanaSi mdebareobs, didi mdinaris _ Woroxis orive napi-

ris gaswvriv, romelic aq miedineba TiTqmis pirdapir Crdilo-

387

eTiT. mxares qmnis mdinaris xeoba (veli); aRmosavleTiT mas ak-

ravs SavSeTisa (Showshat) da artanujis (Ardanooch) mTebi, dasav-

leTiT lazistanisa, xolo samxreTiT olTis (Olti) mxare. gana-

pira samxreTiT xeoba iyofa: erTi toti miemarTeba dasavle-

TiT beiburTisken, meore samxreT-aRmosavleTiT olTisken, sa-

idanac gzas mivyevarT e.w. `saqarTvelos kariT~ erzerumisken.

es kaim-makamliki uwin ekuTvnoda erzerumis `vilaeTs~, magram

gasul zafxulSi Catarebuli teritoriuli gadanawilebisas is

gadaeca, da samarTlianadac, trapizons, romelTanac ufro me-

tadaa dakavSirebuli teritoriulad da politikurad, vidre

erzerumTan.

is iyofa or raionad (seqciad): pirvelia TviT livanas ya-

za, anu iurisdiqcia. mTavari qalaqi imave saxelisaa, Tumca so-

mexi mosaxleobis mier iwodeba arTvinad (Artween). am yazas

uWiravs kaim-makamlikis samxreTi nawili: esaa Woroxis xeobis

zemo mimarTuleba.

livana, anu arTvini mcire manZilze Zevs Woroxis kalapo-

tidan dasavleT mxareze da daaxloebiT 200 futze wylis do-

nidan; amiT daculia dablobis usiamovnebebisgan (daxuTva, ci-

eba_fevers). baTumidan wasuls mdinaris aRma ayolebiT iqamde

sWirdeba 24 saaTi, xolo daRmarTiT _ 8 saaTi. iq aris saxmele-

To gzac, romelic mdinaris marcxena napirs miuyveba da Zalze

hgavs umniSvnelo sabuqsiro savals. am gzas nakleb iyeneben.

qalaqis mosaxleobas Seadgenen _ 3.520 mahmadiani, 2.810 ka-

Tolike somexi, 840 qarTveli somexi. sul _ 7.170 suli. aq ar

arian berZnebi. mahmadianebi qarTvelebia; kaim-makami, anu leite-

nant-gubernatori TiTqmis aqamde iyo qarTuli warmoSobis begi.

livanaSi xdeba selis (tilos) mniSvnelovani rewva. aq dam-

zadebuli Salis magvari sartyeli cali 50 piastrad iyideba

da kargad moixmareba. igive saqmianoba yvavis iseT did sof-

lebSi, rogoricaa boCxa (Botjeh), maraditi da yizil-Tofraki

Woroxze dabla qvemoT. magram livanas mTavari savaWro saqo-

nelia abreSumi, romlis didi raodenoba aq irTveba da saeq-

sportod gadis. es axali SemoRebulia.

mTebis orive mxareze moipoveba bewveuli, Tafli, cvili

da xetyis masala. am ukanasknels tivebad acureben mdinareze.

xexili, simindi da brinji kargad modis xeobaSi.

yazas nusxa asaxelebs 92 sofels da 62.800 mosaxles. amaT-

gan mahmadiani iyo 57.448, aramahmadiani _5.352.

388

livanadan aRma mdinare kvlav sanaosnoa mokle manZilze

faSa-kioprimde (Pasha-Kopri). aq gza uxvevs aRmosavleTisken,

artanujisa da ardahanisken. es ukanaskneli 12 saaTis savalze,

an 42 inglisuri miliTaa daSorebuli.

meore nahie anu raioni (seqcia) aris maWaxeli (Majakal). is misdevs Woroxis dabal dinebas mis marjvena mxareze, anu aRmo-

savleTis napirze, livanas sazRvrebidan qvemoT, aWara-sus Wo-

roxTan SeerTebamde, daaxloebiT 6 milze zRvidan.

mTavari sofelia maWaxeli, ukve naxsenebi mdinaris Ser-

Tvis axlos. mxare mTiania da xSirtyiani; Zalze waagavs aWaras,

romlis nawilsac warmoadgens geografiulad. macxovreblebi

qarTvelebia, yvela mahmadiani; soflebi pataraa da gafantuli.

aRweriT 25 sofelia da 9.520 mosaxle. ZiriTadi produqti aq

kargi xarisxis xe-tyea, gansakuTrebiT kaklis xe.

livanas kaim-makamlikSi gvaqvs 118 sofeli 72.320 mosax-

liT. aqac kvlav mahmadiania 66.968 suli, aramahmadiani _ 5.352.

es gaxlavT yvelaze kargad dasaxlebuli mxare lazistanis

`sanjaySi~; erT kvadratul milze modis daaxloebiT 82 mosax-

le.

rom SevajamoT `sanjayis~ monacemebi, miviRebT Semdegs:

446 sofeli, 220.499 mosaxle; amaTgan 208.831 mahmadiani da

12.668 aramahmadiani. mosaxleobis simWidrove daaxloebiT 45-

ia erT kvadratul milze.

baTumi

es qalaqi Zevs Rrma yuris dasavleT mxares, daaxloebiT

17 milze samxreT-dasavleTiT Coruq-sudan. 20 wlis win is iyo

ubralo sofeli, sanam rusuli `Savi zRvis sanaosno xazebis~

dafuZnebam da foTis mezoblobam misi komerciuli mniSvnelo-

ba ar gazarda, da zogi mxriv aRemata am sanapiroTa sxva nav-

sadgurebs.

axla is aris muTeserefis, anu vice-gubernatoris rezi-

dencia, romlis iurisdiqcia trapizonis daqvemdebarebiT

vrceldeba Turquli saqarTvelos did nawilze da mTel la-

zistanze. baTumis bazari moicavs 385 duqans (maRazias),romel-

Tagan zogi sakmaod kargad maragdeba sursaTiT, alkoholuri

sasmeliT, Tu manCesteruli saqonliT. saxlebis ricxvi 246-ia;

mudmivad Camosaxlebuli_1.383, romelTa erTi-meTormetedi

berZenia, erTi-mesamedi gadmosaxlebuli Cerqezebi. amaT SeiZ-

389

leba miematos 400-mde moZravi mosaxle, rogorebic gvxvdebian

sazRvao navsadgurebSi.

qalaqSi aris SelanZRuli da daumTavrebeli konaki, anu

mTavrobis saxli, telegrafis sadguri mxolod Turquli gzav-

nilebisaTvis, imave juris fosta, sakarantino uwyebis Senoba

lazareTis gareSe, ori meCeTi, patara sajaro abano, sabaJo,

rusuli sakonsulo da sanaosno saagento, berZnuli eklesia.

qalaqis mdebareoba dabalia da arajanmrTeli; quCebi uqvafe-

niloa; qalaqi Zalze WuWyiania.

navsadguri (mis gegmas vurTav) Tumca pataraa, saukeTesoa

da daculia qarebisgan, garda Crdilo-Crdilo-aRmosavleTisa,

romelic xSiria aq da gamowveulia mezobeli kavkasiis qedis

mimarTulebiT. napiris axlos Rrmaa da Ruzis CasaSvebi fskeri

myari.

konstantinopolis SuquraTa frangulma kompaniam navsad-

guris Sesasvlelis dasavleT piras rkinis boZze daayena orma-

gi naTura (farani). xis navmisadgomi da Casajdomi zoli, ag-

reTve gemmisabmeli samagri aago rusulma kompaniam. Turqul

mTavrobas yovelive ar moswonda, xolo TviT araferi gaakeTa

arc usafrTxoebisTvis, arc portis sargeblianobisTvis da

xSirad abrkolebda da cdilobda Secvlas.

baTumis mniSvneloba efuZneba im faqts, rom qerCidan

surmenemde, an sinamdvileSi sinopamde, mravali aseuli milis

sanapiro zolze ar arsebobs sxva usafrTxo navsadguri, an

iseTi, sadac sanaosno operaciebi xelSeuSlelad tardeba yo-

vel amindSi.

marTalia, marto rusebma gaiges, rogor esargeblaT am

upiratesobebiT. maT baTumi gadaaqcies Savi zRvis ori sanaos-

no xazis Semxvedr punqtad _ odesa da qerCi CrdiloeTiT,

trapizoni samxreTiT _ aq isini asruleben CatvirTva-Casxdo-

mas, gadmotvirTva-gadmosxdomas, rasac foTis Ria reidi

usafrTxod ver akeTebs. amas garda, baTumis porti aris TavSe-

safarad moxerxebuli navsadguri. foTis bunebrivi navsadguri

axla yvelaze metad aqtiuri komerciis punqtia Savi zRvis

mTel aRmosavleT sanapiroze; amis mizezia nawilobriv naviga-

cia mdinare rionze, ufro metad ki tfilisis dasrulebuli

rkinigza. amrigad, yovel kviras rusuli xomaldebis xuTi re-

gularuli Semosvlaa baTumSi _ erTi odesidan, erTi trapizo-

nidan da sami pirdapir foTidan; amas garda iSviaTi gemebisac.

390

asevea mravali gasvlac. inglisuri gemebic xSirad stumroben

baTums Tavis gzaze foTisken, an foTidan: uamindoba, datvir-

Tvis saqme aiZulebs maT ramdenime dRe gaCerdnen aq. magram

yvelaferi rusul sanaosno kompaniasTan, anda foTTan SeTan-

xmebiT xdeba. dabolos, baTumi aris qerCidan samxreTisken mi-

mavali orTqlisa da ialqniani yvela gemis TavSesafari cud

amindSi, rac xSiria am zRvaSi.

es garemoebebi, mezobel sazRvrebs gaRma xmeleTiTac da

zRviTac xSir Sida urTierTobebTan erTad qmnis imis safuZ-

vels, rom baTumis namdvili cxovelmyofeloba, rusuli sana-

osno-saagentosa da sakonsulos aryofnisas, ucbad daubrun-

deboda im mdgomareobas, raSic axlo warsulSi imyofeboda _

gaxdeboda arajanmrTeli patara sanapiro sofeli, rogoricaa

Coruk-su, an ufro naklebi.

Turqebis sanaosno kompania konstantinopolSi aseve gzav-

nis Tavis gemebs baTumSi, magram arapunqtualoba da defeqtu-

ri pirobebi xels uSlian maT seriozuli konkurencia gauwion

rusebs. is rezolucia, romelic otomanurma mTavrobam miiRo

baTumis gamagrebis Taobaze _ iyolios didi batarea 80 qveme-

xiT, ager ukve sami welia Sesrulebis procesSia dasavleTis

sasazRvro punqtSi. msgavsi daniSnulebis da aRmsruleblobis

meore divizioni gamwesebulia yuris ukidures ganapira samxre-

Tisken; mesame ki ganixileba aRmosavleTis SemosasvlelTan.

TviT baTumis adgilobrivi importi da eqsporti (imisgan

calke, rac depozitzea) araa didi. bunebrivi kavSirebi, saxel-

dobr,samxreT saqarTvelosa da ruseTis kavkasiasTan daketi-

lia, radgan Turquli anatoliis mxares mas Zalian susti ko-

merciuli mniSvnelobis mxolod ori satransporto gza aqvs.

magram kargi Saragza Tavisufali mimosvliT, iseTi, rogoric

ukve arsebobs ruseT-saqarTvelos teritoriaze _ rogorc

foTis, ise SemovliT ozurgeTisken da amrigad tfilisiskenac

_ aseve damatebiTi xazi, damakavSirebeli foTi-tfilisis rki-

nigzasTan, ucbad miscemda baTums navaWris 9/10-s, rasac amJa-

mad iyofen trapizoni da foTi da romlidanac lomis wili am

ukanasknelze modis. amiT baTumi gaxdeboda kavkasiisa da spar-

seTis sazRvao navsadguri da Savi zRvis portebidan mniSvne-

lobiT meore odesis Semdeg. magram es Znelad Tu asruldeba,

radgan SenarCunebulia amJamindeli sazRvari ruseTsa da oto-

manTa samflobeloebs Soris. baTumis faqtiuri eqsporti da

391

importi maTive gamoTvliT da mTeli mxaris mimatebiT, vfiq-

rob, savsebiT gautoldeba wliurad 40.000 funts. magram mTe-

li transportireba (vaWroba) ise mWodrodaa dakavSirebuli

kontrabandul saqmianobasTan, rom SeuZleblad mimaCnia swori

da saimedo viTarebis arseboba.

sanapiros gaswvriv baTumis raioni (district), es vake da Wao-

biani zoli, vrceldeba daaxloebiT 10 milze Woroxis Sesar-

Tavamde. qveynis SigniT is adis aWaris tyian mTebamde da swra-

fi aWara-sus WoroxTan SeerTebamde. igi moicavs 18 sofels _

1.057 saxls an ojaxs, romelTagan 300 Cerqezebia; eseni ekuT-

vnian 1864 da 1867 wlebSi afxazur emigracias. aq ar arian ad-

gilobrivi qristianebi. mosaxleTa mTliani raodenoba 7.616-ia.

Cerqezebi umTavresad cxovroben baTumis axlos Waobian

miwebze. danarCeni mosaxleoba qarTvelebia, aseve mcire Sere-

viT lazebi, megrelebi da osmaloebi (Osmanlee). afxazebi mid-

rekilebi arian qurdobisken; agreTve hyidian Tavis bavSvebs,

risTvisac privatulad (kerZod) pouloben mzadmyof myidve-

lebs TurqTa Soris. am mankierebas Tu gamovricxavT, isini

arian asatani mezoblebi, kargi meurneebi, energiulebi da sa-

erTod gonierebi. sxva adgilobrivebi xasiaTiTa da CvevebiT

Zalian hgvanan Tavis qarTvel naTesavebs Coruk-sudan. maTi

saxlebia xis qoxebi, erTmaneTisgan sakmaod daSorebulebi.

CerqezTa saxlebi, amis sapirispirod, erTadaa Sejgufuli.

brinji aq uxvad modis da ukeTesi xarisxisaa, vidre Co-

ruk-susTan; Semdeg modis simindi. agrokulturebis sias avse-

ben: cota seli, baR-bostneuli, arc Tu kargi xili da gogra.

gorakebi dafarulia buCqnariTa da xeebiT. kaklis xis gamok-

lebiT, tyes SeSis garda sxva daniSnuleba ar aqvs. delfine-

bis(?) TevzWera (porpoise-fishery) am napirze iZleva uamravi Tev-

zis zeTis (qonis) eqsportis saSualebas.

oficialuri monacemebi pirdapiri gadasaxadebisa qalaqi-

sa da mxarisaTvis Semdegia:

qonebis gadasaxadi--------------------------------48.703 piastri

sasoflo-sameurneo mosavlis meaTedi--------------121.000 ~

cxvarze gadasaxadi--------------------------------------- 4.434 ~

`bedeli~ (Bedel), anu samxedro samsaxuridan

ganTavisufleba, mxolod qristianebisTvis----------1.021 ~

ganusazRvreli raodenoba (sxvadasxva)------------ 213.349 ~

amas unda daematos _

392

damatebiTi qonebis gadasaxadi------------------------ 24.200 ~

sagzao gadasaxadi fuliT, an fulis raime

realuri safasiT------------------------------------------22.140 ~

jami damatebianad Seadgens------------------436.707 piastrs,

an TiTqmis 3.971 funt sterlings; saSualo ricxvi wliu-

ri gadasaxadisa ojaxze daaxloebiT 3 funtia.

cvlilebebi raodenobaSi, romlis mixedviTac TiToeuli

mxare ibegreba, dakavSirebulia TviT mxaris saerTo (mTavar)

maxasiaTeblebze....

sanapiro gza baTumidan Woroxis SesarTavamde warmoad-

gens soflis Saragzas, gamavals vake Waobian areze. Woroxze

foniT gasvla SeiZleba mxolod ramdenime kvira gansakuTrebiT

mSral sezonSi; sxva dros masze gadasvla mxolod boraniT

(trosiT, TokiT) xerxdeba, xolo wyaluxvobisas, rogoric ga-

zafxulzea, saerTod SeuZlebelia. SesarTavTan aris saguSago.

qveynis SigniT viwro Saragza miemarTeba baTumidan samxreT-

aRmosavleTiT aWaris mxareSi, romelSic Sedis mTavari xeobiT.

meore biliki, romlis trasad gadaqcevas cdilobs TurqeTis

mTavroba, mihyveba mTebis Zirs, sanam Seva Woroxis xeobaSi da

aivlis ufskrulsa da swraf nakads Soris livanas mxareSi.

mTeli es regioni ekuTvnis gurjistans da eqvemdebareba baTu-

mis gubernatorobas. masSi Sedis 4 olqi, romlebic me moviare

da axla avRwer....

baTumi

[aq Cven movitanT baTumis Sesaxeb gagzavnil meore moxse-

nebasac, radgan is iZleva saSualebas Seivsos zemomotanili ma-

sala qalaqis mdgomareobasTan da mis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSi-

rebiT _ g.g.].

baTums aqvs saucxoo navsadguri dasavleT mxareze. is Ta-

visi kargi xarisxiT mesamea Sav zRvaze: pirvelia sevastopoli,

meore sinopi. navsadgurs TiTqmis wris forma aqvs; misi baza

samxreTiTaa, Sesasvleli ki Crdilo-Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT.

TavSesafari ise srulyofilad aris daculi _ dasavleTiT Su-

quradan, aRmosavleTiT mis sapirispiro mxares mdebare pun-

qtamde, romelsac ewodeba `serei~, rom arc erTi mxridan mo-

naberi qari ver iwvevs seriozul Sedegs navsadguris SigniT.

Ruzis CasaSvebi mSvenieria, xolo navsadguris sivrce iZleva

393

saSualebas, rom iq usafrTxod dadges 20-mde didi gemi (ial-

qniani).

qalaqi baTumi aqamde iyo cotaTi didi, vidre lazistanis

sanapiro sofeli, ZiriTadad dasaxlebuli meTevzeebiTa da

kontrabandistebiT. magram bevrma garemoebam gamoiwvia misi

swrafi zrda, rac axlac mimdinareobs. axlandeli aRweriT aq

4.500 mahmadiania, 350 berZeni, 120 somexi _ sul 4.970 moqalaqe.

qalaqis bazari moicavs 150 maRazias da kidev 50 axlaxans aSe-

nebuls navmisadgomis mezoblad.

amas garda baTumSi aris: vrceli da kargad ganlagebuli

sabaJo; qalaqis sazRvrebs SigniT uxerxulad mdebare karanti-

ni; gubernatoris didi da cudad nagebi sasaxle; ori batareis

narCenebi, TiTo maTgani navsadguris Sesasvlelis orive mxare-

ze; portis ormagi lamfioni (farani) _Suquradan erT lieze.

aris aseve patara yazarma (baraki), sadac jariskacTa rotaa

ganTavsebuli. saukeTesodaa ganlagebuli rusuli sakonsulo.

rusi konsuli, romelic amave dros orTqlis gemebis saagen-

tos warmomadgenelia, ise moqmedebs, rogorc sxva yvela naci-

onalebis (britanelTa CaTvliT) konsuli. mxolod sparselebs

hyavT Tavisi calke sakonsulos warmomadgeneli.

navmisadgomidan, rusuli sakonsulos axlos, gamodis xis

grZeli jebiri; mis pirdapir damagrebulia uzarmazari tivti-

va, romelic ekuTvnis `rusul sanaosno kompanias~. es tivtiva

bagiriTaa dakavSirebuli napirTan da isea moTavsebuli, rom

rusul xomaldebs misces Sua da rac SeiZleba moxerxebuli da-

sayenebeli navmisadgomTan. amasTan, mxolod maT aqvT misi ga-

moyenebis neba, maSin roca imave dros is materialurad uqmnis

uxerxulobas sxvebs, gansakuTrebiT mcire sakabotaJo gemebs,

romlebic Zlieri qarisas Semodian navsadgurSi; maT xels uS-

lian igive rusuli tivtiva da misi bagiri, rac arc Tu iSvia-

Tad xdeba maTi avariis mizezi. bevri navi da sicocxlec dai-

karga ase. isic marTalia, rom am xelisSemSleli pirobebis wi-

naaRmdeg navsadguris Turqi mflobelisa da mosaxleobis se-

riozul da ganmeorebul protests mohyva firmani konstanti-

nopolidan am dabrkolebis moSorebis Sesaxeb. magram rusebis

gavlena imdenad didia baTumSi, Tu sxvaganac, rom firmani

mkvdar werilad aqcia.

baTumis mosaxleoba Zalze narevia; aq arian Turqebi, la-

zebi, qarTvelebi, Cerqezebi, afxazebi da zangebic ki. impera-

394

toris brZanebiT yvela Savi gaasaxles kavkasiidan. `berZnebi~,

saeWvo aRweris mixedviT, Savi zRvis portebSi arian gavrcele-

buli. isini umTavresad arian mcire sursaTis momwodeblebi,

an spirtiani sasmelebis calobiT movaWreni. somxebi baTumSi

arian axali kolonistebi; isini movidnen erzrumis sanaxebidan.

SemCneulia albaT, rom aRmosavleTis qalaqSi somxebis

mateba Zalze waagavs mniSvnelobiT evropis ebraelTa moZrao-

bas. esaa barometri, rom aRniSno adgilis mzardi keTildReo-

ba da misi fuladi garigebebis gafarToeba.

rac Seexeba havas: miuxedavad zogan amoSrobiTi samuSao-

ebis warmoebisa, Waobiani niadagi qalaqis dasavleTiT Woro-

xisken, baTums garkveulwilad ciebians xdis. mas Semdeg, rac

mezoblad Cerqez-afxazTa gadmosaxleba da Sedegad kultiva-

ciis (miwis damuSavebis) zrda moxda (umTavresad simindis da

brinjisa), klimati wlidan wlamde umjobesdeba.

[komercia]

trapizonidan aRmosavleTisken da irgvliv odesamde, Sav

zRvaze garda rusulisa, sxva trasebi (xazebi) orTqlis geme-

bisTvis ar arsebobs. SarSandel agvistomde franguli òr-

Tqlis kompania~ anxorcielebda curvas foTsa da trapizons

Soris,.. magram axla trasac da orTqlis xomaldebic mihyides

ruseTs...

raporti exeba orTqlis xomaldebis sam sxvadasxva trasas;

samive rusulia: pirveli _ yovelkvireuli trasa konstantino-

polidan baTumamde da ukan. aqeT-iqiT gzaze Sedian trapizon-

Si. meore _ marSruti odesidan baTumamde (sevastopolis, ial-

tis, qerCis da Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros movliT). xo-

maldebi, romlebic am marSrutiT dacuraven or kviraSi er-

Txel, umetesad didi zomisaa. rusul `Savi zRvis sanaosno

kompanias~ moqmed samsaxurSi aqvs 55 orTqlis gemi, metwilad

didebi da SeuZlia iqonios 6 qvemexi; esaa uzarmazari floti

savaWro saxeliT. meTaurebi da oficrebi ayvanilia mxolod

rusuli samxedro-sazRvao flotidan.

mesame _ mokle gza foTidan baTumamde. aq curaven kvira-

Si orjer mcire zomis msubuqi orTqlis gemebiT, romlebsac

SeuZliaT foTis gareT, rionis SesarTavTan gadalaxon Tav-

Txeli da gaiaron 34 mili iqidan baTumamde. xandaxan mesame ge-

395

mic gamodis kviris ganmavlobaSi; es damateba imisTvis xdeba,

rom daabalansos SemTxveviTi nakleboba cudi amindis dros...

Semosvla-gasvlis wliuri raodenoba 182-ia, xolo tonaJi

_ 61.028.....

inglisuri orTqlis gemebis danaxva Sav zRvaSi da gansa-

kuTrebiT baTumsa da foTSi, yvelaze metad aSinebs `rusul

sanaosno (saxomaldo) kompanias~. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebri-

via maTi mxriv mcdeloba, rom Seikavon Tavi maTTvis sawinaaR-

mdego ideis waxalisebisgan...

baTumi warmoadgens pirvel Semkreb punqts ara marto sa-

yovelTaod cnobili emigraciisa, aramed mravali individua-

luri emigrantisac, romlebic, sazRvris farulad gadmokve-

Tis Semdeg, aqedan midian TurqeTis sxva punqtebSi.

baTums xmeleTiT kavSirebisa da komerciisTvis aqvs ori

gza. pirveli aWaris mTebiT aRmosavleTisken mihyveba sazRvars

TurqeTis mxareze, Cadis focxovis xeobaSi da kveTs sazRvars

badelak-Tan, baTumidan 80 milze; aqedan gza midis axalcixis-

ken, samxreT saqarTvelosa da tfilisisken. gzis ganStoebas

mivyavarT erevnamde... sparseli vaWrebi Tavrizidan Cveuleb-

riv am umoklesi gziT modian.

meore marSruti misdevs Woroxis xeobas samxreTiT liva-

nasken; Semdeg uxvevs ardahanisken, saidanac samxreT-dasavle-

TiT ukavSirdeba olTis da erzerums, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT

yarss. am marSruts erTgvarad amsubuqebs samdinaro gza dabla

Woroxze livanadan baTumisken...

suxum-kaladan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT _ trapizonamde

samxreT-dasavleTiT, kargi komerciuli navsadguris ararsebo-

bisas, baTumi aRmocenda rogorc didi mniSvnelobis sakabota-

Jo da TavSesafari sadguri.

erTi sityviT, trapizonisa (Tavisi sparsuli tranzitiT)

da sinopis Semdeg (Tavisi ganTqmuli portiT), baTumi mesame

adgilzea samxreT Sav zRvaze. saucxoo navsadguri, Sida gze-

bis ganaxleba, axlaxans mis mezoblad Cerqezuli koloniis ga-

Cena _ yovelive mis sasikeTodaa da qalaqi swrafad da myarad

izrdeba Tavisi mniSvnelobiT.

[zogadi SeniSvnebi trapizonis vilaeTis Sesaxeb]

(Cven amoviReT mxolod is nawili, rac exeba mosaxleobas _g.g.)

...eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT regioni iyofa sam gansxva-

vebul nawilad; saxeldobr, TviT trapizonis, lazistanisa da

396

gurjistanis mxareebad, romelTagan TiToeuli dasaxlebulia

erTmaneTisgan warmoSobiT, garegnobiT, xasiaTiTa da saqmiano-

biT gansxvavebuli xalxiT.

daviwyoT qarTvelebiT, romlebmac misces Tavisi saxeli

gurjistans. gamorCeulad lamazia rogorc kaci, ise qali; sia-

movnebis moyvaruli, mxiaruli, gulRia da cvalebadi xasiaTi-

saa. maTi Cveulebrivi saqmianobaa miwaTmoqmedeba da xelosno-

ba; oriveSi gamoirCevian, gansakuTrebiT meoris dekoratiul

dargSi. mwyemsobisadmi naklebi midrekileba aqvT da ufro nak-

lebi vaWrobisadmi, meduqneobisa da komerciisadmi (msgavsi ram

maT naTesavebSia gavrcelebuli rusul-saqarTveloSi, isic ma-

galiTis ZaliT). meduqneebi, romlebic gvxvdeba Turqul gur-

jistanSi, arian ucxoelebi, umTavresad somxebi. qarTvelebs

uyvarT Tavisi qveyana, ar arian samogzaurod ganwyobili. iSvi-

aTad Sexvdebi mTel anatoliaSi, an ise Sors, rogoric kon-

stantinopolia saxlidan wasuls, garda saeWvo samsaxurisa sa-

zogado abanoebSi. isini gacilebiT Zlier mgrZnobiareni arian

civilizaciis kargi Tu mavne socialuri gavlenisadmi, vidre

mcire aziis sxva mahmadiani xalxebi.

lazi, romlis nacionalobis Sesaxeb arsebobs mravali,

ZvelTagan saeWvo (yuriT moTreuli) varaudi, sinamdvileSi

arian megrelebi _ warmoSobiTac da eniTac, hgvanan Tavis na-

Tesavebs ruseTis samegrelodan. isini arian qarTvelebze muqi

saxis feris da ufro uxeSi nakvTebis, magram kargi da moqnili

aRnagobis; amtanni, magram uxaliso mwyemsebi; kargi meduqneebi

da movaWreni; pirvelxarisxovani meTevzeebi da mezRvaurebi.

ar akliaT teqnikuri ostatoba, magram qarTvelebze dabla

dganan. miwaTmoqmedebis mxriv mcire miRwevebi aqvT. dabolos,

energiulobiT, gambedaobiT da gaqnilobiT aRematebian patio-

san da moridebul qarTvelebs. amasTan, nakleb arian midreki-

li socialuri progresis gakveTilebisadmi; garkveulwilad

fanatikurebi arian religiur SexedulebebSi. mogzauroben

xSirad da Sors, magram imave azriTa da CvevebiT brundebian,

rogoriTac wavidnen.

orive modgma garkveviT ario-kavkasiuria. Tavis Turanel

mmarTvelebs _ Turqebs uyureben rogorc ucxoebs da ar arian

maTdami ganwyobili. saerTo saxelwodeba islami aris erTa-

derTi kvanZi, amasTan Zalze Zlieri, romelic aiZulebs maT

morCilebbas. mxolod gareSeebTan urTierTobisTvis iyenebs

397

orive Turqul enas; erTmaneTSi ucvlelad laparakoben Tavi-

anT dialeqtze _ qarTulad an megrulad. ra Tqma unda, gle-

xobam xSirad sxva ena arc icis.

trapizonis mxaris aRmosavleTis masaxleobaSi bizantiur-

ma sisxlma da wyobam datova kvali, romelic oTxi saukunis

manZilze ar waSlila. maTi STamomavloba Seeria otomanur,

somxur da Turqmanul warmomavlobas, Tumca, Tu sworad vuS-

veb, SenarCunebulia aborigenuli ponturi substrati. axla na-

rev elements eZaxian `berZens~, rac Warbobs aq mahmadianebsa

da qristianebs Soris da romlebic hgvanan Sesaxedavad, forme-

biT da xasiaTiT. maRaziebi da yvela saxis datarebiTi vaWroba

aris maTi uZlieresi saqme, miwaTmoqmedeba ki usustesi. arian

sakmaod kargi mwyemsebi. gansakuTrebiT daostatebulan rTva-

Si; saukeTesod ician qvis da aguris wyoba....

...trapizonis mTeli provinciis mosaxleoba oficialuri

monacemebiT aris 938.140 suli. aqedan mahmadiania 768.200, ber-

Zeni 131.074 da somexi 38.866....

Gia Gelashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi state University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior scientist-resear-cher of the department of modern and Contem-porary History

Lazistan and Batumi

Summary

In the following article there is given a Georgian translation of the Re-

port by British Consul at Trebizond on the population, trade, agriculture of Lazistan and Batumi during the years 1864-69.

In this Report we find valuable information about present conditions of Lazistan and Batumi, their political and economic situation.

This Report is registered in the Wardrop collection of Bodleian Library (Oxford).

398

gia gelaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis is-

toriisa da eTnologiis institutis

ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli.

ingliseli Jurnalisti beChoferi

baTumis Sesaxeb (1919-1920 wlebi)

Sesavlis magier

karl erik beChoferi (1894-1949) daibada londonSi. sko-

laSi gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoavlina humanitaruli mec-

nierebebisadmi. mamam 15 wlisa gagzavna germaniaSi, sadac swav-

lobda germaniis universitetis klasikuri filologiis fa-

kultetze. ukve studentobisas ugzavnida is werilebs yovel-

kvireul `The New Age~-s. 17 wlisam moisurva msoflios gacno-

ba. 1911 wels gaemarTa msoflios garSemo samogzaurod. man

mTeli aTi weli gaatara mogzaurobaSi; moinaxula CineTi, ia-

ponia, indoeTi, CrdiloeTi afrika da sxv. is orjer imyofebo-

da ruseTSi (1917 wlis revoluciamde da mis Semdegac; kargad

Seiswavla rusuli ena da colic rusi SeirTo). yovelive man

aRwera sxvadasxva wignebSi: `ruseTi gzajvaredinze~ (1916), `de-

nikinis ruseTsa da kavkasiaSi 1919-1920~ (1921), `moSimSile ru-

seTSi~ (1921), `mogzauris tvirTi indoeTSi, Soreul aRmosav-

leTSi, ruseTSi da a.S~ (1922) da sxva. samogzauro Canawerebs

garda man uamravi naSromi Seqmna, rogorc biografiuli xasia-

Tis (uinston CerCilis, 1927), aseve literaturuli (litera-

turuli renesansi amerikaSi -1923; rusuli anTologia, ingli-

surad -1917); agreTve gamoaqveyna rusi da ukraineli mwerle-

bis nawarmoebTa inglisuri Targmanebi (Cexovi, bloki, gumili-

evi, lesia ukrainka da sxva). xsenebis Rirsia misi urTierToba

spiritizmis mimdevarTa lider g.i. gurjievTan, romelsac ga-

ecno tfilisSi 1919 wels. am urTierTobis Sedegia beChoferis

naSromi _ `WeSmariteba spiritualizmis Sesaxeb~ (1932).

am mokle mimoxilvidan Cans avtoris ganaTleba da moRva-

weobis farTo interesebi.

399

rogorc zemoT iTqva, beChoferi orjer imyofeboda ru-

seTSi: 1914 wels Cavida rogorc armiis Tarjimani; 1915 wels

ramdenime Tve dahyo baTumSi. meored ruseTi da kavkasia moi-

naxula 1919 wlis zamTarsa da 1920 wlis gazafxulze rogorc

Tavisufalma Jurnalistma da privilegirebulma britanelma

korespondentma. `Cemma marSrutma baTumisa da tfilisis gav-

liT mimiyvana rostovsa da taganrogSi _ general denikinis[1]

mTavar StabSi. moxaliseTa armiis ukandaxevis mere, garkveuli

xani vimyofebodi ekaterinodarsa da novorosiiskSi... yirimis

Teodosiidan xelmeored vestumre baTumsa da tfiliss... Sem-

deg erevansa da baqos~.

am mogzaurobas Sedegad mohyva beChoferis wigni _ `deni-

kinis ruseTsa da kavkasiaSi 1919-1920~ (londoni, 1921). wignis

aTi Tavidan Txroba baTumis Sesaxeb mocemulia I TavSi _`bri-

tanelebi baTumSi~ (gv.3-38) da VIII TavSi _`yirimsa da kvlav kav-

kasiaSi~ (gv.236-251).

teqnikuri mizezebis gamo Cven mTel am masalas amJamad

srulad ver warmovadgenT, magram vecdebiT misi garkveuli na-

wilis Targmanis mowodebas avtoriseuli aRweriTa da komenta-

rebiT. (teqstis gamotovebul adgilebs avRniSnavT mravalwer-

tiliT).

beChoferi politikuri SexedulebebiT britaneTis mTav-

robis miznebis gamomxatvelia. isic baTumis olqs TavianT sa-

kuTrebad miiCnevs da winaaRmdegia qarTvelTa iq Sesvlis. ami-

tomac, rogorc TviT ambobs, tfilisuri presa mas uwodebs

`matyuaras, ruseTis samsaxuris agents, spekulants, Jandarms

da denikinels~.

marTalia sakamaTo da sakomentaro sakmaodaa, magram Cveni

statiis Zalze ganvrcobas da komentirebas moverideT da ga-

davwyviteT am cnobaTa mowodeba avtoris mier SemoTavazebuli

saxiT. rogorc wyaros, mas Sesabamisi periodis specialistebi

gamoiyeneben da saTanadod Seafaseben. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis

mTavaria avtoris mier danaxuli faqtebis xeluxleblad war-

moCena. rogorc profesori alfred cimmerni beChoferis wigns

darTul SesavalSi wers, `b-ni beChoferi Seyvarebulia ruseT-

Si. amitom, rasac is ambobs britaneTis politikis Sesaxeb ru-

seTsa da amier- kavkasiaSi, SeiZleba bevri ram usiamovno iyos

Tavisi qveynis pativismcemeli mkiTxvelisTvis, magram esenia

istoriuli dokumentebi, romlebic SemorCebian, Tuki istoria

400

daikargeba. droa britanelma xalxma sinamdviles Tvali gaus-

woros~.

[ baTumi. Tavi I]

samxreT ruseTSi 1915 wels Cemi vizitis pirveli punqti

iyo baTumi,sadac davyavi ramdenime Tve, roca vswavlobdi ru-

suls. bevrma ingliselma ar icis, rom baTumi aris navsadguri

Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, romelic ruseTs gadasca

TurqeTma 40 wlis win, ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg[2]. is aris

baqo-tfilis-erevnidan momavali rkinigzis bolo sadguri, ag-

reTve azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da Crdilo-dasav-

leT sparseTis navsadguri. navTobis mili mohyveba rkinigzas

baqodan baTumamde, saidanac is gemebiT gaaqvT evropaSi. TviT

baTumis provincia mdidaria, mcirea da SedarebiT auTvisebe-

li. is aris gasaRebi kaspiiT sparseTisken: Sahma gaiara is ev-

ropaSi Tavisi axlandeli vizitisas. baTumi amierkavkasiis WiS-

karia evropisken; rom ara es, igi ar iqneboda didad saintere-

so mxolod macxovreblebis araCveulebrivi siWreliTa da ir-

gvliv midamos simSvenieriT. baTumis provinciis mosaxleoba

dasturia Sors mimavali kavSir-urTierTobebisa. pirvel rigSi

esaa rusebi _ gadarCenilebi da imaTi memkvidreebi, vinc baTu-

mi waarTva Turqebs 70-ianis bolos da ramdenime aseuli mosax-

liani meTevzeTa sabralo soflidan gadaaqcia ayvavebul nav-

sadgurad. mas Semdeg rac mas rusebi daeuflnen, baTumi iqca

gamagrebul punqtad, xolo misi mosaxleobis didi nawili Se-

adgines rusma samoqalaqo da samxedro pirebma. amaT da kidev

sxva rus kolonistebs zRvis sanapiro zolze ekuTvniT for-

Toxlisa da Cais plantaciebi, rac sakuTari xeliT gaaSenes im

tyeTa adgilze, sadac uwin Turquli da qurTuli qoxebi iyo

gafantuli. omis win[3], viTom mxolod samxedro miznebisTvis,

miiRes sanapiro zolis dasakuTrebis ufleba; sinamdvileSi da-

ibeves ukeTesi mdgomareobisa da naTesavebisTvis....sasaxeloa

maTi Cais, forToxlis, limonis, mandarinis, bambukis planta-

ciebi da yvavilebi...

Turquli sazRvari qalaqidan samxreTiTaa 40 milze ; ami-

tom baTumis provinciaSi yovelTvis iyo TurqTa garkveuli

raodenoba. omis dawyebisas TurqTa armia Semovida provincia-

Si im imediT, rom baTums daibrunebdnen. am warumatebeli Se-

tevisas maT adgilobrivi Turqebi exmarebodnen. me maxsovs iT-

401

qva, rom xuTi wlis win Caisa da forToxlis plantaciebis sau-

keTeso mebaRe yvela Turqi gaqra omis gamocxadebis erTi-ori

dRiT adre da rogor male dabrundnen provinciaSi razmebis

meTaurebad _ zogi maTgani polkovnikebad, xolo erTi mTavra-

dac (princad)!

rusebisa da Turqebis garda iq arian qarTvelebi (uZvele-

si qristianebi), romlebsac axla aqvT sakuTari saxelmwifo,

dedaqalaqiT tfilisSi... yvelaze mravalricxovani xalxi ba-

Tumis provinciaSi, umTavresad mTebSi, arian aWarlebi _Sereu-

li sisxlis mahmadianebi. axlaxans maT gamoavlines erovnuli

TviTSegnebis mcire magaliTi; magram metwilad isini Tavis

Tavs jiutad uwodeben da Tvlian Turqebad.

Semdeg iq bevri sparselia; xilis yvela gamyidveli baTum-

Si sparselia, romlebic gamoirCevian grZeli mosasxamiT, Tavze

araxCiniT da iniT SeRebili wveriT. aq cxovroben qurTebi da

is aWarlebi, romlebic Tavs qurTebs uwodeben, am veluri da

didebuli originalebis aRmaSfoTeblad. yovel gazafxulze es

xalxi ikribeba gvarebad da adian mTebSi TavianT saZovrebze...

yvela plantatori yuradRebiT unda iyos qurTebis gadaadgi-

lebisas. isini arian urcxvi qurdebi da yovelive jojoxeTad

iqceva maTi moZraobis gzaze.

baTumSi cxovroben: aTasobiT berZeni _ qalaqSi vaWrebi,

mTebSi glexebi; somxebi _ mdidari saqmosnebi da Raribi muSebi;

TaTrebi, asirielebi, ebraelebi; Cinelebi manjuriidan, romle-

bic laparakoben wamxdari rusuliT; gurulebi, lekebi, Cerqe-

zebi da kavkasiuri modgmis sxva mravali warmomadgeneli _ro-

gorc qristianebi, ise mahmadianebi. dRes, Sua aRmosavleTis

gaukacurebis Semdeg, baTumSi vxvdebiT mravali xalxebis aTa-

sobiT ltolvils.

baTumis simSveniere cnobilia. adgilobrivi TqmiT is

msoflioSi mesamea Tavisi silamaziT; me ar vici, sad aris da-

narCeni ori, radgan baTumi araCveulebrivad aRmafrTovanebe-

lia. mwvane nayofieri mTebi eSvebian dabla zRvisken da gansac-

vifrebel naxevarmTvariseburad SemozRudaven baTumis naxe-

varkunZuls. aq izrdeba msoflios yvela mcenare da xe_keTil-

Sobili, Tu mavne. bunebam Tu plantatorebma aq gaamravles

mravali jiSi; zafxulsa da Semodgomaze midamo dafarulia

vardebiT, rac advili gasamravlebelia...

baTumSi Camovedi 1919 wlis noembris dasawyisSi. mTel

402

gzaze liverpulidan konstantinopolamde garkveviT veravin

miTxra, vin marTavda baTums. zogi qarTvelebs asaxelebda, zo-

gi darwmunebuli iyo, rom iq idga ingliselTa garnizoni. kon-

stantinopolidan vimgzavre amerikuli saeskadro naRmosniT;

Sesabamisad ar gamivlia sapasporto Semowmeba. sanapirodan, sa-

dac naRmosani navTobiT itvirTeboda, daveSvi qalaqisken.

iq iyo igive bazrebi, mravalferovani da lamazi xalxi, ise-

ve nakleb dasaqmebuli, rogorc yovelTvis; igive rusi moxelee-

bi uniformebiT da qudebiT. damxvda iseTive wvima, romelic sa-

bednierod male wydeba, iseTive siTbo _ rogorc 5 wlis win.

rkinigzis sadgurze SevniSne ingliseli jariskacebi. gzispira

kafeSi Sevxvdi Zvel nacnobs. is aris guruli (e.i. qarTvelTaga-

ni), romelsac rkinigzis sadgurisken gzispiras hqonda patara

maRazia, sadac plantatorebi yoveldRiurad yidulobdnen pur-

sa da xorcs. bolo cxra Tu aTi wlis manZilze is gamdidrda da

dRes maRaziis garda flobs or plantacias; aseve marTavs kidev

sam-oTxs, romelTa mepatroneebi an rusul frontze imyofebian,

an Zalze dakavebulebi arian qalaqSi, anda saerTod aRarc arse-

boben _gardaicvalnen sadRac bolSevikuri ruseTis bnel sap-

yrobileebSi. man iyida saxerxi manqana, Wris tyeebs da yidis Ze-

lebsa da ficrebs. amasTan mas ainteresebs mezoblad warmoebu-

li yvela garigeba. igi srulad imkis warmatebis Sedegebs: yve-

laze marjve kacia mTel SemogarenSi. Tu vinmes surs saqmis

mogvareba, ityvis `gamogzavnilia ambrosisTvis, man icis, rogor

moiqces~... mas arasdros ar aviwroeben mmarTvelebi. àraferi

Secvlila~_miTxra man, àq Cven gvyavs bolSevikebis nairsaxeoba

da irgvliv sakmao yaCaRebi. mdgomareoba gafuWda (maneTi waxda

_Zvel kapikamde daeca), magram kvlav unda gamokeTdes, radgan

britanelebi arian aq~. `maT datoves tfilisi da baqo, magram

baTumis provincia britanelebis mieraa okupirebuli~. man mimi-

TiTa kafes kedelze gakrul uwyebaze, romelic gvamcnobda,

rom baTumis provincia amJamad britaneTis saokupacio mxarea,

xolo TviT qalaqi baTumi samxedro mdgomareobaSia. male gavige

yovelive siaxle. ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis Semdeg amier-

kavkasiis rusuli armiebi, romlebmac sami wlis manZilze daa-

marcxes Turqebi am boboqar qveyanaSi, uwesrigo ukandaxeviT

gabrundnen evropul ruseTSi. me vfiqrob, rom jariskacebis

sabWos msgavsi arsebobda baTumSi cota xans, magram mas ar unda

hqonoda moqmedebis didi SesaZleblobebi. roca jariskacebi

403

gza-da-gza ZarcviT gavidnen, qarTulma nawilebma daikaves pro-

vincia... 1918 wlis TebervalSi amierkavkasiaSi qveynis saqmeTa

mosagvareblad Seiqmna `seimi~, anu parlamenti. moxda TurqebTan

dazaveba, Tumca male daarRvies sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo. amas

mohyva brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekruleba[4] bolSevikebsa

da mTavar saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlis ZaliTac baTumis, yar-

sis da ardaganis mxareebi gadaeca TurqeTs. seimma uari Tqva

xelSekrulebis aRiarebaze, magram misma winaaRmdegobam marcxi

ganicada. qarTvelTa jarebi baTumidan gaecalnen gacilebiT

mcire Turqul mowinave Zalebs. amas garda adgilobriv gav-

rcelda xma, rom qarTvelma politikosebma qalaqi Turqebs mih-

yides. 1918 wlis 26 maiss seimi daiSala da Seiqmna ramdenime axa-

li respublika: saqarTvelo (dedaqalaqi tfilisi), azerbaijani

(dedaqalaqi baqo) da somxeTi (dedaqalaqi erevani). baTumis da-

kavebis Semdeg Turqebi wamovidnen tfilisisken. qarTvelma po-

litikosebma pro-germanuli mxare daiWires. germanelTa misia

gamoCnda tfilisSi, xolo qarTuli Cavida berlinSi. saqarTve-

lom gamoacxada ruseTisgan damoukidebloba da aRiara brest-

litovskis sazavo xelSekruleba1, rogorc piroba germaneleb-

Tan kavSirisa... Turqebi aRmosavluri meTodebiT icavdnen wes-

rigs; isini joxiT quslebSi scemdnen yvela soflis Tavs, rom-

lebic raime sadavidarabos uCendnen. amiT maT mCqefare baTumi

da provinciac mkvdar ared aqcies. vinc SeZlo, gaiqca qveynis

siRrmeSi; vinc ara, Caiketa TavianT saxlebSi da eloda ganTavi-

suflebas. baTumis mTavari quCebi iqcnen cxenebisa da cxvrebis

saZovrebad. daiketa yvela duqani da qalaqi eniTauwerlad ga-

binZurda.... amasobaSi aRmosavleTis frontze omi Cvens sasar-

geblod Semobrunda. bolos gaimarjva antantam da TurqebTan

gaformebuli dazavebiT britanuli jarebi Semovidnen amier-

kavkasiis dasakaveblad2. baTumSi maT naxes 20.000 Turqi. amaTi

didi nawili zRviT gagzavnes konstantinopolSi. Turqma

oficrebma miiTvises amaTi kuTvnili fuli da produqtebi da

1 1918 wlis 10 aprils trapizonis konferenciaze moxda es aRiareba.

iq iyo gamoqveynebuli SeTanxmeba qarTvelebsa da germanelebs So-

ris_damoukideblobis gamocxadebis momentidan germanelTa mxriv

mxardaWeris sanacvlod... 2 pirvelive kviras, roca britanelTa jarebi Sevidnen baTumSi, nasvam-

ma Sotlandielma quCaSi mokla rusi generali (Zalze usiamovno da-

sawyisi).

404

sawylebs ramdenime muWa Txili darCaT saWmelad; isini buzebi-

viT ixocebodnen konstantinopolisken mTel gzaze. danarCeni

Turqebi xmeleTiT gaabrunes trapizonisken.... sabolood ger-

manelebic gavidnen da daiwyo amierkavkasiis okupacia britane-

lebis mier.... TurqTa gandevnis mere amierkavkasiis respubli-

kebma daiwyes namdvili damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebiviT arse-

boba.... saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mTavrobebi kulisebSi

energiulad muSaobdnen general denikinis winaaRmdeg, saja-

rod ki neitralitets aRiarebdnen misi brZolis mimarT bol-

SevikTa winaaRmdeg.... Tavis mxriv denikini uars ambobda maTi

damoukideblobis aRiarebaze. samagierod, mxars uWerda somxe-

Tisas da masTan megobrul urTierTobaSi rCeboda....britanul-

ma jarebma baqo datoves 1919 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi, tfilisi _

ivlis-agvistoSi. agvistoSive gaica brZaneba baTumis mitovebis

Sesaxebac.... yvela samzadisi Catarda provinciidan gasasvle-

lad. transporti idga baTumis navsadgurSi; darCenili maragi

da saqoneli gayides. ukanasknel wuTs movida telegrama, rome-

lic wina brZanebas auqmebda. ase darCnen britanelebi1. Tavda-

pirvelad baTumis administracia darCa adgilobrivi sabWos

(municipalitetis) xelSi, romelic arCeuli iyo, raTa mosaxle-

obis sxvadasxva elementebis narevTan SeZlebisdagvarad gamoe-

naxaT saerTo ena. male sabWo iqca araefeqtur centrad. adgi-

lobrivi dokis muSebis gaficvis Semdeg, rac mohyva britanuli

samxedro mmarTvelobis mier provokaciulad anti-britanuli

gazeTis daxurvas; sabWom da britanelma samxedro guberna-

torma idaves, Tu vin warmoadgenda mTavar mmarTvels provin-

ciaSi. sakiTxis mosagvareblad britaneli oficrebis jgufi

(umetesoba gubernatoriviT irlandieli) erT mSvenier dilas

miadga administraciis sxvadasxva samsaxurebs da sabWos wevre-

bi gaaTavisufles iol, magram Semosavlian Tanamdebobebidan.

es oficrebi ar iyvnen profesionali administratorebi; isini

warmoadgendnen britanuli jaris ubralod SerCeul oficro-

bas, romlebsac amierkavkasiaSi wesrigi unda daecvaT. Cemda ga-

1 baTumis garnizons Seadgenda me-80-e qveiTi brigada, romelsac bri-

gadis generali kuk-kollisi meTaurobda; is iyo aseve samxedro gu-

bernatori. SeiaraRebul Zalebs warmoadgenda 27-e diviziis brigada

da Savi zRvis armiis nawili, romlis mTavari Stabi iyo konstantino-

polSi. es punqti ki iyo inglisTan makavSirebeli. sul iq iyo daaxl.

800 inglisuri da 1200 penjabis nawili.

405

sakvirad gavige, rom, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, britanuli ad-

ministracia sakmaod arapopularuli gaxda. me myavda erTi-

ori nacnobi britanel oficerTa Soris baTumSi da gaocebuli

viyavi im urTierT gaugebrobiT, rac arsebobda maTsa da ru-

sebs Soris. britaneli oficrebi saerTod iyvnen wesieri da ni-

Wieri adamianebi, magram,zogi mizezis gamo, xalxis TvalSi Can-

dnen rogorc qurdebi da aramzadebi. aseve arapopularuli

iyo samoqalaqo gubernatori; rogorc ambobdnen, misi ebrae-

lobis gamo. yvelas surda Cveni darCena baTumSi, magram yve-

las, an TiTqmis yvelas mravlad esmoda xmebi Cveni administra-

ciis naklovanebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc me davidgine, danaSaulTa

umetesobas ar hqonia adgili britaneli mmarTvelebis mxri-

dan.... arc erTma britanelma oficerma, romlebsac ase mou-

lodnelad daevalaT baTumis provinciis mmarTvelobis Camor-

Tmeva adgilobrivi korumpirebuli da zozina administraciis-

Tvis, ar icoda rusuli ena da rusuli cxovrebis xasiaTi.

Tarjimnebi unda enaxaT adgilobriv: iq Tavmoyrili levantine-

lebi da ebraelebi, aseve mcire rusi yofili oficrebi warmo-

adgendnen damakavSirebel rgols keTilganwyobil administra-

ciasa da Zalze ukmayofilo mosaxleobas Soris. iseT adgilas,

rogoric baTumia da aseT dros sakmaoze meti iyo cduneba Su-

amavlisTvis, raTa daecvaT inglisuri eTika movaleobis Ses-

rulebisas.... [Semdeg saubaria gavrcelebul meqrTameobaze,

Tundac samxedro mosamsaxureebis mxridan, romlebic yiddnen

nawilis kuTvnil sabnebs da sxva. _ g.g.].

imisTvis, rom Cveni administracia namdvilad warmatebuli

da popularuli gaxdes, saWiroa baTumSi Caiyvanon rusuli eni-

sa da yofis mcodne pirovnebebi. baTumSi myof britanelebs es

ar SeuZliaT, xolo maRali mmarTveloba,romelmac gadawyvita

baTumis Stabad qceva, ar Cans, rom iyos sakmaod dainteresebu-

li okupaciaSi, raTa gagzavnos saeqsperto daxmareba. Zalze

mcire, an araferi gakeTda kuk-kollis da misi qvemdgomebis

dasaxmareblad. arc saTanado kavSirebis, arc momaragebis da

daxmarebis Rirsad ar Tvlidnen konstantinopolidan. Sedegad,

amaTi saqmianobis umetesoba uqmi iyo da maTi mcdeloba metwi-

lad wyalSi gadaiyara im sisaZaglis gamo, romlis gverdis av-

lac ver SeiZles. baTumSi, generlidan dawyebuli, dabal

oficrebamde, sakmaod marjve gamodgnen maTTvis uCveulo saq-

mianobaSi. mxolod mcire, magram mZime Secdomebma gaafuWes ma-

406

Ti reputacia. aravin icoda, rodemde vrCebodiT baTumSi, an

vis gadaecemoda provincia.... viTareba cudidan uaresisken mi-

dioda. me mqonda upiratesoba damenaxa viTareba britanuli da

adgilobrivi TvaliT; es iyo gaugebrobebis da xSirad araswo-

ri miTiTebebis naRvliani speqtakli.... mainc britanulma oku-

paciam, naklovanebebis miuxedavad, mSvidoba moitana.

me male Sevicvale pirveli STabeWdileba, rom baTumSi Ce-

mi bolo yofnis Semdeg xuTi wlis manZilze TiTqos mciredi

sxvaoba davinaxe. iq iyo sakmaod gansxvavebuli atmosfero.

suls xuTavda is, rasac ruseTSi uwodeben `spekulacias~. ma-

Raziis vitrinebSi naklebad ido saqoneli, magram maTze gakru-

li iyo sareklamo (misawvevi) gancxadebebi xizilalas, Cais, qi-

naqinas, mandarinis, tansacmlis da a.S., rac miRebuli hqondaT

gasayidad rekomendatoris sawyobebSi....spekulacia iyo adgi-

lobriv mTavari industria. garigeba xdeboda yvelaferze....Se-

motanili saqoneli kvlav da kvlav iyideboda, sanam miaRwevda

momxmareblamde. odesis vaWarTa naxevari baTumSi imyofebo-

da.... konstantinopolidan baTumisken gzaze kafeSi Semxvda

londonSi gacnobili rusi. roca SevTavaze, xom arafers (we-

rils da sxvas) gamatanda baTumSi, Cemda gasaocrad mipasuxa

_`maqvs paketi wamlebiT, magram xom ici, dRes Zma Zmas ar endo-

bao~.

fulis krizisi baTumSi qmnida saukeTeso asparezs speku-

laciisTvis. raTa gaigos viTareba, mkiTxvelma unda gaiazros,

rom mTel samxreT ruseTsa da amierkavkasiaSi ar arsebobda

erTi saerTo valuta. xmarebaSi arsebuli mTeli fuli, ra

Tqma unda, iyo qaRaldis. Zveli rusuli imperiuli maneTi, e.w.

`nikolozis~, iyo arasakmarisi (iSviaTi) da gacilebiT metad

fasobda, vidre yvela axali gamoSvebis. arc ise Zviri, magram

sxvebze ukeTesi iyo `kerenskis~ banknotebi, gamoSvebuli 1917

wels kerenskis mTavrobis mier. baTumSi ZiriTadad ixmareboda

qaRaldis ori fuli, romelTa fasic cvalebadobda. es iyo

`donis maneTebi~, gamoSvebuli general denikinis samflobelo-

Si samxreT ruseTSi da e.w. àmierkavkasiuri bonebi~, gamoSvebu-

li amierkavkasiis seimis mier da erToblivad garantirebuli

saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis mier, rogorc maTi

valuta. magram am saerTo banknotebis beWdva Sewyda da TiToe-

ulma am saxelmwifom daiwyo Tavisi sakuTari valutis gamoSve-

ba. amierkavkasiis bonebi yvela adgilobrivze met pativSi iyo.

407

britanulma mTavrobam scada moewesrigebina gacvla _donisa

da amierkavkasiis maneTebi iqneboda legaluri da eqvivalentu-

ri safasi. magram zamTarSi, donis maneTebis gaufasurebis ga-

mo, es samzadisi CaiSala da Sewyda TviT mmarTvelTa mxridan1.

qarTuli, somxuri da azerbaijanuli valuta ixmareboda mxo-

lod TavianT qveynebSi.

garemo sunTqavda gacvliT an masze saubriT. qalaqis ma-

Raziebis naxevari gadakeTda valutis gadamcvlelad.spekulan-

tebi baTumSi iafad yidulobdnen `donis maneTebs~, midiodnen

novorosiiskSi (denikinis teritoriaze), sadac donis maneTebi

Zvirad fasobda, xolo amierkavkasiurs ar icnobdnen. isini

iZendnen inglisur funtebs da moiCqarodnen ukan baTumisken

da amas kvlav donur maneTebze cvlidnen. ase imeorebdnen am

operaciebs. xandaxan sargeblian gacvlas eweodnen konstanti-

nopolSi (Turqul funtebze), an tfilisSi (qarTul maneTze)

qveynis SigniT. rac daemarTa maneTs, igive mouvida saqonel-

sac.... kapiki (maneTis es measedi nawili), ra Tqma unda, gaqra

scenidan. amJamad maneTi iyo umciresi savaluto erTeuli. ma-

neTi kapikis Zvel safasze dabla daeca _ is gaxda erT farTin-

gze (=1/4 pensi _ g.g.) naklebi. am vardnis Sedegi, rac yovel-

dRiurad grZeldeboda, saSineli iyo. aman gamoiwvia Zveli fe-

nebis sruli moxrCoba da axali plutokratiis aRsvla, romlis

simdidres umetes SemTxvevaSi maTi moSimSile mezoblebis sak-

vebiT da sxva aucilebeli saqonliT spekulacia warmoadgenda.

warmoidgineT rusuli ojaxi, romlis danazogi maneTebSi iyo

700 funti, rac amJamad mxolod 7 funtis ekvivalentu-

ria!....cxovreba 20-jer gaZvirda.... Sedegad baTumSi mcxovrebi

rusebi gaRatakdnen....yvela restoranSi naxavdi kargi ojaxis

1 moxaliseTa armiis damarcxebis Semdeg, `donis maneTebi~ praqtiku-

lad uxmari gaxda baTumSi. 1920 wlis ianvarSi britaneTis samoqalaqo

gubernatorma, polkovnikma harrisma moulodnelad gaauqma am fulis

xmareba puris sayidlad, rac warmoadgenda mTavrobis monopolias.

radgan administraciis yvela momsaxure am fuliT ixdida, aman miiyva-

na amboxebamde 12 ianvars. dokerebisa da mtvirTavTa brboebi Tavs da-

esxnen samoqalaqo administraciis ofisebs. britaneli Cinovnikebi,

romlebsac megobrebi `qalaqis mamebad~ icnobdnen, Senobis ukana kare-

bebidan da fanjrebidan gavidnen qvebisa da sabeWdi mowyobilobebis

srolis TanxlebiT. mTavar quCebze aRebuli iqna zogi maRazia. saWi-

ro gaxda jaris nawilebis gamoZaxeba. daapatimres 45 pirovneba; Ti-

Toeuls miusajes sami Tvis mZime samuSao.

408

ganaTlebul qalbatonebs, romlebic elodebodnen spekulan-

tebs da meZav kompanionebs; gareT wvimaSi ki_rus oficers (an

moxeles), romelic ezideboda odeseli msuqani vaWris Cemo-

dans, romelsac Camoetana valutis sakmao spekulatiuri rao-

denoba, produqtebi, tansacmeli an medikamentebi.

mcire raodenoba bednieri xalxisa tivtivasaviT moeqca

dinebaze....,rusebi ki daiZirnen....me vicnobdi plantators, ro-

melic qristeSobisas 120.000 donur maneTad (=120 funts) yid-

da mandarinis wliur mosavals, rac zafxulamde yofnida. mag-

ram es maneTi ise gaufasurda, rom baTumSi 20 funtamde ergo.

saocari ram gamomJRavnda okupaciis adre dReebSi. ingli-

suri fulis maneTebze gasacvlelad hqondaT oficialuri sa-

armio tarifi. mmarTvelebi wuxdnen, rom amierkavkasia ar wae-

leka inglisur fuls; amitom maT nawilebisTvis SemoiRes ga-

daxda maneTebiT oficialur tarifTan SesabamisobaSi, rac

amasTan yovelTvis dabali iyo sabazrosTan SedarebiT. bazar-

ze SegeZlo erT funtSi ageRo 1000 maneTi, maSin roca armiis

xazinadari Sen xelfasad mogcemda funtSi 400 maneTs. sanam

samxedro gubernatorma Sewyvita es praqtika, sazriani brita-

neli jariskacebi TavianT naTesavebs inglisidan agzavnineb-

dnen cota funtebs, romelsac bazarze cvlidnen spekulaciur

fasad. am maneTebiT isini midiodnen armiis fostaSi da iZen-

dnen britanul fulad gzavnils gadasacvlelad. amgvarad maT

SeeZloT naTesavebisTvis valis dabruneba da TiTqmis 100%-ia-

ni mogebis Cadeba saqmeSi. Tveebis manZilze, sanam oficialuri

tarifi ar movida SesabamisobaSi sabazro gacvlebis nixrebTan,

arc erTi moxele (oficeri) Tu personali baTumSi ar xarjav-

da penss armiis xelfasidan. is agrovebda mas da uecari saWi-

roebisas anaRdebda Ceks an funtebs. saubedurod, yalbi Ceke-

bis gaCenam daTrguna gacvla. Cemda samwuxarod, aRmovaCine,

rom Cemma savsebiT kargma Cekebma imis naxevari momca, rac sa-

fulidan amoRebul erT-or funtSi mergo.

erTaderTi efeqturi gza am siZneleTa Tavidan asacileb-

lad iqneboda garantirebuli valutis gamoyeneba. me vici, rom

gubernatorma generalma kuk-kollisma dabejiTebiT moiTxova

es kursi, magram okeanisgaRmelma avtoritetebma CaSales. yo-

vel SemTxvevaSi, roca aravin icoda, ramden xans gagrZeldebo-

da britanelTa mier baTumis okupacia, ar arsebobda sababi

britanelTagan garantirebuli valutis gamoyenebisa. konstan-

409

tinopoleli mamebi iTvlebodnen baTumSi jarebis darCenis mo-

winaaRmdegeebad....

me Sevexe zogierT uxerxul viTarebas amierkavkasiis

cxovrebidan. arc zRvaze iyo ukeTesi mdgomareoba. Semdegi in-

cindentebi tipiuria, rac yoveldRiurad gvesmoda baTumSi Ce-

mi yofnisas: baTumisken sanapiros gaswvriv micuravda gemi; uc-

bad qarTveli mgzavrebis jgufma, romlebsac revolverebi

purSi hqondaT damaluli, daakaves ekipaJi da mgzavrebi. niCbi-

ani navi mocurda qarTuli napiridan da waiyvana yaCaRebi, xo-

lo ubedurma mgzavrebma ukapikod gaagrZeles gza....

mdidari somexi vaWari kompanionTan erTad jdeboda Tavis

avtomobilSi sastumro palasTan (esaa baTumis erTi umTavresi

sastumroTagani), roca kacebis jgufi mivarda, Cacxrila is da

gaecala iqaurobas didi raodenobis fuliT, romelic gardac-

vlils bankSi mihqonda....

erTi qarTveli politikosi Camovida baTumSi parizidan,

sadac, rogorc Tqva, exmareboda saqarTvelos saqmis gatanas

samSvidobo konferenciaze[5]. britaneli samxedro gubernato-

ris monaxulebis Semdeg, gaemarTa sadgurisken tfilisis mata-

rebelSi Casajdomad. platformaze britaneTis sabaJo samsa-

xurSi myofma rusma oficerma SeamCnia, rom qarTvels saeWvod

didi moculobis bargi hqonda; amitom mosTxova Cemodnebis Se-

samowmeblad gaxsna; iseve, rogorc yvela mgzavrs moeTxovebo-

da, romlebic aseT dros Cveulebriv eweodnen kontrabandas.

iman ganucxada, rom iyo `qarTveli diplomati~ da uari uTxra

bargis Cvenebaze. roca rusma oficerma daiJina, qarTvelma

gascxo saxeSi. rusuli dawerili Tu dauwereli kanonia, rom

oficers neba aqvs uzRos msgavsi SeuracxyofisaTvis; oficeri

gamoudga qarTvels sadgurze da esrola. tyviam msubuqad gak-

ra mkerdze. qarTveli daeca. britanelma patrulma daureka

policiis ufross... man naxa mosacdelSi myofi mkvnesare qar-

Tveli, romelsac gars exvivnen qarTveli konsuli, qarTveli

samxedro ataSe, qarTveli sazRvao ataSe (qarTul sazRvao Za-

las warmoaCenda droSa, ramdenime ialqniani gemi da rusi me-

patroneebisgan CamorTmeuli erTi-ori buqsiri da a.S.) da sxva

qarTveli oficialuri pirebi. rusi oficeri uZravad ijda

diplomatis Cemodnebze da ucdida maT gasaxsnel gasaRebebs.

policiis ufrosma iynosa xifaTi da maSinve gaemarTa samxedro

gubernatorisken.... aman ubrZana rusi oficris dapatimreba da

410

qarTvelis wayvana britanul hospitalSi...russ, misda gasakvi-

rad, eqvsTviani patimroba miusajes, magram mTeli vada ar Se-

usrulebia, radgan baTumis cixeebi ar iyo ise vrceli, rom

maTSi mosaTavsebel kandidatTa meaTedic ki SeefarebinaT; iqa-

uri saknebi Zlivs yofnida uricxv naZiralas, romlebmac baTu-

mi aqcies borotmoqmedebis buded. tfilisel da quTaisel

qarTvel xelmZRvanelobas Cvevad aqvT baTumis xarjze gan-

tvirTon Tavisi qalaqebi borotmoqmedebisa da meZavebisgan da

amiT gaurTulon saqme britanelebs.... baTumSi momxdari yvela

danaSaulis 90% britanuli okupaciis dros Caidines qarTve-

lebma....

borotmoqmedTa dasaSineblad baTumis provinciaSi brita-

nelma xelmZRvanelebma mimarTes sajaro egzekucias. es Zalze

mkacri RonisZiebaa, magram gamarTlebuli SedegebiT. samjer

gamoiyvanes patimarTa mcire jgufi cixidan da xalxis Tvalwin

daxvrites. sasjelma qalaqSi jadosaviT imoqmeda damnaSave

elementebze. yoveli egzekuciis Semdeg danaSauli sagrZnob-

lad klebulobda ramdenime kviris manZilze.

[ Tavi VIII ]

baTumis provinciaSi damxvda politikuri cieb-cxeleba...

1920 wlis TebervalSi britanulma nawilebma, romlebsac eka-

vaT da marTavdnen mxares, mosaxleobis samwuxarod, uecrad

miiRes evakuaciis brZaneba. Semdeg, rogorc wina wels, ukanas-

knel wuTs gaauqmes is. britanuli nawilebi darCa, magram arc

maT, arc sxva aravin icoda, Tu amJamad rodemde gagrZeldebo-

da maTi aq yofna. male cnobili gaxda antantis umaRlesa sab-

Wos gadawyvetileba (san-remo, 1920 wlis 20 aprili), romlis

safuZvelzec baTumi da mis garSemo ganusazRvreli mcire zo-

na unda gamxdariyo `porto franko~_ erTa ligis qvemdebared.

frangebis afrikul da italiur batalionebs unda Caenacvle-

binaT Cveni nawilebi, oRond darCeboda britanuli administra-

cia. es RonisZieba Sevidoda ZalaSi, `sanam rusuli sakiTxi

mogvardeboda~.

provinciis mosaxleoba aRfrTovanda umaRlesi sabWos ga-

dawyvetilebiT, rac maTTvis or sasurvel moments moicavda:

britanuli nawilebi rCebodnen da qarTul jarebs ekrZalebo-

daT provinciaSi Sesvla. frangebisa da italielebis mosalod-

nel Casvlas yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen _ ukvirdaT da ar iyvnen

411

darwmunebuli, Tu rogor unda gansaxlebuliyvnen aseT gauge-

bar viTarebaSi baTumSi..... pesimistebi ambobdnen, rom baTumi

gadaecemoda bolSevikebs an qarTvelebs, Tuki Cven aRar movi-

survebdiT iq yofnas. rogorc Semdgomma movlenebma daadastu-

ra, es myviralebi savsebiT marTlebi aRmoCndnen.

sarwmuno wyaroebidan Sevitye, rom evakuaciis SeCerebis

mizezs qarTuli mTavrobis daJinebuli moTxovna warmoadgen-

da, rom britanelebi darCeniliyvnen baTumSi, imis SiSiT, rom

britanelTa gasvlis Semdeg ara marto baTums, aramed saqar-

Tvelosac daipyrobdnen. mogvianebiT, roca tfilisSi Cavedi,

igive ganmarteba CaviniSne, rogorc qarTuli politikis aspeq-

ti.... qarTveli Sovinistebi gacofdnen, roca dainaxes, rom

ukanasknel wuTs baTumi usxltebodaT xelidan. TavianTi ris-

xva gamoxates antantis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciebiT, mowo-

debebiT da sagazeTo werilebiT.... maT, mTavrobis usityvo

TanxmobiT, ganacxades, rom baTumis provincias daikavebdnen

samxedro ZaliT. marTlac male qarTuli jaris sami damouki-

debeli SenaerTi gadavida baTumis provinciis sazRvrebze. er-

Ti javSnosani matarebliT gaCerda natanebSi (pirveli sadguri

baTumis provinciaSi), ori danarCeni gadavida mTebze, sadac

inglisuri saguSagoebi iyo. baTumis operaciis qarTveli sar-

dali Cavida baTumSi. maSinve britanelma mmarTvelobam gaaf-

rTxila qarTuli mTavroba, rom maTi es Semosvla niSnavda

omis gamocxadebas maTTan, rogorc saokupacio ZalasTan da

dabejiTebiT mosTxova jarebis ukan gayvana....me avedi sasaz-

Rvro soflebisken mTaSi, sadac qarTvelebis Zalebi idgnen.....

baTumis samxedro gubernatori kuk-kollisi baTumidan avida

[xuloSi] Stabis ramdenime wevrTan erTad da saTaTbirod mo-

uxmo qarTvel sardals da hkiTxa_`xom ar apirebda oms brita-

nelebTan~, razec, ra Tqma unda, uari miiRo...

Cemi zogi statia, dawerili londonis gazeTebisTvis, Ca-

movida amierkavkasiaSi da Zalze ganarisxa tfilisis oficia-

luri Tu araoficialuri gazeTebi. mag.: `brZola~_social-de-

mokratebis rusuli gazeTi uxeSad miwodebda gamousworebel

matyuaras; èrToba~_mSobliur enaze eubneboda Tavis mkiT-

xvels, rom me viyavi ruseTis samsaxuris agenti, spekulanti an

Jandarmi![6] yvela ki erTxmad `denikinels~ miwodebda; es iyo

umkacresi saginebeli termini qarTul politikur leqsikon-

Si...

412

tfilisi amtkicebda, rom hqonda axali argumenti baTumis

dakavebis sasargeblod _ es iyo baTumis saqalaqo sabWos mim-

dinare arCevnebi, sadac naxevarze meti adgilebi miiRes qar-

Tvelma kandidatebma1. magram mravali wyarodan (adgilobrivi

da britanuli) gavige, rom es arCevnebi Znelad Tu CaiTvlebo-

da adgilobrivi ganwyobis miukerZoebel sazomad. arCevnebi Ca-

tarda swored maSin, roca britanelebi udrood emzadebodnen

evakuaci- isTvis....rogorc ki gaxda cnobili, rom britanelebi

darCebodnen, berZnulma partiam maSinve miuTiTa siebis defeq-

tebze, xolo rusebma gaaprotestes arCevnebis kanoniereba....

is rac umetesma jgufebma daiviwyes, iyo is, rom arCevnebi ar

warmoadgenda `namdvil referendums, Tu vis unda hqonoda ba-

Tumi~, rogorc amas tfilisis oficialuri gazeTi auwyebda; es

sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara qalaqis administraciis arCevnebi,

romlidanac, ra Tqma unda, provinciis mTeli macxovreblebi

gamoricxuli iyvnen. mTeli mxaris referendumi rom Catarebu-

liyo mSvidobian dros,isini etyodnen qarTvelebs `daicadeT,

sanam qarTuli mTavroba mova aq!~ _ Sedegi, vfiqrob, Sokis

momgvreli iqneboda yvela qarTvelisTvis, romlebic patios-

nad fiqrobdnen, rom baTumis provincia dasaxlebuli iyo `Cag-

ruli qarTvelebiT~, romelTa erTaderT survils warmoadgen-

da `SeerTebodnen TavianT sisxliT Zmebs~ tfilisidan.

tfilisSi Cavedi martis bolos da kargad vnaxe, rom qa-

laqi dakavebuli iyo oficialuri agitaciiT baTumis Sesa-

xeb..qalaqSi Catarda `proletariatis~ da moswavleTa demon-

stracia-manifestaciebi; mividnen ucxoelTa misiebSi, raTa ec-

nobebinaT èrTsulovani survili~ baTumis saqarTvelosTvis

daTmobis Sesaxeb. amerikis, safrangeTisa da italiis misiebis

ufrosebi `saxlSi ar daxvdnen~ da rezoluciebi konvertiT

dautoves. inglisis sagangebo warmomadgenelma b-nma uor-

dropma[7] arakeTilgonivrulad miiRo deputacia.... meore Tu

mesame dRes tfilisis gazeTebma amcnes, TiTqos b-ni uordro-

pi `dapirda~, rom umaRlesi sabWos dadgenileba baTumis Sesa-

1 qarTvelTa Sablonuri argumenti imis dasamtkiceblad, rom baTumi

qarTuli qalaqia, iyo is faqti, rom qalaqis meri (municipalitetis

Tavi) yovelTvis iyo qarTveli. samwuxarod, am mkicebis `safuZvliano-

bas~ gviCvenebs saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis tfilisis merad 10 wlis man-

Zilze 1918 wlamde somexi m.xatisianis yofna, romelic Semdeg somxe-

Tis respublikis prezidenti gaxda.

413

xeb xelaxla ganixileboda saqarTvelos sasargeblod. erTi ga-

zeTi (`ganaxleba~) ase iwyebda statias: `britaneTis mTavari

warmomadgeneli ambobs, rom zogi britaneli oficris saqci-

els CixSi Sehyavs is~...statiis mizani iyo eCvenebina, rom gene-

rali kuk-kollisi da misi Stabis wevrebi dadiodnen provinci-

aSi da mouwodebdnen saqarTvelos survilebis winaaRmdeg...~

tfiliseli da baTumeli rusebi da somxebi gaognebuli iy-

vnen... generali saswrafod Cavida tfilisSi. meore dRes tfi-

lisis gazeTebSi rusulad gamoqveynda sagareo saqmeTa minis-

tris gegeWkorisadmi b-n uordropis uarmyofeli werili (1920.

21 marti).....

politikur wreebSi ori paradoqsi SevniSne _ erTi is iyo,

rom tfilisSi gabatonebuli azris mixedviT, bolSevikebi erT

TveSi an 6 kviraSi Sevidodnen baqoSi, radgan denikinisa da mo-

xaliseTa ganadgurebis Semdeg gza gaexsnaT amierkavkasiisken.

meore paradoqsi iyo baTumTan urTierToba. mTavroba gareg-

nulad yvelafers cdilobda, rom baTumi waerTmia boroti

britaneli imperialistebisTvis,romlebsac Tavisda didad sau-

xerxulod ekavaT is. magram, rac meti xalxi xdeboda saqmeSi

Caxeduli, qarTveli mmarTvelebi ufro daJinebiT gamodiodnen

britanuli SenaerTebis baTumSi dasarCenad. meore paradoqsi

is iyo, rom, tfilisSi gabatonebuli azris mixedviT, bolSevi-

kebi erT TveSi, an 6 kviraSi Sevidodnen baqoSi, radgan, deniki-

nisa da moxaliseTa ganadgurebis Semdeg, gza gaexsnaT amier-

kavkasiisken.

mcire komentarebi

[1] denikini (1872-1947) TeTrgvardieli generali ruseTis sa-

moqalaqo omis dros (1918-1920). kontrrevoluciis erT-

erTi mTavari xelmZRvaneli. 1917 wels general kornilov-

Tan erTad Seqmna moxaliseTa armia.

[2] igulisxmeba ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omi.

[3] igulisxmeba 1914-1918 wlebis msoflio omi.

[4] brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekruleba daido 1918 wlis 3

marts ruseTsa da germania-avstria-ungreT-osmaleT-bul-

gareTs Soris.

[5] igulisxmeba erTa liga, romelic Seiqmna 1918 wels xalxTa

Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisa da maTi uSiSroebis

414

uzrunvelyofis mizniT. iuridiulad gaaforma msoflio

omis Semdeg germaniisa da TurqeTisTvis CamorTmeuli ko-

loniebis ganawileba antantis qveynebs Soris.

[6] èrToba~_qarTuli gazeTi, gamodioda TbilisSi 1917-21

wlebSi. 1918 wlis 26 noembridan iyo saqarTvelos soc._de-

mokratiuli (menSevikuri) muSaTa partiis centraluri or-

gano.

[7] jon oliver uordropi (1864_1948) ingliseli diplomati,

qarTuli kulturis moamage, qarTvelTa megobari.

Gia Gelashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Senior-scientist researcher of Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology.

English Journalist Bechhofer about Batumi (1919 – 1920)

Summery

Carl Eric Bechhofer (1894-1949), journalist and British correspondent, visited Russia and Caucasus in 1914 and 1919-20. His privileges were knowledge of Russian and experience of the country and people. After his last journey he published in 1921 in London a work Ìn Denikin’s Russia and the Caucasus, 1919-1920~. The first and the eights chapters dedicate to Ba-tumi and Caucasus.

In the following article there is given a Georgian translation and com-ments of Bechhofer’s material about Batumi. He describes everything he saw himself – Population of Batumi Province, its social-economic and political situation in 1919-1920.

415


istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro-

fesori, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa

da eTnologiis institutis axali da

uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis gamge

mniSvnelovani gamokvleva samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

r e c e n z i a

o. T u r m a n i Z i s monografiaze `saadgilmamulo urTierTobani

da agraruli moZraoba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi

(1878-1928 ww.), baTumi, 2009

bolo wlebSi qarTvel mecnierTa yuradReba Cveni samSob-

los politikuri istoriis sakiTxebze iyo gamaxvilebuli. bu-

nebrivia, es procesi savsebiT kanonzomier movlenas warmoad-

genda. saarqivo dokumenturi wyaroebis gansaidumloeba da is-

toriuli movlenebis obieqturad Sefasebis SesaZlebloba sa-

qarTvelos warsulis TeTri laqebis gaSuqebas moiTxovda.

kargad moqceula Rvawlmosili mecnieri profesori oTar

TurmaniZe, rom saqarTvelos ZirZveli kuTxis, aWaris agraru-

li istoriis metad rTuli sakiTxis Seswavla ganuzraxavs, rac

warmatebiT ganaxorciela kidec.

sarecenzio naSromi 389 gverds moicavs. igi Sedgeba oTxi

Tavisa da 12 paragrafisgan. Tan erTvis rusuli da inglisuri

reziumeebi. Sesaval nawilSi dasabuTebulia Temis aqtualoba

da 50 wliani sakvlevi periodis oTx etapad dayofa. avtorma

Temis etapebad dayofas safuZvlad daudo is Taviseburebani,

rac sakvlevi xanis TiToeul monakveTSi arsebobda. misive sa-

marTliani SeniSvniT mxaris kolonizaciisaTvis carizmma XIX

saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi Se-

inarCina miwaTmflobeloba_miwaTsargeblobis osmaluri for-

mebi, saadgilmamulo gadasaxadebi da sagadasaxado sistema~

(gv. 7).

416

iqve, siRrmiseulad aris gaanalizebuli wyaroTmcodneo-

biTi baza. mkvlevars moZiebuli da Seswavlili aqvs, rogorc

gamoqveynebuli dokumenturi wyaroebi, aseve saarqivo masale-

bi, romlebic pirvelad Semoaqvs samecniero brunvaSi da sru-

liad axal warmodgenas gviqmnis TiTqosda kargad cnobil sa-

kiTxebze.

farTod aris gamoyenebuli qarTuli da rusuli Jurnal-

gazeTebi, statistikuri krebulebi, mosaxleobis aRweris masa-

lebi, TviTmxilveli mogzaurebis, memuaruli literaturisa

da Tavad mecnieris savele-eTnografiuli masala.

yovelmxriv aris damuSavebuli da saTanadod Sefasebuli

samecniero literatura da saerTod, kritikulad aris war-

modgenili, rogorc pirveladi wyaroebi, aseve sakiTxis garSe-

mo arsebuli istoriografia.

ruseTma TurqeTTan omis Semdeg aWaris imperiis Semadgen-

lobaSi SemosvlisTanave rusuli administraciuli mmarTvelo-

ba SemoiRo. Tanamdebobebze mxolod rusi moxeleebi iniSne-

bodnen. daiwyo rusuli enis danergvis procesi. `mmarTvelobis

yvela rgolSi _ aRniSnulia gamokvlevaSi - saqmis warmoeba ru-

sul enaze mimdinareobda, rac mkvidri mosaxleobis mdgomare-

obas kidev ufro amZimebda~ (gv. 43).

maRal mecnierul doneze aris Seswavlili aWaraSi mimdi-

nare agraruli urTierTobani, osmaluri miwaTsargeblobis we-

sidan imperiis cxovrebis wesze gadasvlis mtkivneuli proce-

sebi.

sainteresod aris axsnili aWaridan muhajirobis mizezebi.

erTi SexedviT xalxi mSobliuri kuTxidan TiTqos Tavisi nebiT

midioda. faqtobrivi masalis moxmobiT dadasturebulia, rom

es iyo mZime socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis, religiuri fa-

natizmis, wamqezeblobis, mosaxleobaze politikuri da fsiqo-

logiuri zewolis, rusuli samxedro-politikuri aparatis aR-

viraxsnilobis Sedegi.

sarecenzio naSromis avtoris samarTliani SefasebiT `sam-

xreT-saqarTvelodan mosaxleobis emigraciiT dainteresebuli

iyo rogorc ruseTis, ise osmaleTis mTavrobebi~. ruseTi am

miwebs saxazino miwebad aqcevda. amave dros koloniuri mizne-

bisaTvis iyenebda (gv. 73). yuradReba gamaxvilebulia carizmis

gansakuTrebul interesebze baTumis olqis zRvispireTis so-

cialur-ekonomikuri aTvisebisaTvis, sakuTari interesebidan

417

gamomdinare Caisa da subtropikuli kulturebis ganviTarebi-

saTvis (ix. gv. 79).

avtorma yuradRba miaqcia mxaris kolonizaciis sakiTxebs.

rusi da sxva eTnikuri elementebis saqarTveloSi da kerZod

aWaraSi CasaxlebiT mkvidri erovnebis winaaRmdegobac Zalas

dakargavda da maTi damorCileba advilad moxerxdeboda

(gv.85).

saarqivo wyaroebze dayrdnobiT warmoCenilia glexobis

socialuri struqtura, miwaTmflobelobis evolucia da mesa-

kuTreTa jgufebis daxasiaTeba. am metad saintereso da rTuli

sakiTxis daxasiaTebas naSromis calke Tavi eZRvneba.

sainteresoa, rom baTumis olqSi xiznebis ori kategoria

arsebobda: adgilobrivi qarTvelebi da ucxo qveynebidan Semo-

xiznulni. xizanTa meore kategoriaSi iricxebodnen qurTebi,

berZnebi da boSebi (gv.110).

saTanadod aris gaSuqebuli miwaTsargeblobis formebi.

miwis ijariT gacema da sxv. mimoxilulia soflis meurneobis

kulturebi, rac damaxasiaTebelia aWaris reliefisaTvis. av-

toris piradi dakvirvebisa da specialuri eTnologiuri sa-

mecniero literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT Seswavlilia Sromis

iaraRebi, transporti da a.S.

istoriuli eqskursis moxmobiT naCvenebia aRa-begebis mi-

waTmflobelobis Taviseburebani, rac aWaris osmaleTis impe-

riaSi yofnis dros arsebobda. maT kerZo sakuTrebaSi yma-mamu-

lebi aRar hqondaT. imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg

qarTvelebi, romlebic gavlenian begebad iTvlebodnen aranak-

leb ukmayofiloni iyvnen carizmis xelisuflebisadmi (gv. 125).

sarecenzio naSromis avtorma saTanadod gaaSuqa sakulto

nagebobebi, eklesiebisa da meCeTebis miwaTsargeblobis prob-

lemebi, savakufo miwebis sakiTxebi (gv. 160-169).

kapitalizmis ganviTarebas garkveuli uaryofiTi Sedege-

bic hqonda. kerZod, adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis nawi-

li iZulebuli xdeboda saukeTeso savargulebi ucxo tomeleb-

ze gaeyida. es iyo erovnuli tragedia, TiTqmis danaSaulis

tolfasi. am mtkivneul procesebs faqtobrivi masaliT gad-

moscems avtori da samarTlianad askvnis, rom `miwis kapitali-

zaciis Sedegad aramarto demografiuli, aramed socialuri

suraTic Seicvala. Camoyalbda miwismflobelTa axali jgufi,

romelic ZiriTadad ucxoelebisagan Sedgeboda~ (gv.193). qar-

418

Tuli miwis mflobelebi xdebian Cineli lau jon-jau, somexi

gaitur megovoriani, rusi m. sinicini, germaneli p. panceri da

a.S. mTlianobaSi erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT moaxalSe-

ne miwismflobelTa umravlesobas rusebi warmoadgendnen. meo-

re adgili ekavaT somxebsa da berZnebs. aWaraSi miwismflobel-

Ta Soris gvxvdebian frangebi, ingliselebi, germanelebi, ita-

lielebi, danielebi, Cexebi, latvielebi, ukrainelebi, Turqebi,

sparselebi, polonelebi, belorusebi da sxva eris warmomad-

genlebi. 1925 wlis monacemebiT, 22 moaxaleSne sazRvargareTis

saxelmwifos qveSevrdomi iyo (gv. 197).

farTo xasiaTis masStabebi miiRo agrarulma moZraobam

aWaraSi XIX saukunis bolos da gansakuTrebiT 1905-1907 wlebis

revoluciis dros. am fonze aRsaniSnavia qvemo aWaris glexTa

1905 wlis Tebervlis ajanyeba, ris Sesaxeb masalebi gamoaqvey-

nes, rogorc kavkasiis, ise ruseTisa da evropis presam. aRniS-

nul movlenebze sainteresod aris gamaxvilebuli yuradReba

gamokvlevaSi. saadgil-mamulo gadasaxadebis gazrda reaqciis

periodSi mosaxleobas aiZulebda saprotesto gamosvlebis

sxvadasxva forma eZebna. 1907-1917 wlebSi protestis pasiuri

forma _ mosaxleobis ayra-gaqceva farTod gavrcelda aWaraSi

(gv. 290).

pirveli respublikis periodSi politikuri kataklizme-

bis fonze samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo evropa-osmaleTis in-

teresebis erT-erTi mTavari poligoni gaxda. amas mohyva axali

okupacia sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan da bilSevikuri agraruli

eqsperimentis ganxorcileba aWaraSi, iseve, rogorc mTel sa-

qarTveloSi. es sakiTxebi saarqivo dokumentebiT aris Sejere-

buli da mraval siaxles gvTavazobs.

Cvenis azriT, sarecenzio naSromis maRali done erTdro-

ulad ramdenime faqtorma ganapiroba: 1. avtoris profesiona-

lizmi; 2, specialuri da momijnave samecniero literaturis

safuZvliani codna; 3. epoqis istoriuli procesebis siRrmise-

uli gaazreba; 4. axali saarqivo dokumenturi wyaroebis kri-

tikuli analizi da samecniero brunvaSi Semotana.

aqve aRvniSnavT araarsebiTi xasiaTis SeniSvnasa da sur-

vils: 1. naSromis 92-e gverdze naTqvamia, rom 1914 wels axal-

sofelsa da donguzadaSi ~ZiriTadad seqtantebi da baptistebi

cxovrobdnen~. gamodis, rom seqtanti da baptisti sxvadasxva

cnebaa. realurad ki baptistebi igive seqtantebi arian. 2. sa-

419

surveli iyo yoveli Tavi mokle daskvnebiT Seejamebina av-

tors, an naSromis dasasruls punqtobrivad Camoeyalibebina

kvlevis Sedegebi.

daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom prof. o. TurmaniZis mo-

nografia mniSvnelovani gamokvlevaa da qarTuli istoriogra-

fiis mdidari SenaZenia.

Avtandil Songulashvili Doctor of Historical Sciences,

Professor

Review on Otar Turmanidze’s Monograph: `Land Relations and Agrar-ian Movement in The South – West Georgia (1878 - 1928)~, Batumi, 2009

Summary

Otar Turmanidze’s Monograph: `Land Relations and Agrarian Move-

ment in The South – West Georgia (1878 - 1928)~, Batumi, 2009 is evaluated in the article. It is said that the current agrarianrelations in Ajara in 1878 -1928 are monographically studied in the work. The reasons of population Mukhajirism from Ajara are very interestingly explained. The colonization problems of the region are given in the work as well.

420

dodo WumburiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane ja-

vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa

da eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxle-

si istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-

TanamSromeli

axali gamokvleva ilia WavWavaZis

mkvlelobaze

2011 wlis bolos gamovida

Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis sa-

xelobis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis profesoris Tengiz simaS-

vilis monografiuli gamokvleva

_`social-demokrati bolSeviki

teroristebi _ ilia WavWavaZis

mkvlelebi~. wignis avtori didi

xania ikvlevs ruseTis imperiis

saidumlo-politikuri policii-

sa da revoluciur-teroristu-

li organizaciebis saqmianobas,

aseve, Tanamedrove radikalur

islamur mimdinareobebs kavkasi-

asa da saqarTveloSi, evropasa

da amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-

Si. misi kvlevebiT dainteresdnen sazRvargareTis samecniero

centrebi da ramdenjerme miiwvies axalgazrda qarTveli mecni-

eri erTobliv proeqtebze samuSaod. ruseTis Jandarmeriisa da

oxrankis saqmianobis paralelurad, Tengiz simaSvilma Seiswav-

la ilias mkvlelobaze Seqmnili yvela saxis literatura, sa-

arqivo da presis masalebi da 2008 wels àxali da uaxlesi is-

toriis narkvevebSi~ pirvelad gamoTqva mosazreba, rom iliko

imerliSvili, igive ìmereli~ cnobili social-demokrati bol-

Seviki teroristi, duSeTis mazraSi moqmedi social-demokra-

tebis mcxeTis `wiTeli razmis~ meTauri, ilia WavWavaZis mosak-

lavad ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis mTavari organi-

zatori da ilias fizikuri mkvlelobis uSualo monawilea.

421

aqamde bevri mkvlevari am fsevdonimis iqiT sergo orjonikiZes

moiazrebda. ramdenime xnis Semdeg, damoukideblad, igive das-

kvnamde mivida literatori nodar grigalaSvili da am sakiT-

xze gamosca kidec saintereso wigni. Temis irgvliv polemika

gaaqtiurda, ris gamoc Tengiz simaSvilma sakiTxis dasazusteb-

lad moZiebuli uamravi saarqivo dokumentis analiziT, tero-

ristuli organizaciebis specifikis da saqarTveloSi ruseTis

pirveli revoluciis dros moqmed wiTel razmebze arsebuli

informaciebiT SeZlo Seeqmna vrceli monografia, sadac daw-

vrilebiTaa ganxiluli TemasTan dakavSirebuli yvela sakiTxi.

mkvlevari uamravi wyarosa da literaturis, sasamarTlo

eqspertizebisa Tu dakiTxvis oqmebis, im drois sazogadoebri-

vi viTarebis, partiuli da klasobrivi interesebis analiziT,

adgens, rom ilia WavWavaZis fizikuri mkvlelebi iyvnen: gigla

berbiWaSvili, vano (ivane) inaSvili, pavle fSavliSvili (afcia-

uri) da iliko (ilia) imerliSvili. maT exmarebodnen da mkvle-

lobaSi monawileobdnen: dimitri jaSi da lado feiqriSvili.

mkvlelobis damkveTi iyo rsdmp (bolSevikebis) kavkasiis komi-

teti. organizaciis erT-erT krebaze miRebuli dadgenileba

gadasces organizaciis miTiTebiT moqmed mcxeTis `wiTel

razms~, romlis wevrebmac es davaleba `pirnaTlad~ Seasrules.

monografias axlavs eqvsasamde gamoyenebuli wyarosa da

samecniero literaturis dasaxeleba, oTxasamde saarqivo do-

kumentis fotopiri, rac naTels xdis mkvlevris mier Catare-

bul Sromasa da kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli mecnieruli das-

kvnebis obieqturobaSi gvarwmunebs.

wignis prezentacia moewyo ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetsa da iakob gogebaSvilis sa-

xelobis Telavis universitetSi. sityviTa da moxsenebebiT ga-

movidnen istorikosebi, mwerlebi, sazogadoebis warmomadgen-

lebi, maT Soris _ ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-

is institutis TanamSromlebi.

422

Dodo Chumburidze Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, main research scientist of Ivane Javakh-ishvili Institute of History and Ethnology.

The New Study About Ilia Chavchavadze’s Murder

Summary

In the monograph of Tengiz Simashvili, Professor of Telavi Univer-

sity, on the basis of new archive materials it is documentary proved that Ilia Chavchavadze was killed by the group of Mtskheta `Red Detachment~, the head of which was Ilia Imerlishvili. The members of the detachment were: Gigla Berbichashvili, Vano Inashvili and Pavle Pshavlishvili. Killer was Imerlishvili himself. Participants of this murder were: Dmitri Jashi and Lado Peiqrishvili. Murder was ordered by the Caucasian committee of LPRSD.

423

gela saiTiZe


fesori



fesori

guldasmiT wasakiTxi wigni

mimdinare wels qarTvelma mkiTxvelma sazogadoebam uda-

vod kargi saCuqari miiRo _ gamovida mxcovani mecnierisa da

SesaniSnavi sazogado moRvawis, profesor ioseb Ciqavas monog-

rafiuli gamokvleva: `Jordanias mTavrobis da erovnuli Zale-

bis moRvaweoba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis

(1921-1933 ww.)~. wigni, romelic 300-ze met gverds moicavs, Sed-

geba Sesavlis, rva Tavisa da daskvnisagan.

aseTi gamocemis saWiroebaze avtori Tavadve miuTiTebs

wignis winaTqmaSi, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `winamdebare monog-

rafias vaqveynebT azrTa Sejerebis da WeSmaritebis dadgenis

mizniT. vinaidan aRniSnul problemaze arsebobs saqarTvelos

mTavrobis avtoritetuli komisiis daskvna da araerTi mecnie-

ris kompetenturi naSromi, romlebSic mocemulia met-nakle-

bad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi da daskvnebi~ [gv. 3].

avtorisave miTiTebiT, es `mosazrebebi da daskvnebi~ mis-

Tvis misaRebi da gasaziarebeli yofila, Tumca zogierT sakiT-

xTan dakavSirebiT gadauwyvetia èrTgvarad gansxvavebuli mo-

sazrebebis~ gamoTqma da axleburi formulirebis gakeTeba...

gamomdinare aqedan, igi mouwodebs `mecnierebs, politikosebs

da sxva kompetentur pirebs~, romlebic am problemiT arian

`dainteresebulni, erTxel kidev daafiqsiron dokumentebze

dafuZnebuli argumentirebuli mosazrebebi da gaakeTon ufro

sarwmuno da damajerebeli daskvnebi~ [iqve, gv. 3].

am gancxadebis Semdeg naTeli xdeba avtoris pozicia imas-

Tan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra saqmianobas eweoda sazRvargareT,

emigraciaSi gaxiznuli damoukidebeli saqarTvelos kanonieri

mTavroba pirveli aTwleulis manZilze, anu manam, sanam misi

legitimuri arseboba sabolood ar gauqmdeboda~ (1933 w.).

aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT, marTlac, araerTi

mecnieruli gamokvleva Tu pirvelwyaros mniSvnelobis mogo-

424

nebani arsebobs, romelTa avtorebic rogorc qarTveli, ise

sazRvargareTeli mkvlevrebi, sazogado da samxedro moRvawee-

bi, cnobili mwerlebi da publicistebi arian. sarecenzio naS-

romidan sCans, rom avtori kargad icnobs am literaturas da

ufro metsac: samecniero mimoqcevaSi dRemde Semoutanel sa-

arqivo dokumentebsac; axdens maTSi moxmobili mosazrebebis

citirebas, gamoTqvams Tavis damokidebulebas ama Tu im faqti-

sa da movlenis gamo sakuTari poziciis dafiqsirebas...

gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod da Tanamedrove mkvlevar-

TaTvis sasargeblod migvaCnia wignSi araerTi istoriuli Ri-

rebulebis dRemde ucnobi an, naklebadcnobili dokumentis

sruli teqstis mTlianad motana... maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: ge-

neral hekeris 1920 wlis dekembris saidumlo moxseneba [gv. 43-

47]; noe Jordanias adiutantis kote imnaZis `dRiurebSi~

1921wlis TebervalSi, Tbilisis datovebasTan dakavSirebiT ga-

keTebuli Canawerebi [gv. 55-60]; n. ma-lis `naambobi~ tabaxme-

lasTan omis Sesaxeb [gv. 61-69]; nik. ToxaZis mier warmoTqmuli

sityva 1971 wlis 19 marts parizSi, qarTuli saTvistomos kre-

baze [gv. 69-72]; Salva abduSelis mogoneba `Tebervlis dReebi~

[gv. 72-78]; val. CubiniZis `mogonebebi~ [gv. 78-86]; saqarTvelos

mTavrobisa da saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis

1921 wlis 27 martis mimarTva msoflios socialisturi parti-

ebisadmi [gv. 111-119]; fil. maxaraZis 1921 wlis 6 dekembris sai-

dumlo moxseneba ruseTis kompartiis cekasadmi... [gv. 144-155];

noe Jordanias moxseneba sxvadasxva partiebis warmomadgenelTa

konferenciaze, 1922 wlis TebervalSi [gv. 157-162]; S. amireji-

bis moxseneba qarTuli saTvistomos sxdomaze 1924 wlis agvis-

tos ajanyebis Sesaxeb [gv. 245-265] da sxv.

avtors, aseTi teqstebis srulad motanasTan dakavSirebi-

Tac naTlad aqvs dafiqsirebuli Tavisi pozicia Salva amire-

jibis naazrevisadmi gakeTebul mokle komentarSi, sadac wers:

vinaidan, es axali da mdidari masala samecniero mimoqcevaSi

gvian iqna Semotanili, misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba am prob-

lemaze momuSave sxva mkvlevrebs ar eqnebodaT, amitom gamar-

Tlebulad vTvli am precendentis daSvebas, raTa momavali

mkvlevrebi mainc SeeSvan sxvaTa mier moZiebuli citatebis

gadmocitirebas da sxvaTa namuSakaris gaTavisebaso.

avtors Tavisi saTqmeli ganfenili aqvs wignis rva TavSi

Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:

425

I. revoluciis eqsporti, saqarTvelos gasabWoeba;

II. saqarTvelos gasabWoeba;

III. demokratiuli mTavrobis RonisZiebani damoukideblo-

bis SesanarCuneblad;

IV. brZola saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis;

V. genuis saerTaSoriso konferencia da saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobis aRdgenis problema;

VI. 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba _ qveynis damoukideblo-

bis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis gmiruli furceli;

VII. erTa ligis roli da demokratiuli Zalebis mxardaWe-

ra saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi;

VIII. legaciis gauqmeba.

kvlevis konkretuli Sedegebi ki gamotanili aqvs sakmaod

vrcel daskvnaSi, romelSic ara mxolod warsulis, aramed sad-

Reisod gamosadegi Sexedulebebic aqvs Camoyalibebuli.

avtori Tavis monografiaSi vrclad mimoixilavs Cveni

qveynis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis perspeqtivebs. ra Tqma

unda, istoriuli mniSvnelobis movlenad Tvlis 1918 wlis 26

maiss aRsrulebul faqts _ saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ga-

mocxadebas, mis rols qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri, kul-

turuli Tu samxedro mSeneblobis gzaze; damoukidebeli, de-

mokratiuli mTavrobis mier gatarebul RonisZiebebs saxelmwi-

foebrivi mSeneblobisaTvis; did tragediad miiCnevs mis xelax-

la okupaciasa da aneqsias, moZalade CrdiloeTeli mezoblis

mxridan. miaCnia, rom `1921 wlis 25 Tebervals saqarTvelo ga-

sabWoebul iqna ZiriTadad gareSe Zalebis mier _ es iyo sabWo-

Ta ruseTi da misi wiTeli armia [gv. 306-307]. magram iqve Seg-

vaxsenebs, rom àq Savi TeTrisagan unda ganvasxvavoT~, anu un-

da gaviTvaliswinoT Tu `ra viTareba Seiqmna saqarTveloSi

1801 wels ruseTis mier qveynis mierTebis Semdeg, ra iyo misi

faqtobrivi Sedegebi (kolonizacia) da ra asparezi gadauSala

sabWoTa xelisuflebam axal saqarTvelos... [iqve, gv. 307]. ker-

Zod, `miuRebel mwvave represiebTan da sxva Seuwynarebel uar-

yofiT movlenebTan erTad bevri sasikeToc misca sabWoTa xe-

lisuflebam Cvens xalxs...~ [iqve].

swored aq aris saWiro avtoris mosazrebaTa zustad gage-

ba da ara imis daufiqreblad wamoZaxili _ prof. i. Ciqavas sab-

WoTa xelisuflebis nostalgia gasCeniao. Tu movlenebs `dro-

sa da sivrceSi~ ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom carizmi didi

426

gulmodginebiT cdilobda imperiaSi Semavali mcire erebis, e.

w. ìnorodcebis~, yovelmxriv asimilacias, mamulisa da enis

warTmevas, rwmenis Seuracxyofas, ris winaaRmdegac saukuneze

meti xanis manZilze ibrZoda qarTveli xalxic da rom ara XIX

saukunis 60-nelTa _ iliasa da mis TanamoazreTa Tavgadadebu-

li winaaRmdegoba, vin icis ra moxdeboda?!

TviTmpyrobluri ruseTis memkvidre _ sabWoTa kavSirma

da mis saTaveSi gadatrialebis gziT mosulma bolSevikebma,

erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis saqveynod gacxadebiT, Tavi

iZulebuli gaixades, raTa rigi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi

miecaT sabWoTa imperiaSi mcxovrebi erebisaTvis. aman Seqmna

SesaZlebloba imisa, rom saqarTvelos mcxovrebT garkveuli

SeRavaTebi mieRoT sakavSiro (anu saimperio) xelisuflebisa-

gan; amasTan erTad centraluri biujetidan soliduri asigne-

bani gamoeyoT respublikis ekonomikuri da kulturuli aRmSe-

neblobisaTvis... aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aq mimdinare procesebs

gakontrolebis TvaliT gamudmebiT uyurebda emigraciaSi ga-

xiznuli damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgen-

lebi. aman SesaZlebeli gaxada bevri iseTi ram aSenebuliyo Tu

gakeTebuliyo sabWoTa wlebSi, razec manamde ocnebac ki war-

moudgeneli iyo. (mag. `dinamos~ stadionis, rusTav-qalaqis,

metropolitenis, engurhesis da a. S. gaxsenebac sakmarisia),

aRaras vambobT soflis meurneobis, mecnierebis, kulturis,

ganaTlebis sferoebSi miRweul warmatebebze... SemoqmedebiTi

niWisa da Sromismoyvare qarTveli xalxis mSvidobiani saSuale-

bebiT SeCereba vinaidan SeuZlebeli iyo, amitom mimarTavdnen

bolSevikebi represiebsa da sisxlisRvras. gana mizanmimarTuli

genocidi ar iyo saqarTvelosaTvis, ukmayofilebis gamomTqme-

li adamianebis cixe-dapatimrebebi, masobrivi daxvretebi, sam-

milion naxevari respublikidan 700 aTasi adamianis meore

msoflio omis (1941-1945) frontebze gawveva da sxv.

avtors, esa aqvs mxedvelobaSi, roca wers: `monografiaSi

motanili didZali sabuTebi da saarqivo dokumentebi uflebas

gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis aqti ar iyo

qveynis tipiuri okupacia, romelic miznad isaxavda sxvisi te-

ritoriis dapyrobas da misi mosaxleobis damonebas, aramed

iyo qveynis gasabWoeba, rusuli wiTeli armiis meoxebiT, ro-

melsac qveynad hyavda mxardamWeri Zalebi...~ [gv. 307].

427

avtoris azriT, SemdgomSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma da-

adastura, rom `sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi yvela cda

saqarTvelos dakarguli damoukideblobis aRsadgenad ganwi-

ruli da uperspeqtivo iyo~ [gv. 308], xolo `1991 wlis 9 ap-

rils _ qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgena ssr kavSiris ngrevis

Sedegi iyo. igi erTgvarad daaCqara damoukideblobisaTvis

mebrZoli Sida Zalebis aqtiurobam da mZlavrma erovnulma

moZraobam~ _ daaskvnis avtori.

Tanamedrove etapze, damoukideblobis SenarCunebisa da

qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebis sakiTxebze roca fiqrobs, prof.

i. Ciqavas upirveles mosagvareblad xelmZRvanel adgilebze

myofi politikuri da sameurneo kadrebis profesiuli da zne-

obrivi profili miaCnia; rom `xelisuflebaSi axalgazrdebTan

erTad unda iyvnen saRad moazrovne, gamocdili, erovnuli,

windaxeduli moRvaweebi~, magram qveynisa da sazogadoebisaT-

vis sazianod miaCnia is, rom òri aTeuli wlis manZilze, qvey-

nis saTaveSi, parlamentsa da mTavrobaSi, sakrebuloebSi, gu-

bernatorebad da gamgeblebad, mokalaTebulni arian yofili

mekuWnave-mesawyobeebi, saqmosnebi da a. S., romlebsac sxvadas-

xva gziT iSoves kapitali da axla politikaSi eZeben TavSesa-

fars... aseTma vaixelmZRvanelebma gakotrebamde miiyvanes qve-

yana da xalxi~, _ dasZens avtori.

igi gamosavals xedavs imaSi, Tu qveynis saTaveSi iqnebian _

brZeni, daRvinebuli patiosani politikosebi, sazogado moRva-

weebi da ara SemTxveviTi TviTmarqvia liderebi... rom `mxolod

da mxolod saRi azri, goniereba, samSoblos siyvaruli da er-

Tianoba gadaarCens qveyanas~ [gv. 311].

naTqvamia: `miTxari vinaa Seni megobari da getyvi vina xar

Sen~. am gamoTqmis pasuxi prof. i. Ciqavas Tavisi wignis winaT-

qmaSi aqvs gacxadebuli, roca farTo mkiTxvel sazogadoebas

Tavad auwyebs im gamoCenil mamuliSvilTa saxelebs, romlebic

misi ganuyreli megobrebi yofilan da konkretulad asaxelebs

maT: mirian narmania, gigla jvebenava, SoTa daraselia, SoTa

mesxia, damiane gogoxia, iuri kaWarava, irakli anTelava, ilia

tabaRua, Jora surmava, mixeil Rvinjilia, kolia sturua, da-

viT gvritiSvili, givi kiRuraZe, niko qorTua, beqirbi xasia,

giorgi canava, givi gvenetaZe, SoTa jRamaZe, lavrenti da So-

Tiko sotkilavebi, duru maqacaria, valodia gulordava. ara-

viTari da sxva da ase Semdeg! swored maT naTel xsovnas uZ-

428

Rvnis wlebiT damZimebuli pirovneba Tavis bolodroindel

naSroms.

gulisyurian mkiTxvels albaT arc es faqti darCeba yu-

radReba miuqceveli. wignSi araerTi pirovnebis Rvawlsa da

damsaxurebazea obieqturi msjeloba, warmoCenilia maTi `saqme-

ni sagmironi~, Tumca TiTqmis ugulvebelyofilia iseTi sazo-

gado da politikuri moRvawis saxeli, rogoric iyo generali

konstantine afxazi... istoriaSi dasarCenad SesaZloa didi

ilias diswulobac yofnoda, magram, cnobilia, rom am upira-

tesobiT mas arasdros usargeblia, rogorc saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobis gamocxadebamde, ise damoukideblobis wlebSi.

man Tavisi pirovnuli TvisebebiT da mamuliSviluri RvawliT

daimsaxura aRiareba Tavis TanamedroveTa Soris. igi rogorc

samxedro, gamoirCeoda Tavisi simamaciT da gmiruli SemarTe-

biT sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros, Rirseulad edga saTaveSi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Tavad-aznaurobas, rogorc maTi wi-

namZRoli (marSali). iyo ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos arCeuli

wevri, Tavisi qveynis da xalxis interesebis damcveli... cariz-

mis damxobis Semdeg, sxva mamuliSvilebis mxardamxar monawile-

obda yvela saerovno saqmis gadawvetaSi, iyo saqarTvelos

erovnuli yrilobis mowvevis iniciatori, mxarSi edga iv. java-

xiSvilis qarTuli universitetis daarsebis saqmeSi, iyo saqar-

Tvelos `damoukideblobis aqtis~ erT-erTi Semoqmedi, saqar-

Tvelos parlamentis wevri, ùpartioTa partiis~ damfuZnebeli

da xelmZRvaneli, saqarTvelos parlamentis samxedro komisiis

wevri, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis yrilobis erT-erTi

Tavmjdomare, mogvianebiT saqarTvelos demokratiuli partiis

Tavmjdomare. emigraciaSi ar wavida, radgan Tvlida, rom ga-

Wirvebis Jams samSoblos mitoveba uRirsi saqme iyo samxedro

pirisaTvis, miTumetes RenerlisaTvis... zneobriv Segonebad ga-

modgeba misi sityvebi: `sad gagonila Renerlebi brZolis veli-

dan garbodnen maSin, roca samSoblo gansacdelSia~-o. aq ki

Tavis 14 TanamoazresTan erTad `Cekistebis~ tyvia miiRo Sub-

lSi. igi namdvilad zneobrivi gmiri unda gaxdes momavali Tao-

bebisaTvis.

Cveni azriT, naSromi maRal profesiul donezea daweri-

li, Tumca aseT mSvenier wignSi arc Tu iSviaTad gvxvdeba da-

sanani stilisturi da koreqturuli Secdomebi...

429

amasTan erTad gvaqvs erTi seriozuli SeniSvnac: ara Tu

kargi, aramed aucilebeli iyo naSroms Tan darTvoda vrceli

reziume, romelime ucxo enaze, rac mas ramdenadme xelmisaw-

vdoms gaxdida saqarTvelos istoriiTa da qarTveli xalxis be-

diT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis, miTumetes dRevandel

saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi.

P.S. Tavs uflebas mivcemT da baton iosebs, 90 wels gada-

cilebul mxcovan mecniers, omgadaxdil jariskacs, mSromeli

xalxis samsaxurSi damaSvral sazogado moRvawes, yvelasTvis

misabaZ zrdil kolxs, vusurvoT janmrTeloba da kidev did-

xans sicocxle, raTa kidev araerTi Rirebuli naSromiT gaam-

didros qarTuli istoriuli mecniereba.

Gela Saitidze

Doctor of the Historical sciences, Professor

Avtandil Songulashvili Doctor of the Historical sciences, Professor

A Book that Should Be Red Thoroughly

Sammary

Sometimes ago readers had a pleasure to have a new, comprehensively

interesting monograph written by a well-knownprofessor, doctor of historical sciences and public figure in years Iosef Chikava. The book, Àctivities of Jordania’s Government and National Forces For Restoring Georgia (1921-1933)~, consists of preface, eight chapters and conclusion. The author in his preface mentions that there is not a single scientific work, resolutions of au-thoritative state commissions, archive materials that are in scientific circula-tion, memoires of the famous public figures about the mentioned problem where `you can find more or less various viewpoints and conclusions~. But however the authorstill decided to express `different opinions and new state-ments~ about some problems.

430

Professor I. Chikava successfully fulfills his promise and clearly for-mulates his position about the activity of forcedly exiled abroadlegal gov-ernment of the independent Georgia during the first ten years. The concrete results of the research are given in a quite big conclusion, where not only the results of the past are evaluated but are given some viewpoints that must be taken into consideration today.

Worthy of note is the author’s viewpoint when he evaluates historical facts objectively, from the point of view of science without propaganda. Of course he believes the act of announcing the independence of Georgia in May, 26, 1918 and the measures that government carried on for the benefit of the country creationwere great historical events. He believes that reoccupa-tion and annexation of the country by Bolsheviks Russia and etc. was a great tragedy. But he writes: `here we should make difference between black and white~, it means we should `realize what kind of situation was in Georgia from 1801 when Russia joined the country and what Soviet government pro-posed to the new Georgia~.

According to author’s opinion `besides intolerable, harsh repressions and other intolerable negative events Soviet government gave our people many benefits… ~

Professor I. Chikava mentions that the act of February, 25, 1921 was not a typical occupation of the country that aimed capturing territory of other countryand enslavement of the people, but it was a Sovietisation of the coun-try with the help of red army, which had supporters in the country~, that So-viet Union and its Bolshevik leaders who came to their ruling positions by coup d'étatannouncing publicly the right of nations’ self-determination obliged themselves to give nations living in the Soviet Unionsome rights and independence. Among them were Georgians. Creative and industrious Geor-gian people manage to do in those conditions the things that were unimagin-able before.

By showing the concrete facts and analyzing them professor I. Chikava gives readers interesting and special conclusions. In our opinion this is the reason of the author’s victory.

431

nodar latibaSvili

iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis

saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti

brZola saqarTveloSi pirveli

mravalpartiuli arCevnebisTvis

1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragikulma movlenam gardamtexi

roli Seasrula qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel

moZraobaSi.

9 aprilis tragedia iyo is mijna, roca mTeli qarTveli

eri ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg erTianad gamovida. saqarTve-

los komunistur xelisuflebas sabolood gautyda saxeli. sa-

qarTveloSi faqtobrivad orxelisuflebianoba damyarda.

radikalurma politikurma partiebma Seqmnes erovnu-

li xsnis komiteti. misi umTavresi mizani iyo saqarTvelos sab-

WoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gamoyvana da damoukideblobis

mopoveba, rac etapobrivad unda ganxorcielebuliyo.

amgvari moqmedeba iTvaliswinebda sabWoTa xelisuf-

lebis struqturebis TandaTanobiT gauqmebas, brZolis saSua-

lebad saprotesto mSvidobiani moZraobis (gaficvebi, mitinge-

bi, SimSiloba) gamoyenebas.

erovnuli xsnis komitetis iniciativiT, 1989 wlis oq-

tomberSi, TbilisSi, sportis sasaxlesTan, qarTveli axalgaz-

rdebis mjdomare aqcia gaimarTa. isini sabWoTa armiaSi samsa-

xurze uars acxadebdnen. xelovnebis muzeumTan, afxazeTidan

Camosuli qarTvelebic, protestis am formiT regionSi arse-

buli problemebis mogvarebas moiTxovdnen.

1989 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi erovnuli xsnis komite-

tis wevrebi ramdenjerme Sexvdnen saqarTvelos partiuli xe-

lisuflebis warmomadgenlebs sxvadasxva moTxovnebiT. isini

sazRvargareTis qveynebis politikur organizaciebTan urTi-

erTobas, saerTaSoriso forumebze daswrebis uflebas, im wve-

432

vamdelebis dausjelobas iTxovdnen, romlebic uars ambobdnen

sabWoTa armiaSi samsaxurze.

gaficulTa moTxovnebSi aseve sxva problemebis saswara-

fod gadaWris moTxovnac Sedioda: soxumSi 1989 wlis ivlisSi

momxdari sisxliani Setakebis moTaveebis dasja; afxazeTis ram-

denime raionSi sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagani jarebis nacvlad qar-

Tuli miliciis Seyvana; e.w. `samxreT oseTis“ avtonomiuri ol-

qis saxelwodebis Secvla cxinvalis olqiT; rokis gvirabis ga-

uqmeba; gardabnis, marneulis, dmanisis raionebsa da foniWala-

Si ukanonod mitacebuli miwebis dabruneba kanonier mflobel-

TaTvis; kolmeurneobebisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis daSla da

maT mier mikuTvnebuli miwebis glexobis xelSi gadacema; sae-

Tero dro televiziaSi, radioSi, alternatiuli adgili res-

publikis centralur gazeTebSi da a.S.

opoziciuri politikuri partiebis zegavleniT, 1990

wlis martSi, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo specialuri

dadgenileba, romliTac 1921 wlis TebervalSi, saqarTvelos wi-

naaRmdeg sabWoTa ruseTis samxedro moqmedeba Sefasebuli iyo,

rogorc qveynis okupacia da faqtobrivi aneqsia. imave uzenaesma

sabWom 1990 wlis martSi umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos arCev-

nebis Catarebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebac miiRo. arCevnebis mi-

marT saqarTveloSi arsebulma politikurma partiebma araer-

Tgvarovani pozicia daikaves.

1990 wlis 13-15 marts radikaluri Zalebis iniciativiT

TbilisSi, filarmoniis did darbazSi, erovnuli moZraobis sa-

gangebo konferencia _ erovnuli forumi Catarda. erovnuli

xsnis mTavarma komitetma TviTlikvidacia gamoacxada. masSi

erovnuli moZraobis yvela ZiriTadi Zala monawileobda. ker-

Zod, masSi Sediodnen: 1. helsinkis kavSiri; 2. erovnul-demok-

ratiuli partia; 3. monarqistuli partia; 4. wminda ilia mar-

Tlis sazogadoeba; 5. demokratiuli partia; 6. erovnuli da-

moukideblobis partia; 7. qristianul-demokratiuli kavSiri.

maTgan forumSi 3-3 wevri Sedioda, sul 21 wevri. axali orga-

nizaciebidan forumSi TiTo-TiTo wevri Sevida. amrigad, Tav-

dapirvelad forumSi 42 wevri Sedioda. [1, 114]

forumma boikoti gamoucxada 1990 wlis 25 martis arCev-

nebs da saerTod ukanonod scno sabWoTa sistema. erovnulma

forumma Seurigebeli pozicia daikava arsebuli xelisuflebis

433

mimarT. erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri axalgazrduli frTa

maqsimalurad upirispirdeboda sabWoTa sistemas, mis saxel-

mwifoebriv struqturebs. maTi azriT, erovnul moZraobas un-

da mieRwia saqarTvelos koloniuri mdgomareobis aRiarebi-

saTvis da daumorCielblobis gziT ebrZola dekolonizacii-

saTvis.

momavali arCevnebisadmi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis damokidebulebis gasacnobad sainteresoa 1990 wlis

12 marts saxalxo frontis mier gamoqveynebuli mimarTva. [2]

mimarTva sazogadoebas Seaxsenebda, rom saparlamento

brZola mxolod erT-erTi saSualeba iyo damoukideblobisken

mimaval gzaze da ara erTaderTi. damoukideblobisken mimaval

gzaze iseTi parlamentis gamoyeneba, rogoric saqarTvelos

hqonda, SesaZlebeli iyo. radikaluri banaki sruliad uaryof-

da sabWoTa arCevnebSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas. `sad gago-

nila, _ acxadebdnen qristian-demokratebi, _ erTpartiuli

sistemis arsebobisas WeSmaritad demokratiuli arCevnebi. am

saqmis ayola Cveni saerTo-saero saqmis dasamarebas xom ar niS-

navs? movuxmoT gonebas, mxari davuWiroT boikots!~ [3]

25 martis arCevnebis CaSla gamoiwvia radikaluri moZra-

obis imJamindelma gaerTianebam da erT Tvalsazrisze dadgo-

mam, rac misasalmebeli da nayofieri iyo.

13-15 martis konferenciam iuridiuli Zalis armqoned

gamoacxada komunisturi struqturebi da igi de-faqtod arse-

bulad miiCnia. miRebuli iqna 6-punqtiani dadgenileba: 1. sa-

qarTvelo gamocxadda okupirebul qveynad; 2. sabWoTa saqar-

Tvelo gamocxadda fiqciad; 3. sabWoTa xelisufleba aRiare-

buli iqna `danaSaulebrivad~; 4. uzenaesi sabWo aRar iyo qar-

Tveli erisa da kanonieri mosaxleobis nebis gamomxatveli iu-

ridiuli organo; 5. gamocxadda ùfarToesi samuSao~ gardama-

vali opoziciuri xelisuflebis asarCevad, romelic iqneboda

qarTveli eris nebis gamomxatveli da saerTaSoriso samarTlis

winaSe daayenebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis sa-

kiTxs; 6. am punqtSi dasturdeboda erovnuli forumis Seqmna.

sabWoTa imperiuli xelisuflebis iuridiul gauqmebas

ase afasebda irakli wereTeli: `Cveni gadawyvetileba radika-

luria, magram es aris xsnis erTaderTi gza... ra Tqma unda,

gardamaval periodSi saqarTvelos kanonier mosaxleobas gau-

434

Wirdeba, magram saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis saWiroa yve-

laferi moviTminoT.~[4]

erovnulma forumma Tavisi dagenilebiT konkretulad

ukarnaxa xalxs, ra unda gaekeTebina arCevnebis CasaSlelad.

uzenaesi sabWos deputatobis yvela kandidati `moralurad

valdebuli~ iyo moexsna sakuTari kandidatura; arCevnebis

dRes, 25 marts, yvela `patiosani adamiani~ unda gamocxadebu-

liyo saarCevno ubanze da unda amoeSala sakuTari gvari saar-

Cevno siidan, daewera gancxadeba, rom politikuri mosazrebe-

bis gamo, boikots ucxadebda sabWoTa arCevnebs, es gancxadeba

unda gaetarebina registraciaSi.

saqarTvelos amdroindeli partiuli nomenklatura da

sabWoTa xelisufleba gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tu

arCevnebi Catardeboda, advili SesaZlebeli iyo, xalxis didi

nawili, eleqtoratis naxevari mainc, ar mosuliyo da arCevnebi

CaiSleboda. amitom, maT daaswres movlenebs da 1990 wlis 20

marts moiwvies saqarTvelos ssr XI mowvevis uzenaesi sabWos

riggareSe XIV sesia. sesiam ori mniSvnelovani dadgenileba mii-

Ro: 1. arCevnebi gadaitanes oqtombrisaTvis: 2. arCevnebi gaxda

mravalpartiuli.

mravalpartiuloba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-er-

Ti umniSvnelovanesi atributia da saqarTveloSi misi damkvidre-

ba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis didi warmateba iyo.

erovnul forumSi gaerTianebulma radikalTa umravle-

sobam 1990 wlis 27 martis sxdomaze daadgina, rom qarTveli

eris da saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleobis saxeliT SeiZleba

uflebamosili iyos mxolod da mxolod sayovelTao kenWis-

yriT arCeuli opoziciuri xelmZRvaneloba. es axali demokra-

tiuli struqtura unda yofiliyo erovnuli kongresi, rome-

lic boikots gamoucxadebda yovelgvar sabWoTa struqturasa

da mis mier organizebul arCevnebs. ufro realistur pozicia-

ze aRmoCndnen erovnuli moZraobis ufrosi Taobis warmomad-

genlebi.

maT SesaZleblad miiCnies avtoritetdakarguli da xal-

xisTvis miuRebeli komunisturi sistemis pirobebSi mieRwiaT

jarSi samsaxuris boikotisTvis, an qarTveli axalgazrdebi

erovnul danayofebSi gaerTianebuliyvnen.

435

erovnuli forumis saxiT orad gaiTiSa radikalTa jgu-

fi, ramac kidev ufro mwvave da sabediswero xasiaTi SeiZina.

gaTiSvis sababi gaxda 24 aprils imelis win, erovnuli forumis

sxdomis mimdinareobisas atexili srola, romelic ,,mxedrio-

nis~ (xelmZRvaneli _ jaba ioseliani) da ,,TeTri giorgis~

(xelmZRvaneli Tengiz managaZe) razmelebs Soris gaimarTa. gi-

orgi Wanturia am incidents uSiSroebis komitetis provokaci-

ad Tvlida da miiCnevda, rom am or samxedro formirebas, rom-

lebic forumSi erTiandebodnen, araferi hqondaT dasapirispi-

rebeli. [5]

Wanturias es mosazreba SesaZloa mcdaric iyo, radgan

`mxedrions~ xels aZlevda moZraobis diskreditacia. es kargad

gamoCnda SemdegSi (daaxloebiT samnaxevari wlis Semdeg) gia

Wanturias mkvlelobaSi misi monawileobis damadasturebeli

masalebiT. [6]

Tavad es incidenti, imelis win momxdari srola Sedegi

iyo im winaaRmdegobisa, rac forumSi SeiniSneboda. dapirispi-

rebis mTavari mizezi ideur-politikuri xasiaTis iyo da cal-

keuli dasis politikur platformebs Soris gansxvavebaSi ido.

jer kidev aprilis dasawyisSi merab kostavas sazogadoebis

sxdomaze gamosulma zviad gamsxurdiam wamoayena axli gaerTi-

anebis Seqmnis idea, romelic Sedgeboda èrTi strategiis,

taqtikisa da miznmimarTulebis~ mqone partiebisagan. es sityva

da gancxadeba 17 aprils gamoqveynda àxalgazrda iverielSi~,

ramac forumSi myofi im partiebisa da organizaciebis ukmayo-

fileba gamoiwvia, romlebic ar moiazrebodnen gamsaxurdias

banakSi da momaval axal gaerTianebaSi.

amrigad, ideur-politikuri gansxvavebebi gaxda erovnuli

forumis daSlis mizezi. 24 aprilis pirvelma SeiaraRebulma da-

pirispirebam, rac kidev ufro gaRrmavda, gamoiwvia zviad gamsa-

xurdiasa da misi momxreebis gasvla forumidan, forumis gaxleC-

va-daSla. damoukideblobisaTvis brZola saqarTveloSi urTier-

TdapirispirebiT, brZoliTa da pirvelobis mopovebis surviliT

warimarTa.

436


1. dimitri SveliZe, politikuri dapirispirebebi da erov-

nuli xelisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi (1987-1992

ww.), Tbilisi, 2008.

2. saqarTvelos saxalxo frontis saarCevno mimarTva qar-

Tveli xalxisadmi, 1990, 12 marti.

3. badri maWavariani, me da gardaqmna, gazeTi `qristian-

demokrati~ 1990 wlis ianvari.

4. gazeTi `qarTuli filmi~ 1990, 21 marti.

5. g. Wanturia, ar davuSvebT koalicias!, gazeTi `qristian

-demokrati~, 1990 wlis maisi.

6. gazeTi àsaval-dasavali~, 2007, 18-24 ivnisi.

437

institutis TanamSromelTa samecniero

mivlineba SvedeTSi

2011 wlis 24-25 noembers SvedeTis dedaqalaq stokholmSi

da sauniversiteto qalaq ufsalaSi (stokholmidan Crdiloe-

TiT 70 km-ze) Catarda samecniero konferencia, romelic mieZ-

Rvna Svedur-qarTul urTierTobebs XI s-Si.

konferencia SvedeTSi saqarTvelos saelCos egidiT Catar-

da. mis organizebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis piradad saqarTve-

los elCs SvedeTSi, konstantine qavTaraZes.

konferenciis muSaobaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo Tsu

iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis direq-

torma, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma vaJa ki-

knaZem; aseve, institutis Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istori-

isa da wyaroTmcodneobis ganyofilebis ufrosma mecnier-Ta-

namSromelma, istoriis doqtorma giorgi WeiSvilma.

institutis direqtorma konferenciaze ori moxseneba wa-

radgina: `saga ingvar mogzauris Sesaxeb da qarTuli wyaro

(`matiane qarTlisa~)~ da `bagrat IV, liparit baRvaSi da varan-

gebi anu vikingebi saqarTveloSi~.

sainteresoa, rom konferenciis erT-erTi sxdoma Catarda

stokholmis erovnul istoriul muzeumSi (e.w. `vikingebis mu-

zeumSi~). muzeumis darbazSi SvedeTis 50-mde wamyvani mecnieri

iyo warmodgenili. vaJa kiknaZisa da giorgi WeiSvilis moxsene-

bebma didi interesi gamoiwvia. konferencias ganumeorebeli

elferi SesZina batoni kote qavTaraZis mier gamarTulma pre-

zentaciam da miRebam. miReba gaimarTa vikingebis muzeumis oq-

ros fondSi, sadac Cveulebriv, arc foto da arc kino gadaRe-

ba ar SeiZleba da mnaxvelTa vizitis droc mkacrad gansaz-

Rvrulia. qarTvelebisaTvis oqros fondSi gamonaklisi daiSva

da miRebam saRamos 5 sT-dan 11 sT-mde gastana.

Svedi kolegebisaTvis namdvili aRmoCena iyo oqros fondSi

gamarTul prezentaciaze warmodgenili qarTuli samzareulos

delikatesebi da qarTuli Rvino, aseve, saCuqrad mirTmeuli

svanuri qudebi. prezentacias eswrebodnen qarTveli maspin-

Zlebi SvedeTSi saqarTvelos saelCos warmomadgenlebi, qar-

438

Tveli mecnierebi, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis kulturi-

sa da turizmis departamentis TanamSromlebi, romlebic swo-

red am dros ewvivnen stokholms da Svedi mecnierebi. ovaluri

darbazis centrSi mdebare auzi savse iyo saqarTvelodan Camo-

suli turistebis mier wyalSi Cayrili aseulobiT monetiT.

konferenciaze daisaxa Svedur-qarTuli samecniero urTi-

erTobebis gagrZelebis perspeqtivebi. 2012 wlis gazafxulze,

sapasuxo vizitiT, Tbiliss ewveva Sved mecnierTa jgufi pro-

fesor gunila larsonis xelmZRvanelobiT. zafxulisaTvis ki,

svaraudod, daiwyeba dazverviTi arqeologiuri samuSaoebi sa-

qarTvelos im regionebSi, romelTac XI s-Si vikingebi estum-

rnen.

439

profesor niko javaxiSvilis

samecniero mivlineba poloneTSi

2011 wlis 7-27 seqtembers poloneTis respublikaSi samec-

niero mivlinebiT imyofeboda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecniereba-

Ta fakultetis profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofi-

lebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli, istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori niko javaxiSvili. igi miwveuli iyo am qveyanaSi gamar-

Tul or saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaSi monawileo-

bis misaRebad.

9-11 seqtembers, varmia-mazuris savoevodos administra-

ciuli centris _ qalaq olStinis saxelmwifo universitetis

organizebiT, q. ramsovoSi gaimarTa saerTaSoriso samecniero

konferencia Temaze: `poloneli da msoflios samarTalmcod-

neebi~. masSi monawileobdnen rogorc poloneTis calkeuli sa-

mecniero-saswavlo dawesebulebebis warmomadgenlebi, aseve

ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebidan Casuli mecnierebi.

konferenciis pirvel samuSao dRes, n. javaxiSvilma wai-

kiTxa ori moxseneba Semdeg Temebze:

1) `qarTuli samefo taxtis memkvidre ufliswuli daviT

bagrationi (1767-1819), rogorc sjulmdebeli~;

2) ùfliswuli ioane bagrationi (1768-1830) _ sjulmdebe-

li da avtori qarTuli saxelmwifo jildoebis proeqtisa~.

22-25 seqtembers, lublinis savoevodos administraciuli

centris _ qalaq lublinis maria kiuri-sklodovskaias saxelo-

bis saxelmwifo universitetis organizebiT, q. kazimeJ-dolni-

Si gaimarTa saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia Temaze:

`poloneTi da polonelebi _ ucxoelTa TvaliT. ucxoelebi _

polonelTa TvaliT~. samecniero konferenciaSi monawileob-

dnen rogorc poloneTis samecniero-saswavlo dawesebulebe-

bis warmomadgenlebi, aseve sazRvargareTis qveynebidan miwveu-

li mkvlevarebi.

konferenciis gaxsnis dRes, n. javaxiSvilma waikiTxa mox-

seneba Temaze: `poloneTi da polonelebi gamoCenil qarTvel

moRvaweTa TvaliT (XX saukunis ocian wlebamde)~.

440

zemoxsenebul konferenciebSi monawileobis miRebis gar-

da, n. javaxiSvilma qalaq gdanskis saxelmwifo universitetSi

waikiTxa leqciaTa mokle kursi Temaze: `qarTul-polonuri

urTierTobis istoriidan~ (12-27 seqtembers).

niko javaxiSvilis gamosvla samecniero konferenciis gaxsnaze

marcxniv — konferenciis organizatori, profesori lex dubeli

(22 seqtemberi, 2011 weli, qalaqi kazimeJ-dolni)

441

2007-2011 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebis bibliografia

2007, #1

vaJa kiknaZe, axali saarqivo masala vaJa-fSavelas ojaxuri biogra-

fiisaTvis (pavle razikaSvili)

gela saiTiZe, Salva amirejibi _ gazeT `saqarTvelos~ publicisti

mzia tyavaSvili, ruseTis samxedro eqspedicia osebis winaaRmdeg da

osTa saqarTveloSi migraciis zogierTi sakiTxi

mzia tyavaSvili, kavkasiis omisa da muhajirobis zogierTi sakiTxi

dodo WumburiZe, dimitri nazariSvili

SoTa vadaWkoria, ruseTis demokratiul-federaciul

saxelmwifod mowyobis idea qarTul politikur azrovnebaSi (1917

weli)

niko javaxiSvili, espaneTis samoqalaqo omi da saqarTvelo (1936-

1939 ww.)

aleqsandre oTaraSvili, qarTuli mefrinveleobis produqtebis

eqsporti XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi

Tengiz simaSvili, òxrankis~ `saidumlo TanamSromlebi~ _ agente-

bi 1905-1907 wlebSi

nunu miqelaZe, sazogadoebriv-politikuri sakiTxebi gazeT àmi-

ranSi~

asmaT jiqia, ramdenime dakvirveba sulxan-saba orbelianis "samoT-

xis karze~

merab kalandaZe, konstantine gamsaxurdias novela „napoleoni“

lela saraliZe, safrangeTis roli Tanamedrove msoflioSi da sa-

qarTvelo

Sorena murusiZe, somxeT-azerbaijanis teritoriuli

pretenziebi baTumis olqze (1919-1920)

manana darCaSvili, 1991 wlis 9 aprili _saqarTvelos saxelmwifo-

ebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena

avTandil sonRulaSvili, religiuri seqtebis istoriidan saqar-

TveloSi

eldar bubulaSvili, rusi egzarqosebis moRvaweobis

istoriidan (XIX s-s I naxevari)

xaTuna qoqraSvili, qarTuli saeklesio istoriografiis ZiriTadi

tendenciebi (XIX s-is bolo _ XX s-is dasawyisi)

irine arabiZe, axali wyaroebi saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtokefaliis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT (1920 w.)

caca CxartiSvili, saeklesio presis istoriidan; Jurnali `jvari

vazisa~ (1978 # 1, 2)

442

gia gelaSvili, XIX saukunis 10-30-iani wlebis britaneli

mogzaurebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (mokle mimoxilva)

mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili, metrologiur erTeulTa

sistema XIX s. pirveli naxevris saqarTveloSi Jak fransua gambas ma-

salebis mixedviT

giorgi gociriZe, tradiciuli qarTuli sufris kulturul-isto-

riuli paradigmebi

akaki maTiaSvili, gela saiTiZis naSromi _ qarTuli politikuri

azris istoriidan

2007, #2 gela saiTiZe, ilia WavWavaZe ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi

vaJa kiknaZe, ilia WavWavaZe da me-19 saukunis samRvdeloeba

avTandil sonRulaSvili, istoria _ yalbi da WeSmariti

mzia tyavaSvili, kazakTa yofa-cxovreba Crdilo kavkasiaSi da maTi

gadasaxlebis sistema

dodo WumburiZe, kita abaSiZe (moRvaweobisa da sazogadoebriv-po-

litikuri azrovnebis zogierTi aspeqtis SefasebisaTvis)

vaJa CoCia inglisis politika da antantis Seqmna(1904 - 1907)

niko javaxiSvili, ruseTis ukanaskneli imperatori da qarTvelebi

lela saraliZe, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-1921 w.w.) da

oseTis sakiTxi

Sorena murusiZe, baTumis olqis sakiTxi saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politikaSi (1918-1920 ww.)

nugzar zosiZe, irakli manveliZe, saqarTvelo 1921 wlis Teber-

val-martSi

SoTa vadaWkoria, "damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis"

sakiTxi da qarTuli politikuri azri 1991- 1994 wlebSi

xaTuna qoqraSvili, samxreT saqarTvelodan 1944 wels gasaxlebuli

mosaxleoba da samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidrTa koleqtiuri mexsiereba

eldar bubulaSvili, òseTis sasuliero komisiis~

moRvaweobis istoriidan

irine arabiZe, amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis (òzako-

mi~) wvlili saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalur uflebaTa ganxor-

cielebis saqmeSi (droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomis oqmebis mixed-

viT)

443

caca CxartiSvili, qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia saqarTve-

los erTianobisaTvis brZolaSi

leila mWedliSvili-nakudaiZe, duxoborebis istoriidan amerika-

Si

Tengiz simaSvili, Teimuraz vaxtangiSvili, radikaluri islamuri

mimdinareoba vahabizmi da saqarTvelo

gia gelaSvili, germaneli mogzaurebi saqarTveloSi ( XVIII - XIX s.s.)

mzia mgalobliSvili , lela miqiaSvili, Jak fransua gamba vaWro-

bis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb XIX s. pirve-

li naxevris saqarTveloSi (Tbilisis strategiuli adgilmdebareo-

bis analizi)

daviT javaxiSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis mefeTa ojaxebi da

maTi Tanamedrove STamomavlebi

anzor saxvaZe, imigraciuli politikis samarTlebrivi

safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg

voicex materski, recenzia profesor niko javaxiSvilis wignze: „Грузины под российским флагом“

merab kalandaZe, mark blokis wigni „feodaluri sazogadoeba“

merab kalandaZe, kote anTaZis gaxseneba

2008, # 1(3)

avTandil sonRulaSvili, vin aris erovnuli umciresoba?

mzia tyavaSvili, ruseTis samxedro eqspedicia òseTis vilaieT

dvaleTSi~ (1821 weli)

niko javaxiSvili, qarTul-finuri urTierTobis istoriidan

Ggela saiTiZe, XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis qarTuli erovnul-demok-

ratiuli presa da Jurnali `niSaduri~ (1907-1908)

dodo WumburiZe, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

ideologiuri safuZvlebi XX saukunis saqarTveloSi

giorgi gociriZe, ilia WavWavaZe afrikis koloniuri dayofis Se-

saxeb

oTar gogoliSvili, presis roli socialuri da erovnuli moZrao-

bis gaaqtiurebis saqmeSi (baTumis olqi, 1911-1913 ww.)

Teimuraz vaxtangiSvili, iakob gogebaSvilis EerTi statiis gamo

(`didi varamis Sesaxeb~)

Tengiz simaSvili, social-demokrati — bolSeviki teroristebi

ilias mkvlelobis Semsruleblebi

444

lela saraliZe, dasavlur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebi da qarTu-

li emigracia

niko javaxiSvili, qarTvelTa qorwinebani romanovTa dinastiis

warmomadgenlebze

madona qebaZe, iuzef pilsudski _ poloneli xalxis saxelovani

Svili

merab kalandaZe, ruseTis istoriis periodizacia

Кикнадзе В. И., Проблемы становления гражданского общества в современной Грузии Tengiz grigolia, evrokavSiris konstitucia _ utopia Tu realoba

SoTa vadaWkoria, ruseTis sajariso SenaerTebis saqarTvelodan

gayvanis sakiTxi da qarTuli sinamdvile (1918-2006 ww.)

jemal arixovi, saqarTvelo-azerbaijans Soris urTierTobis zogi-

erTi aspeqtebi (1990-2007 wlebSi)

eldar bubulaSvili, `kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobis

aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~ moRvaweobis istoriidan

xaTuna qoqraSvili, kaTolikos-patriarqis kirion II-is erovnuli

da sazogadoebrivi pozicia

caca CxartiSvili, qarTuli marTlmadidebluri presa (`Sinauri

saqmeebi~, `ganTiadi~)

sofio andRulaZe, svaneTis mecnieruli Seswavlis sakiTxisaTvis

dekanoz polievqtos karbelaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi

irina arabiZe, saqarTvelos saeklesio saqmeTa gadamwyveti komisris

profesor beneSeviCis moRvaweoba da saqarTvelos eklesiis avtoke-

faliis sakiTxi (1917 w.)

gia gelaSvili, gotfrid mercbaxeri saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleo-

bis Sesaxeb

gia gelaSvili, sami inglisuri dokumenti saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

nino RambaSiZe, èna, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~ dmanisis raionis azerbai-

janeli mosaxleobis cxovrebaSi

daviT javaxiSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis ufliswulTa saqorwino asaki

daviT javaxiSvili, kaxeTis batoniSvilTa meuRleebi

aleqsandre bendianiSvili, sayuradRebo naSromi bolo bagratova-

ni xelmwifis Sesaxeb

445

2008, # 2(4)

niko javaxiSvili, diplomatiuri etiketi da nadimis tradiciebi

qarTul samefo karze (XVI—XVIII saukuneebi)

niko javaxiSvili, leCxumis sardal-mouravebi, (XVIII saukunis mi-

wuruli — XIX saukunis dasawyisi)

dodo WumburiZe, saingilo (istoria da Tanamedroveoba)

Mmzia tyavaSvili, osebis 1810-11 wlebis ajanyeba leon

batoniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT

ediSer narimaniZe, qarTvel mahmadianTa ajanyeba da samcxe-javaxe-

Ti (1917 w. noemberi-1918 w. ivnisi)

SoTa vadaWkoria, brestis sazavo xelSekruleba da qarTuli poli-

tikuri azri 1918 wels

dodo onikaZe, `samuslimano saqarTvelos~ sakiTxisaTvis 1918-1921

wlebSi

malxaz cirekiZe, `dahyav da ibatones~ dampyrobluri doqtrina moq-

medebaSi (zaqaTalis olqis magaliTze)

dodo WumburiZe, mixeil javaxiSvilis erTi werili

saqarTvelos sazRvrebis Sesaxeb

caca CxartiSvili, poloneT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis

zogierTi sakiTxi

vaxtang feraZe, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan

naTela jorjikia, epizodebi saqarTvelos avtonomiebis

istoriidan (1938-1952 ww. )

lela saraliZe, cxinvalis regionis istoriidan (1990-1991 ww.)

gela saiTiZe, universitetis daarsebis istoriisTvis

zaur gumaSvili, CeCneTi 1816-1819 wlebSi

vaJa CoCia, inglisis politika saraevos mkvlelobis Semdeg

vasil kaWarava, civi omi, prezidenti eizenhaueri da

rasizmi 1950-iani wlebis amerikaSi

vasil kaWarava, Dduaiet eizenhaueri da 1956 wlis ajanyeba ungreTSi

ediSer gvenetaZe, iranis islamuri revolucia da msoflio

maia amirgulaSvili, gvWirdeba Tu ara ideologia

avTandil sonRulaSvili, somxuri eklesiis pretenziebi saqarTve-

loSi

eldar bubulaSvili, egzarqosobis periodSi arsebuli sasuliero

saswavleblebi (zogadi daxasiaTeba)

446

sofio andRulaZe, saero da sasuliero ganaTlebis sinTezis sakiT-

xi episkopos stefane bodbelis (vasil karbelaSvili) SemoqmedebaSi

oTar gogoliSvili, CexeTis 1618 wlis ajanyebis saistorio wyaroe-

bisa da literaturis mimoxilva

xaTuna qoqraSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis problematika kaToli-

kos-patriarqis kirion II-is naazrevSi

Sorena murusiZe, qarTuli emigraciis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebe-

li moZraobis kvlevis problemebi

merab kalandaZe, profesori varlam donaZe

lela miqiaSvili, ioane qarTveliSvilis “memuarebis~ mniSvneloba

qarTul istoriografiaSi

daviT CoCiSvili, iehuda Cornis mogzauroba dasavleT saqarTveloSi

gia gelaSvili, ingliseli Jurnalisti henri nevinsoni saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb (1906 )

daviT javaxiSvili, qarTvel mefeTa meuRleebi (bagrationTa dinas-

tiis kaxeTis Sto)

daviT javaxiSvili, qarTvel mefeTa Svilebis raodenoba (bagrati-

onTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto)

mixeil qavTaraZis mosagonari

2009, # 1(5)

niko javaxiSvili, qarTul-latviuri urTierTobis istoriidan

nunu miqelaZe, ganaTlebis sakiTxi gazeT ìsarSi~

aleqsandre mosiaSvili, gazeTSi `xma kaxeTisa~ gamoqveynebuli pub-

likaciebis avtorTa biografiisaTvis

Maleqsandre mosiaSvili, gazeTi `xma kaxeTisa~ TergdaleulTa

TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebis Sesaxeb

SoTa vadaWkoria, trapizonis sazavo konferencia da qarTuli po-

litikuri azri 1918 wels

oTar gogoliSvili, axali saarqivo masalebi baTumis wyalmomarage-

bisa da saeklesio mSeneblobis Sesaxeb XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi

dali zeragia, erovnuli problemis Salva nucubiZiseuli xedva

maka SavguliZe, Telavis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli mu-

zeumis istoria da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

dodo WumburiZe, ùCinari, magram diadi~ — aleqsandre garsevaniS-

vili (1864-1936)

447

caca CxartiSvili, ioseb CijavaZis biografiis zogierTi sakiTxi

igor kveselava, stalinizmi, stalinis pirovnul-politikuri Stri-

xebi

niko javaxiSvili, qarTuli legionis bonebi (1916-1917 ww.)

mzia tyavaSvili, qarTuli diaspora da 1917 wlis revoluciuri

procesebi ruseTis imperiaSi (presis masalebis mixedviT)

lela saraliZe, saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobis moRvaweobis

istoriidan (1921-1922 ww.)

rusudan dauSvili, qarTuli emigraciis kavkasiuri politika (1920-

1930-ian wlebi)

jemal gaxokiZe, ruseT-saqarTvelos omis politikuri faqtorebi

vaJa SubiTiZe, rezo ruxaZe, saqarTvelos politikuri orientacia

Tengiz grigolia, maia amirgulaSvili, saqarTvelos integraciis

mimzidveli da risk-faqtorebi bisekisa da suamis farglebSi

maia amirgulaSvili, globalizacia da saqarTvelos samomavlo

ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

ediSer gvenetaZe, balkaneTis krizisidan — kosovos damoukideblo-

bamde

suliko grigalaSvili, arqtika - axali geopolitikuri arena

avTandil sonRulaSvili, qarTveli ebraelebis religia da yofa-

cxovreba

qeTevan pavliaSvili, qarTuli marTlmadideblobis denacionali-

zaciis procesi da rusuli bizantizmis Sedegebi saqarTvelos mar-

Tlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi (XIX-XXs-is dasawyisi)

eldar bubulaSvili, imereTis eparqia egzarqosobis periodSi

irina arabiZe, misioneri ignatevi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefa-

liis Sesaxeb

sofio andRulaZe, sruliad saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadi-

debeli eklesiis meoTxe kreba (1927 wlis 21-27 ivnisi) da episkoposi

stefane bodbeli (vasil karbelaSvili)

mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili, Jak fransua gamba War-be-

laqneli lekebisa da ingiloebis Sesaxeb

gia gelaSvili, haqsthauzenis cnobebi osebis Sesaxeb

goCa saiTiZe, axali masalebi wminda mRvdelmowame arqimandrit gri-

gol feraZis cxovreba-moRvaweobis istoriidan

daviT javaxiSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis ufliswulTa STamomavloba

(XVIII-XXI saukuneebi)

448

gela saiTiZe, mniSvnelovani Rirebulebis wigni

joni kviciani, salome baxia-oqruaSvili, istoriis gakveTilebi

(dakvirveba zaur margievis wignze `Батум во времена Османской империи~, baTumi, 2008 w.)

Tamar anTaZe, merab kalandaZe, nodar kikvaZe — enciklopediurad

ganaTlebuli pirovneba

2009, # 2(6)

avTandil sonRulaSvili, 9 aprilis tragediis politikuri Sefase-

bisaTvis

caca CxartiSvili, 9 aprilis lebediseuli xedva

niko javaxiSvili, oTxi etiudi baltiis qveynebTan saqarTvelos

urTierTobis istoriidan

niko javaxiSvili, Tavad afxazTa sagvareulos istoriisaTvis

apolon TabuaSvili, saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis Sekrebis organize-

bis sakiTxisaTvis XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi

dodo WumburiZe, `Tanamedroveobis yvelaze didi mecnieri~ da `sa-

qarTvelos lomonosovi~ — vasil petriaSvili (1845-1908)

SoTa vadaWkoria, osebis 1918 wlis ajanyebebis Taviseburebebi da

osi separatistebis ganiaraRebis mcdelobis asaxva qarTul politi-

kur azrovnebaSi

nato sonRulaSvili, qarTuli erTobis homogenizaciis procesi da

misi asaxva XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis

beWdur mediaSi

lela saraliZe, saqarTveloSi euTos misiis moRvaweobis istorii-

dan

Sorena murusiZe, erekle SveliZe, `qarTvel mxedarTa darazmulo-

bis~ istoriidan

vasil kaWarava, makartizmis SuqCrdilebi 1950-iani wlebis amerikaSi

Tengiz simaSvili, rusuli specsamsaxurebis istoriidan

vasil kaWarava, 1954 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialeba gvatemalaSi da

centraluri sadazvervo saagento

Tornike SurRulaia, aSS-is sagareo dazvervis strategia

449

zurab kvetenaZe, ruseTis roli da adgili globalur geopolitika-

Si

korneli kakaCia, amerikuli diplomatiis àxali toni~ da saqarTve-

lo

vaxtang rCeuliSvili, saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri funqciebis

Sesaxeb

suliko grigalaSvili, globaluri ekonomikuri krizisi da avtok-

ratiis momavali

qeTi jijeiSvili, Sio sanaZe, giorgi CxikviSvili, sabediswero po-

litikuri paralelebi

eldar bubulaSvili , saingilos qristiani mosaxleoba XX saukunis

20-40-ian wlebSi

mzia tyavaSvili, qsnis erisTavebis mamulebis sakiTxi dosiTeos fi-

cxelauris òseTis sasuliero komisiis~ proeqtSi

gela saiTiZe, `suli dasdves cxovarTa TvisTaTvis...~ (axalmowameTa

xsovnisaTvis)

irina arabiZe, ivane javaxiSvilis Rvawli saqarTvelos eklesiis av-

tokefalur uflebaTa ganxorcielebis saqmeSi (1917 w.)

qeTevan pavliaSvili, sabWoTa imperiis saeklesio politika maxlo-

bel aRmosavleTSi XX s-is 20-60-ian wlebSi (`stalinis proeqti~ da e.

w. `forToxlis garigeba~)

merab kalandaZe, istoria, istoriografia, istoriis filosofia,

meTodologia

xaTuna qoqraSvili, `qalTa Aistoria~ da genderuli kvlevebi sais-

torio mecnierebaSi

mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili, XIX s. 30-iani wlebis raWa

frederik diubua de monperes `mogzaurobis~ mixedviT

gia gelaSvili, ramdenime werili oliver uordropis koleqciidan

gia gelaSvili, bolSevikebis SeWra saqarTveloSi

maka SavguliZe, aleqsandre WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumis istoria da mi-

si ganviTarebis persperqtivebi

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis delegaciis

monawileoba polonel istorikosTa XVIII saerTo-erovnul yriloba-

Si

profesor niko javaxiSvilis mivlineba latviaSi

450

2010, # 1(7)

gela saiTiZe, platon ioseliani — redaqtori, publicisti

(dabadebis 200 wlis gamo)

xaTuna qoqraSvili, Pplaton ioseliani — saeklesio istoriis mkvle-

vari (zogadi mimoxilva)

dodo WumburiZe, rusuli kolonizacia afxazeTSi da dasaxleba

parnauTi

caca CxartiSvili, afxazeTis Teatraluri cxovreba XIX saukunis

80-90-ian wlebSi da istoriuli mexsiereba

oTar gogoliSvili, aWara ucxoeli istorikosis TvaliT (XIX s-is

80-iani wlebi)

ilia vadaWkoria, gazeTi ìveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa

da gamoqveynebuli mecnieruli literaturis Sesaxeb (1886-1889 ww.)

qeTevan mania, qarTuli nacionaluri identobis wrTobis

procesi ìveriis~ (1887) mixedviT

nato sonRulaSvili , identobrivi avtonomiurobis ideali: Tavi-

suflebis idea da misi kultivacia beWduri mediis saSualebiT XX sa-

ukunis 10-iani wlebis qarTul erTobaSi

irina arabiZe, damatebiTi cnobebi eqvTime TayaiSvilis

1917 wlis eqspediciasTan dakavSirebiT

lela saraliZe, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis

istoriidan (1917-1922 ww.)

SoTa vadaWkoria, Sida qarTlis mTis osebis sagadasaxlebo politi-

ka da qarTuli politikuri azri (XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi)

nugzar zosiZe, baTumis olqi 1920 wlis pirvel naxevarSi

nino RambaSiZe, vaxtang RambaSiZe — cxovreba da moRvaweoba

Tamar TamaraSvili, ganaTlebis istoriidan saqarTveloSi (Telavis

pedagogiuri teqnikumi (1924-1939))

niko javaxiSvili, qarTvelTa kvali baltiispireTSi (XVII saukunis

miwurulidan — XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde)

giorgi beJitaSvili, poloneTSi qarTuli samxedro emigraciis is-

toriis zogierTi aspeqti

avTandil sonRulaSvili, saqarTvelos urTierToba dasavleT ev-

ropasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan XX saukunis pirvel meoT-

xedSi

nodar xorbalaZe, saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis is-

toriidan

malxaz makaraZe, damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo da ruseTis

agresiuli politika

sofiko davlaSeriZe, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena da

aSS-is politika postsabWour sivrceze

451

korneli kakaCia, aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli TanamSromlobis

qartia: icavs Tu ara is saqarTvelos usafrTxoebas?

mzia tyavaSvili, SotlandielTa axalSenis istoriidan Crdilo kav-

kasiaSi (XIX saukunis dasawyisi)

Tamar anTaZe, Uuiliam III oraneli

vasil kaWarava, 1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi

vasil kaWarava, politikuri partiebis ideologia da platformebi

aSS-is 1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi

Tengiz grigolia, ruseTi da irani axlo aRmosavleTis regionalur

geopolitikaSi

Tornike SurRulaia, aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagento

(`Savi oTaxi~)

maia amirgulaSvili, globalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi

Teimuraz dalaqiSvili, xaTuna TodaZe, daviT mamulaiSvili, tra-

diciuli kavkasiuri sabrZolo iaraRis

warmoebis istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva

(ZiriTadi tipebi da saxeebi)

eldar bubulaSvili, ucnobi masalebi sasuliero ganaTlebis Sesa-

xeb XX s-is 20-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi

sofio andRulaZe, qarTveli samRvdeloeba sabWoTa totalitaru-

li reJimis damyarebis periodSi da episkoposi stefane bodbeli (va-

sil karbelaSvili)

merab kalandaZe, dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebi

XX saukunis qarTul istoriografiaSi

niko javaxiSvili, toponim `Tbilisis~ istoriisaTvis

xaTuna qoqraSvili, òseTis sasuliero komisiis~ arqimandriti ni-

kifore Sida qarTlSi osebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb (1817-1818 ww.)

mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili, masalebi XIX s. 30-iani wle-

bis afxazeTis samTavros istoriidan (frederik diubua de monperes

`mogzaurobis~ mixedviT)

gia gelaSvili, sami dokumenti saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

452

irakli faRava, Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti, nominalTa

sistema da moWris teqnika (avSarianTa dinastiis periodi)

zurab kvetenaZe, saWiroa Tu ara saqarTvelos istoriis `xelaxla

dawera~

niko javaxiSvili, soliduri samecniero wigni

dodo WumburiZe, aleqsandre bendianiSvili

2010, # 2(8)

vaxtang sonRulaSvili, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos centraluri xe-

lisuflebis organizacia XVIII saukuneSi (mefe)

ilia vadaWkoria, feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri da socia-

luri istoriis sakiTxebi gazeT ìveria~-s mixedviT (1886-1889 ww.)

oTar gogoliSvili, sazogadoebrivi moZraoba da politikuri viTa-

reba baTumis

olqSi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi

dodo WumburiZe, rusuli dasaxlebebi afxazeTSi XIX saukunis bo-

los da XX saukunis dasawyisSi

nugzar zosiZe, kidev erTxel trapizonis sazavo konferenciis Sesa-

xeb

SoTa vadaWkoria, Sida qarTlis mTis osebis `damoukideblobis~ sa-

kiTxi

da qarTuli politikuri azri (1918-1920 ww.)

eldar bubulaSvili , rafiel ivanicki-ingilos biografiisaTvis

gela saiTiZe, poloneTis sakiTxi gazeT ìveriaSi~

niko javaxiSvili, qarTul-baltiuri urTierTobis istoriidan (XIX

saukunis dasawyisidan _ XX saukunis dasawyisamde)

niko javaxiSvili, qarTul-baltiuri urTierToba emigraciaSi. bal-

tiis qveynebi qarTvel emigrantTa TvalsawierSi (1921-1991 ww.)

rusudan dauSvili, qarTvel emigrantTa politikuri saqmianoba

amerikaSi XX saukunis 20-50-ian wlebSi

Sorena murusiZe, `bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli amerikuli ko-

miteti~

453

gia gelaSvili, d. RambaSiZe, kavkasia (misi xalxi, istoria ekonomika

da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba) (londoni, 1918)

mzia tyavaSvili, UdaRestnelTa muhajiroba XIX saukunis 60-ian wleb-

Si

ediSer gvenetaZe, Uisraelis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis istoriidan

vasil kaWarava, kubis revolucia da eizenhaueris administracia

Tornike SurRulaia, didi britaneTis specsamsaxurebi

avTandil sonRulaSvili, adamianis uflebebi _ istoriuli `Stri-

xebi~

lela saraliZe, evrokavSiri da saqarTvelo (konfliqtebis mogva-

rebis

evropuli gza)

gela caava, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi: ruseTis faqtori

afxazeTis konfliqtTan mimarTebaSi

zurab kvetenaZe, ruseTis sagareo politika da natos aRmosavle-

TiT gafarToebis sakiTxi

maia amirgulaSvili, religiebis roli Tanamedrove globalizebul

politikur sivrceSi

giorgi kokoSaSvili, isari rogorc sasruli iaraRi saqarTveloSi

xaTuna qoqraSvili, ruseTis saeklesio-administraciuli da reli-

giuri politikis istoriidan Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi (XIX s-is 10-20-

iani wlebi)

irina arabiZe, saqarTvelos sakaTolikosos rusuli marTlmadide-

beli samrevloebis mmarTveloba (XX s. 20-30-iani wlebi)

caca CxartiSvili, baTumi-lazeTis eparqiis istoriidan

merab kalandaZe, istoriuli mecnierebis istoria

mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili, frederik diubua de monpe-

res koncefcia qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesxeb

irakli faRava, avSarianTa dinastiis safase kavkasiis fulad mimoq-

cevaSi

eldar bubulaSvili, `saintereso naSromi~

454

mzia tyavaSvili, Urecenzia m. m. blievisa da s. s. bzarovis wignze

badri cxadaZe, JamTaaRmwerlis àswlovani matianis~ erTi adgilis

gagebisaTvis

profesor niko javaxiSvilis samecniero mivlineba latviaSi

niko javaxiSvili, mixeil qurdianis mosagonari

2011, # 1(9)

oTar gogoliSvili, guram xajiSvili, karlo CxeiZe baTumSi (1885-

1906 ww.)

SoTa vadaWkoria, Sida qarTlis mTis osebis 1920 wlis ajanyeba da

qarTuli politikuri azri

niko javaxiSvili, qarTveli generlebi baltiispireTSi (XVIII sauku-

nis miwurulidan — XX saukunis ocian wlebamde)

juli bankanaSvili, aleqsandre nikuraZe — evropul-qarTuli ur-

TierToebebisa da paralelebis Sesaxeb

lela saraliZe, qarTuli antisabWoTa emigraciis moRvaweobis isto-

riidan (XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebi)

nino uCava, qarTveli emigrantebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

gela saiTiZe, goCa saiTiZe, `kavkasiis pirveli yovelmxrivi mecnie-

ri-mkvlevari~ (gustav rades dabadebis 180 wlisTavis gamo)

mzia tyavaSvili,erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi da migraciuli

procesebi Crdilo kavkasiaSi 1917 wels (qarTuli presis mixedviT)

zurab kvetenaZe, iyo Tu ara gardauvali ganxeTqileba mokavSireebs

Soris meore msoflio omis Semdeg

marika mamforia, baskuri separatizmis problema XXI saukuneSi

avTandil sonRulaSvili, politikuri lideris imiji

gela caava, konfliqti afxazeTSi da saqarTvelo-ruseTis

urTierTobebis aspeqtebi

455

Tamar darCia, ronald reiganis politikuri portreti

Tornike SurRulaia, Zalis diplomatia amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-

tebis sagareo politikis arsenalSi

dodo WumburiZe, rusuli armiis generali ivane andronikaSvili

(1798-1868)

ediSer gvenetaZe, anzor siWinava, dRevandeli vanis raionis teri-

toriaze mdebare eklesia-monastrebis da samrevlo skolebis isto-

riidan (XX s-is 20-ian wlamde)

caca CxartiSvili, afxazeTis ganaTlebis zogierTi sakiTxi 1900-

1913 wlebSi (presis masalebis mixedviT)

Tamar TamaraSvili, ganaTlebis istoriidan TelavSi — XX saukunis

20-ian wlebSi (vaJTa gimnazia da somxuri Sereuli gimnazia)

eka buxraSvili, gazeTi `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~ Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis daarsebis Sesaxeb

maka SavguliZe, kaxeTis regionis muzeumebis problemebi da maTi

ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

irina arabiZe, `ganaTlebis moZraoba~ ruseTis eklesiaSi XX sauku-

nis

20-ian wlebSi (broSuris `Что такое обновленчество~ mixedviT)

merab kalandaZe, saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis

istoriografiis Seswavla

gia gelaSvili , iohan kolis cnobebi osebis Sesaxeb

gia gelaSvili, varlam CerqeziSvilis ramdenime werili oliver

uordropisadmi

GgoCa saiTiZe, Sorena murusiZe, axali dokumentebi qarTuli poli-

tikuri emigraciis istoriidan (XX saukunis 50-iani wlebi)

dodo WumburiZe, qarTul-baltiuri aTaswlovani urTierTobis ma-

tiane

badri cxadaZe, ucxoeli avtorebi somxur-Turquli genocidis Sesaxeb

igor kveselava, saxelmwifo gadatrialebis peripetiebi aRmosav-

leT

saqarTveloSi (XIX saukunis dasawyisi)

malxaz sioriZe (1957-2011)

456


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Istoriis Krebuli #2 10 2011Zalauflebis fsiqologia Qeti Jijeishvili, Giorgi Chkhikvishvili Psychology...

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