IT Infastructure

Introduction to IT InfrastructureCITM-301

Week-1

Khalil A. Abuosba, Ph.D.

Winter 2012

Ryerson University

Part-1: Introduction/Essential ConceptsPart-2: The Internet

Lecture OutlinePart-1: Essential Concepts

1.1 – Introduction– Brief history of Data Communications, Communications, Information

Systems and the Internet

1.2 - Data Communications Networks– Network components, network types

1.3 - Network Models– OSI model, Internet model, transmission via “layers”

1.4 - Network Standards– Standards making, common standards

1.5 - Future Trends– Pervasive networking, integration of voice, video, and data, new

information services

1.6 – Implications for Management

Part-2: The Internet

Definition: Data

• Date are a collection of row facts, statistics, and/or observations.

Definition: Information

• A collection of facts organized in such a way/context that they have additional value/meaning beyond the value of the facts themselves.

Business Data Communications, Stallings 5

Information & Communication

• Networking is critical to the new corporate structures emerging in today’s businesses

• Benefits of good networks– make geographically dispersed companies

more manageable– help top-heavy companies trim down middle

management– help companies break down barriers between

divisions.– make automation and quality enforcement

easier to implement.

Definition: Networking Architecture

• Networking architecture refers to an organized set of documents that defines a protocol (a set of logical rules that devices must follow to communicate) as well as defines some logical and physical networking requirements.

Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 - 7

Information Age

• First Industrial Revolution– Introduction of machinery

– New organizational methods

– Changed the way people worked

• Second Industrial Revolution – Information Age– Introduction of computers

– Introduction of networking and data communication

– Changed the way people worked again

• Faster communication Collapsing Information lag

• Brought people together Globalization


The Collapsing Information Lag

1900 1950 20091850

large quantities of information transmitted in a fraction of a second

telegraph

Information took days or weeks to be transmitted

Information transmitted in minutes or hours

Historical developments in electronic communications

sped up the rate and volume of transmission of information

growth of telecommunications and especially computer networks Globalization

of networks


Three Parts to Understanding Networking

1. Concepts of networking– How data moves from one computer to another over a

network

– Theories of how networks operate

2. Technologies in use today– How theories are implemented, specific products

– How do they work, their use, applications

3. Management of networking technologies– Security

– Network Design

– Managing the network


Advances in Phone Technology

1876

Phone invented

first trans-continental

and transatlantic

phone connections

1915

1919

Strowger (stepper) switch,

rotary dial phones(enabling automatic

connections)

1948

Microwave trunk lines (Canada)

1962

Telstar (Telecommunications

via satellite), Fax services, digital transmission (T-

carriers)

1969

Picturefone (failed

commercially)

1976

Packet-switched data

communications

1984

Cellular telephone


Regulation of Inventions

1900

millions of phones in use in the US

Regulation began in the USA (ICC)

1934

FCC established

1968

Carterfone court decision allowing non-Bell CPE

1970

MCI wins court case; begins providing some long distance services

1984

Consent decree by US federal court

1996

1996 US Telecom Act

A time for technological change

1885

AT&T

Phone invented (rapid acceptance)

1876

Bell System: de facto monopoly

1910

Deregulation

period


1984 Consent Decree D

ivestiture of 1/1/84:

RBOC’s

•AT&T broken up into one long distance company (AT&T) and 7 Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOC’s)

Deregulation: IXC’s and LEC’s• Competitive long distance (IXC) market; MCI & Sprint enter

long distance telephone market (among others)• Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) service markets remained

under RBOC monopoly


US Telecom Act of 1996

• Replaced all current laws, FCC regulations, 1984 consent decree, and overrules state laws

• Main goal: open local markets to competition

• To date, though, local and long distance competition slow to take hold

– Large IXCs expected to move into the local markets, happening only recently

– Likewise, RBOCs expected to move into long distance markets, happening only recently


Worldwide Competitive Markets

• Internet market– Extremely competitive with more than 5000 Internet

Service Providers (ISPs) in the US alone.

– Heavy competition in this area may lead to a shake out in the near future.

• World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement (1997)– commitments by 68 countries to open, deregulate or

lessen regulation in their telecom markets

• Multi-national telecom companies– US companies offering services in Europe, South

America

– European companies offering services in USA

Definition: Information System

• A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.


History of Information Systems

Data communications over phone lines (became

common and mainframes became multi-user systems)

Batch processing mainframes

Networking everywhere

PC LANs become common

1950 1960 1990 20001970 1980

Online real-time, transaction oriented

systems (replaced batch processing. DBMSs become common)

PC revolution

Definition: Distributed Information System

• A distributed information system consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through a computer network. The computers interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal.

• “A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear to

• the users of the system as a single computer.” [Tanenbaum]

Examples of Distributed Information System

• The world wide web – information, resource sharing

• Clusters, Network of workstations

• Distributed manufacturing system (e.g., automated assembly line)

• Network of branch office computers -Information system to handle automatic processing of orders

• Network of embedded systems

• New Cell processor (PlayStation 3)


Internet Milestones

Originally called ARPANET, the Internet began as a military-academic network

1969

Worldwide: Over 1 billion

Internet users

20071990

commercial access to the Internet begins

ARPANET splits:• Milnet - for military• Internet - academic,

education and research purposes only

1983

NSFNet created as US Internet backbone

1986

Government funding of the

backbone ends

1994

Net Neutrality


Net neutrality means that for a given type of content (i.e. email,

web, video, etc), all content providers are treated the same.

Net neutrality prevents ISPs from giving priority to some content

providers, while slowing down others

convergence


1.2 Data Comm Networks

Broadband Communications

Telecommunications =Transmission of voice, video, and/or data - Implies longer distances- Broad term

Data Communications =Movement of computer information by means of electrical or optical transmission systems

Communications Tasks

Transmission system utilization

Addressing

Interfacing Routing

Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction

Network management

Flow control

The key tasks that must be performed in a data communications system.

• Transmission system utilization - need to make efficient use of transmission facilities typically shared among a number of communicating devices

• Interfacing is required between a device and the transmission system

• once an interface is established, signal generation is required for communication

• Synchronization is required between transmitter and receiver, to determine when a signal begins to arrive and when it ends

• there is a variety of requirements for communication between two parties that might be collected under the term exchange management

• Error detection and correction are required in circumstances where errors cannot be tolerated

• Flow control is required to assure that the source does not overwhelm the destination by sending data faster than they can be processed and absorbed

• Addressing and routing, so a source system can indicate the identity of the intended destination, and can choose a specific route through this network

• Recovery allows an interrupted transaction to resume activity at the point of interruption or to condition prior to the beginning of the exchange

• Message formatting has to do with an agreement between two parties as to the form of the data to be exchanged or transmitted

• Frequently need to provide some measure of security in a data communications system

• Network management capabilities are needed to configure the system, monitor its status, react to failures and overloads, and plan intelligently for future growth.

•


Basic Communications Model

Source: Generates data to be transmitted

Transmitter: Converts data into

transmittable signals.

Transmission System: Carries data.

Receiver: Converts received signal into

data.

Destination: Takes incoming data.


Simplified Network Model

WANWAN

LANLAN


Basic Communications Model

• Example

– Communication between a workstation and a server


Trends Driving Data Communication

• Traffic growth– Voice & data over Internet Protocol (IP); local

and long distance

• Development of new services– Multimedia on demand and TV distribution

• Advances in technology– Encourage and support increased growth and

new developments


Key Technology Trends

• Faster and cheaper computing platforms, communications hardware, and software

• Increasingly “intelligent” networks, management and assessment tools

• Growing importance of Internet, intranet and extranet applications

• Increasing use of and dependence on mobile and wireless technology


Enterprise Networks Drivers


Enterprise Networks ConvergenceA Three-Layer Model

1. Applications: Seen by end users

– Voice calling, email, and instant messaging

– Group collaboration and relationship management

2. Enterprise Services: Seen by network Manager

– Design, maintenance, and support services

– Authentication, capacity management, and QoS

3. Infrastructure: Enterprise available assets

– Links, LANs, WANs, and Internet connections

– Carry information over data networks

Business Data Communications, Stallings

33

Unified Communication (UC) Convergence

Web 2.0: Second generation web capabilities

1. User generated content (blogs, wikis, clips, etc.)

2. Desktop –like user interface friendly capabilities

Real-Time Communication (RTC): desktop and mobile software clients functionalities

IP Enabling Contact Centers: Enhance customer contact center functionality and performance

IP Mobility: Remote access technology and mobile employees support

IP Wireless: IP packet extended to support local and wide area wireless communication


Business Information Requirements

Personal, Workgroup, and Enterprise

Unified Integrated Communications:

• Voice communications

• Data communications

• Image communications

• Video communications


Components of a Local Area Network


Network Types (based on Scale) • Local Area Networks (LAN) - room, building

– a group of PCs that share a circuit.

• Backbone Networks (BN) - less than few kms– a high speed backbone linking together organizational LANs

at various locations.

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) - (more than a few kms)– connects LANs and BNs across different locations – Often uses leased lines or other services used to transmit

data.

• Wide Area Networks (WANs) - (far greater than 10 kms)– Same as MAN except wider scale


LANs and Backbones, Wide Area and Metropolitan Area Networks


Intranet vs. Extranet

• Intranet– A LAN that uses the Internet technologies within an

organization

– Open only those inside the organization

– Example: insurance related information provided to employees over an intranet

• Extranet– A LAN that uses the Internet technologies across an

organization including some external constituents

– Open only those invited users outside the organization

– Accessible through the Internet

– Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory information in a company over an extranet


Layered Implementation of Communications Functions

Applications

OS

Applications

OS

Multi layer implementation-Breaking down into smaller components-Easier to implement

Single layer implementation-Networking with large components is complex to understand and implement

Applications

OS

Co

mm

un

ication

Applications

OS

Co

mm

un

ication


1.3 Multi-layer Network Models

• The two most important such network models: OSI and Internet

• Open Systems Interconnection Model– Created by International Standards Organization (ISO)

as a framework for computer network standards in 1984

– Based on 7 layers

• Internet Model– Created by DARPA originally in early 1970’s

– Developed to solve to the problem of internetworking

– Based on 5 layers

– Based on Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite


7-Layer Model of OSI

• Application Layer– set of utilities used by application programs

• Presentation Layer– formats data for presentation to the user

– provides data interfaces, data compression and translation between different data formats

• Session Layer– initiates, maintains and terminates each logical session

between sender and receiver

Physical DataLink Network Transport Session Presentation Application


7-Layer Model of OSI

• Transport Layer– deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the

message for network transport, and maintaining the logical connections between sender and receiver

• Network Layer– responsible for making routing decisions

• Data Link Layer– deals with message delineation, error control and

network medium access control

• Physical Layer– defines how individual bits are formatted to be

transmitted through the network


Internet’s 5-Layer Model

• Application Layer– used by application program

• Transport Layer – responsible for establishing end-to-end connections,

translates domain names into numeric addresses and segments messages

• Network Layer - same as in OSI model

• Data Link Layer - same as in OSI model

• Physical Layer - same as in OSI model

“Please Do Not Touch Alligators”

Physical DataLink Network Transport Application


Comparison of Network Models


Message Transmission Using Layers


Protocols

• Used by network model layers

• Sets of standardized rules to define how to communicate at each layer and how to interface with adjacent layers

receiversender

Layer N

Layer N-1

Layer N+1

Layer N

Layer N-1

Layer N+1


Message Transmission Example

OSI Data Encapsulation http://w

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Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

• The combination of data and control information is a protocol data unit (PDU)

• Typically control information is contained in a PDU header

– control information is used by the peer transport protocol at computer B

• Headers may include:

– source port, destination port, sequence number, and error-detection code


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At any particular layer N, a PDU is a complete message that implements the protocol at that layer. However, when this “layer N PDU” is passed down to layer N-1, it becomes the data that the layer N-1 protocol is supposed to service. Thus, the layer N protocol data unit (PDU) is called the layer N-1 service data unit (SDU).


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At any particular layer N, a PDU is a complete message that implements the protocol at that layer. However, when this “layer N PDU” is passed down to layer N-1, it becomes the data that the layer N-1 protocol is supposed to service.

Thus, the layer N protocol data unit (PDU) is called the layer N-1 service data unit (SDU). The job of layer N-1 is to transport this SDU, which it does in turn by placing the layer N SDU into its own PDU format, preceding the SDU with its own headers and appending footers as necessary.

This process is called data encapsulation, because the entire contents of the higher-layer message are encapsulated as the data payload of the message at the lower layer.


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The job of layer N-1 is to transport this SDU, which it does in turn by placing the layer N SDU into its own PDU format, preceding the SDU with its own headers and appending footers as necessary. This process is called data encapsulation, because the entire contents of the higher-layer message are encapsulated as the data payload of the message at the lower layer.


Points about Network Layer View

• Layers allow simplicity of networking in some ways – Easy to develop new software that fits each layer– Relatively simple to change the software at any level

• Matching layers communicate between different computers and computer platforms– Accomplished by standards that we all agree on– e.g., Physical layer at the sending computer must

match up with the same layer in the receiving computer

• Somewhat inefficient– Involves many software packages and packets– Packet overhead (slower transmission, processing time)– Interoperability achieved at the expense of perfectly

streamlined communication


1.4 Network Standards

• Importance– Provide a “fixed” way for hardware and/or software

systems (different companies) to communicate

– Help promote competition and decrease the price

• Types of Standards– Formal standards

• Developed by an industry or government standards-making body

– De-facto standards

• Emerge in the marketplace and widely used

• Lack official backing by a standards-making body


Standardization Processes

• Specification

– Developing the nomenclature and identifying the problems to be addressed

• Identification of choices

– Identifying solutions to the problems and choose the “optimum” solution

• Acceptance

– Defining the solution, getting it recognized by industry so that a uniform solution is accepted


Major Standards Bodies

• ISO (International Organization for Standardization) – Technical recommendations for data communication

interfaces

– Composed of each country’s national standards orgs.

– Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)

• ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union –Telecom Group – Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph

and data communications interfaces

– Composed of representatives from each country in UN

– Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)


Major Standards Bodies (Cont.)

• ANSI (American National Standards Institute)– Coordinating organization for US (not a standards-

making body)

– www.ansi.org

• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)– Professional society; also develops mostly LAN

standards

– standards.ieee.org

• IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) – Develops Internet standards

– No official membership (anyone welcome)

– www.ietf.org


Some Data Comm. StandardsLayer Common Standards

5. Application layerHTTP, HTML (Web)MPEG, H.323 (audio/video)IMAP, POP (e-mail)

4. Transport layer TCP (Internet)SPX (Novell LANs)

3. Network layer IP (Internet)IPX (Novell LANs)

2. Data link layerEthernet (LAN)Frame Relay (WAN)T1 (MAN and WAN)

1. Physical layerRS-232c cable (LAN)Category 5 twisted pair (LAN)V.92 (56 kbps modem)


1.5 Future Trends

• Pervasive Networking

• Integration of Voice, Video and Data

• New Information Services


Pervasive Networking

• Means “Networks will be everywhere”

• Exponential growth of Network use

• Many new types of devices will have network capability

• Exponential growth of data rates for all kinds of networking

• Broadband communications

– Use circuits with 1 Mbps or higher (e.g., DSL)

Relative Capacities of Telephone, LAN, BN, WAN, and Internet Circuits.


Integration of Voice, Video & Data

• Also called “Convergence”– Networks that were previously transmitted

using separate networks will merge into a single, high speed, multimedia network in the near future

• First step largely complete– Integration of voice and data

• Next step – Video merging with voice and data

– Will take longer partly due to the high data rates required for video


New Information Services

• World Wide Web based– Many new types of information services becoming

available

• Services that help ensure quality of information received over www

• Application Service Providers (ASPs)– Develop specific systems for companies such as

providing and operating a payroll system for a company that does not have one of its own

• Information Utilities (Future of ASPs)– Providing a wide range of info services (email, web,

payroll, etc.) (similar to electric or water utilities)


1.6 Implications for Management• Embrace change and actively seek to use new

aspects of networks toward improving your organization– Information moved quickly and easily anywhere and

anytime

– Information accessed by customers and competitors globally

• Use a set of industry standard technologies– Can easily mix and match equipment from different

vendors

– Easier to migrate from older technologies to newer technologies

– Smaller cost by using a few well known standards

Part-2: The Internet


Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.

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