C h a p t e r 2 4 S e c t i o n 3
Italian & German Unification
Bonds of a Nation-State
Bond Definition
Nationality
Language
Culture
History
Religion
Territory
Nationalism
What is nationalism?
The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history
Nationalism that unifies culturally similar lands and people
Nationalism that separates culturally different lands and people
Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
Two Views of Nationalism Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states
Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects
Three different types of nationalist movements:
unification merges culturally similar lands
separation splits off culturally distinct groups
state-building binds separate cultures into one
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the Austrian Empire Austria includes people
from many ethnic groups
1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism forces emperor to split the empire into Austria and Hungary still ruled by emperor
Flag of Austria-Hungary
representing two kingdoms,
but ruled by one emperor.
This was a concession to
Hungarian nationalism.
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Russia Empire Crumbles
After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over their empire
Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture
policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Ottoman Empire Weakens
Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens the empire.
Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks.
Italy
Middle Ages: competing city-states
1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?
Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces
1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?
2. Metternich believed wanted to maintain old Europe (pre-Napoleon)
Congress of Vienna ignored national groups, placing groups under the control of large empires with different ethnicities
Italy is split into 3 separate groups
1.Northern Italy was under Austrian rule
2.Other parts under French Rule
3.Another part under Hapsburgs Rule
Key Events
Early 1860: unification of N Italy Late 1860: unification of N & S
1866: Venice added 1870: Rome added
The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)
Giuseppe Mazzini was a popular writer whose goal was to unite Italy
Launched a group call Young Italy
Was exiled for his outspoken nationalism
Smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy
Believe that Europe need to redraw the lines
Attracted tens of thousands to Italian Unification cause
The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)
The Duties of Man:
“O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…”
The Idealist Patriot
Uprising and Revolutions
Mazzini had help Italians realize their destiny
Nationalist inspired revolutions began to pop up on Italy
Northern State of Piedmont declared war on Austria
Lost after 1 year with Piedmont defeats
Northern States are not liberated from Austrian Empire
Revolutionaries seized Rome
Set up a Republic that Mazzini and 2 others governed
French troops would help the pope regain control
Sardinia was the only successful revolt
Revolutionaries forced rulers of Sardinia to adopt a new constitution and remain independent
Revolutionary failures do not weaken Nationalist movement
The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)
Cavour express nationalist movement is still strong enough t0 unite Italy even with difference
Goal is to unite Italy Becomes Prime Minister
of Sardinia Builds Sardinia Economy Believes that all of Italy’s
Economy must thrive Achieves in gaining a power
ally in France
Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government, 1850-1861
The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)
Supports France in war with Russia. In return France gives
Sardinia providence of Savoy and Nice
France also will support Sardinia in a war with Austria.
By 1860 the Northern Italian States w/o Venetia were liberated from Austrian control and united
The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)
Goal was to Unify Italy
Lived in exile in S. America were he learn Guerilla warfare
Helped in defeating Austria in North Unification
Led RED SHIRTS, his army of 1000 soldiers towards the South and the Kingdom of the 2 Sicily
Conquered island of Sicily then head towards Naples
Military Leader
The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)
The North and South are conquered and united
Only Venetia and Papal States not unified…
Austria controls Venetia
Austria and Prussia go to war
Italians side with Prussia
Prussians win and give Italians Venetia
France and Prussia go to war
France pulls out of Rome(Papal States)
Unification is complete.
Government:
Divisions between:
parliamentary monarchy (King Victor Emmanuel) Limited suffrage (most
adult males) Limited working hours No Child Labor Improved cities and
industry
social classes (rich/poor) New taxes led to
poverty/unemployment huge numbers emigrating to
America (4.5M)
regions (N/S) South resented being ruled
by Rome Catholic Church would not
let Catholics vote out of resentment
5. What did the new, unified Italy look like?
Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by
listing causes and effects of Italian unification and by indicating which effects
were positive and which were negative 5 Points
Germany
(1871)
Entities:
Holy Roman Empire
loose affiliation of ≈300 German states
German Confederation
loose affiliation of 39 German states
1815-1866
replaced HRE
purpose: military defense
All have common language and culture
People: Frederick William IV Steps towards unification
King of Prussia (r. 1840-1861)
1848: revolution Agrees new liberal constitution
Agrees Prussian-led German unification
Promises reforms to increase individual rights
The people are ready to unite Once all had settled down he
went back on his promises
Zollverein Steps towards unification
German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑
economy Allowed for removal of tariffs
amongst German States
Business people would want unification
Railroads to connects states
Prussia = leader
included all German states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓
tariffs
Otto von Bismarck
Prussian Prime Minister (r. 1861-1888)
Philosophy Practiced REALPOLITIK
practical government not idealistic
Practical goals not make believe
Conservative who did not believe in revolutions
believed it was Prussia’s destiny to unite Germany
Otto von Bismarck
led German unification Increased size of military
Unification could not be done with speeches but with “Blood and Iron”
War and Industry
Parliament will not agree to raise taxes to fund this Bismarck dismisses Parliament
and collects taxes on his own
Builds Prussian Army into great war machine to unite Germany
Bismarck's 1st War
Prussia believes that Schleswig and Holstein should be controlled by German Confederation
Disagreement over control of
Schleswig and Holstein was a way to
Start a war with Denmark
Prussia forms and alliance
with Austria to defeat Denmark
Prussia would control Schleswig
Austria would control Holstein
Do you see an issue with this?
Austria
Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt
Austria refuses Zollverein membership
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Bismarck lays the ground work for war
Bismarck met with the Italian minister
If Italy support Prussia in war with Austria that Italy could have Venetia
Bismarck meets with Napoleon III (France)
France will remain neutral if war breaks out
Bismarck provokes Austria into war by putting troops in Holstein
Austria declares war on Prussia
Prussia blames Austria for starting war
Uses nationalism for support of war
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Outcome: Prussian victory
Austria withdraws
***creation of North German Confederation***
Only 3 southern states remained un-unified
North German Confederation
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Cause:
drive south German states to unify with the north
France = common enemy
Alsace and Lorraine
Mostly Germans controlled by France
Outcome:
Prussian victory
***German unification achieved***
German nationalism
German Empire / “Second Reich” (1871-1918)
What did the new, unified Germany look like?
25 states
parliamentary monarchy
strong national government:
Power shared between states and Federal Government (US)
emperor (Kaiser) Wilhelm I
Chancellor Bismarck
2-house parliament
Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)
Men over age of 25 (reality is there were many restrictions)
Germany would become a new powerful empire
Church Economics Bismarck passed laws
limiting the catholic churches power and influence (HRE)
Kulturekampf
Struggle for culture
France paid Germany reparations for Franco-Prussian War
Germany used money to build railroads to link states
Germany quickly caught up with Europe in Industrialization
Changes
Social Reforms
Industry has its critics
Socialist believe Industry have harsh conditions
State should control Industry
Socialist are blamed for 2 attempts of assassination on emperor
Bismarck will try to destroy socialism
Sought to destroy it appeal to German people by enacting its his reforms
He pushed legislation to provide benefits for health, accidents, old age, and disability
Bismarck and Wilhelm II
Bismarck was not interested in furthering Germany’s border
He see France as a continued threat
Bismarck would secure alliances with Austria-Hungry, Italy and Russia to protect each other from attack
Wilhelm I grandson, Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser
After a disagreement Wilhelm II will fire Bismarck
Wilhelm II will continue to make
alliances and build up the most
powerful military forces in Europe
Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by listing causes and effects of German unification
5 Points
C H A P T E R 2 4 S E C 3
P A G E S 7 2 3 - 2 7 2
Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the
region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain
intact through the remainder of the 1800s.
• Austrian emperor,
Foreign Minister
Metternich tried to
maintain power of
monarchy, empire
• Metternich accused
universities of
creating
revolutionaries
Resistance to
Change
• Metternich called
meeting of
Confederation,
passed Carlsbad
Decrees
• Prohibited any
reforms that
conflicted with
absolute monarchy
Carlsbad Decrees
• Decrees
established
censorship of
newspapers
• Created secret
police to spy on
students suspected
of revolutionary
activities
Other Prohibitions
The Austrian Empire
Resistance to Change
Metternich not only created restrictive laws for empire
Formed alliances with other European powers trying to prevent nationalist revolutions
Congress of Troppau, 1820 Called by Metternich, leaders of other powers
Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support
governments against internal revolution
Revolution
• Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna
• Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign
• Metternich fled Austria
• 1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I
Turmoil in Europe, Austria
• Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years
• Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him
• Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian Empire;
people with different nationalities wanted independence
Resistance to Change
During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire
1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule
Almost won independence
Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria crush revolt
Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but could not stamp out nationalism
Revoked new constitution, stopped revolution temporarily
Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement.
Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.
• As nationalist movement
continued in Europe, Austria lost
Lombardy to Italy, 1859
• 1866, Austria’s defeat by Prussia
brought new demands from
Hungarians
• Franz Josef I, Hungarian
nationalist movement leaders
reached agreement, Compromise
of 1867
Forming a New Government
• Created dual monarchy of Austria-
Hungary
• Austria, Hungary became two
separate, equal states with one
ruler, Franz Josef I
• Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria,
king of Hungary
• Each had own parliament, shared
ministries of war, finance, foreign
affairs
Compromise of 1867
The Dual Monarchy
• Unrest in empire did not go
away; divisions remained
among various nationalities
• Austrian Germans, Hungarian
Magyars did not speak same
language
• Ethnic minorities received little
benefit from Dual Monarchy,
continued to seek self-
government
Unrest
• Dual Monarchy lasted about 50
years, until 1918
• Eased pressure for nationalism;
also had economic advantages
• Rural, agricultural Hungary
could provide raw materials,
food
• Industrialized Austria could
provide industrial products
Rural and Industrial
An Uneven Solution
Multi Ethnic Groups= Many nationalisms
• Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast
multiethnic territory
• Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians,
Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews
• Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s
• Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could
not defend self against
independence movement, external
threats
• 1830, Greece had gained
independence; Russia controlled
Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled
Empire in Decline
• Situation created “Eastern
Question”—what would happen if
Ottoman Empire collapsed?
• Russia wanted Constantinople,
access to Mediterranean
• French, British aided Ottoman
Empire, held Russia off
The Eastern Question
The Ottoman Empire
Holy Land
• Ottomans, Europeans had dispute
over Holy Land
• Ottomans gave Roman Catholics
control of Palestine holy places
Great Britain, France
• Great Britain saw Russia as
potential threat to India interest
• Allied with France
• Both joined Ottoman Empire in war
against Russia
Russian Invasion
• Ottomans denied Orthodox
Christians same rights
• Russians invaded Ottoman
territories
Stalemate
• Crimean War ended in stalemate,
caused half million deaths
• Nurse Florence Nightingale saved
many lives threatened by disease
and over crowding in field hospitals
during war
The Crimea- Dispute over the Holy Land
Falling Apart
Hot Spot
• Balkans another hot spot in Ottoman Empire
• Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—
Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence
Route to Mediterranean
• Russians saw Balkans/Constantinople as route to Mediterranean, wanted to
gain
• Great Britain, France looking out for own interests, sometimes sided with
Russia, sometimes sided with Ottomans
Conflicts and Wars
• Rising nationalism, competing interests of European countries led to series of
conflicts, wars in 1800s, early 1900s
• Russia involved in several conflicts in Balkans
The Balkans
Balkan Wars
• Germany, Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over ethnic groups
• At end, Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe
• Balkan issues far from settled
Congress of Berlin
• Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans
• Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic,
national ties; led to conflicts for years to come
Constantinople
• With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers
became alarmed
• 1878, Prussia hosted Congress of Berlin to discuss situation
National Ties
• Young Turks devoted to
restoring constitution
• Revolution helped ensure more
representative, liberal
government
• Education improved,
government took steps to
provide individual liberties
Representative Government
• 1908, nationalist group Young
Turks began revolution
• Young Turks fighting against
absolute power of sultan, ruler
of Ottoman Empire
Conflict
Political Reform
Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4
COLOR TRANSPARENCY 134: EUROPE, 1803 AND 1914
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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4
NOTE TAKING TRANSPARENCY 141
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Using your notes, fill in the graphic
organizer by identifying the effects of nationalism in Austria, Hungary, and the
Ottoman Empire. (5 Points)
C H A P T E R 2 4 S E C 4
P A G E S 7 2 8 - 7 3 2
Unrest in Russia
Reading Focus
• What was government and society like in Russia in the first
half of the 1800s?
• What were some examples of reform and repression in
Russia?
• How did war and revolution affect Russia in the early 1900s?
Main Idea
In the 1800s and early 1900s, Russians rebelled against the
absolute power of the czar and demanded social reforms.
Unrest in Russia
• To govern large, diverse
empire, Russian monarchs
ruled with absolute power
• Called czars, controlled most
aspects of Russian life
• Believed in autocracy,
government by one leader with
unlimited powers
Absolute Power
• Russia one of great powers of
Europe, first half 1800s
• Troops helped defeat
Napoleon; leaders helped
reorganize Europe after his fall
• Russia very different from other
European powers
• Empire huge, stretched
eastward far into Asia, included
many different ethnic groups
Huge Empire
Government and Society
Agricultural Society
• Russian society under czars mostly agricultural
• Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized
• Much of population, serfs—workers considered part of land they worked
Societal Problem
• Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords
• Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms
• Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society
Serfs
• Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land
• Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery
• Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked
Serfdom
GAMBLING WITH THE LIVES OF SERFS
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Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia’s conservative czars were
resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression.
• Secret societies formed to fight
against czar’s rule
• Saw opportunity for change with
death of Alexander I, 1825
• One group called Decembrists
– Included military officers
– 3,000 soldiers assembled
near Winter Palace
– Refused to declare allegiance
to new czar, Nicholas I
The Decembrist Revolt • Nicholas responded by crushing
rebellion
• Many Decembrists captured, sent
to Siberia, isolated region in far
eastern Russia
• Five Decembrists executed
• Decembrist revolt failed, but
began revolutionary movement in
Russia destined to grow in years
ahead
Nicholas’s Response
Reform and Repression
Russia Lagging Behind
• Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855, near end of Crimean War
• Loss of war showed Russia far behind rest of Europe
• Did not have modern technology, industry to build competitive military
Economy
• Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would build market economy
• Government set up system for peasants to buy land they worked on from
landowner, usually with government help
Reforms
• Alexander II began program of reforms
• 1861, freed Russia’s serfs, gave them right to own land as part of commune
• Believed terrible living conditions could bring rebellion
Reforms of Alexander II
Reform and Repression
Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia
Set up new judicial system
Allowed some local self-government
Reorganized army, navy
Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to gain strength, call for more changes
1881, radical group, The People’s Will, assassinated Czar Alexander II
• Alexander’s son, Alexander III, became next czar
• Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to way things were in past,
ended father’s reforms
• Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals, groups
suspected of plotting against government
• Mobs began attacking Jews, killing
them, destroying property
• Attacks known as pogroms; first
wave began after Alexander II
assassinated
• Some wrongly blamed Jews
• Government did not stop attacks
Different Form of Unrest
• 1894, Nicholas II crowned
• Autocratic ruler, developed industry
• 1890s, Russia began building
Trans-Siberian Railroad to link
western Russia with Siberia
• Expansion east would lead to war
Industrialization under Nicholas
Unrest Under Alexander II
Expansion East
• Russia expanded east
• Came into conflict with another
imperial power—Japan
• At same time, revolution
brewing
Growing Unrest
• Defeat shocked many
Russians, added to unrest
revolution movements would
not weaken
• One group calling for change,
Marxists—followed communist
theories of Karl Marx
War With Japan
• Early 1900s, Japan building
empire, viewed Russia as threat
• 1904, Japanese forces
attacked, defeated Russia in
Russo-Japanese War
Marxist Ideas
• Wanted to create socialist
republic—no private property,
state to own, distribute goods
• 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for
revolution to overthrow czar
War and Revolution
Revolution Begins
• Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against czar;
rebellions broke out, czar’s strict rules disobeyed
• Workers went on strike, students protested in streets
• Czar promised reform, but did not follow through
• Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets
The Revolution of 1905
• 1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar
• January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar at
Winter Palace, listing number of demands
• Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday
In response to the Russian Revolution of 1905 and strikes, Nicholas II issued
the October Manifesto, an official promise for reform and a more democratic
government, but would not give up all of his absolute power.
• Manifesto promised
constitution
• Individual liberties
to all, including
freedom of speech,
assembly
• Many gained right
to vote
Provisions
• Voters would elect
representatives to
the Duma,
assembly to
approve all laws
• Czar continue to
rule, but not pass
laws without
approval of Duma
Duma
• Nicholas II hoped
Manifesto would
end revolution
• Did not achieve
balance between
own power,
democracy
• People still wanted
reform
End Revolution
The October Manifesto