SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL

VOLUME 26 . NUMBER 4 . DECEMBER 1972 230 PARK AVENUE· NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017

FOREIGN AREA FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM TO MERGE WITH OTHER AREA PROGRAMS OF THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL

As THE RESULT of a review by an ad hoc committee of the Social Science Research Council appointed in April, the Foreign Area Fellowship Program is to merge with the other area research and research training programs of its two sponsoring Councils. These are now carried on under the auspices of the Joint Committees on African Studies, Contemporary China, Japanese Studies, Korean Studies, Latin American Studies, Near and Middle East, and South Asian Studies. The forthcoming integration of their programs with the predoctoral fellowship pro­grams that have constituted the FAFP may well lead to an increase in the number of such joint area committees. Plans for the necessary reorganization are being made by

• The author is Professor of History at Indiana University and a member of the board of directors of the Social Science Research Coun­cil. He served as chairman of the ad hoc committee of the board that during the spring and summer of 1972 reviewed the relations between the Council and the Foreign Area Fellowship Program and produced the report that is summarized here. The other members of the com­mittee were Philip D. Curtin, Renee C. Fox, John W. Pratt, M. Brewster Smith, and Edward J. Taaffe; staff, Eleanor C. Isbell. In the report the committee points out that it was greatly aided by the participation of Acting President Ralph W. Tyler and President-elect Eleanor Bernert Sheldon in its deliberations. It also acknowledges the friendly and help­ful assistance of a wide range of individuals knowledgeable about area studies and the social sciences and humanities: Pendleton Herring and members of the FAFP staff; members of the Joint Committee on the FAFP; SSRC staff members; Frederick Burkhardt and Gordon B. Turner of the ACLS; Francis X. Sutton, Deputy Vice President of the International Division of the Ford Foundation and members of the Division's staff; SSRC board members Austin Ranney, Henry W. Riecken, and Robert E. Ward; William W. Lockwood of Princeton University, a consultant to FAFP; Irwin T. Sanders of Boston Uni­versity, a consultant to the Ford Foundation and chairman of tile Joint Committee on Eastern Europe; and a number of scholars ill African studies and in Latin American studies.

by John M. Thompson •

the Presidents of the Councils in accordance with recom­mendations of the ad hoc committee, which were ap­proved by the SSRC's board of directors in September.

The board at its meeting in March had directed the Chairman, Neil J. Smelser, to appoint a committee from among its members to prepare a report and recommen­dations concerning future relations with the F AFP for consideration by the board in September. The immedi­ate occasion for this action was the need for refinancing of the activities of the Joint Committee on African Studies along with the Ford Foundation's interest in uni­fying its support of predoctoral training in this field and of postdoctoral research grants and conference programs. The board's action had wider significance, however. Its discussion had clearly indicated the need for thorough re-examination of more general issues that had recur­rently arisen concerning the Council's relations with FAFP. These issues involved the nature and scope of the Council's commitment to area research-in the develop­ment of which it had played an active role in the early postwar years--the organizational status of the F AFP as a joint creature of the Councils wholly dependent on support from the Foundation and operated as a separate unit, and the extent to which the interests of the Coun­cils and of the Foundation were served by this arrange­ment or might be served better by some alternative.

AREA STUDIES AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL

Although the formal mandate of the ad hoc committee was limited to a review of SSRC-FAFP relations, the

41

Chairman of the board of directors asked the committee to consider insofar as it could the broader issue of the Council's concern with area studies as a whole. The committee early in its delibera,tions agreed that this issue, especially in its implications '. for research and schola,rship, w~ too ' complex and extensive to , be ana­lyzed in the course of a few months and several meetings. Consequently, the committee reached no firm conclu­sions on this question, but it chose to present some general considerations which it hoped would clarify many of the persistent issues connected with the Coun­cil's concern with area studies. The committee also recognized that the organizational changes it ultimately recommended do not depend on whether any particular issue is resolved one way or another, or remains unre­solved, but rather they are designed to provide a struc­ture that will assist the Councils to steer a balanced and flexible course in their concern with area studies.

As many observers have noted, one difficulty is that no one knows exactly what area studies are. Richard Lambert, in the summary chapter of his recently con­cluded and extensive analysis of language and area studies,l stresses that area studies are not a coherent, homogenous, clearly defined field. Rather they are a "highly diverse and decentralized" collection of interests and approaches, loosely bound together by an intellectu­al concern to understand various aspects or the totality of a given foreign culture and society. Most importantly, area studies are not a way station on the road to some­where else nor are they "separate from and contrary to other forms of intellectual endeavor," to quote Lambert. They represent one way of organizing inquiry and of helping to focus scholarly activity, and they must always be closely allied to academic disciplines which provide the basic tools without which area specialists could not work. It is pointless to talk about a contradiction be­tween area studies and the disciplines since they are not only not antagonistic but are intrinsically inter­meshed. Finally, as Lambert shows, few scholars meet a rigid definition of area competence, and the great majority consider themselves-and in their training and activity indeed are-primarily discipline specialists. Thus, in terms of what is being examined, it seems clear that a close link exists between area studies and the Councils' concern with the social sciences and the humanities.

A second key question is how training and research in the various areas relate to the same activities in the social sciences and the humanities. There is little diffi-

1 Produced under the auspices of the SSRC's Committee on Area and Language Programs Review, at the request of the U.S. Office of Education, and to be published in 1973 by the American Academy of Political and Social Science.

42

culty in humanistic studies where many fields are organized regionally and rely on the sort of historical and descriptive study in which area specialists frequently engage.

In regard to the social sciences the issue is more com­plicated, but the dichotomy some observers stress may be more apparent than real. Without entering into judgments about "pure," "hard," or "scientific" research versus "relativistic" or "traditional" research, the com­mittee nevertheless gained the impression that there are several important ways in which social science and area research, at the present time and in the foreseeable future, are moving closer together and, in fact, can strengthen each other. On the one side, area research is developing in new ways. It is becoming far more con­cerned than in the past with at least four different and significant categories of inquiry: interdisciplinary re­search, comparative study (across countries and regions), problem-oriented and applied research, and the study of modernization and development. On the other side, certain fields in social science are gradually absorbing non-Western data and are showing increasing interest in testing models and hypotheses in non-American situ­ations. The SSRC's Committee on Transnational Social Psychology, the recently discharged Committee on Com­parative Politics (1945-72), and the new Committee on Comparative Study of Public Policy exemplify the interests of many social scientists in comparative and cross-area approaches. Clearly, such fields as demog­raphy, economic development, rural sociology, and public administration are deeply concerned with the experiences of non-Western societies. There is also increasing interest in comparative urbanization, and a recent conference of Japanese and American specialists on child development (sponsored by the Joint Com­mittee on Japanese Studies) reflects the broadened out­look of social scientists in yet another field. In short, the committee concluded that not only is there no great gulf between area and social science research, but in several ways the two endeavors are coming closer to each other and both can profit from a strong relation­ship.

Among the questions that prompted appointment of the committee was that of the appropriateness for the SSRC of the FAFP guideline that fellowships for re­search should "contribute to an understanding of the area and its development." Discussions revealed, how­ever, that this guideline was not intended, nor was it applied, to mean a narrow concern with technical assistance. It was not used to eliminate candidates in "pure" social sciences and humanities. Instead, the guideline was aimed at encouraging applicants inter­ested in problem-focused and applied research related

VOLUME 26, NUMBER 4

to all aspects, including cultural, of the development of foreign societies.

Nevertheless, the committee concluded, the Councils, in whatever way they wish to organize their relationship to area training and research, should clearly maintain their independence in determining what training and research activities are appropriate for them to sponsor and those that are clearly beyond their interest and competence. The demarcation line should be discussed and worked out with funding agencies, but the Councils should be responsible for setting and maintaining it.

The committee commented also on the role of the Councils in regard to the whole field of area studies. It agreed, first, that the Councils, representing certain research and scholarly interests of the American aca­demic community, should be deeply concerned with the history and development of other societies. Thus, the Councils should promote training and research on foreign areas in the same way they encourage better training and research in the social sciences and the humanities generally. Moreover, they have a special obligation to find ways to bring these two concerns more closely together and to elaborate and develop intellectual links between them. The primary training of area students and scholars is in a discipline, and their research is the application of a discipline to a non­American society. Thus, the Councils cannot fail to be directly concerned.

A second consideration recognized by the committee is that the field of area studies commands substantial resources and talents in the social sciences and humani­ties. Area studies are at a point of considerable ferment and excitement. More focused intellectual leadership would help the field move in new directions and estab­lish the most beneficial relationships with the disci­plines. Another related factor is that transnational contact and collaborative research will become increas­ingly important in the next few decades both to area studies and to the social sciences and humanities. The Councils are uniquely situated to play a facilitating and coordinating role in these developments.

ORGANIZATION OF AREA STUDIES UNDER THE TWO COUNCILS

The committee agreed that possible patterns of rela­tions between the two Councils and area studies should be assessed in the light of certain objectives appropriate to the Councils. Noone organizational model would permit ful.l ac~ievement of every objective, but keep­mg them m mmd would facilitate judging the "trade­offs" each pattern entails.

In the committee's view, the objectives of the two

DECEMBER 1972

Councils in promoting and assisting area studies should be the following:

(1) To forge a close link between social science and humanities research and area and international studies; this involves facilitating the integration of non-Western data into humanities and social s~ience ~esearch; strengthening disciplinary thea­nes, skills, and methodology when applied to area study; stimulating cross-area, interdiscipli­nary, and comparative research; and strengthen­ing the ties between theoretical and applied re­search in area studies.

(2) To ensure that the area studies concerns and activities of the Councils reflect closely the full range of interests of the scholarly communities involved and that the area groups have as much autonomy as possible in developing programs to advance those interests and in recommending what funds should be sought to support their programs.

(3) To provide close counsel and concordance be­tween the area studies and the other interests of the two Councils while encouraging new initi­atives and new directions.

(4) To minimize administrative tasks connected with area studies and imbalances in the activities and J?udgets of the two Councils resulting therefrom.

(5) To increase the coordination between predoc­toral and postdoctoral training and research in order to improve the development and utilization of research personnel and the planning and conduct of research in each field as a whole, to allow flexibility in meeting special conditions in countries and regions, and to simplify the seeking of funds.

In the light of these objectives, the committee ex­amined various models of organization of the Councils' area programs. Several models were rejected as infea­sible as was the possibility of continuing the existing arrangements and relationships.

After thorough study the committee recommended, and the SSRC's board of directors approved, a structure designed to integrate F AFP under the two Councils: All activities and grants programs, both predoctoral and postdoctoral, in area studies would be coordinated directly under the two Councils, each of which would have a vice-president responsible for area studies, who would consult closely and jointly supervise all area activities. Existing joint committees would continue, and new ones might be appointed. As at present, some of the committees would be staffed by SSRC, some by

4S

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ACLS. Decisions about the appointment of new com­mittees and the assignment of administrative responsi­bility for particular committees to the ACLS or SSRC would be made after close consultation among the officers of the two Councils, committee members, and leaders in the various area study fields. Funds for the total activities of each area committee would be admin­istered under a single integrated plan. Each committee would have a subcommittee on grants responsible for both predoctoral and postdoctoral awards. Shifts of funds among categories to meet changing needs of the field would be possible and encouraged. Each committee would be responsible for setting coordinated training and research policies in its field. While policy super­vision of predoctoral fellowship programs would be the responsibility of the appropriate joint area committee and its staff, it would be desirable and efficient to have all nonpolicy matters connected with the processing of applications and the maintenance of fellows handled in a central office.

To increase coordination across areas an ACLS-SSRC Interarea Committee would be appointed. It would be composed of representatives of three or four of the joint committees on areas as well as two or three mem­bers from other than area fields. The area representa­tives might be chairmen of joint area committees but since their chairmen are often overburdened, appoint­ment of other members of the committees as repre­sentatives would be encouraged. The Interarea Com­mittee would assist and advise the area vice-presidents of the two Councils in coordinating policy on matters cutting across area fields, in the exchange of information and ideas, and in planning new cross-area research emphases and directions. The Interarea Committee

itself would not sponsor projects in comparative or cross-disciplinary research but would suggest formation of appropriate committees to the officers of the SSRC and the ACLS. The Interarea Committee would be concerned only with issues touching on more than one area, and would not supervise directly the work of the joint area committees.

The committee unanimously agreed that the struc­ture outlined above will best serve the two Councils and the field of area studies. It will most effectively unify the area and disciplinary interests of the two Councils, while strengthening the ability of scholars concerned with area research and training to maintain the scholarly integrity and to advance the research interests of their fields as a whole. It will also permit coordinated planning and development of predoctoral and postdoctoral training and research in a given area field, with due allowance for its special conditions and needs. At the same time it will encourage interaction among committees and staff, both across areas and among disciplinary, problem-oriented, and area inter­ests, thereby promoting cross-area and comparative research. Finally, the new structure will help support the Councils' leadership role in area studies, including the internationalization of area committees and the development of transnational research efforts.

The members of the ad hoc committee are convinced that the arrangements proposed will bring considerable benefits to the two Councils and will provide the basis for the orderly and integrated evolution of area train­ing and research in important new directions. The officers of the SSRC and the ACLS are arranging a gradual transition to the new structure to be completed during 1973.

CULTURAL AND POLITICAL CONSERVATISM IN MODERN CHINA

A CONFERENCE on recent Chinese conservatism was held under the auspices of the Joint Committee on Con­temporary China at Endicott House, Dedham, Massa­chusetts on August 14-18, 1972. The participants were historians of modern China, concerned at the conference with identifying and describing the various conservative movements and thinkers in twentieth-century China; with throwing light on some of the special features of conservatism in a modernizing non-Western society;

• The author is Associate Professor of History at California State University, Long Beach. With the assistance of the Joint Committee on Contemporary China, she developed the plans for the conference on which she reports here, and is editing the papers for publication.

44

by Charlotte Furth •

and with analyzing conceptual assumptions that under­lie conflicting uses of the idea of "conservatism" in historical research.1

1 In addition to the author, the participants were Guy S. Alitto, Harvard University; Martin Bernal, University of Cambridge; Arif Dirlik, Duke University; Lloyd E. Eastman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Chang Hao, Ohio State University; Barry Keenan, Mount Holyoke College; Yu-sheng Lin, UniverSity of Wis· consin; Herman Mast III, University of Connecticut; David E. Pollard, London School of Oriental and African Studies; Richard B. Rosen, Utica College of Syracuse University; Benjamin I. Schwartz, Harvard University; Laurence A. Schneider, State University of New York at Buffalo; Roger Swenson, Butler University; Wei-ming Tu, University of California, Berkeley; and Ernest P. Young, University of Michigan. Present in an advisory capacity were Albert Feuerwerker, University

VOLUME 26, NUMBER 4

In most societies political and cultural conservatism complement one another. Under relatively stable con­ditions "inherited" value systems appear to be in harmo­ny with "inherited" systems of political authority: for example, the relations of Protestant individualism and capitalist democracy in the West, or of Confucian familism and the imperial political order in China, indicate that close cultural-political integration power­fully supports conservatism throughout a society. The most striking fact that emerged from the conference was that the political and cultural manifestations of modern Chinese conservatism were quite distinct from one another and involved considerable tension between them. Cultural conservatives, who looked to the idea of tradition or its redefinitions to answer questions about value and religious meaning, also claimed to be radical in terms of immediate political alternatives. The reason for this, of course, is that the crisis that imperialism and the industrial revolution forced on China, as an agrarian non-Western society, was per­ceived as total. It called into question not only inherited sociopolitical forms, but also religion and cultural values, and at the same time suggested to most people that these vast changes were being imposed by an alien outside force, the West. After the collapse in 1911 of the imperial monarchy-an institution which, for all its faults, was a working political system and a symbol of China's historic social, political, and cultural unity­cultural conservatism was difficult, but political con­servatism was impossible. Cultural conservatism was largely directed against the West. It led people to try and rescue from China's complex history alternatives that were not closely identified with the imperial system or its ideology; but political conservatives could not deny the need to seek new political forms. Political conservatism, even as examplified in such a superficially traditionalistic effort as Yuan Shih-k'ai's bid in 1915 to found a new imperial dynasty, actually must be defined in terms of postimperial alternatives.

Each of the two papers on political conservatism that were prepared for the conference offers an implicit definition of what the major political movements in postimperial China were, in order to identify the inno­vative thrust against which some sort of conservative counteraction is being taken. Both make global histori­cal patterns, rather than movements peculiar to China alone, the key to establishing a framework of periodiza­tion and issues.

Ernest Young in his paper on Yuan Shih-k'ai ("The

of Michigan (chairman of the Joint Committee on Contemporary China); C. Martin Wilbur. Columbia University; and William R. Bryant, Social Science Research Council (staD, Joint Committee on Contemporary China).

DECEMBER 1972

Hung-hsien Emperor as a Conservative Modernizer") identifies two important historical movements: the one toward national independence and integration, which has been part of the twentieth-century anti-imperialist stage of a global evolution toward the organization of peoples into nation states; and the movement for mass participation in politics, which has been occurring on an increasing scale as the modern pattern of "mass society" spreads within individual countries and to more and more peoples throughout the world. In this setting the regimes of both Yuan Shih-k'ai and Chiang Kai-shek were committed to the modernizing goal of nationhood, and their conservatism lay in their opposition to its achievement through increasing public participation in politics. Yuan defeated the liberal gentry and their constitutional program. Chiang suppressed the mass movement of the 1920's. Moreover, both leaders wanted control of the political process by a small high-level coterie with the concomitant political centralization. Yet the attitudes of both toward the traditional political order and its symbols were instrumental and manipu­lative, and both turned to the West for models of govern­mental organization in areas such as law, finance, and military affairs.

This view of political conservatism makes it necessary to struggle with the concept of "modernization," and with its implication of an impersonal yet benign his­torical process leading toward some pre-established future culmination. To a certain extent, it is possible to demythologize "modernization," for although to some people nationhood and mass participation in politics may appear to be desirable, they do not have to be regarded as morally valuable ends. It may also be possible to use the concept of modernization mean­ingfully without suggesting that the historical pattern in which nationhood and mass societies are still develop­ing necessarily constrains the future, which is after all fluid. Nonetheless, there is a tendency-inescapable within the framework of modernization theory-to define historical issues and periods in terms of the con­temporary "third world," and for the periodization to suggest that if modernization is not an impersonal process with an inherent force casting its shadow on the future, it is at least the product of the energies of men desiring change, whose hopes cast such a shadow. By defining political conservatism in China as the resis­tance to more populist forms of nation building, it is difficult to eliminate populist assumptions: in the past in China and elsewhere, national success has been associated with mass mobilization, and inasmuch as the citizen ideal has become a widely shared modern value, demands for its authentic realization in the future will continue to "make history."

45

A contrasting analysis of Chinese political conserva­tism is given in Lloyd Eastman's paper, "The Kuomin­tang in the 1930's." Here the period setting of the thirties suggests a different global movement to which politics in China may be related: that of totalitarian militarism as seen in fascist Japan and Germany and Stalinist Russia. Without making assumptions about historical influences on the Chinese, it is possible to see structural resemblances among all these contemporane­ous regimes. They had a militarized conception of politics, well built around an authoritarian leader, and displayed a "movement"-style dynamism in action.

With regard to the degree of commitment to political change, in a modernizing national dictatorship like Chiang's the aspiration was to be more like Western totalitarian governments than like liberal regimes con­tent with an evolutionary pace. From this Eastman con­cludes that the most important conservative force in Nationalist China was not so much a matter of conscious government policies as the natural drag of a still tra­ditional political culture inhibiting the rationalization of bureaucratic behavior. This is less a conscious con­servatism than an unanalyzed traditionalism; rather than reflecting an explicit preference for old ways it reflects customs that are not thought about at all. In terms of the parallel with Western totalitarianism, the modernizing thrust of the Nationalist government was curbed only by the inertia of tradition. The govern­ment was right wing, but conservative in intent only in the attenuated sense that authoritarian regimes on the right are inclined to manipulate traditional symbols to win public submission to their authority.

Thus, although the authors are in substantial agree­ment about the behavior of the political leaders and organizations they are studying, they differ over the meaning of conservatism and their differences rest largely on irreconcilable analytic approaches. Where one author focuses on specific, separable goals of change and the explicit sociopolitical conflicts that arose over them, the other examines the rate of change as an abstract total consequence of the political direction fostered by the Nationalist government. One sees con­flict between haves and have-nots over property and power, while the other sees total political systems chang­ing rapidly (by totalitarian methods) or less rapidly (by traditional or liberal methods). The latter approach permitted clearer analysis of time and change itself at the risk of losing sight of politics and of the relationship of conservatism to the passions of political actors. More­over, an analysis that associates rapid change with totali­tarianism is structured to make gradualism appear a value, and the liberal political systems that incorporate it in their procedures appear to be superior.

46

As the discussion moved from political to cultural conservatism, the emphasis shifted to intellectual his­tory. Three groups of cultural conservatives were dis­cussed. (1) The "kuo ts'ui" ("national essence") clique of the early republic, which consisted mainly of cultural nationalists, defined the essence of Chinese tradition in terms of language, history, and ethnic group-a defi­nition which involved rejection both of imperial Con­fucian orthodoxy, on the one hand, and of all Western cultural influence, on the other. (2) The literary neo­classicists of the 1920's claimed to advocate a humanism common to the world's classical civilizations and be­lieved that its greatest modem enemies were science and material culture. (3) Confucian neotraditionalists rejected East-West syncretism and attempted to revive Confucianism as a system of religious thought, now divorced from the sociopolitical institutions of imperial China, but thereby purified, and renewed in its capacity to answer-for modem Chinese-perennial human ques­tions about the spiritual meaning of existence.

None of these conservative intellectuals saw the prob­lems of their generation simply in terms of sociopolitical change. They insisted that the problems had a spiritual side separable from the issues dominating the socio­political arena. When they demanded to know that some principle validated their moral intuitions, justi­fied their pain, and explained the reasons for things in the universe, they demanded it as men sharing a universal human condition and they wanted answers that transcended the social circumstances of any time or place. In this they were distinct from the category of intellectuals previously discussed-the Kuomintang ideologues. Papers on Tai Chi-t'ao, by Herman Mast, and on T'ao Hsi-sheng, by Arif Dirlik, offered no evi­dence to challenge the commonly held view that the neotraditionalism of spokesmen for the Nationalists was largely instrumental, designed to foster national integration and bolster national pride. The distinction emerges most clearly by constrast with the "kuo ts'ui" partisans, whose equally passionate nationalism con­veyed precisely reversed priorities: the nation has value only as a stream carrying the nourishing silt of cultural essences, and without this function might as well dry up and vanish.

However, the case of the Kuomintang ideologues focused attention again on the tension between cultural and political conservatism in modem China. Conserva­tive rhetoric could serve the Nationalist government, but culturally conservative belief was no longer tied to fixed sociopolitical norms. Most conservative intel­lectuals were both alienated from prevailing military governments, and uncertain about the sort of social or political behavior their beliefs theoretically should

VOLUME 26, NtlMBER 4

enJom. Many supported liberalism in China, but did so with little internal conviction. Thus although Con­fucianism, like Christianity, historically has never been a socially neutral faith, among republican intellectuals the link between Confucian beliefs and sociopolitical norms was largely broken.

A further question was whether these religiously oriented cultural conservative movements played a con­servative social, as distinct from political, role in China. Agreement that they did so proved to be impossible not on empirical grounds, but because the issue raised ad­ditional theoretical questions concerning the appropri­ateness of applying a sociopolitical category like "con­servatism" to the human search for religious meaning. There was a fundamental division of opinion over the proper scope of the sociology of knowledge, and the re­lationship of "perennial issues" of religion to their specific historical forms.

A final approach to the analysis of conservatism in modern China was illustrated by what was considered the conference's "most difficult case," Chou Tso-jen (discussed in the paper by David Pollard). A cultural innovator, socially conservative more in taste than in values, Chou Tso-jen was both appalled by much in the Chinese past and yet felt unable to escape it. In out­look an anthropological naturalist, Chou drew from nineteenth-century Darwinian science pessimistic con-

elusions about the capacity of human beings ever to overcome limitations imposed by history and their own biological natures. If there is a true conservative ide­ology, distinguishable from the widely variant forms of conservatism determined by the issues of specific his­torical situations, it lies in a kind of historical conscious­ness: the belief that society is so profoundly conditioned by historical circumstances beyond control by individu­als that change is scarcely possible, least of all in the direction of man's utopian imagination. But the flux of history to which a Burke could mystically assent was for a modern Chinese like Chou a prison. Mysticism was transformed into skepticism, the private dream of alternatives was seen as futile, and life left to drift along the set path of "inherited" arrangements.

Although less centrally, the thought of many other conservative intellectuals reflected a similar historical consciousness. Belief systems as diverse as Darwinism, Taoism, and Marxism suggested to some of them that change follows rhythms people can only submit to. Whether others felt, as Chou did, that its pace was too slow and wrung their hands over Chinese "backward­ness," or perceived themselves as antiques crushed by the juggernaut of modernity, a common sense of im­potence induced an existential pessimism which had conservative implications for their action and made the tone of their thought one of "cultural despair."

THE FOURTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON PROJECT LINK

THE fourth world meeting of partiCIpants in Project LINK (on the international linkage of national econo­metric models) was held on August 28 - September 5, 1972 at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna.]

• The author is Professor of Economics at the University of Pennsyl­vania and a director of the Social Science Research Council. He has been a member of its Committee on Economic Stability, which sponsors Project LINK, since its appointment in 1959. The other mem­bers of the committee are Bert G. Hickman, Stanford University (chairman); Martin Bronfenbrenner, Duke University; Otto Eckstein. Harvard University; R. A. Gordon. University of California, Berkeley; Franco Modigliani. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Geoffrey H. Mooce, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Arthur M. Okun. Brookings Institution; Rudolf R. Rhomberg, International Monetary Fund; Sally S. Ronk, Drexel Firestone. Inc.; and Charles L. Schultze, University of Maryland. Reports on the three preceding annual conferences on Project LINK were published in the December issues of Items, 1969, 1970, and 1971.

1 Present, in addition to Messrs. Gordon, Hickman, Klein, and Rhomberg of the committee, were: A. Amano, Kobe University; I. Angelis, Research Institute of Foreign Trade, Prague; R. J. Ball, London Graduate School of Business Studies; G. Basevi, University of Bologna; R. Berner, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; B. Boehm, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna; C. D'Adda, Univer·

DECEMBER 1972

by Lawrence R. Klein"

This is the center for LINK-sponsored research on the Austrian Model, and we were pleased to be able to report first results with that national model added to our international system. As in previous years, the meet-

sity of Bologna; H. Eguchi, Bank of Japan; P. Fleissner, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna; B. Fomin, J. Glowacki, and J. Gomez, all of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, New York; L. Hala­buk, Hungary Statistical Office, Budapest; J. Helliwell, University of British Columbia; L. Jacobsson, National Institute of Economic Re­search, Stockholm; A. Knauer, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna; W. Krelle, Bonn University; P. Kukkonen, Bank of Finland; S. Kwack, U.S. Treasury Department; L. J. Lau, Stanford University; A. Lindbeck, Institute for International Economic Studies, University of Stockholm; J. Martiensen, Bonn University; E. Mlynarcz, Ministry of Foreign Trade, Warsaw; C. Moriguchi, Kyoto University; T. Morva, UN Economic Commission for Europe Secretariat, Geneva; K. Nagata, Economic Planning Agency, Tokyo; A. Nagy, Institute of Economic and Market Research, Budapest; W. Norton, Reserve Bank of Australia, Sydney; G. F. Palacios, Central Bank of Venezuela and International Monetary Fund, Washington; W. Piaszczynski, Foreign Trade Research Center, Warsaw; J. Post, Netherlands Central Planning Bureau; G. A. Renton, London Graduate School of Business Studies; J. Ryaka, UN Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva; G. Sandermann, Bonn University; V. K. Sastry, UN Conference on Trade and Development, New York;

47

ing served as a forum to keep participants informed on research developments, applications of the system, and plans for the next round of project activities. However, a number of new and unusual aspects of the joint effort were taken up in Vienna:

1. Inclusion Of Socialist Countries in Project LINK: An extensive discussion was held concerning partici­pation by economists from socialist countries in LINK. Vienna served as an effective and attractive site for face­to-face meetings with economists from the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. A trade model for Council of Mutual Economic Assistance countries had been built by economists of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (reported at the annual meeting in 1971) and programmed into the LINK sys­tem during the past year. First results on the use of that system were the object of serious discussion at Vienna, and significant improvement can be expected on the basis of the points of criticism that were raised. J. Glowacki of Poland, now of the UNCTAD staff, and A. Nagy of Hungary made noteworthy contributions to the discussion of these issues.

The whole problem of model building for socialist economies was fruitfully discussed at the meeting, and it is to be anticipated that there will be new LINK devel­opments in this area in the future. A basis for continu­ing cooperation with economists in socialist countries was established at Vienna.

2. Projecting the Trade Matrix: A central problem in the implementation of the LINK system has been the development of techniques for projecting the elements of the trade matrix beyond sample observations in appli­cations involving extrapolation. The principal issue has been to relate changes in the trade matrix to price changes. Different research methods for attacking the problem have been developed at the International Monetary Fund (by Grant Taplin), Stanford University (Bert Hickman and Lawrence Lau), and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (Lawrence Klein, Chikashi Moriguchi, and Alain Van Peeterssen). The conference discussed the theoretical bases for the dif­ferent approaches, building on similar discussions at previous world or regional meetings, and applications were presented for some of the alternative methods.

J. A. Sawyer, University of Toronto; S. Schleicher and G. Schwoe­diauer, both of the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna; H. T. Shapiro, University of Michigan; A. Simon, Institute of Economic and Market Research, Budapest; G. Szako1czai, INFELOR, Budapest; M. Tatemoto, Osaka University; A. Van Peeterssen, University of Mont­real ; J. Vasianin, Market Research Institute, Moscow; P. J. Verdoorn, Netherlands Central Planning Bureau; J. Waelbroeck, Free University of Brussels; T. Watanabe, Osaka University; C. Wittich, UN Center for Development Projections, Policy, and Planning, New York; E. B. Yudin, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; and J. Zay­chowski, Institute of Planning, Warsaw.

48

In studies undertaken during the year between the 1971 and 1972 meetings, many simulation calculations have been made of the new alignment of world currency rates, and these have been greatly sharpened by the improved treatment of the changing trade matrix, where changes depend on relative price movements.

3. Medium and Longer-Term LINK Simulations: Al­though the principal aim of LINK initially was on the projection and analysis of short-run trade fluctuations based on national models that are generally assumed to be constructed for short-term analysis, there has been frequent reference to longer-run problems extending over a horizon of 5-10 years. The developing countries, through UNCTAD representation, have argued con­sistently in favor of LINK research on longer-run prob­lems. This view was also emphasized in Vienna by economists from socialist countries. It has been recog­nized by many LINK participants that the effects of the new exchange rate changes probably will not be fully realized in less than two years because of the lagged responses involved; therefore the project has taken a greater interest in system simulations lasting for three or more years. Much discussion at the meetings was devoted to the problems of extrapolating individual country models for a decade, assembling the longer-run input for LINK Central, and reprogramming the world trade solution for multi period simulations. It was agreed at the meetings that these problems would be tackled during the present year. In the first instance, an attempt will be made to extend the world trade projections through 1975 and the entire computer pro­gram is to be reconstructed to facilitate longer-run calculations.

4. Overlay of Commodity Models: At the LINK meet­ing in 1970, there were extended discussions of the relationship between commodity and national or re­gional models. More formal discussion of actual linking procedures for combining the two types of research took place in Vienna. The socialist economists found com­modity analysis to be of great importance to them. It was agreed to follow up some of the linkage techniques put forward in Vienna through research during 1972-73 on limited examples, to determine feasibility.

Apart from newer lines of LINK research, several ses­sions were devoted to ongoing activities such as reports on revisions of individual country models, continuing work on modeling of capital flows, and the formal in­clusion of new models in the world trade system.

In connection with analysis of capital flows, models of the balance of payments were presented for the United Kingdom (by G. A. Renton), Germany (G. Sander­mann), Japan (A. Amano), and the United States (S. Kwack). G. Basevi presented a theoretical paper on a

VOLUME 26, NUMBER 4

complete accounting framework for intercountry capi­tal flows and exchange rates. The necessity for improv­ing or developing monetary sectors of individual models in conjunction with the study of capital flows was stressed.

The LINK system of world trade projections incor­porates revisions of the Wharton Model for the United States, the inclusion of the Austrian Model of the In­stitute for Advanced Studies, a new quarterly model of Belgium built by V. Ginsburgh of the Free University of Brussels, and new regional models of developing countries built by the UN Conference on Trade and De­velopment. The UNCTAD models were presented in the Vienna meetings with plans for extension and elaboration. Discussions were held on the programming problems to be encountered in the addition of new models for Italy, Australia, and Finland. W. E. Norton described the RBAI (Reserve Bank of Australia) Model for the first time to LINK members. The lack of a suit­able model for France has been a serious deficiency in the LINK system, and Jean Waelbroeck reported on the research of Y. Guillaume on construction of a new French Model (POMPOM), which is nearly ready for use by LINK.

Chapters for the first volume of research reports by LINK participants, The International Linkage of Na­tional Economic Models, edited by R. J. Ball, were available at the meeting and are now in proof. Final de-

tails for preparation of the second LINK volume, to be edited by Jean Waelbroeck, were discussed. This volume will contain a complete listing of all the constituent models. A format for presentation of the vast amount of material involved was agreed upon, with a schedule for submission of manuscripts of tables and other listings.

Informal publication of LINK reports was initiated during the past year in a series of LINK "Working Papers." These are issued after editorial approval by R. A. Gordon and J. A. Sawyer. During 1971-72 the fol­lowing papers were approved for distribution: (1) Bert Hickman, "Prices and Quantities in a World Trade Sys­tem"; (2) Lawrence Klein, Chikashi Moriguchi, and Alain Van Peeterssen, "NEP in the World Economy: Simulation of the International Transmission Mecha­nism"; (3) Bert Hickman, "Project LINK in 1972: Retro­spect and Prospect."

The Institute for Advanced Studies and its staff were gracious hosts for the annual meeting. Participants were privileged to attend a dinner and to hear an address by Wolfgang Schmitz, President of the Osterreichischer Na­tional Bank and member of the board of the Institute.

Plans were discussed for a European regional meeting in Helsinki, with the Bank of Finland as host, and pos­sibly for a Pacific area meeting during the spring in Canada. It was agreed that a kind invitation from the

'Tercentenary Fund of the Bank of Sweden to hold the 1973 annual meeting in Stockholm be accepted.

PERSONNEL FOREIGN AREA FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM:

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

In addition to the appointments of fellows and interns under this program reported in Items, September 1972, the following awards were made under two new predoctoral training programs offered for the first time this year:

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS

These fellowships enable a professor or research associ­ate and 3-4 students from a Latin American or Caribbean university or research institution and a visiting North American professor and an equal number of graduate stu­dents to undertake jointly, in Latin America or the Carib­bean area, a 3-month Uuly-September) research project of special interest to the senior scholars. Five projects were approved and conducted in 1972:

Stages of Expansion of the Railroads in Peru and Their Im­pact on Its Economy; Codirecto1"S: Heraclio Bonilla, Insti­tute of Peruvian Studies, Lima, Marcello Carmagnani, Luigi Einaudi Foundation, Turin, Italy; res~arch sites: ar­chives in Lima, Matucana, Cerro de Pasco, Huancayo. and others:

DECEMBER 1972

Peruvian participants Baltazar Caravedo, graduate student, Catholic University Dennis Chavez de Paz, graduate student, Catholic Uni-

versity Angel Delgado, graduate student, Catholic University Susan Griffis, graduate student, Catholic University North American participants Kathleen A. Barrows, graduate student in Latin Ameri­

can studies, University of California, Los Angeles John G. Bernardino, M.A. in history, Queens College,

City University of New York Stephan C. Crawford, Ph.D. candidate in history, Univer­

Sity of Chicago Robert Oppenheimer, Ph.D. candidate in history, Uni-

versity of California, Los Angeles

Paraguayan Political Elites: Their Origin, Composition, and Role in Politics since 1930; Codirectors: Domingo R ivaro la, Center of Sociological Studies, Asuncion, Rior­dan ]. A. Roett, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Vanderbilt University; research sites: Asuncion and smaller cities in Paraguay:

Paraguayan participants Hugo Berbosa Oddone, licentiate in psychology, Faculty

of Philosophy, Catholic University

49

Carlos Torres Alarc6n. licentiate in social work. National University

Anneliese Kegler Krug. licentiate in history. Faculty of Philosophy and Educational Sciences. Catholic Uni­versity

Miguel Aquino Benitez. student. Gonzaga University

North American participants David S. Daykin. graduate student in sociology. Vander­

bilt University William D. Gallagher. graduate student in political sci­

ence. Vanderbilt University Arturo G. Munoz. graduate student in history. Stanford

University

Role of the Chilean Party System in the Last Twenty Years: Mobilization and Integration; Codirectors: Patricio Cha­parro, Institute of Political Science, Catholic University of Santiago, James W. Prothro, Professor of Political Science, University of North Carolina; research site: Santiago:

Chilean participants Maria Victoria Castillo. Assistant Professor of Political

Sociology. Catholic University of Chile Carlos Eduardo Mena Keymer. Assistant Professor of

Political Theory. Catholic University of Chile

North American participants Luciano Coutinho. Ph.D. candidate in economics, Cornell

University Richard J. Moore. graduate student in government. Uni­

versity of Texas at Austin Jose Rodriguez. graduate student in political science,

Yale University

Relationships between Legal Institutions and Sociopoliti­cal Behavior in Colombia, 1958-72; Codirectors: Fernando Cepeda, Department of Political Sciences, University of the Andes, Mauricio Solaun, Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; research site: Bogotd:

Colombian participants Alfonso Llevano, graduate student in political science,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Gabriel Murillo, M.S. in political science, State Univer­

sity of New York at Stony Brook Patricia Pinz6n, licentiate in political science, Univer­

sity of the Andes

North American participants Bruce Bagley, graduate student in political science, Uni­

versity of California, Los Angeles Robert Franzino, graduate student in political science.

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign John I. Laun, graduate student in history, University

of Wisconsin

Case Studies of Successful Adaptations of Technology in the Chemical Industry with Scale Reduction; Codi"ectors: Jose Giral, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Robert P. Morgan, Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Washington University; research site: National Autonomous Univer­sity of Mexico:

Mexican participants

50

Francisco Barnes, Ph.D. candidate in chemical engineer­ing, University of California, Berkeley

Carlos Pani, Research Associate, National Autonomous University of Mexico

J. C. Romero, Research Associate, National Autonomous University of Mexico

North A merican participants Luis Arturo Alfonso, Research Assistant in Chemical

Engineering, New York University James W. Curtis, Jr., graduate student in economics,

Washington University M. A. Monem Omran, Ph.D in chemical engineering.

University of California, Berkeley Kyriakoulis Phi no poulos, Ph.D. candidate in chemical

engineering, Washington University

INTER-AMERICAN RESEARCH TRAINING SEMINARS

Seminar on Dive"gent Theories of Development and De­pendence in Latin America-Quantitative Methods in Historical Analysis of Social and Political Change, June 25 - August 18, 1972, at the University of Chicago; Faculty ~i:ectors: Philippe C. Schmitter, Assistant Professor of Po­lItIcal SCIence, John H. Coatsworth, Assistant Professor of American Economic History: Nelid~ Ester Ar~henti Salerno,. student, Department of

SOCIOlogy, Barlloche Foundation, Argentina Claire Bacha, Institute of Human Sciences, University of

Brasilia Felix G. Boni, graduate student in political science, Uni­

versity of Pittsburgh Jeffrey L. Bortz, graduate student in history, University

of California, Los Angeles Barbara Ann Browman, graduate student in political

science, Washington University Rolando Franco Diaz, student, Latin American Institute

for Economic and Social Planning. Santiago Edward Herman Goff. graduate student in political sci­

ence, University of New Mexico Peter H. Lemieux, graduate student in government, Cor­

nell University Clemy Machado Rivero. Faculty of Economics, Andres

Bello Catholic University Lorenzo F. M.eyer, Center for International Studies, Col­

lege of MeXICO William K. Meyers, graduate student in history, Univer­

sity of Chicago Steven M. Neuse. graduate student in government, Uni­

versity of Texas at Austin George I. Oclander. graduate student in political science,

Indiana University Charl~s A,. Reilly. graduate student in social sciences,

Umverslty of Chicago Emilien Robichaud. graduate student in political science,

University of Chicago John H. Shamley. graduate student in history. University

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Maria Teresa Sirvent. graduate student in educational

sociology, Columbia University Carlos E. Souza Baesse, Department of Social Sciences,

University of Brasilia Marcos de Souza Ferreira. Graduate School of Eco­

nomics. Getulio Vargas Foundation John P. Stockton. graduate student in government. Cor­

nell University Kenneth A. Switzer, Ph.D. candidate in politics, Univer­

sity of Denver Manuel Villa Aguilera, Center for Economic and Demo­

graphic Studies. College of Mexico

VOLUME 26. NUMBER 4

Seminar on Economic Aspects of Research and Planning in Education, June 25 - August 18, 1972, Lima; Director: Robert G. Myers, Assistant Professor of Education, Univer­sity of Chicago:

James Russell Agut, graduate student in inter-American studies, University of Miami

Jaime Francisco Alaluna Martel, Planning Board, Na­tional Council of Peruvian Universities

Ana Maria de Andraca Oyarzun, Research Assistant, Interdisciplinary Research Program in Education, Catholic University of Chile

Jose Luis Barreto Rampolla, graduate student in eco­nomics, Florida State University

Jose Camargo Guimaraes, Graduate School of Economics, GetuIio Vargas Foundation

Susan H. Carey, graduate student in Latin American studies, University of Texas at Austin

Nicanor Marcial Colonia Valenzuela, Planning Board, National Council of Peruvian Universities

Vincent Cusumano, Ph.D. candidate in agricultural eco­nomics, University of Kentucky

Christopher Dowswell, graduate student in agricultural economics, Colorado State University

Everett Egginton, graduate student in comparative edu­cation. Syracuse University

Peter Felsted, graduate student in economics, Vanderbilt University

Hector Ricardo Gertel Helman. licentiate in economics. National University of Cordoba

Enzo Molino Ravetteo. Faculty of Commerce and Ad­ministration. National Autonomous University of Mexico

Lolio Oliveira Louren~o. Department of Educational Research. Carlos Chagas Foundation. Sao Paulo

Francisco J. Proenza. graduate student in economics, Uni­versity of Florida

Alvaro Sanchez Murillo. Graduate School, National Pedagogical University. Bogota

Gilda Maria Santiago Cabral. Graduate School of Eco­nomics. Getulio Vargas Foundation

Isaura Schmidt. graduate student in education. Stanford University

.I ose Armanda de Souza. Center for Regional Develop­ment Planning, Federal University of Minas Gerias

Alejandro Toledo. graduate student in education. Stan­ford University

Samuel Torres Roman, graduate student in economics, University of Michigan

Gabriel Zambrano. graduate student in educational ad­ministration. Florida State University

PUBLICA TIONS Africa and the West: Intellectual Responses to European

Culture, edited by Philip D. Curtin. Product of a con· ference sponsored by the Joint Committee on African Studies, October 9-11. 1969. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. June 1972. 269 J?ages. $12.50.

The Anatomy of Influence: DeciSIon-Making in Interna­tional Organization, by Robert W. Cox. Harold K. Jacob­son. and others. Prepared with the aid of the former Com­mittee on International Organization. New Haven: Yale University Press. February 1973. 520 pages. $15.00.

China: Management of a Revolutionary Society, edited by John M. H. Lindbeck. Product of a conference sponsored by the Subcommittee on Chinese Government and Poli­tics, Joint Committee on Contemporary China. August 18-22, 1969. Seattle: University of Washington Press, July 1971. 406 pages. Cloth. $12.50; paper, $4.95.

The City in Communist China, edIted by John Wilson Lewis. Product of a conference cosponsored by the Sub­committees on Research on Chinese Society and on Chi· nese Government and Politics. Joint Committee on Con­temporary China, December 28. 1968 - January 4, 1969. Stanford: Stanford University Press. April 1971. 462 pages. $12.95.

Crises and Sequences in Political Development, by Leonard Binder. James S. Coleman. Joseph LaPalombara, Lucian W. Pye, Sidney Verba, and Myron Weiner. Studies in Political Development 7, sponsored by the Committee on Comparative Politics. Pnnceton: Princeton University Press, November 1971. 337 pages. $8.00.

Econometric Models of Cyclical Behavior, edited by Bert G. Hickman. Papers of a conference jointly sponsored by the Committee on Economic Stability and the National Bureau of Economic Research. Conference on Research in Income and Wealth. November 14-15. 1969. Studies

DECEMBER 1972

in Income & Wealth, of the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, No. 36, Vols. 1 and 2, May 1972 (distributed by Columbia University Press). 1270 pages. Cloth, $17.50 each; paper, $7.50 each.

Economic Organization in Chinese Society, edited by W. E. Willmott. Product of a conference held by the Subcom· mittee on Research on Chinese Society, Joint Committee on Contemporary China. with the aid of the former Com­mittee on the Economy of China. August 16-22. 1969. Stanford: Stanford University Press. April 1972. 472 pages. $16.50.

Elites in the People'S Republic of China, edited by Robert A. Scalapino. Product of a conference sponsored by the Subcommittee on Chinese Government and Politics, Joint Committee on Contemporary China. August 18-24, 1970. Seattle: University of Washington Press, September 1972. 695 pages. Cloth. $15.00; paper. $4.95.

The Foreign Trade of Mainland China, by Feng-hwa Mah. Sponsored by the former Committee on the Economy of China. Chicago and New York: AIdine • Atherton, Octo­ber 1971. 287 pages. $9.75.

The Machine-Building Industry in Communist China, by Chu-Yuan Cheng. Sponsored by the former Committee on the Economy of China. Chicago and New York: Al­dine . Atherton, September 1971. 356 pages. $9.75.

Mental Tests and Cultural Adaptation, edited by Lee J. Cronbach and P'l' D. Drenth. Papers of a conference held with the aid 0 the Joint Committee on Latin Ameri­can Studies, July 19-23, 1971. The Hague: Mouton & Co .• November 1972.495 pages.

People of the United States in the Twentieth Century, by Irene B. Taeuber and Conrad Taeuber. Sponsored by the former Committee on Population Census Monographs in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census. Washing-

S!

ton, D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 1972. 1084 pages. $5.75.

Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, edited by Dell Hymes. Product of a conference cosponsored by the Com­mIttee on Sociolinguistics and the University of the West Indies, April 9-12, 1968. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer­sity Press, September 1971. 538 pages. $23.50.

Race in the City: Political Trust and Public Policy in the New Urban System, by Joel D. Aberbach and Jack L. Walker. Report on research assisted by the former Com-

mittee on Governmental and Legal Processes. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, January 1973. c. 320 pages. $4.95.

Social Indicators and Social Policy, edited by Andrew Shon­field and Stella Shaw. Product of a conference jointly sponsored by the U.K. and U.S. Social Science Re­search Councils, April 2-4, 1971. London: Heinemann Educational Books, July 1972. 163 pages. £2.50. (Orders should be addressed to Mr. F. L. Southgate, 1145 Bellamy Road, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.)

REGIONAL RESEARCH SEMINARS ON AFRICAN STUDIES The Joint Committee on African Studies of the Social

Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies with funds provided by the Ford Foun­dation is able to assist small groups of African specialists to meet regularly in regional research seminars within the United States to discuss topics of common concern. It is ex­pected that participants in such seminars will be African specialists from smaller and more isolated colleges, as well as from larger institutions in the region that have organized African studies programs. The seminar program is experi.

mental in nature and has a term of somewhat less than two years. Only the absolutely essential costs of organizing and conducting the seminars can be met by the committee.

Seminars will be offered support only if it is clear that they will have firm and continuing participation of qualified scholars from a number of institutions in the region. Indi­viduals or groups interested in organizing such seminars are invited to write to the Joint Committee on African Studies at the Social Science Research Council, 230 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017.

SENIOR FULBRIGHT-HAYS PROGRAM FOR 1974-75 The Committee on International Exchange of Persons

has announced that applications will be accepted this spring for more than 550 lecturing and advanced research awards during 1974-75 in over 75 countries under the senior Ful­bright-Hays Program. Specialists in social sciences who are U.S. citizens and have a doctorate or college teaching ex­perience are invited to indicate their interest in an award by completing a simple registration form, available on re­quest from:

Senior Fulbright-Hays Program 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 20418

Registrants will receive a detailed announcement of the 1974-75 program in May. July 1, 1973 is the deadline for

applying for research awards and it is also the suggested date for filing for lectureships.

Applications from senior foreign scholars for temporary appointments at American colleges or universities are trans­mitted to the committee each year by Fulbright-Hays agen­cies abroad. The scholars are eligible for a Fulbright-Hays travel grant upon receiving a lecturing or research appoint­ment. An annual list of such scholars is issued in March. Also available is a list of 49 senior Fulbright foreign scholars in social sciences who are in the United States this academic year. A number of them would be pleased to accept invi­tations to give lectures or to participate in special confer­ences under the sponsorship of academic institutions and educational organizations.

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL

250 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017

Incorporated in the State of Illinois, December 27, 1924, for the purpose of advancing research in the social sciences

Directors, 1972: DoRWIN CAllTWlUGHT, PHIUP D. CuIll1N, RENtE C. Fox, DANIEL X. F'REED~lAN, LEo A. GoODMAN, MA'ITHEW HOLDE.'i.

JR., DELL HYMES, LAWllENCE R. KLEIN, GARDNER LINDZEY, LEoN LIPSON, HERBERT McCLoSKY, JAMES N. MORGAN, MURRAY G. MURPHEY,

ALFONSO ORl1Z, JOHN W. PRATT, AumN RANNEY, ALBERT REES, HENRY W. RIECKEN, AUCE S. ROSSI, DAYlD M. SCHNEIDER, WILLIAM H. SEWELL.

EUANoa BEll.NERT SHELDON, NEIL J. SldEUEII., M. BREWsn:R SMITH, EDWARD J. TAAFFE, KAlu. E. TAEUBER, JOHN M. THOMPSON, ANDREW P. VAYDA,

ROBERT E. WARD, CHAIU.!lI V. WILLIE

Officers and Staff: ELEANOR BERNERT SHELDON, President; BRYCE WOOD, Executive Associate; ELEANOR C. ISBELL, DAVID JENNESS, ROWLAND L. MITCHELL, JR., ROBERT PARKE, Staff Associates; ROBERT F . BORUCH, WILLIAM R. BRYANT, JOHN CREIGHTON· CAMPBELL, Staff Assistants; NORMAN

MANN, Business Manager; CAmERINE V. RONNAN, Financial Secretary

52 8~