Anders [email protected]
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intelligent Transport system
CONNECTED COOPERATING AUTOMATED
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Cellular communication Ad-hoc communication
Complementing Technologies
2G (EDGE)3G (HSPA)4G (LTE)
Ad-hoc radio (ITS-G5, DSRC, etc)
5G
Flexible usage
Intersection assistant
Hazard warnings
Infotainment
Software download
Remote Diagnostics
Lane changeassistantCooperative
traffic lights
Traffic information
Remote Navigation
Collisionavoidance
(LOS)(NLOS)
Platooning
Autonomous Driving
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ITS G5 / IEEE 802.11p / WAVE› EU commission, US DoT, Car2Car Consortium› 5.9 GHz dedicated spectrum, AD HOC WLAN, 300m – 1 km range› ETSI and other standard bodies› >400 M€ and >500 B$ in research over 10 years› Standardized “ITS stations”
– Vehicle– Roadside– Personal– Central
› Standardized messages– CAM = here I am (http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102600_102699/10263702/01.02.01_60/ts_10263702v010201p.pdf)– DENM = an event (http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102600_102699/10263701/01.01.01_60/ts_10263701v010101p.pdf)
– SPAT/MAP = red lights and intersections
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ETSI V2X event messages
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Local dynamic map
EU C-ITS platform
Summary
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› 80+ industry experts, one Road Authority person from each MS› 14 months, monthly 2 day workshops chaired by EU DG policy officers› 11 Working groups
– WG 1 Cost Benefit Analysis– WG 2 Business case and models (halted)– WG 3 Open legal issues– WG 4 Privacy and data protection– WG 5 Security and Certification– WG 6 Technical issues– WG 7 Standardization– WG 8 Public acceptance– WG 9 Implementation issues– WG 10 International cooperation– WG 11 Road map for deployment (not started yet)
› “Final report” for phase 1published› Phase 2 will add WG´s on Automation – final report September 2017
SCOPE
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/its/doc/c-its-platform-final-report-january-2016.pdf
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› Consultant firm Ricardo did the job› Many many assumptions and 2 simulation tools – hard to see through!› Conclusion 3:1› But only if every possible use case is included and ITS G5 is complemented
with cellular.› Misleading – use net present value. Saved time searching for parking????
Cost Benefit Analysis
Figure 3: Net Benefits from C-ITS
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› “transmitted CAM and DENM messages are to be considered personal data”› “A paradox quickly emerged. How can a driver express a specific and informed consent for data
being freely broadcasted?”› A distinction has to be made amongst the different categories of C-ITS applications, namely,
– The "vital interest" type of applications,– The "public interest" type of applications,– Those applications not belonging to the categories above – and thus defined as the "consent category" requiring
"consent".
› In function of the category, the legal basis for processing would be different.› A consent / no consent bit must be added to the message› Driver must be able to opt out / shut off› A lot of legal work remains to be done
Privacy and data protection
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› Interference ITS G5 – DSRC road tolling is solved› Decentralized congestion control
– Will work for day 1 applications and low penetration– Will NOT WORK for safety critical applications and high penetration
› Sources: Katrin Sjöberg AB Volvo and Scania platooning› The hidden station problem: Listen before sending› IEEE 802.11p has a better MAC stack
Technical issues 1
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Hidden Station Problem
› A is hidden to K with respect to F
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Hidden Station Problem in VANET
TRB: prolonged channel busy timeHigh traffic load Congested channel
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Performance Analysis of CAM› Highway scenario
Characteristics ValueNumber of vehicles 800
Channel sensing range (r) 40~640 [m]
Mean number of vehicles in one side channel sensing range (R) 8 ~ 128 [Car]
CAM frame size (L) 200, 512 [Byte]IEEE 802.11p contention window size (CWmin) 64
› Performance metrics– CAM interference-free probability at the receiver dRX
– Mean CAM update interval time at the receiver dRX
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› A hybrid system, combining ITS G5 and Cellular is needed– The Working Group concluded that currently neither ETSI ITS-G5 nor cellular systems can
provide the full range of necessary services for C-ITS. Consequently a hybrid communication concept is needed in order to take advantage of complementary technologies.
– This is also clear in the Cost Benefit Analysis
› Commissionaire Oettinger at MWC 2016: – I would like to see how a coherent communication mix of ITS-G5, 4G-LTE and 5G will evolve.
– I will announce the 5G Action Plan– I expect your commitment to prepare a large-scale European, cross-border deployment project. Not a physical network, we cannot
afford that. I mean the roll-out of a cross-border virtual network based on 4G-LTE, and cooperating with ITS-G5 where available, dedicated to connected and automated driving.
Technical issues 2
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› ACEA and OEM on one side, 3:d party (FIA, FIGUEFA) on the other› “We want ALL the data – independent access”› Open platform (on eCall device?)› Extended vehicle (rFMS example)› FRAND terms
Technical issues 3Access to vehicle data
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ACEA on remote diagnostics
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› C-ITS platform phase 2 is starting up – adding Automation Work Groups› Access to vehicle data handled in a separate call.› Assumption 1: US DoT will mandate “DSRC” from 2019(?)› Assumption 2: If OEM´s have to install “DSRC” for US export they will have the
same equipment (different SW) in EU and thus EU don´t have to mandate????› EU is preparing “Delegated Acts”
› All reports are public……
What will happen?
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Traffic Management
http://eco-at.info/
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Vehicular communications via cellular networks
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CONNECTED ECO system
Automotive OEM
Connected Vehicle Cloud
Network Operator
Vehicle
Media Agencies
Insurance Companies
Content ProviderService ProviderApp Developer
Fleet Company
Dealer
Repair Shop Support Center
Energy / Utilities Companies
Driver & Owner
http://www.ericsson.com/ourportfolio/transport/connected-vehicle-cloud
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Connectivity and cloud for service creation
BUSINESS LOGIC
&
DATA MANAGEMENT
PA
RTN
ER
M
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
CLOUD MANAGEMENT
AP
I M
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
DATA CONNECTOR
SCREEN & HEAD UNIT
MANAGEMENT
SE
CU
RIT
Y
Road Friction Information
Navigate, Park and Pay
Goods delivery to the trunk
http://www.volvocars.com/intl/us/about/our-stories/human-innovations/pilot-projects
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ITS enabled by Mobile Broadband and cloud
Connected Traffic Cloud
ROADINFRASTRUCTURE
ICTINFORMATIONCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYSERVICES
ITSINTELLIGENT TRANSPORTSERVICES
OEMFLEET
PT
Traffic ManagementSharing aggregatedanonymous data
Reaching outto vehicles and road users
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› Cooperative Cars (CoCar, 2006-2009) (Video)– Basic research on cellular car-to-car communication using UMTS and HSPA– Reference case: Road Hazard Warnings
› Cooperative Cars eXtended (CoCarX, 2009-2011)– LTE, session and lifecycle management, coexistence with 802.11p / G5 / DSRC
Car-to-car via cellular
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJf9cwbl9hg http://tinyurl.com/cocarx-deliverable3
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Car-to-car over cellular
NodeB
Core NetworkInfrastructure
Filtering/GeoMessaging
Hazard Warningaccident, emergency breaking, bad road condition, road works, slow vehicle
Traffic Information updatestraffic condition & warnings
TrafficManagementCenter
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› Overlay map with a grid› Cars are only aware of their own tile
› When a car leaves a tile– Car sends the position to the Geo Messaging
Server (GPS)– GMS updates tile information database– GMS sends new tile to the car
› Service content is tagged with distribution area
› Geomessaging server distributes to vehicles in distribution area and marked for the service type
GeomessagingTraffic
Management Control GeoMessaging
See also ETSI TR 102 962 V1.1.1 (2012-02). Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Framework for Public Mobile Networks in Cooperative ITS (C-ITS)
https://www.dropbox.com/s/yv8qd7z1liwqwl8/1401_GeoLocMessaging_explained.wmv
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Cellular car-to-car delayU
MTS
2009
HSPA 2011
LTE 2011
AS
WAN
Core
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Objective› Develop Converge Car2X System
Network– Safe and secure– Privacy protection via pseudonymization– Open to variety of participants and
services– Operator agnostic– Builds on international standards
› http://www.converge-online.de/
COmmunication NetworkVEhicle Road Global Extension
(2012-2015)
Source: Converge presentations http://www.converge-online.de/
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Public Institutions Science Public Authority
Cellular SolutionsSuppliersVehicle ManufacturersPartners
Project figures:Start in Aug. 2012, 3 years, volume: 18 Mio EUR
CONVERGE – A nEW C2X Approach
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Architecture principlesBackend /Backbone level
Network level
Mobility level
Mobilityprofiles
Lane-changedetection
Traffic-sign detection
OEM#1OEM#2
BackboneConnectivity
Relationshipmanagement
Road- Authority
Operations Dashboard
System-Services
SP#1
SP#2
Route recommendation
MDM
ITS G53GPPIPv6
Internet mechanisms
Mobile Node - CONVERGE extension
Mobile Network - CONVERGE extension
Backend - CONVERGE extension
MNO#1
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› Communication technologies for vehicles– Mobile networks (LTE)– ITS G5 (DSRC)
› Communication can be via either of ITS G5 or LTE, or via both
› Coordinated Hybrid Communication– Clustering: connect clusters to communication infrastructure via LTE and distribute
messages within cluster via ITS G5– Methods for clusterhead selection developed– Performance benefits of clustering has been demonstrated
Hybrid Communication
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ConnectedVehicles
CommunicationNetworksCommunication Channel Providers
Distributed BackendStructureITS Service Provider
GovernanceLegal bodies and entities
Governance
(Car2X Initialization Body)C2XIB
(Root Certification Authority)Root CA
(Contract Supervision
Authority)CSA
(Service Test and Certification
Institute)STC-I
(Enrolment Authority)
EA
Backend
(Geo Messaging Proxy)GEOM-P
(Service Directory)
SD(Exception
Posting Board)EPB
(Misbehavior Posting Board)
MPB
(Authorisation Authority)
AA
Communication Networks
ITS Mobile Stations
(ITS Vehicle Station / ITS Personal Station)IVS
Mobile Network Operator
(Bridge/Geo Messaging Server)GEOM-S
IRS Communication Network
(Bridge/Geo Messaging Server)GEOM-S
(Service Provider)SP
GI3
B5
GB4GB3
G6G5
GI2
GI1
BC2
GI4
B9
G4
G1 G2 G3
B6
BI1
GB2GB1
BC3
BC1
BI3
I2I1
CI3 CI1
BC1
B4
BC3
B1
B7
B3
BC2 BC2
B1B1
B1
BI2
IT Heavy & Cloud ready• Service providers• Service management• Security components• GeoMessaging injection structure
Network aware• Cellular radio: LTE• WLAN: ETSI ITS G5• GeoMessaging within certain com. network• Roadside Unit (ITS Roadside Station: IRS)
End devices• Vehicle (ITS Vehicle Station: IVS + Cellular)• Mobile device (ITS Personal Station: IPS)
Non technical• Definition of major rules and regulations• Inspection and enforcement rules• Top level security entities
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› Extension of CoCarX geomessaging solution› Geomessaging proxy
– Operator- and network-agnostic– Enables transmission over multiple networks– Works for multi-country operation
› Geomessaging server– Included into communication networks– Can be different type of networks, e.g.
› Mobile network› ITS-G5 based ITS road-side stations
– Enables geomessaging within the network› E.g. unicast or broadcast
Layered Geomessaging
GEOMProxy
GEOMServerMNO GEOM
ServerIRS
SPOEM
SPRoad Auth
Area A Area BSource: Converge presentations http://www.converge-online.de/
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LTE-V2X conceptScenarios and Connectivity
V2I over cellular LTE• Wide area coverage • Reuse of existing infrastructure• Roaming possibilities with 2/3G• Flexible QoS• MBMS support
V2I for RSU• RSU implementations:
• LTE pico-nodes (LAA/D2D)• Simple device (D2D)
• Full integration with cellular LTE• Phased incremental deployment/investment
V2V/V2P over cellular LTE• ITS services enabled for legacy smartphones• High energy efficiency for handheld devices • Smart bearer routing
Cloud-based services for all devices• Rely on wide-area LTE coverage
V2V/V2P over LTE-D2D• Centralized radio resource optimization• Differentiation of QoS based on service requirements• Radio-aware integration with cellular LTE• Secure connection protecting data integrity
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Network-controlled direct communication
Device-basedRelaying
Direct communication
Unicast
UnicastBroadcast / Groupcast
Network-controlled direct communication
› “Sidelink” is part of LTE Release 12 part of NR
Device-to-device communication
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› LTE enables direct communication between devices since Rel-12(proximity services, ProSe)
› Main use cases– Public safety (NSPS)
› Push to talk in out of coverage scenarios– Commercial
› Discovery services building on UEs in close proximity
LTE Device-to-Device (D2D)
D2Dsidelink(PC5)
Uplink /downlink
(Uu)
ReferencesD2D in 3GPP TS 36.300, TS 23.303, TR 36.843.
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D2D Services
D2D
Cellularaccess
D2D
Cellularaccess
D2D
In coverage
Partial coverage
Out of coverage
D2D Communication
From Rel-12
D2D Discovery
From Rel-12
From Rel-13
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› D2D can be operated overlaid to cellular spectrum or on dedicated bands
› For FDD spectrum, D2D operated on UL carrier– Some additional receiver implementation required
› For TDD spectrum, D2D operated on UL subframes
› Rel-12/13 focus on licensed spectrum› D2D UE are considered half-duplex (Rel-12/13)
D2D Spectrum
D2Dsidelink(PC5)
Uplink /downlink
(Uu)
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› Large buildout and high performance of LTE networks and interest by automotive industry in connected cars
› Strong interest in China for LTE-based V2X– First feasibility studies and spectrum considerations by CCSA
LTE based V2X communication(Rel-13)
D2D V2V
CCSA - China Communications Standards Association
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› SA1 Study on LTE support for V2X services [SP-150051]– Approved in SA#67 (March 2015)– The study use cases and identify requirements for
V2V, V2I, V2P and V2N based on LTE› For safety and non-safety services
– LTE-D2D and LTE-unicast/multicast/broadcast to be considered
› SA2 Study in prepraration
LTE based V2X communicationV2V
V2I
V2P
V2N
CCSA - China Communications Standards Association
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China goes for V2V over LTE-V!
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5G Wireless access:What is it?
Ultra-reliable communication Inter-vehicular / vehicular-to-road
communicationMachine
communication
EntertainmentNovel services
Business cloud
Multiple Integrated Wireless/Access Solutions enabling the long-term Networked Society
300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz
Multi-hopcommunication
Ultra-dense deployments
Virtual/augmented reality
Device-to-devicecommunication
Licensed
Controlled sharing
Unlicensed
Spectrum toolbox
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One Network – Multiple Industries
From dedicated physical networks and resources for different applications…
NWn
fn
NW1
f1
NW2
f2
S1 S2 Sn
…to a “network factory” where new networks and architectures are “manufactured by SW”
Physical Resources(Access, Connectivity, Computing, Storage, ..)
Service n
HealthHealthRobotic communicationRobotic communication
MediaMediaMBB BasicMBB Basic
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5G Radio Access ~2020
“NR”No compatibility constraints
“Existing” spectrum
Below 6 GHz
Tight interworking
“New” spectrum
Above 6 GHzNew spectrum below 6 GHz
LTE Evolution
1 GHz 3 GHz 10 GHz 30 GHz 100 GHz 1 GHz 3 GHz 10 GHz 30 GHz 100 GHz
Gradual migration
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Rel-14
5G timeplan
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
ITU Requirements WS Proposals Specs
Rel-13 Rel-15 Rel-16
Initial 5G WI
5G tech. SI 5G evo
5G req. SI
WRC-15 WRC-19
Final requirements TR Stage 2 Stage 3
Inital requirements
Toda
y
5 G in the networked societywill enable every person andevery industry / organization
to reach its full potential
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The TELCO Industry knewGSM – best digital radio for speech3 G – best mobile broadbandLTE – Best mobile broadband for the networked society
The telco industry needs to know:5 G – your industries Future use cases
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ITRL
Automated Platooning
Automated Bus Services Intelligent Urban Distribution
Automated MiningFellow Trucks
Connected Mobility
ArenaStockholm
Start Q1 2015
Start ≈Q3 2015
Integrated Transport Research Lab
Connected Mobility Arena Stockholm
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› Press release available› http://www.ericsson.com/news/1924016
Pilot for Industrial Mobile communication in Mining (PIMM)
WOLFIT
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Drive Sweden CLOUDsupporting Automation and
Mobility Services
Gothenburg National Stockholm/Kista
Aut FleetManagement
City TrafficManagement
City TrafficManagement
NationalTraffic
Management
City TrafficManagement
MaaSsupport
Analytics
Externalpartners
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› Toughest identified requirements for emergingvehicular services:
– Latency› 10ms with 10-5 reliability
(automated overtake, high density platooning)– Positioning accuracy
› 10 cm (vulnerable road user discovery) or 20 cm (high density platooning, automated overtake, cooperative collision avoidance)
– Date rates› 50 Mb/s with 50 ms latency (bird's eye view)
or 10 Mb/s with 50 ms (“see trough” vision)– Only indicative. Be prepared for the future.
Future V2X services requirements
Reference: 5G-PPP, “5G Automotive Vision,” https://5g-ppp.eu/white-papers
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