JCCMinistryofStateSecurity2027BackgroundGuide
Introduction
EagleMUNC
BostonCollegeModelUnitedNationsConference
Chairs: [email protected]
Website: www.EagleMUNC.org
March18-202016
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MessagefromtheChairDearDelegates,
MynameisKrickettKazyakandI’llbeleadingdebateinMinistryofStateSecuritythis
yearatEagleMUNCIV.IamasophomoremajoringinPsychology(B.S)andminoringin
Chinese.IamfromDetroit,MIbutgrewupinAsia,livinginShanghaiforfouryearsand
Singaporeforayear.IhavebeenparticipatinginModelUNsince6thgradeandIlookforward
tomeetingyouall,aswellaschairingthisthrillingcommittee.
Writingthisbackgroundguidehasalreadygottenmeexcitedfortheconference,and
havinglivedinChina,thiscommitteeisveryclosetomyheart.InMinistryofStateSecuritywe
willactasthemainintelligenceagencyforthePeople’sRepublicofChinaintheyear2027and
discussveryrealissuesthatcouldfacesocietyinthefuture.Ilookforwardtoaninspiring
debatethisspring.Goodluck!
Sincerely,
KrickettKazyak
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MessagefromtheVice-ChairDearDelegates,
MynameisBeckyReilly,andIwillbetheViceChairfortheMinistryofStateSecuritythis
year.IamafreshmanstudyingPoliticalScience.IgrewupinKansasCityandrecentlyspent
thesummerlivinginRabat,Moroccothroughagovernmentscholarshipforinternational
securitystudies.IhavebeenapartofModelUNsincemysophomoreyearofhighschool,andI
amexcitedtohelptochairthiscommittee.Goodluckwithpreparingfortheconference,andI
lookforwardtomeetingyou!
Yourstruly,
BeckyReilly
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TheAgencies
MinistryofStateSecurity(MSS) TheministryofStateSecurity(MSS)istheprimaryintelligenceandsecurityagencyof
thePeople’sRepublicofChina.TheMSSisakintotheCIA,butwasoriginallymodeledafter
theKGB.ThebreadthofChina’sintelligenceoperationsexpandsbeyondtheMSStoinclude
thePeopleLiberation’sArmy,andtheGeneralStaffSecondandThirdDepartments.The
ChineseCommunistPartyPoliticalScienceandLaw
commissionoverseesMSSministryactivities.Unlike
theCIA,theMSSFirstBureauismandatedto
engageindomesticintelligence1similartoformer
actsoftheKGB.2
TheMSSalsohastheauthoritytodetainor
arrestChinesecitizensandforeignvisitorsfor
crimesinvolvingstatesecurity,and
sucharrests/detentionsaresupposedtobeoverseenbythecourtsandthestateprosecutor
system.TheMSSdoesworkcloselywiththePublicSecurityBureaufordomesticintelligence
gathering.TheMSSiswidelyengagedinpolitical,military,technical,andcommercial
espionage.
1DomesticIntelligenceisIntelligencerelatingtoactivitiesorconditionswithintheUnitedStatesthatthreateninternalsecurity(“DomesticIntelligence”,Farlex,accessedAugust17,2015,http://www.thefreedictionary.com/domestic+intelligence2“DomesticSecurityandthecommitteeforStateSecurity”,FederationofAmericanScientist,accessedAugust20,2015,http://fas.org/irp/world/russia/kgb/su0518.htm
MSSLogohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)#/media/File:Chinese_Department_of_National_Security.jpg
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WhenonehearsofChinese-AmericansbeingarrestedintheU.S.forstealingindustrial
secretsordefenseinformation,itispossiblethattheMSSrecruitedthem.3Itiswidelybelieved
thatMSSmanagesanunrivalednetworkofspiesandagentsthroughoutNorthAmericaand
Asia,includingTaiwan.4TheMSSdoesnotrunsolelyondedicatedoperatives,butrather
utilizesavastarrayofindividualssuchasbusinessmen,travelers,andabroadstudentsto
gathersecrets.Thesebusinessmencanamountto1,500diplomatsinover70offices,10,000
travelersinabout2,700delegationseachyear,and15,000studentswhoarriveintheUSeach
year.5Inaddition,theMSShasbeenknowntousedomesticsurveillancetorecruitforeign
businessmenandstudentswhilein
thecountry.6
TheMSSwasformerly
knownastheCentralDepartment
ofSocialAffairs,whichcanbe
creditedwithnumerousvictories
fortheCommunistpartyduring
thewaragainsttheKuomintang,all
becauseoftheirskillinintelligence
3“ChinaSecurityOrganizationBreakdown”,Wikileaks,accessedAugust20,2015,https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/attach/124/124591_China%20Security%20Organization%20Breakdown.doc4“Operations”,GlobalSecurity,accessedAugust11,2015,http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/china/mss-ops.htm5“Operations”6“TheAnalyticChallengeofUnderstandingChineseIntelligenceServices”,CIA,accessedAugust22,2015,https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-56-no.-3/pdfs/Mattis-Understanding%20Chinese%20Intel.pdf
TheofficesoftheBureauofStateSecurityandBureauofPublicSecurityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuhan-Hubei-National-Security-
Office-0373.jpg
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gathering.TheMSSreplacedtheCDSAin1983.7ThemissionoftheMSS(aspublishedin1983)
whenitwasestablishedistoensure"thesecurityofthestatethrougheffectivemeasures
againstenemyagents,spies,andcounterrevolutionaryactivitiesdesignedtosabotageor
overthrowChina'ssocialistsystem.”8
TheMSSusesthreemethodstogatherinformation.First,theyrecruithigher-level
citizensinChinabeforetheyaresentabroad.Secondly,theyuseChinesebusinessesto
purchaseUScompaniesthathavedesiredtechnology.Lastly,theMSSinfiltratestheUSby
purchasingtechnologyusingChinesefrontcompanies.Atonetime,theFBIestimatedthat
around3,000ChinesefrontcompanieswereactivefortheMSS.9
QuestionstoConsider
1. WhatisyourroleintheMSS?2. HowdoesyourpersonalagendamatchthephilosophyoftheMSS?3. WhatissueswillarisefortheMSSby2027?4. WhatcanyoudotoprotectthesecurityofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandensure
“intelligencegaps”areclosed?
CentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA)
TheCIAisacivilianforeignintelligenceserviceofthe
UnitedStatesGovernment,taskedwithgatheringand
analyzinginformationregardingsecurity.Itwasestablishedin
1947andtheirmissionisto“collect,analyze,evaluate,and
7“MinistryofStateSecurity(China)”,Wikipedia,accessedJune23,2015,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)8“MinistryofStateSecurity(China)”9“Operations”
CIALogohttps://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-3q5tNCwL8eU/UOD87FZG6wI/AAAAAAAAXJA/kwKcRLqB6G4/s403/cia-logo.png
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disseminateforeignintelligencetoassistthePresidentandseniorUSgovernment
policymakersinmakingdecisionsrelatingtonationalsecurity.”10TheCIAdoesnotmake
policiesandcannotcontrolthefaceofforeignrelations.However,theCIAdoesinformpolicy
makersofmovementsandactionsofforeignentitiestoaiddecisionsandhelpprovidethebest
courseofaction.InformationbroughtforthfromtheCIAisoftenvaluabletocultivateforeign
relations.
TheCIAusesseveralmethodsforintelligencegathering,including:openinformation
fromforeignpublications,photographsfromsatellites,andmessagesfromdecodedsignals.
SimilartotheMSS,theCIAreceivesoversightfromtheUSCongress;however,theCIAdoes
nothavethejurisdictionofalawenforcementagency.UnliketheMSS,theCIAisonlyin
chargeofforeignaffairsanddoesnotpartakeindomesticmatters.
TheCIAisprimarilychallengedwithclosingintelligencegaps,confrontingthe
unprecedentedvolumeanddiversityofworldwidedevelopmentsthataffectUSinterests,
leveragingtechnologicaladvances,andmanagingtheirresourcesduringaperiodoffiscal
austerity.”11Incommittee,itisyourjobtoexploitthesechallengesandprotecttheinterestsof
theMSS.
QuestionstoConsider
1. WhatweaknessesoftheCIAcanyouexploitforthebettermentofthePeople’sRepublicofChina?
2.HowdoesthemissionandpoweroftheCIAthreatentheMSS?3. WhatnewchallengeswillarisefortheCIAby2027?4. WhatwillbethemosteffectivewaytoinfiltratetheCIAandusetheinformation
collectedtofueltheriseofChina?10“WhatWeDo”,CIA,accessedJune23,2015,https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/todays-cia/what-we-do11“CIAVision,Mission,Ethos,andChallenges”,CIA,accessedJune25,2015https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-vision-mission-values
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BriefHistoricalBackground
Therearesomeimportantmacroeconomicfactorstokeepinmindduringthissessionof
theGeneralAssembly,duetosomeimportantshiftsoverthepast12years.Theenergymarket
islargelydividedintotwosectors-renewablesandnaturalgas.Thenaturalgasmarketis
dominatedbytheUnitedStatesandRussia,whilethecenterofrenewableenergyisWestern
Europe,withleaderssuchasFrance,Germany,andSpain.Russiahaslostgroundselling
naturalgastoWesternEuropeduetotheincreasedrelianceonrenewableenergyandthe
presenceoftheUnitedStatesinthemarket,buthasvastlyexpandeditsinfluenceinEastern
Europe/CentralAsia,establishinganexpandedCommonwealthofIndependentStateson
January1st,2021.
ThePeople’sRepublicofChinahasbeenextremelyactiveinengagingtheMiddleEast
andAfricaintradeagreementsoflate,signingrecentagreementswithRwanda(2023)andthe
UnitedArabEmirates(2024).AlthoughtheEuropeanUnionstillremainsinplace,the
Eurozonewasdisbandedin2020,withEuropeancountriesrevertingtotheirformercurrencies
withmixedeconomicresults.LatinAmerica,ontheotherhand,isinthemidstofan
unprecedentedperiodofeconomicgrowth.Forexample,theUnionofSouthAmerican
Nations(USAN)hasdevelopedintoamajoreconomicbloc,emboldeningcountriesinvolvedto
takeagreatroleontheworldstage.IntheMiddleEast,tensionshavegraduallysubsided,due
inparttothedefeatofISISin2018bycoalitionforces,theadmittanceofKurdistantothe
UnitedNationsin2022,therelativestabilizationofcountriessuchasLibyaandIraq,anda
majorreductionofWestern(e.g.US,UK)armedforcesintheregion.However,muchoftheoil-
dependentMiddleEastiscurrentlyfacinganeconomiccrisis,duetothedrasticallydecreased
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worlddemandforoil.
Thebestwaytodescribethecurrentpoliticalstateoftheworldisoneofmulti-polarity.
AlthoughtheUnitedStatesstillcarriessignificantinfluence,theirpowerhasbeenincreasingly
checkedbythelikesofChina,Russia,LatinAmerica(particularlyBrazil),plustoalesserextent,
IndiaandtheEuropeanUnion.TheEUhasseenitsinfluencegraduallyweaken,aseconomic
malaiseanddomesticissueshavedistractedmanyEuropeancountriesfrominvolvementin
globalaffairs.Further,recentyearshaveseenthebreakupofUkraineandtheformationofthe
DonetskPeople’sRepublicandthereunificationoftheKoreanPeninsulaundertheUnited
RepublicsofKorea.Duetothemultipolarstateoftheworldatthistime,influenceiskeyfora
nation,andcertainareasoftheworldhavebecome“battlegrounds”ofsortsforthatinfluence.
Africa,theMiddleEast,EasternEurope,andSoutheastAsiahavebecomehotspotsforworld
powerstocompetefortradeagreementsorevenalliances,leadingtoarenewedfocuson
strongdiplomacywithcountriesfromtheseregions.
CURRENTTOPICSRareEarthElements 2027hasbroughtdrasticchangestoanalreadyshiftingworldandThePeople’sRepublic
ofChinahasseengainsinbothprominenceandpower.China’seconomynowexceedsthatof
theUnitedStatesanditscybercapabilitieshavereachedunprecedentedlevels.Inthepast,the
dynamicbetweenthesecountrieswascollaborative,butnowspycrafthasreinventeditselfand
espionagehasbecomeallthemoreimportantinmaintaininginternationalinfluence.Thegoal
oftheMSS,asacommittee,istohelpshapethefutureofChinaandovertaketheU.S.asthe
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world’snextsuperpower.
China’sbiggestadvantageisthemonopolyoftheenergyindustry.TheUSspentmostof
the2000’sfocusingontheMiddleEast’soilholds,causingtheMiddleKingdomtoslylygain
power.ChinahasensureddependencyofalltheotherpowersonitsmineableRareEarth
Element(REE)12
depositsandtheir
uniquelytrained
personnel.TheUS
andothernations
haveconstructed
mines,butlackthe
propertechniqueand
training.Inaddition,
theinitialcostofenteringthe
REEmarketisincrediblysteep,makingitnearlyimpossibleforothercountriestocompete
withoursupply.
Chinahasbeensteadilyincreasingthepriceandinventoryofthiscommodity.The
Chinesegovernmenthasstrategicallyplacedsanctionsonthepercentageofexportablegoods,
forcingAmericancompaniestooutsourcejobs.ThishasresultedinAmericanbasedgoods
beingproducedonChina’ssoil,whichhasevenfurtherboostedChina’seconomy.Although
12Rareearthsare17mineralswithmagneticandconductivepropertiesthatareusedinmostoftoday'selectronicdevices,includingflat-screentelevisions,smartphones,hybridcarsandweapons.Nearlyalloftheworld'ssupplyofrareearthscomesfromChina.“Chinacutsminesvitaltotechindustry”,CNN,accessedAugust18,2015,http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/08/business/china-rare-earth/index.html?section=money_news_international
MapofREEDepositshttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LuWqyXDZBh0/UO9uNUgph_I/AAAAAAAAA1A/hOuVIWyh25M/s640/map-of-ree-deposits.jpg
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JapanhasbeenabletominethemineralsfromitsowndepositinthePacific,Chinastillholds
thepower,astheonlynationwithmeansofrefinement.RareEarthElementsarenotonlyvital
intechnologybutalsopowerthenewestadvancedweaponssystemsandprivatesecurity
systems.BytakingawayUS’saccesstosuchelements,Chinahasinherentlytakenawaytheir
abilitytodefend.WithgreatinternationalinstabilityandtensionsbetweentheEasttheWest
runninghigh,couldtheworldbeonthebrinkofwar?
QuestionstoConsider
1. HowcanChinaprotecttheireconomicpositionandmaintainthesecrecyoftheirrefinementtechniques?
2.WhoarethepotentialalliesthatwouldalsobenefitfromthefalloftheUS?3. Whatissuescouldariseifinternationalstensionsareleftunresolved?
DroneConflict TheUnitedStateshasbeguninvestigatingChina’smovementsintheSouthAsiaSea
throughuseofdronesurveillanceinanefforttolimitChina’sexpansionsouthandpreventthe
creationofmoreman-madeislandsintheSpratlyIslands.Nearly10yearsago,inMayof2015,
theUStightenedregulationonChina’sislandexpansion.TheUSsentaPoseidonP-8Ato
surveythearea.TheMSSwasquicktodiscoverthisanddemandedthecraftleave
immediately,increasingtensionsbetweenthenations.
ChinahasbeendiscussingexpansionintheSouthAsiaSeasforsometimenowfor
economicalandmilitaryreasons.ChinahasfoughtbackagainstUSdronesbyattemptingto
disruptcommunication.Chinaiscurrentlyworkingdiligentlytoadvancetheirdrone
technologyinconjunctionwiththecompletionofartificialreefs.IfChina’sabilitytocreateland
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intheSouthAsiaSeaishindered,theyarereadytoprepareformilitaryresponse.
QuestionstoConsider
1.Isthecompletionoftheseartificiallandmassesworththeriskofworldwar?2.HowcantheMSSensuresecurityoftheseman-madereefs?
TensionwithHongKong In2015approximately61million
peoplevisitedHongKong,47millioncomingfrommainlandChina13.But2027hasbrought
drasticchangesandthePeople’sRepublicofChinahascutthatbymorethanhalf.Lessthan
10,000mainlandChinesehavebeengrantedpermissiontoworkinHongKong,atrifold
decreaseoverthepastdecade14.ProtestsarebreakingouteachweekandChina’sPeople’s
LiberationArmyhasbeenincreasingpresenceinordertomaintaincontrol.
13Steger,I.“AsTensionsSwell,ChinaReducesMainlanderVisitstoHongKong”,TheWallStreetJournal,accessedOctober14,2015http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/04/13/as-tensions-swell-china-reduces-mainlander-visits-to-hong-kong/14“ChinesefacegrowingtensioninHongKong”,CNN,accessedOctober14,2015http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/30/asia/china-mainlanders-in-hongkong/
SpartlyIslandReefwithMilitaryAirstriphttp://media4.s-nbcnews.com/j/newscms/2015_25/1076641/150616-south-china-sea-jpo-638a_baf4000e7653b8bfe82e9e85613309e6.nbcnews-ux-2880-1000.jpg
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Thefightfordemocracyis
becominganationalthreatto
Chinesesecurity.WithHong
Kong’sincreasedrelationswith
thewesternworld,American
idealsofdemocracyaremaking
gainandthePRCislosingcontrol.
OnepromisingoutlookforthefutureisthecodependenceofChinaandHongKong’s
economy,asHongKongisnowaleadingdistributorofgovernmentregulatedREEs15.With
HongKong’seconomydependentonthemainland’ssupply,increasedREEreserveswouldnot
onlyboosteconomicprogress,butalsoaidinsoothingtensions.
Toavoidmilitaryforce,andthepotentialofacivilwar,theMSSistaskedwith
maintainingpeacethrougheconomicalgainsandprotectionofChina’sCurrentsupplyofrare
earthelements.Domesticharmonyisessentialinordertokeepaclearfocusontheglobal
relationsandnationalsecurity.
QuestionstoConsider
1. WhatistheMSS’sroleinmaintainingpeaceinHongKong?2. HowcanChinausetheirtechnologicalandmilitaryadvancesinordertokeepthepeople
ofHongKongsafeanddocile?3. WhataretheimplicationsofCantoneseprotestsondemocracy,specificallyfreespeech?
Howwillthisimpactdomesticaffairsandinternationalrelations?
15Zhang,H.“RareearthelementsinmarineorganismsfromShenzhencoastalregion,”NationalCenterForBiotechnologyInformation,accessedOctober14,2015http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19877510
Pro-democracyProtestsinHongKonghttp://media.columbian.com/img/photos/2014/09/28/APTOPIX_Hong_Kong_Democracy.jpg
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WorksCited "BuilttoKill:ChinaUnveilsItsLatestHeavyweightContenderinMilitaryDroneRace." SouthChinaMorningPost.N.p.,n.d.Web.01Sept.2015. <http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1853872/built-kill- china-unveils-its-most-powerful-military>."ChinaCutsMinesVitaltoTechIndustry-CNN.com."CNN.CableNewsNetwork,n.d.
Web.18Aug.2015.<http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/08/business/china-rare-earth/index.html?section=money_news_international>.
"ChinaIsBuilding42,000MilitaryDrones:ShouldAmericaWorry?"TheNational
Interest.N.p.,n.d.Web.01Sept.2015.<http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/china-building-42000-military-drones-should-america-worry-12856>.
"ChinaSecurityOrganizationBreakdown."Wikileaks,n.d.Web.20Aug.2015.<https:// wikileaks.org/gifiles/attach/124/124591_China%20Security%20Organizatio %20Breakdown.doc>."ChineseMilitaryUsingJammingAgainstU.S.Drones."WashingtonFreeBeacon.N.p.,
n.d.Web.01Sept.2015.<http://freebeacon.com/national-security/chinese-military-using-jamming-against-u-s-drones/>.
"CIAVision,Mission,Ethos&Challenges."CentralIntelligenceAgency.Central IntelligenceAgency,16Dec.2013.Web.25June2015. <https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-vision-mission-values>."DomesticIntelligence."TheFreeDictionary.Farlex,n.d.Web.17Aug.2015. <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/domestic+intelligence>."DomesticSecurityandtheCommitteeforStateSecurity."FederationofAmerican Scientist,n.d.Web.20Aug.2015. <http://fas.org/irp/world/russia/kgb/su0518.htm>."TheDragon'sEyesandEars:ChineseIntelligenceattheCrossroads."TheNational
Interest.N.p.,n.d.Web.01Sept.2015.<http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-dragons-eyes-ears-chinese-intelligence-the-crossroads-12062>.
"Drones:WhatAreTheyandHowDoTheyWork?-BBCNews."BBCNews.N.p.,n.d. Web.01Sept.2015.<http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-10713898>.
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Mattis,Peter."TheAnalyticChallengeofUnderstandingChineseIntelligenceServices." BeyondSpyvs.Spy(n.d.):n.pag.Sept.2012.Web.20Aug.2015. <https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi- publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-56-no.-3/pdfs/Mattis- Understanding%20Chinese%20Intel.pdf>."MinistryofStateSecurity(China)."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation,n.d.Web.23 June2015.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)>."Operations."MinistryofStateSecurityOperations.N.p.,n.d.Web.11Aug.2015. <http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/china/mss-ops.htm>.Shen,L.“ChinesefacegrowingtensionsinHongKong.”CNN.Web14Oct.2015. <fromhttp://www.cnn.com/2015/06/30/asia/china-mainlanders-in-hongkong/>.Steger,I.“AsTensionsSwell,ChinaReducesMainlanderVisitstoHongKong.”The WallStreetJournalWeb.14Oct.2015.
<http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/04/13/as-tensions-swell-china-reduces-mainlander-visits-to-hong-kong/>.
"WhatWeDo."CentralIntelligenceAgency.CentralIntelligenceAgency,23Apr.2013. Web.23June2015.<https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/todays-cia/what-we-do>."WorldView:ChinaSaysWarwithUSinSouthChinaSeaIsInevitable-Breitbart." Breitbart.N.p.,26May2015.Web.01Sept.2015. <http://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2015/05/26/world-view-china-says- war-with-us-in-south-china-sea-is-inevitable/>.Zhang,H.“RareearthelementsinmarineorganismsfromShenzhencoastalregion.” NationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformation.Web15Oct.2015. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19877510>.
