INTENSIVECARE
MEDICINE
EI:mA UALUPDATE
JEAN-LOUIS VINCENT
INTENSIVECARE
MEDICINE
ANNUALUPDATE
2010
Editor
Jean-Louis VincentMD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP
Head, Department of Intensive CareErasme Hospital, Universire libre de Bruxelles
Brussels, Belgium
With 93 Figures and 59 Tables
~ Springer
]EAN-LoUIS VINCENT, MD, PHD, FCCM, FCCPHead, Department of Intensive CareErasme HospitalUniversire libre de BruxellesRoute de Lennik 8081070 BrusselsBelgium
ISBN 978-1-4419-5561-6
© 2010 Springer Science + Business Media Inc.
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Table of Contents
I The Microcirculation
v
The Microcirculation and Oxidative StressA. HARROIS, E. VICAUT, and J. DURANTEAU 3
64
Diagnosis and Treatment of the Septic MicrocirculationC. RUIZ, G. HERNANDEZ, and C.INCE 16
Targeted Treatment of Microvascular DysfunctionJ.H. BOYD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
11 Hemodynamic Monitoring
Diagnosing Hypovolemia in Critically III PatientsA. PERNER and U.G. PEDERSEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
Measuring Stroke Volume Using Electrical Impedance TomographyH. LUEPSCHEN, S. LEONHARDT, and C. PUTENSEN 46
Direct Arterial Pressure Monitoring: Pattern Recognition in the Managementof Circulatory Failure
M. NIRMALAN and M.R. PINSKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Choosing Patient-tailored Hemodynamic MonitoringC. SLAGT, R.-M.B.G.E. BREUKERS, and A.B.J. GROENEVELD
111 Resuscitation Issues
Airway and Ventilation during CPRJ.P. NOLAN and J. SOAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
The Role of Gasping in ResuscitationL.P. ROPPOLO, P.E. PEPE, and B.J. BOBROW 83
Recent Concepts in Burn ResuscitationD.J. DRIES and W.J. MOHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96
Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation in Cardiogenic ShockK. WERDAN, M. Russ, and M. BUERKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
IV Inflammatory Responses in the Lung
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Acute Lung InjuryV. D'SOUZA, R.C.A. DANCER, and D.R. THICKETT . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
VI Table 01 Contents
Role of CD14 in Lung Inflammation and InfeetionA. ANAS, T. VAN DER POLL, and A.F. OE VOS 129
V Mechanical Ventilation
Measurement of Funetional Residual Capaeity during Meehanical VentilationG. BELLANI, N. PATRONITI, and A. PESENTI 143
New and Conventional Strategies for Lung Reeruitment in Aeute RespiratoryDistress Syndrome
P. PELOSI, M. GAMA OE ABREU, and P.R.M. Rocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154
Consequenees of Pleural Effusions for Respiratory Meehanicsin Ventilated Patients
J. GRAF, P. FORMENTI, and J.J. MARINI 164
Weaning Failure of Cardiae Origin: Reeent AdvaneesJ.-1. TEBOUL, X. MONNET, and C. RICHARO 175
VI Respiratory Failure
The Effeets of Pleural EffusionD. CHIUMELLO, V. BERTO, and E. GALLAZZI 185
Fluid Management in Aeute Lung Injury and ARDSA. ROCH, C. GUERVILLY, and 1. PAPAZIAN 193
Life-threatening Respiratory Failure from HINI Influenza: Lessons from theSouthern Cone Outbreak
C.M. LUNA, R. VALENTINI, and O. RIZZO 203
VII Infections
Cytomegalovirus Infections in Non-immunocompromised Critically III PatientsD.F. FLORESCU and A.C. KALIL 219
Prevention of Central Venous Catheter-related Infeetion in the Intensive Care UnitD. FRASCA, C. DAHYOT-FIZELIER, and O. MIMOZ 223
Standardization of Care to Improve Outeomes of Patients with VentilatorAssociated Pneumonia and Severe Sepsis
M.H . KOLLEF and S.T. MICEK 235
Strategies for Implementation of Evidenee-based Guidelines for Preventionof Healtheare-associated Infeetion
S. LABEAU, D. VANDIJCK, and S. BLOT 244
Antibiotic Stewardship: Possibilities when Resourees Are LimitedD. CURCIO 257
VIII Metabolie SupportVitamin D in Critieal Illness
A. KRIsHNAN, J. OCHOLA, and B. VENKATESH 273
Table of Contents VII
IX Anticoagulant Therapies
Update on Antithrombin for the Treatment of Burn Trauma and SmokeInhalation Injury
S. REHBERG, D.L. TRABER, and P. ENKHBAATAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 285
Update on Physiologieal Antieoagulant Factor Concentrates in Patients with SepsisM. LEVI and T. VAN DER POLL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
X Anemia and Blood Transfusions
Venous Oxygen Saturation as a Physiologie Transfusion TriggerB. VALLET, E. ROBIN, and G. LEBUFFE 313
Tissue Protective Activities of ErythropoietinN.S.A. PATEL, M.M. YAQOOB, and C. THIEMERMANN 321
XI Renal Disease and Therapy
Doppler-Based Renal Resistive Index: A Comprehensive ReviewM. DARMON, D. SCHNELL, and E ZENI ' " 331
Atrial Natriuretie Peptide in Postoperative Acute Renal FailureS.-E. RICKSTEN and K. SWÄRD 339
Renal Dysfunction in Chronic Liver DiseaseA. SLACK, A. YEOMAN, and I. WENDON 349
Hemofiltration and Hybrid Therapies in 2010P.M. HONORE, O. ]OANNES-BoYAU, and T. Ross 365
Timing of Renal Replacement TherapyW. DE CORTE, 1. OE LAET, and E.A.]. HOSTE 373
XII Neurological Aspeets
Multimodal Monitoring: A Critieal Tool in the Neuro-ICUK. SHUKRI and ES. ALl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 383
Hemodynamie Management of Acute Spinal Cord InjuryO. SOLAIMAN and D. ZYGUN 392
Quantitative CT Scan and CT-Estimated Brain Specific Gravity in TB!V. DEGOS, T. LESCOT, and L. PUYBASSET 399
Cerebral Perfusion in SepsisC.S. BURKHART, M. SIEGEMUNO, and L.A. STEINER 411
Systemic Complications after Subarachnoid HemorrhageA. CARICATO, R. MAVIGLIA, and M. ANTONELLI 419
XIII Perioperative Management
Epidural Anesthesia: New Indieations for an Old TechniqueA. GOTTSCHALK, C. ERTMER, and M. WESTPHAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Risk Assessment and Prevention of Perioperative StrokeA. PAPANGELOU and M. MIRSKI 439
VIII Table of Contents
Overview of Chronic Post-thoracotomy Pain: Etiology and TreatmentP.K. BATTU, T.D. PRIEST, and E GAO-SMITH 455
XIV Abdominal Compartment SyndromeThe Polycompartment Syndrome: What's all the Fuss About?
M.L.N .G. MALBRAIN, I. DE LAET, and J. DE WAELE 465
Laparostomy: Why and When?A.K. LEPPANIEMI . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
XV Drug Distribution and Clearance
Augmented Renal Clearance: Unraveling the Mystery of Elevated AntibioticClearance
A.A. UDY, J.A. ROBERTS, and J. LIPMAN " 495
Drug Distribution: Is it a more Important Determinant of Drug Dosing thanClearance?
M. ULLDEMOLINS, J.A. ROBERTS, and J. RELLa 507
XVI Risk Stratification
Risk Stratification in Severe Sepsis: Organ Failure Scores, PIRO or Both?R.P. MORENO, P. METNITZ, and P. BAUER 519
XVII Critical Care Outreach
On the Response to Acutely Deteriorating PatientsS. MUKHERJEE and S.J. BRETT 531
Identifying Cardiorespiratory Insufficiency Outside the ICUM.R. PINSKY and M. HRAVNAK " 539
XVIII End-of-life Issues
An Update on ICU Management of the Potential Organ DonorM.T. KEEGAN, K.E. WOOD, and D.B. COURSIN 547
End-of-life Care in the ICU: Commonalities and Differences Between NorthAmerica and Europe
Y.-L.C. NGUYEN, EB. MAYR, and D.C. ANGUS 560
XIX Patient Care
Do Sleep Disorders have an Impact on Outcome in ICU Patients?J. MANTZ, C. PAUGAM-BuRTZ, and S. HAMADA 571
Communication in Crisis : The Importance of 'Verbal Dexterity'P.G. BRINDLEY 581
Patient Safety and Acute Care Medicine: Lessons for the Future, Insightsfrom the Past
P.G. BRINDLEY 590
Subject Index 597
List of Contributors
ALl FSDepartment of Emergency MedicineKing Fahad Specialist HospitalPO Box 15215Dammam 31444Saudi Arabia
ANAS A
Center for Experimental and MolecularMedicineCenter of Infection and ImmunityAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 9, G2-1301105AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
ANGUS DCDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA
ANTONELLl MInstitute of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCatholic University School of MedicineLargo A. Gemelli 800168 RomeItaly
BATTU PKDepartment of Anesthesia, CriticalCare and PainWarwick Medical SchoolBordesley Green EastBirmingham B9 5SSUnited Kingdom
BAUER PDepartment of Medical StatisticsMedical University of ViennaWaehringer Guertel 18-201090 ViennaAustria
BELLANI GDepartment of Perioperative andIntensive Care MedicineSan Gerardo HospitalVia Pergolesi 3320052 MonzaItaly
BERTO VDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareFondazione IRCSSOspedale Maggiore PoliclinicoVia Francesco Sforza 3520122 MilanItaly
BLOT SGeneral Internal Medicine andInfectious DiseasesUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium
IX
X List of Contributors
BOBROW BJBureau of Emergency Medical Services& Trauma SystemThe Arizona Department of HealthServices150 North 18th Avenue, #540Phoenix, AZ 85007USA
BOYD JHCritical Care Research LaboratoriesHeart and Lung InstituteSt. Paul's Hospital1081 Burrard StreetVancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6Canada
BRETT SJDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareHammersmith HospitalDu Cane RoadLondon W12 OHSUnited Kingdom
BREUKERS RMBGEDepartment of Intensive CareVUMCDe Boelelaan 11171081 HV AmsterdamNetherlands
BRINDLEY PDivision of Critical Care Medicine4H 1.22 University of Alberta Hospital8440-112th StreetEdmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7Canada
BUERKE MDepartment of Medicine IIIUniversity HospitalErsnst-Grube-Strasse 4006120 HalleGermany
BURKHART CSDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity HospitalSpitalstrasse 214031 BaselSwitzerland
CARICATO AInstitute of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCatholic University School of MedicineLargo A. Gemelli 800168 RomeItaly
CHIUMELLO DDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareFondazione IRCSSOspedale Maggiore PoliclinicoVia Francesco Sforza 3520122 MilanItaly
COURSIN DBDepartment of Anesthesiology andMedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School ofMedicine and Public Health600 Highland AvenueMadison, WI 53792USA
CURCIO DInfectious Diseases DepartmentInstituto Sacre CourInfectologia Institucional SRLParaguay 31281425 Capital FederalArgentina
DAHYOT-FIZELIER CSurgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire2 rue de la Mileterie86021 PoitiersFrance
DANCER RCALung Investigation Unit1st floor Nuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth HospitalEdgbastonBirmingham BIS 2THUni ted Kingdom
DARMON MMedical-Surgical Intensive Care UnitSaint-Etienne University HospitalAvenue Albert Raimond42270 Saint-Priest-en-]arezFrance
DE CORTE W
Department of Anesthesia andIntensive CareAZ GroeningeHoutmarkt8500 KortrijkBelgium
DEGOS VUnit of Neuro-intensive CareDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareCHU Pitie-Salpetriere47-83, boulevard de l'Höpital75651 Paris Cedex 13France
DE LAET IIntensive Care UnitZiekenhuisNetwerk AntwerpenZNA StuivenbergLange Beeldekensstraat 2672060 AntwerpBelgium
DE Vos AFCenter for Experimental and MolecularMedicineCenter of Infection and ImmunityAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 9, G2-1301105AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
DE WAELE]
Surgical Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium
List of Contributors XI
DRIES D]
Department of Surgery andAnesthesiologyRegions Hospital640 ]ackson Street, #11503CSt. Paul, MN 55101USA
D'SOUZA VLung Investigation Unit1st floor Nuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth HospitalEdgbastonBirmingham B15 2THUnited Kingdom
DURANTEAU]
Department of Anesthesia and SurgicalIntensive CareCHU de Bicetre78 rue du General Ledere94275 Le Kremlin BicetreFrance
ENKHBAATAR PInvestigational Intensive Care UnitDepartment of AnesthesiologyThe University of Texas Medical Branch301 University Blvd.Galveston, TX 77555-0833USA
ERTMER CDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity of MuensterAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MuensterGermany
FLORESCU DF
Infectious Diseases DivisionUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center985400 Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE 68198-5400USA
FORMENTI PPulmonary ResearchRegions Hospital640 ]ackson StSt. Paul, MN 55101USA
XII List of Contributors
FRASCA DSurgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire2 rue de la Mileterie86021 PoitiersFrance
GALLAZZI EAnesthesia and Intensive CareFondazione IRCSSOspedale Maggiore PolidinicoVia Francesco Sforza 3520122 MilanItaly
GAMA DE ABREU MDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CarePulmonary Engineering GroupUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusFetscherstr. 7401307 DresdenGermany
GAO-SMITH F
Department of Anesthesia, CriticalCare and PainWarwiek Medical SchoolBordesley Green EastBirmingham B9 5SSUnited Kingdom
GOTTSCHALK A
Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity of MuensterAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MuensterGermany
GRAF J
Pulmonary ResearchRegions Hospital640 Iackson StSt. Paul, MN 55101USA
GROENEVELD ABJ
Department of Intensive CareVUMCDe Boelelaan 11171081 HV AmsterdamNetherlands
GUERVILLY CMedical Intensive CareHöpital Sainte-Marguerite270 Bd de Sainte Marguerite13009 MarseilleFrance
HAMADA S
Department of Anesthesia and CriticalCareBeaujon University Hospital100 boulevard du General Ledere92110 ClichyFrance
HARROIS A
Department of Anesthesia and SurgicalIntensive CareCHU de Bicetre78 rue du General Ledere94275 Le Kremlin BicetreFrance
HERNANDEZ G
Department of Intensive CareMedical FacultyCatholic University of ChileMarcoleta 367Santiago de ChileChile
HONoRE PMICU High and Medium CareBurn CenterQueen Astrid Military HospitalRue Bruyn 11120 BrusselsBelgium
HOSTE EAJ
Department of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium
HRAVNAK MSchool of NursingUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine606 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA
INCE CDepartment of Intensive CareErasmus Medical CenterErasmus University of RotterdamS-Gravendijkwal 2303015 CE RotterdamNetherlands
JOANNEs-BoYAU 0Department of Intensive CareHaut Leveque University Hospital ofBordeauxPessacFrance
KAUL ACInfectious Diseases DivisionUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center985400 Nebraska Medical CenterOrnaha, NE 68198-5400USA
KEEGAN MTMayo Clinic College of Medicine200 1st Street SWRochester, MN 55905-0001USA
KOLLEF MHDivision of Pulmonary and CriticalCare MedicineWashington University School ofMedicine660 South Euc1id Avenue, Campus Box8052St. Louis, MO 63110USA
KRISHNAN ADepartment of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra and IpswichHospitalsBrisbane, QLD 4102Australia
List of Contributors XIII
LABEAU SFaculty of Medicine and HealthSeiencesUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium
LEBUFFE GDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital of LilleRue Michel Polonovski59037 LilleFrance
LEONHARDT SMedical Information TechnologyHelmholtz-InsituteRWTH UniversityPauwelsstrasse 2052074 AachenGermany
LEPPÄNIEMI ADepartment of SurgeryMeilahti HospitalUniversity of HelsinkiHaartmaninkatu 4PO Box 34000029 HusFinland
LESCOT TUnit of Surgical Intensive CareDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareCHU Pitie-Salpetriere47-83, boulevard de I'Höpital75651 Paris Cedex 13France
LEVI MDepartment of Medicine (F-4)Academic Medica CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
XIV List of Contributors
LIPMAN JDepartment of Intensive Care MedicineRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbane, Queensland 4029Australia
LUEPSCHEN HDepartment of Anesthesiology andOperative Intensive Care MedicineUniversity of BonnSigmund-Freud Strasse 2553105 BonnGermany
LUNA CM
Universidad de Buenos AiresHospital de ClinicasAcevedo 1070Banfield1828 Buenos AiresArgentina
MALBRAIN MLNG
Intensive Care UnitZiekenhuisNetwerk AntwerpenZNA StuivenbergLange Beeldekensstraat 2672060 AntwerpBelgium
MANTZ JDepartment of Anesthesia and CriticalCareBeaujon University Hospital100 Boulevard du General Leclerc92110 ClichyFrance
MARINI JJPulmonary and Critical CareRegions HospitalMS-1l203B640 [ackson StSt. Paul, MN 55101USA
MAVIGLIA RInstitute of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCatholic University School of MedicineLargo A. Gemelli 800168 RomeItaly
MAYR FBDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA
METNITZ PDepartment of Anesthesiology andGeneral Intensive CareMedical University of ViennaWaehringer Guertel 18-201090 ViennaAustria
MICEK STPharmacy Department/MS 90-52-411Barnes-Iewish HospitalOne Barnes-[ewish Hospital PlazaSt. Louis, MO 63110USA
MIMOZ 0Surgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire2 Rue de la Mileterie86021 PoitiersFrance
MIRSKI M
Department of Anesthesiology andCritical Care Medicine600 N. Wolfe StreetMeyer 8-140Baltimore, MD 21287USA
MOHR WJBurn CenterRegions Hospital640 [ackson Street, #11503CSt. Paul , MN 55101USA
MaNNET XService of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier de Bicetre78 rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance
MORENO RP
Unit of Polyvalent Intensive CareHospital de St. Antonio dos CapuchosCentro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central,E.P.E.1150-069 LisbonPortugal
MUKHER]EE SDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareHammersmith HospitalDu Cane RoadLondon W12 OHSUnited Kingdom
NGUYEN YLCDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA
NIRMALAN M
Critical Care UnitManchester Royal InfirmaryOxford roadManchester, M13 9WLUnited Kingdom
NOLAN JP
Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineRoyal United HospitalCombe ParkBath BAI 3NGUnited Kingdom
OCHOLA J
Department of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra and IpswichHospitalsBrisbane, QLD 4102Australia
List of Contributors XV
PAPANGELOU A
Department of Anesthesiology andCritical Care Medicine600 N. Wolfe StreetMeyer 8-140Baltimore, MD 21287USA
PAPAZIAN LMedical Intensive CareHöpital Sainte-Marguerite270 Bd de Sainte Marguerite13009 MarseilleFrance
PATEL NSA
The William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonCentre for Translational Medicine andTherapeuticsBarts and The LondonCharterhouse SquareLondon ECIM 6BQUnited Kingdom
PATRONITI N
Department of Perioperative andIntensive Care MedicineSan Gerardo HospitalVia Pergolesi 3320052 MonzaItaly
PAUGAM-BuRTZ CDepartment of Anesthesia and CriticalCareBeaujon University Hospital100 boulevard du General Ledere92110 ClichyFrance
PEDERSEN UGDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalRigshospitalet2100 CopenhagenDenmark
XVI List of Contributors
PELOSI P
Department of Ambient Health andSafetyServizio Anestesia BOspedale di CircoloUniversity of InsubriaViale Borri 5721100 VareseItaly
PEPE PE
Department of Emergency MedicineThe University of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center and the ParklandHealth and Hospital System5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Mai!Code 8579Dallas, TX 75390-8579USA
PERNER ADepartment of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalRigshospitalet2100 CopenhagenDenmark
PESENTI ADepartment of Perioperative andIntensive Care MedicineSan Gerardo HospitalVia Pergolesi 3320052 MonzaItaly
PINSKY MR
Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine606 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA
PRIEST TDDepartment of Anesthesia,Critical Care and PainWarwick Medical SchoolBordesley Green EastBirmingham B9 5SSUnited Kingdom
PUTENSEN CDepartment of Anesthesiology andOperative Intensive Care MedicineUniversity of BonnSigmund-Freud Strasse 2553105 BonnGermany
PUYBASSET LUnit de Neuro-intensive CareDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareCHU Pitie-Salpetriere47-83, boulevard de l'H öpital75651 Paris Cedex 13France
REHBERG S
Investigational Intensive Care UnitDepartment of AnesthesiologyThe University of Texas Medical Branch301 University Blvd.Galveston, TX 77555-0833USA
RELLO JCritical Care Department[oan XXIII University HospitalMallafre Guasch 443007 TarragonaSpain
RICHARD CService of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier de Bicetre78 rue du General Leclere94270 Le Krernlin-BicetreFrance
RICKSTEN SE
Department of CardiothoracicAnesthesia and Intensive CareSahlgrenska University Hospital41345 GöreborgSweden
RIZZO 0Hospital de Rehabilitacion RespiratoriaMaria FerrerFinochietto 849Barracas, Capital Federal4307-6738Argentina
ROBERTS JABums, Trauma and Critical CareResearchCentre, The University of QueenslandLevel 3, Ned Hanlon BuildingRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalHerston 4020, QueenslandAustralia
ROBIN EDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital of LilleRue Michel Polonovski59037 LilleFrance
ROCH AMedical Intensive CareH öpital Sainte-Marguerite270 Bd de Sainte Marguerite13009 MarseilleFrance
Rocco PRMLaboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationUniversidade Federal do Rio de [aneiroInstituto de Biofisica Carlos ChagasFilhoC.C.S. Ilha do Fundao21941-902 Rio de IaneiroBrazil
ROPPOLO LPEmergency Medicine ResidencyThe University of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center and the ParklandHealth and Hospital System5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MailCode 8579Dallas, TX 75390-8579USA
ROSE TDepartment of Intensive Care andSurgeryBurn CenterQueen Astrid Military HospitalRue Bruyn 11120 BrusselsBelgium
List of Contributors XVII
RUIZ CDepartment of Intensive CareMedical FacultyCatholic University of ChileMarcoleta 367Santiago de ChileChile
Russ MDepartment of Medicine IIIUniversity HospitalErsnst-Grube-Strasse 4006120 HalleGermany
SCHNELL DMedical Intensive Care UnitSaint-Louis University Hospital1 Rue Claude Vellefaux,75010 ParisFrance
SHUKRI KDepartment of Critical CareKing Fahad Specialist HospitalPO Box 15215Dammam 31444Saudi Arabia
SIEGEMUND MDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineOperative Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalSpitalstrasse 214031 BaselSwitzerland
SLACK AInstitute of Liver StudiesKing's College HospitalDenmark HillLondon SE5 9RSUnited Kingdom
SLAGT CDepartment of Intensive CareVUmcDe Boelelaan 11171081 HV AmsterdamNetherlands
XVIII List of Contributors
SOAR J
Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineSouthmead HospitalBristol BSI0 5NBUnited Kingdom
SOLAIMAN 0Interdepartmental Division of CriticalCareUniversity of TorontoToronto Western Hospital399 Bathurst StreetToronto, ONT M5T 258Canada
STEINER LA
Department of AnesthesiologyCentre Hospitalier UniversitaireVaudoisRue du Bugnon 461011 LausanneSwitzerland
SWÄRD KDepartment of CardiothoracicAnesthesia and Intensive CareSahlgrenska University Hospital41345 GöteborgSweden
TEBOULJL
Service of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier de Bicetre78 rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance
THICKETT DR
Lung Investigation Unit1st floor Nuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth HospitalEdgbastonBirmingham BIS 2THUnited Kingdom
THIEMERMANN CThe William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonCentre for Translational Medicine andTherapeuticsBarts and The LondonCharterhouse SquareLondon ECIM 6BQUnited Kingdom
TRABER DL
Investigational Intensive Care UnitDepartment of AnesthesiologyThe University of Texas Medical Branch301 University Blvd.Galveston, TX 77555-0833USA
UDyAADepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareHammersmith HospitalDu Cane RoadLondon W12 OHSUnited Kingdom
ULLDEMOLINS MCritical Care Department[oan XXIII University HospitalMallafre Guasch 443007 TarragonaSpain
VALENTINI R
Intensive Care ServiceCentro de Educaion Medica eInvestigaciones ClinicasAvenida Galv än 4102Buenos Aires 1431Argentina
VALLET BDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital of LilleRue Michel Polonovski59037 LilleFrance
VAN DER POLL TCenter for Experimental and MolecularMedicineCenter of Infection and ImmunityAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 9, G2-130n05AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
VANDIJCK DGeneral Internal Medicine andInfectious DiseasesUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium
VENKATESH BDepartment of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra and IpswichHospitalsBrisbane, QLD 4102Australia
VICAUT ELaboratoire d'Etude de laMicrocirculationFaculte de Medecine LariboisiereSite Villemin10 avenue de Verdun75010 ParisFrance
WENDON JInstitute of Liver StudiesKing's College HospitalDenmark HiliLondon SES 9RSUnited Kingdom
WERDAN KDepartment of Medicine IIIUniversity HospitalErsnst-Grube-Strasse 4006120 HalleGermany
List of Contributors XIX
WESTPHAL MDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity of MuensterAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MuensterGermany
WOOD KEDepartment of Anesthesiology andMedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School ofMedicine and Public Health600 Highland AvenueMadison, WI 53792USA
YAQOOB MMThe Wiliiam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonCentre for Translational Medicine andTherapeuticsBarts and The LondonCharterhouse SquareLondon ECIM 6BQUnited Kingdom
YEOMAN AInstitute of Liver StudiesKing's College HospitalDenmark HiliLondon SES 9RSUnited Kingdom
ZENIF
Medical-Surgical Intensive Care UnitAvenue Albert Raimond42270 Saint-Priest-en-IarezFrance
ZYGUN DDepartment of Critical CareFoothilis Medical CenterEG23, 1403-29 Street NWCalgary, Alberta T2N 2TPCanada
xx
(ommon Abbreviations
AKIAllAPACHEARDSCOPDCPPCPRCTCVPEEGEKGEVLWHbICUIFNILLPSMAPMRINF-KBNONOSPAOPPEEPSCV02SIRSSOFASv02
SVRTBITNFVAP
Acute kidney injuryAcute lung injuryAcute physiology and chronic health evaluationAcute respiratory distress syndromeChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCerebral perfusion pressureCardiopulmonary resuscitationComputed tomographyCentral venous pressureElectroencephalogramElectrocardiogramExtravascular lung waterHemoglobinIntensive care unitInterferonInterleukinLipopolysaccharideMean arterial pressureMagnetic resonance imagingNuclear factor-kappa BNitric oxideNitric oxide synthasePulmonary artery occlusion pressurePositive end-expiratory pressureCentral venous oxygen saturationSystemic inflammatory response syndromeSequentiai organ failure assessmentMixed venous oxygen saturationSystemic vascular resistanceTraumatic brain injuryTumor necrosis factorVentilator-associated pneumonia