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SWXJU QOXGU GFBKBDO EJK SGDAJKNWKJK
LJFW@UJX GFBKBDO WKO\GQXOUJX XJDJ^J
13:8
GLGFUO\OUJX SQBNQJD EJK FGNOJUJK EOKJX FGXGIJUJK
FJAWSJUGK XWDAJ^J UJIWK 13:1
Mbijk Jreojksyji
JKJ@OXOX SGKNJQWI SGQXGSXO SGKNGHGQ FJ_W UGQIJEJS SG-
@J_JKJK UJUJ WXJIJ FJ_W EO EOKJX FGIWUJKJK EJK SGQFGAW-
KJK FJAWSJUGK XWDAJ^J UJIWK 13:8
Muiroyjkto
JKJ@OXOX LJFUBQ-LJFUBQ _JKN DGDSGKNJQWIO SQBEWFXO JOQ
DOKWD EJ@JD FGDJXJK EIJQDJ UJIWK 13::-13:1 (Xtueo Fjsus Sjej
H\. Ajijkj Uortj J`jd Djrotod)
@oeyj Jr̀ oko
GLGFUO\OUJX SG@JFXJKJJK FGNOJUJK AWEOEJ_J QWDSWU @JWU
EJ@JD QJKNFJ SGDAGQEJ_JJK GFBKBDO FGQJF_JUJK
DJX_JQJFJU SGXOXOQ EO EGXJ SW@JW FJWKN FGHJDJUJK AWGQ
FJAWSJUGK XWDAJ^J
Kukukn Djr`okj
JKJ@OXOX UOKNFJU SGKEJSJUJK WXJIJ XODSJK SOKMJD QWDJI
UJKNNJ SGDAWJU UGDSG EO FG@WQJIJK AQJKN AOMO FJAWSJUGK
XWDAJ^J
Bhtjuljk Ljeo`ji Jljkey
JKJ@OXOX SGKNJQWI MWD@JI FJQ_J^JK UGQIJEJS
SGKOKNFJUJK BDXGU SGKMWJ@JK XGSGEJ DBUBQ IBKEJ SJEJ
SU.FQOEJ EOKJDOF JWUBKWXJ HJAJKN UJ@O^JKN FJAWSJUGK
XWDAJ^J AJQJU
Sokbsj Eworjiotj
LJFUBQ-LJFUBQ _JKN DGDSGKNJQWIO SGKOKNFJUJK SQBEWFXO
SJEO EO EGXJ DJDJ FGHJDJUJK @BSBF FJAWSJUGK XWDAJ^J
Qjsdjwjto
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.4 Desember 2013-Full
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Eotgraotfjk b`gi=
SWXJU QOXGU GFBKBDO EJK
SGDAJKNWKJK
Ljfu`tjs Gfbkbdo
Wkovgrsotjs Xjdjwj (WKXJ)
J`jdjt Qgejfso=Fjdpus Ljfu`tjs Gfbkbdo
Wkovgrsotjs Xjdjwj
M`. Qjyj Ay Sjss Xgrokn Wktgr
Owgs
Xudajwj Agsjr KUA
Ug`p./Ljfs. (38>:)
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EJLUJQ OXO
GLGFUO\OUJX SQBNQJD EJK FGNOJUJK EOKJX FGXGIJUJK
FJAWSJUGK XWDAJ^J UJIWK 13:1 ................................................ :
Mbijk Jr eojksyji
JKJ@OXOX SGKNJQWI SGQXGSXO SGKNGHGQ FJ_W UGQIJEJS
SG@J_JKJK UJUJ WXJIJ FJ_W EO EOKJX FGIWUJKJK EJK
SGQFGAWKJK FJAWSJUGK XWDAJ^J UJIWK 13:8 ................... 18
Muiroyjkto
JKJ@OXOX LJFUBQ-LJFUBQ _JKN DGDSGKNJQWIO SQBEWFXO
JOQ DOKWD EJ@JD FGDJXJK EIJQDJ UJIWK 13::-13:1 (Xtueo
Fjsus Sjej H\.Ajijkj Uortj J`jd Djrotod) .......................................... 8<
@o eyj Jr` oko
GLGFUO\OUJX SG@JFXJKJJK FGNOJUJK AWEOEJ_J QWDSWU
@JWU EJ@JD QJKNFJ SGDAGQEJ_JJK GFBKBDO
FGQJF_JUJK DJX_JQJFJU SGXOXOQ EO EGXJ SW@JW FJWKN
FGHJDJUJK AWGQ FJAWSJUGK XWDAJ^J ................................ 7:
Kukukn Djr`okj
JKJ@OXOX UOKNFJU SGKEJSJUJK WXJIJ XODSJK SOKMJD QWDJI
UJKNNJ SGDAWJU UGDSG EO FG@WQJIJK AQJKN AOMO
FJAWSJUGK XWDAJ^J ........................................................................
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 :
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
GLGFUO\OUJX SQBNQJD EJK FGNOJUJK
EOKJX FGXGIJUJK FJAWSJUGK XWDAJ^J UJIWK 13:1
B`gi=
Mbijk Jreojksyji
JAXUQJF
Sgkg`otojk oko agrtumujk uktuf dgknjkj`osos toknfjt glgftovotjs prbnrjd ejk fgnojtjk
Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj tjiuk 13:1. Mgkos pgkg`otojk oko jej`ji
pgkg`otojk egsfroptol egknjk dgknnukjfjk jkj`osj fujktotjtol. Nukj dgkejpjtfjk ejtj
yjkn vj`oe sgrtj sgsujo egknjk yjkn eoijrjpfjk, djfj sgsujo sudagr ejtj ej`jd
pgkg`otojk oko yjotu ejtj sgfukegr, djfj pgku`os dgknnukjfjk dgtbeg jtju tgfkof
pgkhjtjtjk ebfudgk. Sgkhjtjtjk ebfudgk jej`ji hjrj pgknudpu`jk ejtj egknjk
mj`jk dgkyj`ok jtju dgkhjtjt yjkn tgrejpjt pjej ebfudgk-ebfudgk pjej
eokjs/okstjkso agrsjknfutjk yjkn agrfjotjk egknjk djsj`ji yjkn eotg`oto, ej`jd
pgkg`otojk oko jej`ji Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj. Xg`jok otu ejtj munj
eopgrb`gi egknjk hjrj dgdajhj jtju dgdpg`jmjro rglgrgkso-rglgrgkso yjkn jej sgsujo
egknjk fgautuijk yjkn agrfjotjk egknjk djsj`ji yjkn eotg`oto. Ijso` b`ji ejtj yjkn
eopgrb`gi eo`jpjknjk dgkukmuffjk ajiwj Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj
tjiuk 13:1 tgrnb`bkn toejf glgftol ej`jk dgkmj`jkfjk prbnrjd ejk fgnojtjk yjkn tg`ji
eosusuk sgag`udkyj ej`jd rgkhjkj fgrmj eodjkj ijso` pgrb`gijk tbtj` rjtj-rjtj ejro
ejtj yjkn eopgrb`gi sgtg`ji eob`ji yjotu 55,
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 1
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
yjkn dgrupjfjk hgrdokjk djsyjrjfjt, ajknsj, ejk kgnjrj Okebkgsoj egknjk eotjkejo
b`gi pgkeueufkyj yjkn ioeup egknjk pgro`jfu, ejk ej`jd `oknfuknjk sgijt, sgrtj
dgdo`ofo fgdjdpujk uktuf dgkmjknfju pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk yjkn agrdutu sghjrj jeo`
ejk dgrjtj, eosg`urui wo`jyji Kgnjrj Fgsjtujk Qgpua`of Okebkgsoj. Wktuf dgkhjpjo
tumujk tgrsgaut eosg`gknnjrjfjk pgdajknukjk fgsgijtjk yjkn agrfgsokjdauknjk, ajofb`gi pgdgroktji pusjt, pgdgroktji prbvokso ejk pgdgroktji fjaupjtgk/fbtj, djupuk
b`gi djsyjrjfjt sgrtj swjstj.
Sgdajknukjk fgsgijtjk sgajnjo ajnojk oktgnrj` ejro pgdajknukjk kjsobkj` ejk
ejgrji eoijejpfjk fgpjej agagrjpj fgjejjk ejk osu pgktokn, yjotu fgsgijtjk sgajnjo
ijf jsjso ejk sgfj`onus okvgstjso, jejkyj trjksoso egdbnrjlos ejk gpoegdob`bnos,
tjktjknjk n`baj` sgajnjo jfoajt fgaomjfjk pgrejnjknjk agajs, egdbfrjtosjso yjkn tgrus
agrfgdajkn eosgnj`j aoejkn ejk jspgf fgioeupjk. Osu-osu pgktokn oko jpjao`j eoijejpo
egknjk jrol aomjfsjkj, djfj dgrupjfjk sgauji pg`ujkn ejk sgfj`onus pu`j tjktjknjk
uktuf pgdajknukjk sgftbr fgsgijtjk eo djsj ejtjkn. Ej`jd rjknfj dgkoknfjtfjk
egrjmjt fgsgijtjk djsyjrjfjt ajkyjf ij` yjkn pgr`u eopgrijtofjk, sj`ji sjtu
eojktjrjkyj yjkn eojknnjp dgdpukyjo pgrjkjk yjkn hufup pgktokn jej`ji
pgkyg`gknnjrjjk pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk yjkn sgsujo egknjk Wkejkn-Wkejkn kbdbr 18
tjiuk :??? tgktjkn pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk.
Sgrjturjk Sgdgroktji Qgpua`of Okebkgsoj kbdbr 17 tjiuk 1333 tgktjkn
fgwgkjknjk Srbvokso sgajnjo ejgrji btbkbdo fbksgfugkso `bnos ejro ukejkn-ukejkn
ejk pgrjturjk pgdgroktji jej`ji ajiwj glgftovotjs pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk ijrus eosgsujo
egknjk mowj ejk sgdjknjt btbkbdo, djfj eosusuk`ji tunjs pbfbf ejk luknso Eokjs
Fgsgijtjk sg`jfu pgknjtur pgdagro `jyjkjk fgsgijtjk, yjfko6 (:) dgkyg`gknnjrjfjk,
dg`jfsjkjfjk pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk. (1) pgkyg`gknnjrjfjk pg`jyjkjk dgeof ejk kbk
dgeof, pgkyg`gknnjrjjk jsuijk, pgkeoeofjk, pg`jtoijk tgkjnj dgeof, sgrtj pgkg`otojk
ejk pgkngdajknjk.Jejkyj egsgktrj`osjso dgkudauifjk frgjtovotjs ejgrji uktuf dgdajknuk
ejgrji djsokn-djsokn. Egsgktrj`osjso fgsgijtjk sghjrj udud dgkygrjifjk urusjk
fgsgijtjk ejro pgdgrtoktji pusjt fg pgdgroktji ejgrji. Kjduk eofijwjtorfjk, tgrejpjt
njp jktjrj fgaomjfjk tgrtu`os ejro pgdgroktji pusjt egknjk odp`gdgktjsokyj b`gi
pgdgroktji ejjgrji. Ugrfjejkn, fgaomjfjk fgsgijtjk eonukjfjk sgajnjo j`jt strjtgnos
ej`jd pb`otof tjkpj eosgrtjo fgdjdpujk ej`jd dgkmj`jkfjkkyj. Xgioknnj, djsyjrjfjt
tgrutjdj fj`jknjk dgkgknji fg ajwji dgkmjeo poijf yjkn pj`okn eorunofjk. Agrajnjo
tuktutjk djsyjrjfjt tgktjkn pg`jyjkjk yjkn hgpjt ioknnj aojyj fgsgijtjk yjkn durji
eoijrjpfjk djdpu eorgjs`osjsofjk pgdgroktji jtjs prbnrjd-prbnrjd fokgrmjkyj.
Sg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk yjkn agrdutu dgrupjfjk sjtu tb`jf ufur yjkn agrglgf
tgrijejp fgoknokjk djsyjrjfjt uktuf fgdaj`o fgpjej okstotuso (Eokjs Fgsgijtjk ejkQudji Xjfot) sg`jfu pgdagro `jyjkjk yjkn glgftol. Fjrgkj egknjk dgdgkuio
fgautuijk ejk fgoknokjk djsyjrjfjt uktuf ejpjt dgdpgrb`gi fgpujsjk yjkn jej, pjej
jfiorkyj jfjk ejpjt dgkoknfjtfjk fokgrmj Eokjs Fgsgijtjk dg`j`uo pg`jyjkjk yjkn
prodj. Dg`j`uo pg`jyjkjk yjkn prodj, eoijrjpjfjk jfjk dgknijso`fjk fguknnu`jk
fbdpgtotol egknjk pg`jyjkjk agrdutu, glosogk, okbvjtol, ejk dgknjiso`fjk sgsujo
egknjk Wkejkn-Wkejkn kbdbr 9 tjiuk :??? tgktjkn pgr`okeuknjk pgknnukj mjsj
`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk.
Jejpuk fbkeoso yjkn dgkukmuffjk djsj`ji dutu ejk fglgftoljk pg`jyjkjk
fgsgijtjk yjkn eoagrofjk b`gi Eokjs Fgsgijtjk yjfko fg`uijk yjkn ejro djsyjrjfjt
tgrijejp sofjp ejk tokejfjk tgkjnj dgeos, sofjp pgtunjs jedokostrjso, sg`jok otu munj
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 8
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
tgktjkn sjrjkj ejk prjsjrjkj yjkn furjkn dgdjejo, `jdajtkyj pg`jyjkjk, pgrsgeojjk
bajt, tjrol/aojyj pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk yjkn fjejkn toejf tgrmjknfju, rgkejikyj toknfjt
fgsgijtjk djsyjrjfjt dgrupjfjk sj`ji sjtu pgkygaja fgdosfokjk mjknfj pjkmjkn.
Sgkygaja `jokkyj aosj agrupj njyj ioeup yjkn furjkn prbeuftol, fgtgrajtjsjk
sudagrejyj, fgtgrjsoknjk, ejk fgtgrajtjsjk jfsgs pjsjr.Xg`jok otu, fgstjao`jk fbkeoso gfbkbdo djfrb munj dgkmjeo djsj`ji yjkn frusoj`
ajno pgknurjknjk fgsgijtjk, pgrtudauijk yjkn toknno ejk agrfg`jkmutjk (wbr`e ajkf
1331). Xghjrj udud, upjyj pgkjknnu`jknjk djsj`ji fgsgijtjk (fgdosfokjk sghjrj
udud) eopgknjruio tonj ljftbr, yjotu= pgrtudauijk gfbkbdo, fgstjao`jk ijrnj, ejk
fgaomjfjk rgeostroauso yjkn tgrjrji. Fbdotg Sgkjknnu`jknjk Fgdosfokjk (FSF)
agrpgkejpjt ajiwj tgrejpjt euj po`jr utjdj uktuf dgdpgrhgpjt prbnrjd pgknurjknjk
fgdosfokjk, yjotu pgknurjknjk aojyj ioeup dg`j`uo pgrajofjk jfsgs ajno djsyjrjfjt
dosfok ejk pgkoknfjtjk pgkejpjtjk dgrgfj dg`j`uo pgrajofjk toknfjt prbeuftovotjs
(FSF 1331).
Xgftbr fgsgijtjk dgrupjfjk sj`ji sjtu sgftbr yjkn tg`ji eosgpjfjto uktuf eofjmo
eotoknfjt kjsobkj` djupuk oktgrkjsobkj` yjkn djkj dgrupjfjk sj`ji sjtu sgftbr fukho
ej`jd dgknurjkno fgdosfokjk, ajof dg`j`uo pgkoknfjtjk pgkejpjtjk jtju
dgknijso`fjk ajrjkn pua`of (Ubejrb 1338). Uoknfjt fgsgijtjk djsyjrjfjt toejf ijkyj
dgrupjfjk okput ej`jd mj`ur pgrtudauijk gfbkbdo, kjduk munj ejdpjf ajno
djsyjrjfjt (fiususkyj fjud dosfok) uktuf dgkmjeo tjrngt pgkngdajknjk fjpjsotjs
sudagr ejyj djkusoj sgioknnj dgrgfj pj`okn toejf aosj agrpjrtosopjso eo ej`jd eukoj
dbegrk.
Egpjrtgdgk Fgsgijtjk Qgpua`of Okebkgsoj dgknnjros ajwjio gdpjt djsj`ji
utjdj ej`jd aoejkn fgsgijtjk eo Okebkgsoj. Sgrtjdj, toknfjt fgsgijtjk ejk ij`-ij`
yjkn dgdpgknjruiokyj. Djsj`jikyj tgr`gtjf pjej fgtoejfdgrjtjjk eostroauso jktjr
ejgrji. Fgeuj, fgaomjfjk ejk djkjmgdgk pgdajknukjk fgsgijtjk djsoi ej`jd djsjtrjksoso prbsgs egsgktrj`osjso ejk btbkbdo. Sgkygeojjk pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk sjknjt
tgrnjktukn ejro fjpjsotjs ejgrji. Fgtonj, fgautuijk uktuf dg`jfufjk fbbreokjso ejk
fgrmjsjdj. Fggdpjt, pgkejdpoknjk (jevbfjso), dbao`osjso sudagrejyj, eufuknjk ejk
pgdagrejyjjk djsyjrjfjt ej`jd pgdajknukjk fgsgijtjk djsoi dgrupjfjk ljftbr
utjdj ej`jd upjyj dgkurukfjk toknfjt fgdjtojk ajyo ejk oau dg`jiorfjk. (Egpfgs
133:).
Ajkyjf ljftbr yjkn dgdpgknjruio toknfjt fgsgijtjk djsyjrjfjt, agagrjpj
eojktjrjkyj aosj eodjsuffjk ej`jd fjtgnbro soso pgkygeojjk (pgkjwjrjk) djupuk soso
pgknnukj (pgrdoktjjk). Sjej soso pgkjwjrjk dosj`kyj, aosj eosgajafjk b`gi jfsgs,
ijrnj, jknnjrjk, Sgdgroktji Susjt ejk Sgdgroktji Ejgrji, pgrjturjk, ejk eostroauso
ljso`otjs fgsgijtjk. Xgejknfjk pjej soso pgrdoktjjk, aosj eosgajafjk b`gi ljftbr rudjitjknnj (pgknijso`jk rgkeji, tjknnuknjk ajkyjf, ko`jo yjkn eojkut fg`ujrnj) ejk
djsj`ji sbsoj` auejyj.
Xghjrj spgsolof, `jpbrjk Ajkf Eukoj 1335 dosj`kyj, dgkygautfjk ajiwj yjkn
eodjfsue pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk jej`ji sgnj`j ij` yjkn tgrmjeo eo rudji sjfot,
pusfgsdjs, ejk jpj yjkn eofgrmjfjk b`gi ebftgr ejk pgrjwjt. Xg`jok otu, fgtgrsgeojjk
bajt, jor agrsoi ejk `ostrof yjkn dgduknfokfjk fg`bdpbf dosfok dgdpgrajofo jftovotjs
gfbkbdokyj tgrdjsuf ej`jd pg`jyjkjk pua`of yjkn dgknjhu pjej pg`jyjkjk
fgsgijtjk. Sgrjk pgdgroktji ej`jd sgtojp pg`jfsjkjjk fgaomjfjk munj dgkmjeo ljftbr
fukho fgagrijso`jk pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk, Sgdgroktji eotuktut fbksostgk, pgkgtjpjk
jknnjrjk sghjrj pjsto, tjrngt sjsjrjk, pgkgtjpjk frotgroj sjsjrjk, ejk sgajnjokyj.
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 5
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Xg`jok otu, djsj`ji dgkeostroausofjk mjsj fgsgijtjk fgpjej djsyjrjfjt
(fiususkyj fjud dosfok) agrsoljt spgsolof uktuf djsokn-djsokn fg`ujrnj, wjftu, ejk
eodgkso `jokkyj. Ajkyjfkyj ij` yjkn agrpgknjrui tgrijejp supp`y ejk egdjke mjsj
fgsgijtjk. Fgaomjfjk toejf aosj agr`jfu sghjrj udud, kjduk spgsolof uktuf sgtojp
eodgkso. Sgknfjmojk yjkn tg`oto dg`j`uo gvj`ujso fgaomjfjk djsj`ji ejk bamgf fgaomjfjkejpjt dgkoknfjtfjk glgftovotjs fgaomjfjk pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk.
Xgsujo ijso` Qosgt Fgsgijtjk Ejsjr (Qosfgsejs) tjiuk 13:3, Fjaupjtgk
Xudajwj eokyjtjfjk sgajnjo sj`ji sjtu Ejgrji Agrdjsj`ji Fgsgijtjk (EAF). Fbkeoso
kyjtj pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk (prbnrjd ejk fgnojtjk) yjkn fgrjp fj`o tgrmjeo eo Fjaupjtgk
Xudajwj jej`ji ajkyjfkyj fg`uijk djsyjrjfjt tgrijejp pg`jyjkjk yjkn eoagrofjk
b`gi Eokjs Fgsgijtjk (okstjkso yjkn agrjej eoajwji kjuknjk EOFGX), ajof ejro
fgtgr`jdajtjk pgkjknjkjk tgrijejp djsj`ji fgsgijtjk, tgrajtjskyj tgkjnj dgeos,
fgtgrajtjsjk bajt-bajtjk, ajifjk sjdpjo pjej sjrjkj ejk prjsjrjk uktuf pgkjknjkjk
djsj`ji fgsgijtjk. Ij` oko dgkukmuffjk furjkn tjknnjpkyj Sgdgroktji Ejgrji
Xudajwj, fiususkyj Eokjs Fgsgijtjk ej`jd dgkmj`jfjk prbnrjd ejk fgnojtjkkyj
uktuf dgdagrofjk `jyjkjk yjkn sgajof-ajofkyj fgpjej djsyjrjfjt sgioknnj prbnrjd
ejk fgnojtjk yjkn tg`ji eosusuk sgag`udkyj toejf agrmj`jk sghjrj bptodj`.
Agrejsjrfjk pgdjpjrjk eojtjs dgkngkjo pgrdjsj`jijk pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk
yjkn tgrmjeo eo Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj, djfj dgkebrbkn pgku`os uktuf dg`jfufjk
pgkg`otojk dgkngkjo ‐Glgftovotjs Srbnrjd Ejk Fgnojtjk Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk
Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:1—.
:.1. Qudusjk djsj`ji
Xgag`ud eourjofjk rudusjk djsju`ji ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko, tgr`gaoi ejiu`u jfjk
eourjofjk agagrjpj pgkngrtojk djsj`ji dgkurut pjrj ji`o. Dgkurut Xunobkb (:??1= 95)
yjkn eodjfsue egknjk djsj`ji jej`ji Sgkyodpjknjk jktjrj jpj yjkn sgijruskyjegknjk jpj yjkn sgagkjrkyj tgrmjeo. Xgejknfjk dgkurut ^okjrkb Xurjhidje (:??5=
95) ajiwj yjkn eodjfsue egknjk djsj`ji jej`ji sgtojp fgsu`otjk yjkn dgknngrjffjk
djkusoj uktuf dgdghjifjkkyj, djsj`ji ijkyj ejpjt eorjsjfjk sgajnjo sgsujtu
tjktjknjk yjkn ijrus eopghjifjk egknjk hjrj dgknjtjsokyj. Agrejsjrfjk urjojk eojtjs,
djfj pbfbf pgrdjsj`jijk yjkn eotg`oto ejpjt eorudusfjk sgajnjo agrofut,
‐Ajnjodjkjfji glgftovotjs prbnrjd ejk fgnojtjk eo Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk
Xudajwj tjiuk 13:12—
:.8. Uumujk pgkg`otojkJejpuk tumujk pgkg`otojk jej`ji uktuf dgknjkj`osos toknfjt glgftovotjs prbnrjd
ejk fgnojtjk Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj tjiuk 13:1.
OO. UOKMJWJK SWXUJFJ
1.:. Sgkg`otojk Xgag`ukyjSgkg`otojk tgktjkn pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk sueji ajkyjf eo`jfufjk, eojktjrjkyj
Jzos X`jdgt ^oybkb ejk D. ^jiyueeok (1337) dg`jfufjk pgkg`otojk egknjk tumujk
dgknumo pgknjrui fuj`otjs pg`jyjkjk dgeos, pjrjdgeos, ejk pgkukmjkn dgeos tgrijejp
fgpujsjk fbksudgk eo Qudji Xjfot Os`jd Djkosrgknnb F`jtgk. Uumujk pgkg`otojkkyj
jej`ji uktuf dgkngtjiuo pgknjrui fuj`otjs pg`jyjkjk dgeos, pjrjdgeos, ejk pgkukmjkn
dgeos tgrijejp fgpujsjk fbksudgk eo Qudji Xjfot Os`jd Djkosrgknnb F`jtgk. Dgtbeg
jkj`osos ejtj yjkn eonukjfjk jej`ji umo vj`oeotjs ejk umo rg`ojao`otjs fugsobkgr ajiwj
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 7
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
sgduj vjrojag` fuj`otjs pg`jyjkjk sghjrj sonkolofjk dgdo`ofo pgknjrui tgrijejp
fgpujsjk fbksudgk eo Qudji Xjfot Os`jd Djkosrgknnb F`jtgk.
Duijddje Nuktur X^ ejk Ajdajkn Xgtojmo (1337) dg`jfufjk pgkg`otojk
uktuf dgknumo pgknjrui fuj`otjs pg`jyjkjk egknjk `odj eodgkso fuj`ojts (Ujknoa`gs,
Qg`ojao`oty, Qgspbksovgkgss, Jssurjkhg, Gdpjtiy) tgrijejp fgpujsjk pg`jknnjk eoQXWE fbtj Xurjfjrtj. Uumujk pgkg`otojk jej`ji dgkngtjiuo sgagrjpj agsjr pgknjrui
eodgkso sgrvohg quj`oty yjkn tgreoro ejro eodgkso rgspbksovgkgss (tjknnjpjk), jssurjkhg
(mjdokjk), tjknoa`gs (tjdpo`jk losof) jej`ji ljso`otjs losof yjkn ejpjt eo`oijt ejro jor,
sjdauknjk popj, sjrjkj, ejk prjsjrjkj, gdpjtiy (pgrijtojk), rg`ojao`oty (fgjkej`jk)
tgrijejp fgpujsjk pg`jknnjk eo QXWE fbtj Xurjfjrtj.
Sgkg`otojk-pgkg`otojk eo jtjs sgdujkyj agrtumujk uktuf dgkngtjiuo ajnjodjkj
pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk eopgknjruio b`gi ljftbr-ljftbr fuj`otjs `jyjkjk, kjduk egdofojk
djsokn-djsokn pgkg`oto dgdagro pgkgfjkjk yjkn agragej pjej vjrojag` yjkn
eonukjfjk. Ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk eotgfjkfjk pjej glgftovotjs
fgnojtjk pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk Eokjs fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj pjej tjiuk 13::.
1.1. @jkejsjk Ugbro
1.1.:. Ugbro GlgftovotjsGlgftovotjs jej`ji iuauknjk jktjrj butput ejk tumujk. Ej`jd jrtojk glgftovotjs
dgrupjfjk ufurjk sgagrjpj mjui toknfjt butput, fgaomjfjk ejk prbsgeur ejro brnjkosjso
dgkhjpjo tumujk yjkn eotgtjpfjk. Ej`jd pgkngrtojk tgbrotos jtju prjftos, toejf jej
pgrsgtumujk yjkn ukovgrsj` dgkngkjo jpj yjkn eodjfsue egknjk ‐Glgftovotjs—. Ao`j
eotg`usuro glgftolotjs agrjsj` ejro fjtj ejsjr glgftol yjkn jrtokyj= Jej glgfkyj (pgknjrui,
jfoajt, ejk fgsjk) sgpgrto= djkmur6 dumjrja6 dgdpjk, Sgknnukjjk dgtbeg/hjrj,
sjrjkj/j`jt ej`jd dg`jfsjkjfjk jftovotjs sgioknnj agrijso` nukj (dgkhjpjo ijso` yjkn
bptodj`)Ej`jd Fjdus Agsjr Ajijsj Okebkgsoj (:??8= 173) Glgftovotjs eojrtofjk sgajnjo
sgsujtu yjkn jej glgfkyj (jfoajtkyj, pgknjruikyj), ejpjt dgdajwj ijso`, agrijso`
nukj (tokejfjk) sgrtj ejpjt pu`j agrjrto du`jo agr`jfu (tgktjkn ukejkn-
ukejkn/pgrjturjk). Dgkurut Noasbk gt. J` (:??
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 <
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
sudagr ejyj yjkn eodo`ofokyj sghjrj glosogk ejpjt dgkoknfjtfjk fgdjdpujkkyj uktuf
dgkoknfjtfjk pg`jyjkjk egknjk dgdujsfjk fgautuijk pg`jknnjk.
Fguknnu`jk fbdpgtotol sujtu brnjkosjso dgkurut Mbkgs, sjknjt tgrnjktukn ejro
toknfjt fbdp`gfsotjs yjkn eodo`ofokyj, yjfko sgmjui djkj fgdjdpujkkyj uktuf
dgkhjpjo ijso` jtju vj`ug hrgjtobk. Fgdjdpujk tgrsgaut dg`oputo djkuljhturokn (pjej pgrusjijjk). Fgdjdpujk pgkg`otojk ejk pgkngdajknjk sgrtj pgrjkhjknjk brnjkosjso
(brnjkozjtobkj` egsonk). Jpjao`j fgdjdpujk tgrsgaut ejpjt eodjkljjtfjk sghjrj
bptodj` ejk eofgdajknfjk sghjrj nrjeuj` , djfj brnjkosjso otu ejpjt dgknuknnu`o
sjoknjk-sjoknjkkyj ejk dgdagrofjk pg`jyjkjk yjkn `gaoi ajof. Fgji`ojk yjkn eodo`ofo
b`gi sudagr ejyj djkusoj, pgknnukjjk tgfkb`bno yjkn sgdjfok hjknnoi sgrtj
fgdjdpujk djkjmgdgk yjkn sjknjt prblgsobkj` jfjk dgkgktufjk toknfjt glgftovotjs
brnjkosjso.
Dgkurut Mbkgs (:??5), pgdjijdjk pjrj djkjmgr dgkngkjo glgftovotjs
brnjkosjso sjknjt dgdpgknjruio fgdjdpujkkyj nukj dgdjkljjtfjk sudagr ejyj
yjkn eodo`ofo uktuf dgkhjpjo ijso` (vj`ug hrgjtobk). Xgdjfok prbeuftol ejk glosogk
sujtu brnjkosjso ejpjt dgdjkljjtfjk sudagr ejyj yjkn eodo`ofokyj djfj sgdjfok
toknno vj`ug hrgjtobk yjkn eohjpjokyj. Mbkgs munj dgkngdufjfjk ajiwj hbktrb`
(pgkngkej`ojk), okkbvjtobk (pgkgdujk) ejk gllohogkhy dgrupjfjk tonj pgkgfjkjk ej`jd
tbp djkjngdgkt yjkn jfjk dgkgktufjk glgftovotjs brnjkosjso. Sgrtjdj, Hbktrb` jtju
pgkngkej`ojk dgrupjfjk fgdjdpujk sujtu brnjkosjso uktuf dgkngkej`ofjk
`oknfuknjk gfstgrkj` sgfj`onus uktuf dgkjrof sudagr ejyj ejk pg`jknnjkkyj.
@oknfuknjk gfstgrkj` dgrupjfjk sujtu ij` yjkn eokjdos, yjfko sg`j`u
dgknj`jdo pgruajijk eodjkj brnjkosjso ijrus dgkjknnjpo ejk dgkygsujofjk eoro
egknjk pgruajijk-pgruajijk tgrsgaut. Fgdjdpujk sujtu brnjkosjso uktuf
dgdjkljjtfjk `oknfuknjkkyj egknjk dgknnukjfjk ejk dg`okeukno sudagr ejyjkyj
sghjrj bptodj` dgkukmuffjk fgdjdpujkkyj uktuf dgkngkej`ofjk `oknfuknjkgfstgrkj`kyj. Fgeuj, Okkbvjtobk dgrupjfjk pgkngdajknjk ejk pgkoknfjtjk fgji`ojk
sujtu brnjkosjso uktuf dgkgdufjk hjrj-hjrj ejk ijso` ajru ej`jd prbsgs pg`jyjkjk.
Okkbvjtobk munj agrjrto pgkgrodjjk jtju pgdagktufjk ko`jo-ko`jo ajru yjkn `gaoi
fbkstruftol jnjr sujtu brnjkosjso ejpjt dgkoknfjtfjk fgdjdpujkkyj uktuf
dgkjknnjpo, dgkygsujofjk eoro ejk dgkoknfjtfjk dgfjkosdg fgrmjkyj. Fgtonj,
Gllohogkhy dgrupjfjk rjsob jktjrj butput ejk okput, yjfko pgkgrjpjk hjrj-hjrj ajru
uktuf dgkoknfjtfjk prbeuftolotjs. Fgdjdpujk tgfkos ejro sujtu brnjkosjso, yjfko
toknfjt prbeuftovotjs ejk glosogkso (rjsob butput ejk okput ) ejro sudagr ejyj yjkn
eodo`ofo, ajof dutu sudagr ejyj djkusoj, tgfkb`bno yjkn eodo`ofokyj ejk djkjmgdgk
jfjk dgkgktufjk butput yjkn eoijso`fjkkyj.
Sgkhjpjojk glgftovotjs brnjkosjso dg`oputo tonj pgrspgftol yjkn sj`okn agriuauknjk jktjrj uksur-uksur utjdj ejro sostgd brnjkosjso ejk ajnjodjkj uksur-
uksur tgrsgaut sj`okn dgdpgknjruio uktuf dgdpgrdueji jtju dgknijdajt pgkhjpjojk
tumujk brnjkosjso. Fbksgp glgftovotjs yjkn eofgdufjfjk pjrj ji`o brnjkosjso ejk
djkjmgdgk dgdo`ofo djfkj yjkn agragej, tgrnjktukn pjej fgrjknfj jhujk yjkn
eopgrnukjfjk.
Xtbkgr (:?91= 1>) dgkgfjkfjk pgktoknkyj glgftovotjs brnjkosjso ej`jd
pgkhjpjojk tumujk-tumujk brnjkosjso ejk glgftovotjs jej`ji fukho ejro fgsufsgsjk sujtu
brnjkosjso. Xijrdj (:?91= 8:5) dgdagrofjk frotgroj jtju ufurjk glgftovotjs brnjkosjso
yjotu yjkn dgkyjknfut ljftbr oktgrkj` brnjkosjso ejk ljftbr `oknfuknjk brnjkosjso otu
agrjej (gfstgrkj`) yjotu= Srbeuftovotjs brnjkosjso/butput , L`gfsoao`otjs brnjkosjso ejk
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 >
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
agktuf fgagrijso`jkkyj dgkyusujofjk eoro egknjk pgruajijk-pgruajijk eoej`jd ejk
eo`ujr brnjkosjso, Uoejf jejkyj fgtgnjknjk eoej`jd brnjkosjso/ijdajtjk-ijdajtjk
fbkl`of eojktjrj ajnojk-ajnojk brnjkosjso.
1.1.1.
Srbnrjd ejk FgnojtjkDgkurut Xojnojk (:??5= :39) prbnrjd/pgrgkhjkjjk ejpjt eoeglokosofjk sgajnjo
fgsg`uruijk prbsgs pgdoforjk ejk pgkgktujk sghjrj djtjkn ejropjej ij`-ij` yjkn jfjk
eofgrmjfjk eo djsj yjkn jfjk ejtjkn ej`jd rjknfj pgkhjpjojk tumujk yjkn tg`ji
eotgktufjk. Xgdgktjrj dgkurut Dgkurut Duijddje Ljfro prbnrjd ejpjt eojrtofjk
sgajnjo prbsgs pgkyusukjk agrajnjo fgputusjk yjkn jfjk eo`jfsjkjfjk pjej djsj yjkn
jfjk ejtjkn uktuf dgkhjpjo tumujk yjkn tg`ji eotgktufjk. @gaoi `jkmut Duijddje
Ljfro dgkyjtjfjk ajiwj pgrgkhjkjjk ejpjt munj eofjtjfjk sgajnjo sujtu prbsgs
pgdaujtjk sgrjknfjojk fgaomjfjk uktuf dgkngkej`ofjk djsj egpjk sgsujo yjkn
eotgktufjk. Ejro futopjk tgrsgaut ejpjt eojkj`osos ajiwj ej`jd dgkyusuk pgrgkhjkjjk
pgr`u dgdpgrijtofjk ij`-ij` yjkn agriuauknjk egknjk djsj egpjk, jejkyj fgnojtjk,
prbsgs yjkn sostgdjtos, ijso` ejk tumujk tgrtgktu.
Ej`jd dg`jfufjk sujtu prbnrjd, sgpgrto eofgdufjfjk b`gi Xyjdso (:?9
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 9
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Dgkurut Jaeu` Ij`od, fgnojtjk jej`ji ajnojk ejro prbnrjd yjkn eo`jfsjkjfjk
b`gi sjtu jtju `gaoi ukot fgrmj pjej XFSE sgajnjo ajnojk ejro pgkhjpjojk sjsjrjk
tgrufur pjej sujtu prbnrjd ejk tgreoro jtjs sgfudpu`jk tokejfjk. Xjdj ij`kyj yjkn
eofjtjfjk b`gi Qjd`jk. X ajiwj fgnojtjk jej`ji ajnojk ejro prbnrjd yjkn
eo`jfsjkjfjk b`gi sjtu jtju agagrjpj sjtujk fgrmj sgajnjo ajnojk ejro pgkhjpjojksjsjrjk tgrufur pjej sujtu prbnrjd. Eososo `jok Ostodjwjk Eopbiusbeb dgkyjtjfjk
Xujtu fgnojtjk dgrupjfjk sgauji bpgrjso okeovoeu yjkn uktuf fgnukjjkkyj ej`jd
pgkmjewj`jk ejpjt eopjkejkn sgajnjo sujtu sjtujk fgnojtjk tgrfgho` yjkn toejf eorokho
`jno. Xg`jok otu Kjlrbk Ijsmod, Egkey Xunbkb, Kurajoto Emjdj`us munj agrpgkejpjt
ajiwj fgnojtjk jej`ji sujtu pgro`jfu yjkn eofgrmjfjk sghjrj suknnui - suknnui ejk
tgrgkhjkj uktuf dgkhjpjo sujtu tumujk.
1.1.8. Ugbro FgsgijtjkFgsgijtjk jej`ji fgjejjk sgmjitgrj ejro ajejk, mowj, ejk sbsoj` yjkn
dgduknfokfjk sgtojp brjkn ioeup prbeuftol sghjrj sbsoj` ejk gfbkbdos. Sgdg`oijrjjk
fgsgijtjk jej`ji upjyj pgkjknnu`jknjk ejk pgkhgnjijk njknnujk fgsgijtjk yjkn
dgdgr`ufjk pgdgrofsjjjk, pgknbajtjk ejk/jtju pgrjwjtjk tgrdjsuf fgijdo`jk ejk
pgrsj`okjk. Sgkeoeofjk fgsgijtjk jej`ji prbsgs dgdajktu sgsgbrjkn, egknjk agrtokejf
sghjrj sgkeoro-sgkeoro jtjupuk sghjrj fb`gftol, uktuf dgdaujt fgputusjk agrejsjrfjk
pgkngtjiujk dgkngkjo ij`-ij` yjkn dgdpgknjruio fgsgijtjk proajeo ejk brjkn `jok.
Wkejkn-Wkejkn Qgpua`of Okebkgsoj Kbdbr= 8< Ujiuk 133? Ugktjkn
Fgsgijtjk. Ej`jd Wkejkn-Wkejkn oko ij`-ij` yjkn eodjfsue sgajnjo agrofut=
:. Fgsgijtjk jej`ji fgjejjk sgmjitgrj ejro ajejk, mowj, ejk sbsoj` yjkn
dgduknfokfjk sgtojp brjkn ioeup prbeuftol sghjrj sbsoj` ejk gfbkbdos.
1. Wpjyj fgsgijtjk jej`ji sgtojp fgnojtjk uktuf dgdg`oijrj ejk dgkoknfjtfjk
fgsgijtjk yjkn eo`jfufjk b`gi pgdgroktji ejk jtju djsyjrjfjt.8. Ugkjnj fgsgijtjk jej`ji sgtojp brjkn yjkn dgknjaeofjk eoro ej`jd aoejkn
fgsgijtjk sgrtj dgdo`ofo pgkngtjiujk ejk jtju fgtgrjdpo`jk dg`j`uo pgkeoeofjk eo
aoejkn fgsgijtjk yjkn uktuf mgkos tgrtgktu dgdgr`ufjk fgwgkjknjk uktuf
dg`jfufjk upjyj fgsgijtjk.
5.
Xjrjkj fgsgijtjk jej`ji tgdpjt yjkn eonukjfjk uktuf dgkyg`gknnjrjfjk upjyj
fgsgijtjk.
7. Fgsgijtjk jej`ji sgsujtu yjkn sjknjt agrnukj.
1.1.5. Ugbro Mjsj Sg`jyjkjkDgkurut ]u`ojk _jdot, (1337 = 1:-11 ) Dgsfopuk tgrmjeo agagrjpj pgragejjk
tgrijejp pgkngrtojk mjsj pg`jyjkjk ejk sghjrj tgrus dgkgrus pgragejjk tgrsgaut jfjkdgknnjknnu, agagrjpj fjrjftgrostof mjsj pg`jyjkjk agrofut oko jfjk dgdagrofjk
mjwjajk yjkn `gaoi djktjp tgrijejp pgkngrtojk mjsj pg`jyjkjk. Fjrjftgrostof mjsj
pg`jyjkjk tgrsgaut jej`ji =
:. Uoejf ejpjt eorjaj ( oktjknoao`oty ). Mjsj jej`ji sgsujtu yjkn sgrokn fj`o toejf ejpjt
eosgktui jtju toejf ejpjt eorjaj. Mjsj duknfok agriuauknjk egknjk sgsujtu sghjrj
losof, sgpgrto pgsjwjt uejrj, furso ejk dgmj ejk pgrj`jtjk djfjk eorgstbrjk, tgdpjt
toeur pjsogk eo rudji sjfot. Ajnjodjkjpuk munj pjej fgkyjtjjkkyj fbksudgk
dgdag`o ejk dgdgr`ufjk sgsujtu yjkn toejf ejpjt eorjaj. Ij` oko ajkyjf tgrejpjt
pjej aorb pgrmj`jkjk jtju aorb trjvg` ejk toejf tgrejpjt pjej pgsjwjt tgrajkn djupuk
furso, dgmj ejk pgrj`jtjk djfjk, aufjk tgr`gtjf pjej tgdpjt toeur eo rudji sjfot,
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 ?
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
tgtjpo `gaoi pjej ko`jo. B`gi fjrgkj otu, mjsj jtju pg`jyjkjk yjkn tgrajof dgkmjeo
pgkygaja fiusus yjkn sghjrj j`jdo eosgeojfjk.
1. Uoejf ejpjt eosodpjk (okjao`oty tb okvgktbry ). Xj`ji sjtu horro fiusus ejro mjsj jej`ji
toejf ejpjt eosodpjk. Dosj`kyj, fgtofj fotj dgknoknokfjk mjsj tufjkn pbtbkn
rjdaut, djfj jpjao`j pgdbtbknjk rjdaut tg`ji eo`jfufjk toejf ejpjt sgajnojkkyjeosodpjk uktuf agsbf.
8. Srbeufso ejk Fbksudso sghjrj agrsjdj. Mjsj jej`ji sgsujtu yjkn eo`jfufjk sghjrj
agrsjdj egknjk prbeufso. Dosj`kyj, tgdpjt prjftgf ebftgr, rgstbrjk, pgknurusjk
jsurjkso dbao` ejk `jok sgajnjokyj.
5. Dgdjsufokyj `gaoi dueji. Dgkeorofjk usjij eoaoejkn mjsj dgdautuifjk okvgstjso
yjkn `gaoi sgeofot, dgkhjro `bfjso `gaoi dueji ejk ajkyjf tgrsgeoj, toejf
dgdautuifjk tgfkb`bno toknno. Wktuf fgajkyjfjk usjij mjsj ijdajtjk uktuf
dgdjsufokyj `gaoi rgkeji.
7. Xjknjt eopgknjruio b`gi ljftbr ejro `ujr. Mjsj sjknjt eopgknjruio b`gi ljftbr ejro `ujr
sgpgrto= tgfkb`bno, pgrjturjk pgdgroktji ejk fgkjofjk ijrnj gkgrno.
Dgkeglokosofjk fuj`otjs mjsj pg`jyjkjk dgdautuifjk pgkngtjiujk ejro
agagrjpj eosop`ok o`du sgpgrto= pgdjsjrjk, psofb`bno, ejk strjtgno aoskos. B`sgk ejk
^oyhfbll ( ej`jd ]u`ojk _jdot, 1337 = 11 ) dg`jfufjk pgknjdjtjk jtjs mjsj pg`jyjkjk
ejk dgkeglokosofjk mjsj pg`jyjkjk jej`ji sgfg`bdpbf djkljjt yjkn agrejyj nukj ajof
sghjrj gfsp`osot djupuk okp`osot jtjs fgduejijk uktuf dgkejpjtfjk ajrjkn djupuk
mjsj pg`jyjkjk. B`sgk ejk ^yhfbll munj dgdjsuffjk jtroaut yjkn ejpjt eorjaj
(tjknoa`g) ejk yjkn toejf ejpjt eorjaj (oktjknoa`g). Eglokoso sghjrj udud ejro fuj`otjs
mjsj pg`jyjkjk oko jej`ji ejpjt eo`oijt ejro pgrajkeoknjk jktjrj ijrjpjk fbksudgk
egknjk fokgrmj fuj`otjs mjsj pg`jyjkjk.
1.1.7 Sg`jyjkjk FgsgijtjkFgaomjfjk fgsgijtjk eo Okebkgsoj `gaoi eofgkj` egknjk kjdj Xostgd Fgsgijtjk
Kjsobkj` (XFK). Sgdoforjk ejsjr sostgd fgsgijtjk kjsobkj` ijfgfjtkyj dgkgktufjk
jrji, tumujk ejk ejsjr-ejsjr pgdajknukjk fgsgijtjk sgajnjo fgsjtujk yjkn
dgkyg`urui, tgrpjeu, sgrtj agrfgsokjdauknjk sgajnjo ajnojk ejro pgdajknukjk
kjsobkj`. Sgdoforjk tgrsgaut eodjfsuefjk sgajnjo ejsjr ej`jd pgkyusukjk fgaomfjk
uktuf mjknfj pjkmjkn ejk dgkgknji sgrtj pgtukmuf odp`gdgktjso fgaomjfjk
pgdajknukjk fgsgijtjk. Eosjdpokn otu, dg`gtjffjk ejsjr fgaomjfjk jtju uksur-uksur
pgdgroktji djupuk swjstj ej`jd aoejkn fgsgijtjk. Ejsjr fgaomjfjk tgrsgaut agrsoljt
`gstjro fjrgkj agrsudagr pjej lj`sjlji ioeup ajknsj Okebkgsoj, yjotu Sjkhjso`j ejk
WWE :?57 (Xbgfjryb ej`jd Djfiyj :??>= 57 ).
Sgdoforjk ejsjr sostgd fgsgijtjk kjsobkj` tgrsgaut jej`ji sgajnjo agrofut=:.
Xgduj wjrnj kgnjrj agrijf dgdpgrb`gi egrjmjt fgsgijtjk yjkn bptodj` jnjr ejpjt
aggrmj ejk ioeup `jyjf sgsujo egknjk djrtjajt ajknsj6
1. Sgdgroktji ejk djsyjrjfjt agrtjknnukn mjwja ej`jd dgdg`oijrj ejk dgdpgrtoknno
egrjmjt fgsgijtjk rjfyjt6
8. Sgkyg`gknjrjjk upjyj fgsgijtjk eojtur b`gi pgdgroktji ejk eo`jfufjk sghjrj sgrjso
ejk sgodajkn b`gi pgdgroktji ejk djsyjrfj sgrtj eo`jfsjkjfjk tgrutjdj dg`j`uo
upjyj pgkoknfjtjk ejk pgkhgnjijk yjkn eo`jfufjk sghjrj tgrpjeu egknjk upjyj
pgkygdauijk ejk pgdu`oijk yjkn eopgr`ufjk6
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 :3
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
5. Xgtojp agktuf upjyj fgsgijtjk ijrus agrjsjsfjk pgrofgdjkusojjk yjkn agrejsjrfjk
Fgtuijkjk _jkn Djij Gsj egknjk dgknutjdjfjk fgpgktoknjk kjsobkj`, rjfyjt
ajkyjf ejk aufjk sgdjtj-djtj uktuf fgpgktoknjk nb`bknjk ejk pgrsgbrjknjk6
7.
Xofjp sujsjkj fgfg`ujrnjjk, fgnbtbknrbybknjk sgrtj sgduj pbtgkso yjkn jej
eojrjifjk ejk eodjkljjtfjk sgmjui duknfokuktuf pgdajknukjk eo aoejknfgsgijtjk6
. Xgduj wjrnj kgnjrj sjdj fgeueufjkkyj ej`jd iufud ejk wjmoa dgkmukmukn toknno
ejk dgktjjto sgnj`j fgtgktujk pgrjturjk pgrukejkn-ukejknjk ej`jd aoejkn
fgsgijtjk6
9. Sgdajknukjk fgsgijtjk kjsobkj` ijrus agr`jkejsjrfjk pjej fgpgrhjyjjk jfjk
fgdjdpujk ejk fgfujtjk sgkeoro, sgrtj agrsgkeofjk fgproajeojk ajknsj.
OOO.
DGUBEG SGKG@OUOJK8.:.
Mgkos Sgkg`otojk
Ej`jd dg`jfufjk pgkg`otojk oko, pgku`os dgknnukjfjk dgtbeg pgkg`otojk
egsfroptol egknjk dgknnukjfjk jkj`osj fujktotjtol. Sgkg`otojk egsfroptol eo`jfufjk
uktuf dgknnjdajrfjk sghjrj tgpjt soljt-soljt ejk fgjejjk, ngmj`j jtju pgrfgdajknjk
ngmj`j ej`jd iuauknjkkyj jktjrj pgkg`otojk egknjk ngmj`j fg djsyjrjfjt `jokkyj.
Sgkg`otojk egsfroptol jej`ji pgdghjijk djsj`ji egknjk dgknnjdajrfjk ejk
dg`ufosfjk fgjejjk suamgf/bamgf pgkg`otojk (sgsgbrjkn, `gdajnj, djsyjrjfjt ejk `jok-
`jok) pjej sjjt sgfjrjkn agrejsjrfjk ljftj-ljftj yjkn tjdpjf jtju ajnjodjkj jejkyj
(Kjwjwo, :??3= 5= 53).
Ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko ejpjt eonukjfjk euj mgkos ejtj yjotu ejtj fujktotjtol ejk ejtj
fuj`otjtol. Dgkurut Sukhi (:?99= 5), ejtj fujktotjtol jej`ji ejtj yjkn eopgrb`gi egknjk
dgknnukjfjk jknfj-jknfj yjkn dgkukmuffjk njdajrjk tgktjkn bamgf yjkn eotg`oto
sgpgrto prbnrjd, fgnojtjk, mud`ji tgkjnj dgeos, sjrjkj ejk prjsjkj,ejk `jok-`jok eo
Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj egknjk tumujk uktuf dgkngtjiuob toknfjt
glgftovotjs prbnrjd ejk fgnojtjk Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj. Xgejknfjk
dgkurut Abnejk ejk Ujy`br (:??1= 1:-11), Ejtj Fuj`otjtol jej`ji ejtj agrupj
fgtgrjknjk uktuf dgkmg`jsfjk jknfj ‘ jknfj jtju egsfropso dgkngkjo jknfj ‘ jknfj yjkn
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 ::
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
agriuauknjk egknjk bamgf pgkg`otojk oko. Ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko ejtj fuj`otjtol sgpgrto
fg`uijk ejk bpoko djsyjrjfjt tgrijejp pg`jyjkjk yjkn eoagrofjk b`gi Eokjs Fgsgijtjk
(okstjkso yjkn agrjej eoajwji kjuknjk Eokjs fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj). Jejpuk
sudagr ejtj ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko jej`ji ejtj sgfukegr yjkn eopgrb`gi ejro Eokjs
Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj.
8.5. Oegktolofjso ejk F`jsolofjso \jrojag`Agrejsjrfjk pgrdjsj`jijk ejk iopbtgsos yjkn eonukjfjk ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko,
djfj \jrojag`kyj ejpjt eooegktolofjso sgajnjo agrofut = Ujrngt Srbnrjd Ejk Fgnojtjk
Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj, Qgj`osjso Srbnrjd Ejk Fgnojtjk Eokjs
Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj. Xgrtj Glgftovotjs Srbnrjd Ejk Fgnojtjk Eokjs
Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj. F`jsolofjso vjrojag` jej`ji pgkng`bdpbfjk ejtj
ej`jd sjtu jtju agagrjpj vjrojag` pgkg`otojk nukj dgduejifjk dgknjkj`osos ejtj yjkn
eoagrofjk pgkg`oto yjotu vjrojag` yjkn agreoro sgkeoro tjkpj eopgknjruio jtju
dgdpgknjruio vjrojag` `jok. Ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko yjkn jfjk dgkmjeo vjrojag` djeoro
jej`ji glgftovotjs, fjrgkj pgkg`otojk oko ijkyj agrtumujk uktuf dgkngtjiuo toknfjt
glgftovotjs prbnrjd ejk fgnojtjk Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj tjiuk 13:1.
8.7. Eglgkoso Bpgrjsobkj` \jrojag`.Ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko, vjrojag`-vjrojag` yjkn eoufur ejpjt eoeglokosofjk sgajnjo
agrofut=
:.
Glgftovotjs jej`ji pgrajkeoknjk mud`ji rgj`osjso pgkgrodjjk/ijso` egknjk tjrngt
prbnrjd ejk fgnojtjk Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj tjiuk 13:1.
1. Ujrngt jej`ji rgkhjkj/sjsjrjk fgnojtjk yjkn tg`ji eosusuk b`gi brnjkosjso jtju
okstjkso tgfjot/agrsjknfutjk(Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj) ej`jd rjknfj
pgkhjpjojk tumujk yjkn eooknokfjk. 8. Qgj`osjso jej`ji ijso` ejro prbnrjd/rgkhjkj fgnojtjk nukj dgdgkuio tuktutjk ejro
jpj yjkn tgrhjktud ej`jd prbnrjd/rgkhjkj fgnojtjk Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk
Xudajwj.
8.
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 :1
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Ujag` 8.:.
Frotgroj Sgko`jojk Xfbr Srbnrjd ejk FgnojtjkSrbsgktjsg Sgko`jojk (%) Frotgroj Sgko`jojk
93% s/e :33% 7
?,?% 553% s/e 7?,?% 8
13%s/e 8?,?% 1
3% s/e :?,?% :
Dgkniotukn ko`jo glgftovotjs, Ko`jo glgftovotjs eoiotukn egknjk hjrj dgknj`ofjk
sfbr rjsob glgftovotjs egknjk ababt fgnojtjk. Ko`jo glgftovotjs pgkhjpjojk fokgrmj
glgftovotjs jftovotjs-jftovotjs yjkn eo`jfufjk ukot fgrmj, egknjk rudus=
Sgkhjpjojk fokgrmj glgftovotjs eotrjkslbrdjsofjk ej`jd agktuf pgdgroknfjtjk
sgajnjo agrofut =
Ujag` 8.1.
Frotgroj Sgko`jojk Qjsob Glgftovotjs
Srbsgktjsg Sgko`jojk Glgftovotjs (%) Frotgroj Sgko`jojk glgftovotjs
93 s/e :33 Xjknjt Glgftol
>3 s/e >? Glgftol
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 :8
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Ujag` 5.:.
Sgknufurjk Jfuktjao`otjs Fokgrmj Fgrmj Srbnrjd ejk Fgnojtjk
Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:1
Srbnrjd ejk Fgnojtjk Ujrngt Qgj`osjso
Hjpjojk
Fokgrmj
(%)
:. Xbsoj`osjso Ejk Sgdaokjjk Egsj
Xojnj17% 11.51% 9?,8% :33,>?
8. Sgkoknfjtjk Furjkn Gkgrno Srbtgok
(FGS), Jkgdoj Nozo Agso, Njknnujk
Jfoajt Furjkn _beoud (NJF_),
Furjkn \otjdok J Ejk Fgfurjknjk
]jt Nozo Dofrb @jokkyj
:33% :33% :33
5.
Sgkyu`uijk Fgsgijtjk, SgdjktjujkEjk Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf
>7% .3:% 9?,87
7. Sgkhgnjijk Sgku`jrjk Sgkyjfot
Gkegdoh/Gpoegdof
;1/:33.333
pgkeueuf
:.97
(/:33.333
pgkeueuf)
?1.73
.
Sg`jyjkjk pgkhgnjijk ejk
pgkjknnu`jknjk pgkyjfot dgku`jr>7% 51.8% 7% - -
::.
Xbsoj`osjso Fgaomjfjk @oknfuknjk
Xgijt>3% <
(:/:33.333
pgkeueuf)
?3
:5.
Sgknjejjk Bajt Ejk Sgragfj`jkFgsgijtjk
Qp.13.333 Qp. 1>.333 :87
:7. Sgdaokjjk Sgnjwjo Ejk Sgko`jojk
Jknfj Frgeot:33% 9>.99% 9>.99
:,:1
:>.
Xbsoj`osjso Fgaomjfjk @oknfuknjk
Xgijt
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 :5
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Furjkn \otjdok J Ejk Fgfurjknjk
]jt Nozo Dofrb @jokkyj
:?. Sgkoknfjtjk Furjkn Gkgrny Srbtgok
(FGS), Jkgdoj Nozo Agso, Njknnujk
Jfoajt Furjkn _beoud (NJF_),
Furjkn \otjdok J Ejk Fgfurjknjk
]jt Nozo Dofrb @jokkyj
0:7%
ejro mud`ji
aj`otj
:58< fjsus :9:,::
13. Sgkoknfjtjk Odukosjso01/:333
pgkeueuf
3.?5/:333
pgkeueuf:78
1:. Sgkoknfjtjk survgo``jkhg
gpoegdob`bno ejk pgkjknnu`jknjk
wjaji
?7% >:,58% >7,:?
11. Gvj`ujso Ejk Sgkngdajknjk
Xtjkejr Sg`jyjkjk Fgsgijtjk:33% 9% 9
18.
Sgknjejjk Xjrjkj Ejk SrjsjrjkjSusfgsdjs
3.?3/:333 pgkeueuf
3.79/:333 pgkeueuf
,?3% 9?,15
83.
Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk Sgtunjs
Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjk Sgrsj`okjk Ejk
Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf.
(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj= Sbrsgktjsg oau
agrsj`ok yjkn eotb`bkn b`gi tgkjnj
fgsgijtjk tgr`jtoi)
95% ?1,9:% ::3,5?
8:. Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk Sgtunjs
Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjk Sgrsj`okjk Ejk
Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf.
(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj= Qjsob
:
Aoejk/es
3.97
Aoejk/es97
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.4 Desember 2013-Full
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 :7
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Aoejk/Egsj)
81.
Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk Sgtunjs
Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjk Sgrsj`okjk Ejk
Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf.
(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj= Sbrsgktjsg
Sg`jyjkjk koljs)
95.73% ?5,98% ::1,11
88. Sgdajknukjk Susfgsdjs Sgdajktu 17% :?.8?% >>.7<
85. Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk Sgtunjs
Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjk Sgrsj`okjk Ejk
Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf.
(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj= Sbrsgktjsg
kgbkjtus egknjk fbdp`ofjso yjkn
eotjknjko)
95,8? 93%
8?. Mjdokjk Sg`jyjkjk Fgsgijtjk uktuf
Djsyjrjfjt Dosfok.
(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj= Sbrsgktjsg
pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk rumufjk pjsogk
njfok)
3,3117
ejro njfok
3,33?5
ejro njfok
51,13
Xudagr= @JFOS Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:1
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.4 Desember 2013-Full
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 :<
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Ujag` 5.1.
Sgknufurjk Glgftovotjs Fokgrmj Fgrmj Srbnrjd ejk Fgnojtjk
Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:1
Srbnrjd ejk FgnojtjkUjrngt
Fokgrmj
Butput
Qgj`osjso
Ababt
Fgn.
Ababt
Djx
Xfbr
Djx
Qjsob
Glgf.
Xfbr
QjsobGlgf.
:. Xbsoj`osjso Ejk Sgdaokjjk Egsj
Xojnj17 11,51 7 7 7 9?,8 7 7 7 :33,>? 5
8. Sgkoknfjtjk Furjkn Gkgrno Srbtgok
(FGS), Jkgdoj Nozo Agso, NjknnujkJfoajt Furjkn _beoud (NJF_),Furjkn \otjdok J Ejk Fgfurjknjk]jt Nozo Dofrb @jokkyj
:33 :33 7 7 7 :33 8
. Sgkyu`uijk Fgsgijtjk, SgdjktjujkEjk Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf
>7 ,3: 7 7 7 9?,87 :
7. Sgkhgnjijk Sgku`jrjk SgkyjfotGkegdoh/Gpoegdof
;1/:33.333 :,97/:33.333 7 7 7 ?1,73 1
7 51,8 8 7 7 7 - : 7 7 - -
::. Xbsoj`osjso Fgaomjfjk @oknfuknjkXgijt
>3 3 7 7 7 ?:,?< 1
:8. Sgrgkhjkjjk Ejk Gvj`ujso
Sgkejyjnukjjk Ugkjnj Fgsgijtjk
95
(:/:33.33)
><
(:/:33.333)7 7 7 ?3 1
:5. Sgknjejjk Bajt Ejk Sgragfj`jkFgsgijtjk
Qp.13.333 Qp. 1>.333 7 7 7 :87 5
:7.
Sgdaokjjk Sgnjwjo Ejk Sgko`jojk
Jknfj Frgeot:33 9>.99 7 7 7 9>,99 :
:,:1 :
:>.
Xbsoj`osjso Fgaomjfjk @oknfuknjk
Xgijt7,:? :
11. Gvj`ujso Ejk SgkngdajknjkXtjkejr Sg`jyjkjk Fgsgijtjk
:33 9 7 7 7 9 :
18. Sgknjejjk Xjrjkj Ejk Srjsjrjkj
Susfgsdjs3.?3/:333 3.79/:333 5 7 7
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.4 Desember 2013-Full
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 :>
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
17. Fgdotrjjk Sg`jyjkjk FgsgijtjkB`gi Xwjstj
:1 DBW :1 DBW 7 7 7 :33 8
1. Sgdajknukjk Susfgsdjs
:7/83.333 17/83.333 7 7 7 : 519. Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk Sgtunjs
Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjk Sgrsj`okjk EjkSgrjwjtjk Jkjf.(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj = Sbrsgktjsg oau
ijdo` yn dgkejpjtfjk pg`jyjkjk
F5)
?: ?7,39 7 7 7 :35,59 5
1?.
Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk Sgtunjs
Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjk Sgrsj`okjk Ejk
Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf.(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj = Sbrsgktjsgfbdp`ofjso fgaoejkjk yjkn
eotjknjko)
?9.7 9>,?3 7 7 7 9?,15 :
83. Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk Sgtunjs
Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjk Sgrsj`okjk EjkSgrjwjtjk Jkjf.(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj = Sbrsgktjsg oau
agrsj`ok yjkn eotb`bkn b`gi tgkjnjfgsgijtjk tgr`jtoi)
95 ?1,9: 7 7 7 ::3,5? 5
8:. Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk Sgtunjs
Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjk Sgrsj`okjk EjkSgrjwjtjk Jkjf.(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj = Qjsob
Aoejk/Egsj)
:Aoejk/es
3.97Aoejk/es
7 7 7 97 :
81.
Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk Sgtunjs
Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjk Sgrsj`okjk EjkSgrjwjtjk Jkjf.(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj = Sbrsgktjsg
Sg`jyjkjk koljs)
95.73 ?5,98 7 7 7 ::1,11 5
88. Sgdajknukjk Susfgsdjs Sgdajktu 17 :?.8? 5 7 7 >>,7< :
85. Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk SgtunjsEj`jd Sg`jyjkjk Sgrsj`okjk EjkSgrjwjtjk Jkjf.(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj = Sbrsgktjsg
kgbkjtus egknjk fbdp`ofjso yjkneotjknjko)
9< >5,8? 7 7 7 93 5
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.4 Desember 2013-Full
22/108
Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 :9
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
8?. Mjdokjk Sg`jyjkjk Fgsgijtjk uktufDjsyjrjfjt Dosfok.
(Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj = Sbrsgktjsg
pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk rumufjk pjsogknjfok)
3,3117 3,33?5 8 7 7 51,13 :
Xudagr= Ejtj sgfukegr eob`ji
Ejro tjag` eo jtjs ejpjt eomg`jsfjk ajiwj Fgnojtjk egknjk ababt := Sgdagrojk
ababt : pjej fgnojtjk yjkn tgrtgrj pjej tjag` 5.8.j eofjrgkjfjk fgnojtjk tgrsgaut toejf
pgktokn uktuf eo`jfsjkjfjk fjrgkjk djsyjrjfjt ijdpor toejf dgdautuifjk fgnojtjk
tgrsgaut (fjsus ejro fgnojtjk tgrsgaut djsoi sjknjt sgeofot eotgdufjk).
Fgnojtjk egknjk ababt 8= Sgdagrojk ababt 8 pjej fgnojtjk eo`jfufjk fjrgkj
fgnojtjk tgrsgaut eojknnjp hufup pgktokn uktuf eo`jfsjkjfjk fjrgkj tgrejpjt hufup
ajkyjf fjsus yjkn dgdgr`ufjk fgnojtjk tgrsgaut ej`jd pgkjknjkjkkyj, Fgnojtjk
egknjk ababt 5 = Sgdagrojk ababt 5 pjej fgnojtjk eo`jfufjk fgrgkj toknfjt urngksotjs
ejro fgnojtjk tgrsgaut sueji dgdproijtokfjk, Fgnojtjk egknjk ababt 7= pgdagrojk ababt 7 pjej fgnojtjk eo`jfufjk egknjk jknnjpjk ajiwj fgnojtjk tgrsgaut ijrus
eo`jfufjk fjrgkj djsj`ji ejropjej fgnojtjk tgrsgaut sueji agkjr-agkjr ijrus sgngrj
eosg`gsjofjk.
Ujag` 5.8.
Sgknufurjk Glgftovotjs Fokgrmj Fgrmj Srbnrjd ejk Fgnojtjk
Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:1
Srbnrjd ejk Fgnojtjk Ko`jo
Glgf. Ko`jo
Djx Sgkhjpjojk
fokgrmj Djfkj
Fokgrmj
. Xbsoj`osjso Ejk Sgdaokjjk Egsj
Xojnj 7 17 13,3 Uoejf Glgftol
1. Sgkoknfjtjk Odukosjso 13 17 93,3 Xjknjt Glgftol
8. Sgkoknfjtjk Furjkn Gkgrno
Srbtgok (FGS), Jkgdoj NozoAgso, Njknnujk Jfoajt Furjkn
_beoud (NJF_), Furjkn\otjdok J Ejk Fgfurjknjk ]jt
Nozo Dofrb @jokkyj
:7 17
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.4 Desember 2013-Full
23/108
Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 :?
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Sgkjknnu`jknjk SgkyjfotDgku`jr
::. Xbsoj`osjso Fgaomjfjk@oknfuknjk Xgijt
:3 17 53,3 Uoejf Glgftol
:1.
Xjkotjso Ubtj` AgrajsosDjsyjrjfjt (XUAD)
:3 17 53,3 Uoejf Glgftol
:8. Sgrgkhjkjjk Ejk Gvj`ujsoSgkejyjnukjjk UgkjnjFgsgijtjk
:3 17 53,3 Uoejf Glgftol
:5. Sgknjejjk Bajt Ejk Sgragfj`jkFgsgijtjk
13 17 93,3 Xjknjt Glgftol
:7. Sgdaokjjk Sgnjwjo EjkSgko`jojk Jknfj Frgeot
7 17 13,3 Uoejf Glgftol
:.
Xbsoj`osjso Fgaomjfjk@oknfuknjk Xgijt
13 17 93,3 Xjknjt Glgftol
:9. Sgkoknfjtjk Furjkn GkgrnySrbtgok (FGS), Jkgdoj NozoAgso, Njknnujk Jfoajt Furjkn_beoud (NJF_), Furjkn\otjdok J Ejk Fgfurjknjk ]jtNozo Dofrb @jokkyj
13 17 93,3 Xjknjt Glgftol
:?. Sgkoknfjtjk Furjkn GkgrnySrbtgok (FGS), Jkgdoj NozoAgso, Njknnujk Jfoajt Furjkn_beoud (NJF_), Furjkn\otjdok J Ejk Fgfurjknjk ]jtNozo Dofrb @jokkyj-
13 17 93,3 Xjknjt Glgftol
13. Sgkoknfjtjk Odukosjso 13 17 93,3 Xjknjt Glgftol
1:. Sgkoknfjtjk survgo``jkhggpoegdob`bno ejk pgkjknnu`jknjk wjaji
5 17 :
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 13
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
1?. Sgkoknfjtjk FgdjdpujkSgtunjs Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjkSgrsj`okjk Ejk Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf. (Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj= Sbrsgktjsg
fbdp`ofjso fgaoejkjk yjkneotjknjko)
7 17 13,3 Uoejf Glgftol
83. Sgkoknfjtjk FgdjdpujkSgtunjs Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjkSgrsj`okjk Ejk Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf. (Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj= Sbrsgktjsgoau agrsj`ok yjkn eotb`bkn b`gi
tgkjnj fgsgijtjk tgr`jtoi)
13 17 93,3 Xjknjt Glgftol
8:. Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk
Sgtunjs Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjkSgrsj`okjk Ejk Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf. (Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj= QjsobAoejk/Egsj)
7 17 13,3 Uoejf Glgftol
81. Sgkoknfjtjk Fgdjdpujk
Sgtunjs Ej`jd Sg`jyjkjkSgrsj`okjk Ejk Sgrjwjtjk Jkjf. (Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj= SbrsgktjsgSg`jyjkjk koljs)
13 17 93,3 Xjknjt Glgftol
88. Sgdajknukjk SusfgsdjsSgdajktu
5 17 :
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 1:
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Djsy.Dosfok)
8?. Mjdokjk Sg`jyjkjk Fgsgijtjkuktuf Djsyjrjfjt Dosfok. (Okeofjtbr Fokgrmj= Sbrsgktjsg
pg`jyjkjk fgsgijtjk rumufjk pjsogk njfok)
8 17 :1,3 Uoejf Glgftol
Qjtj-rjtj 55,
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 11
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
EJLUJQ SWXUJFJ
Jkbkod. 1339. Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ej`jd Jknfj. Fjktbr ASX Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj.
Jkbkod. 1339. @jpbrjk Jfuktjao`otjs ejk Fokgrmj Okstjkso Sgdgroktji (@JFOS) Eokjs
Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:1. Eokjs Fgsgijtjk Fjaupjtgk
Xudajwj.
Arrjkgk, Mu`oj. :???. Dgdjkeu Dgtbeg Sgkg`otojk Fuj`otjtol ejk Fujktotjtol, Geoso
Qgvoso \. SU Qokgfj Hoptj, Mjfjrtj.
Egpfgs QO. 1337. Sgdagrjktjsjk Sgkyjfot ejk Sgkygijtjk @oknfuknjk eo Okebkgsoj.
Egpjrtgdgk Fgsgijtjk QO, Mjfjrtj.
Nuktur, X^ Duijddje, Xgtojmo Ajdajkn. 1337. Sgknjrui Fuj`otjs Sg`jyjkjk
Egknjk @odj Eodgkso Fuj`otjs Ugrijejp Fgpujsjk Sg`jknnjk Eo QXWE
Fbtj Xurjfjrtj.
Db`gbkn, M. @gxy. :??3. Dgtbeb`bno Sgkg`otojk Fuj`otjtol. SU. Qgdjmj Qbsejfjryj,
Ajkeukn.
Kjzor, Dbi, :???. Dgtbeg Sgkg`otojk. Nij`oj Okebkgsoj, Mjfjrtj.
Kgtrj, Oej Ajnus. :?>5. Dgtbeg`bno Sgkg`otojk. Wsjij Kjsobkj`, Xurjajyj.
Wkejkn-Wkejkn kbdbr 18 tjiuk :??? tgktjkn Sg`jyjkjk Fgsgijtjk.
Wkejkn-Wkejkn Qgpua`of Okebkgsoj Kbdbr 81 Ujiuk :??? tgktjkn Sgdgroktji Ejgrji
^oybkb, Jzos X`jdgt, ^jiyueeok. D. 1337. Sgknjrui Fuj`otjs Sg`jyjkjk Dgeos,
Sjrjdgeos, Ejk Sgkukmjkn Dgeos Ugrijejp Fgpujsjk Fbksudgk Eo Qudji Xjfot Os`jd Djkosrgknnb F`jtgk.
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 18
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
JKJ@OXOX SGKNJQWI SGQXGSXO SGKNGHGQ FJ_W UGQIJEJS
SG@J_JKJK UJUJ WXJIJ FJ_W EO EOKJX FGIWUJKJK EJK
SGQFGAWKJK FJAWSJUGK XWDAJ^J UJIWK 13:8
B`gi =
Muiroyjkto
JAXUQJFXO
Sgkg`otojk oko agrtumujk uktuf dgkngtjiuo pgknjrui pgrsgpso pgknghgr fjyu jtju
pgkodauk fjyu tgrijejp pg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu eo Eokjs Fgiutjkjk ejk
Sgrfgaukjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:8. Dgtbeg yjkn eonukjfjk ej`jd
pgkg`otojk oko yjotu jkj`osos rgnrgso sgegrijkj egknjk dgknnukjfjk Wmo Qgnrgso @okogr
Xgegrijkj ejk tgfkof pgknjdao`jk ejtj sghjrj purpbsovg sjdp`okn .
Jkj`osos ejtjeo`jfufjk egknjk dgtbeg rgnrgso `okogr sgegrijkj egknjk vjrojag` agajskyj jej`ji
Sg`jyjkjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu ejk vjrojag` tgrofjtkyj jej`ji Sgrsgpso Sgknghgr. Ijso`
jkj`osos rgnrgso `okogr sgegrijkj dgkukmuffjk ajiwj tgrejpjt iuauknjk jktjrj
pgrsgpso pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu egknjk pg`jyjkjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu eo Eokjs
Fgiutjkjk ejk Sgrfgaukjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:8, sghjrj pjrsoj` vjrojag`
pgrsgpso dgdpukyjo pgknjrui pbsotol tgrijejp pg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu sg`jdj
tjiuk 13:8. Ijso` oko dgkukmufjk iopbtgsos pgkg`otojk ejpjt eoauftofjk. Ko`jo
fbbglosogk egtgrdokjso sgagsjr 3.7>9 dgkukmufjk ajiwj 7>% vjrojso pgruajijk
vjrojag` yjkn eomg`jsfjk yjotu pg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu djdpu eomg`jsfjk b`gi
vjrojso pgruajijk vjrojag` pgkmg`js pgrsgpso pgknghgr, sgejknfjk sosjkyj sgagsjr
58% eomg`jsfjk b`gi vjrojag` eo `ujr dbeg` rgnrgso eonukjfjk, yjkn tgrjknfud ej`jdfgsj`jijk rjkebd sgpgrto pg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu `jokkyj.
Fjtj Fukho = Sgrsgpso, Sg̀ jyjkjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu
O. SGKEJIW@WJK
:.:. @jtjr Ag`jfjknEj`jd Sgrjturjk Ejgrji Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj 1< Ujiuk 133< Ugktjkn Omok
Sgkgajknjk Fjyu Ujkji Do`of (OSFUD), Fjyu tjkji do`of dgkmjeo sj`ji sjtu dbej`
uktuf dgdgkuio fgautuijk ajijk ajfu pgdajknukjk, sg`jok eodjkljjtfjk sgajnjo
sj`ji sjtu dbej` pgdajknukjk yjkn ejpjt dgdagrofjk fgdjfdurjk djsyjrjfjt agrupj djkljjt gfb`bno, sbsoj`, auejyj djupuk gfbkbdo sghjrj sgodajkn. B`gi fjrgkj
otu eoautuifjk prbsgs pgdjkljjtjk, pgdaokjjk ejk pgkngkej`ojk yjkn ejpjt
dgdagrofjk mjdokjk ajno tgragktufkyj tjtj pgkng`b`jjk fjyu tjkji do`of ajno
fgsgmjitgrjjk djsyjrjfjt. Ujtj pgkng`b`jjk fjyu yjkn sueji agrmj`jk dgrumuf fgpjej
Sgrjturjk Dgktgro Fgiutjkjk Kbdbr 83 Ujiuk 13:1 Ugktjkn Sgkjtjjk Ijso` Iutjk
_jkn Agrjsj` Ejro Iutjk Ijf.
Sgrjturjk Dgktgro Fgiutjkjk tgrsgaut uktuf dgkebrbkn agrfgdajknkyj usjij
fgiutjkjk agrajsos fgrjfyjtjk ejk uktuf dgdpgr`ujs `jpjknjk fgrmj, pgkngktjsjk
fgdosfokjk sgrtj pgrtudauijk gfbkbdo, djfj djsyjrjfjt pgdo`of/ pgkng`b`j iutjk ijf
eoagro fgsgdpjtjk sg`ujs `ujskyj uktuf dg`jfufjk pgkjtjusjijjk jtjs ijso` iutjkkyj.
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 15
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Ej`jd pgrjturjk dgktgro fgiutjkjk tgrsgaut, dgkmg`jsfjk Ugdpjt Sgkjdpuknjk
Ugrejltjr yjkn sg`jkmutkyj eosoknfjt USU jej`ji tgdpjt pgknudpu`jk fjyu au`jt
ejk/jtju fjyu b`jijk rjfyjt yjkn agrjsj` ejro sjtu jtju agagrjpj sudagr iutjk ijf,
do`of ajejk usjij jtju pgrbrjknjk yjkn eotgtjpfjk b`gi Fgpj`j Eokjs Fjaupjtgk/ Fbtj
ejk/jtju eotgtjpfjk b`gi Fgpj`j Eokjs Srbvokso ajno Eokjs Fjaupjtgk/ Fbtj yjkn toejfjej okstjkso yjkn dgkjknjko aoejkn fgiutjkjk. Ugdpjt Sgkjdpuknjk Ugrejltjr jtju
yjkn eosoknfjt USU `gaoi eofgkj` egknjk kjdj pgkodauk jtju pgknghgr fjyu, eodjkj
aojsjkyj dgkjdpukn fjyu b`jijk egknjk agrajnjo ufurjk uktuf eomuj`.
Sjej Ujiuk 13:1 tgrhjtjt jej 95 Sgkodauk jtju Sgknghgr fjyu yjkn agrjej eo
Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj yjkn tgrsgajr eo sg`urui wo`jyji fghjdjtjk, yjkn agrjej eo
Fghjdjtjk Xudajwj sgajkyjf 17 pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu egknjk pgrsgktjsg
1?,> pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu egknjk pgrsgktjsg 9,88%, eo
Fghjdjtjk J`js sgajkyjf < pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu egknjk pgrsgktjsg >,:5%, eo
Fghjdjtjk S`jdpjkn ejk Fghjdjtjk @jpg djsokn-djsokn sgajkyjf 7 pgknghgr jtju
pgkodauk fjyu egknjk pgrsgktjsg 7,?7%, eo Fghjdjtjk Augr, Fghjdjtjk @gkjknnujr,
Fghjdjtjk @bpbf, Fghjdjtjk Wktgr Owos ejk Fghjdjtjk J`js Ajrjt djsokn-djsokn
sgajkyjf 8 pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu egknjk pgrsgktjsg 8,7>%, eo Fghjdjtjk
Gdpjkn sgajkyjf 1 pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu egknjk pgrsgktjsg 1,89% ejk eo
Fghjdjtjk Dbyb Wtjrj, Fghjdjtjk Dbyb Io`or, Fghjdjtjk Dbyb Iu`u ejk
Fghjdjtjk Ujrjkb djsokn-djsokn sgajkyjf : pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu egknjk
pgrsgktjsg :,:?%.
Ej`jd pg`jfsjkjjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu pjej Eokjs Fgiutjkjk ejk Sgrfgaukjk
Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj eo toknfjt Sgkodauk ejk Sgknghgr fjyu tgrejpjt agagrjpj
fgkej`j, fgtgr`jdajtjk pgkyjdpjojk @jpbrjk Dutjso Fjyu B`jijk (@DFB) pgkodaukejk pgknghgr fjyu yjkn djsoi sgrokn tgrmjeo, wj`jupuk toejf sgduj pgkodauk ejk
pgknghgr fjyu. Xg`jok ejro otu djsoi ajkyjf eotgduo pgknjedokostrjsojk yjkn djsoi
ag`ud tgrtoa. Agrejsjrfjk `jtjr ag`jfjkn tgrsgaut, eo`oijt pgknjrui pgrsgpso pgknghgr
jtju pgkodauk fjyu, djfj mueu` pgkg`otojk oko jej`ji ‐Jkj`osos Sgknjrui Sgrsgpso
Sgknghgr Fjyu Ugrijejp Sg`jyjkjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu eo Eokjs Fgiutjkjk ejk
Sgrfgaukjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:8—.
:.1. Qudusjk Djsj`ji
Qudusjk djsj`ji dgrupjfjk sujtu pgrtjkyjjk yjkn jfjk eohjrofjk mjwjajkkyj
dg`j`uo pgknudpu`jk ejtj (Xunoybkb, 1335). Jejpuk rudusjk djsj`ji ej`jd
pgkg`otojk oko jej`ji ajnjodjkjfji pgrsgpso pgknghgr fjyu tgrijejp pg`jyjkjk tjtjusjij fjyu eo Eokjs Fgiutjkjk ejk Sgrfgaukjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:82
:.8. Uumujk Sgkg`otojkJejpuk tumujk yjkn jfjk eo`jfufjk ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko jej`ji uktuf
dgkngtjiuo pgknjrui pgrsgpso pgknghgr fjyu jtju pgkodauk fjyu tgrijejp pg`jyjkjk
tjtj usjij fjyu eo Eokjs Fgiutjkjk ejk Sgrfgaukjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:8.
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 17
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
OO. UOKMJWJK SWXUJFJ
1.:. Sgkg`otojk Xgag`udkyjQjyjiu, E. X. (133:) dg`jfufjk pgkg`otojk egknjk mueu` Sgrsgpso Djsyjrjfjt
Ugrijejp Sg`jfsjkjjk SSFJK Ujiuk :??> (Jnrbwosjtj Fjrjkn Mbjkn) eo Fg`urjijk
Fjrjkn Mbjkn Fghjdjtjk Aj`ofpjpjk Wtjrj Fjaupjtgk Aj`ofpjpjk. Uumujk pgkg`otojkoko uktuf dgkngtjiuo sgagrjpj mjui pgkngtjiujk djsjrjfjt Fg`urjijk Fjrjkn Mbjkn
dgkngkjo pg`jfsjkjjk Sgfjk Sgkniomjujk ejk Fbksgrvjso J`jd Kjsobkj`. J`jt jkj`osos
yjkn eonukjfjk jej`ji jkj`osos egsfroptol, yjotu egknjk agrajnjo oktgprgstjso tgbrotof
jtjs ejtj fukho yjkn eopgrb`gi dg`j`uo hjrj `jknsukn (wjwjkhjrj) ejk hjrj toejf
`jknsukn (fuosobkgr jtju jknfgt). Sgkg`o`tojk oko dgkukmufjk ajiwj djsyjrjfjt eo
jrgj` SSFJK sgtumuf eo`jfsjkjfjk pgkniomjujk, egknjk `gaoi dgdo`oi aoaot
pgkniomjujk jej`ji tjkjdjk auji-aujijk eoajkeoknfjk egknjk tjkjdjk agrfjyu
(tjiukjk) sgpgto njdj`, sgknbk ejk jfjsoj. Egknjk j`jsjk ajiwj tjkjdjk auji-aujijk
dgdpukyjo mjknfj wjftu yjkn pgkegf prbeufsokyj sgioknnj ijso`kyj ejpjt hgpjt
dgrgfj kofdjto eoajkeoknfjk egknjk tjkjdjk agrfjyu yjkn dgdpukyjo mjknfj wjftu
yjkn pjkmjkn uktuf prbeufsokyj.
Xorbez, J. (1335) dg`jfufjk pgkg`otojk egknjk mueu` Sgrsgpso Sgknukmukn
Ugktjkn @oknfuknjk Qgfrgjso Xtueo Fjsus eo Fgauk Qjyj Wkdu` Xjdjrokej ejk Su`ju
Fudj`j Ugknnjrbkn. Uumujk pgkg`otojk oko uktuf dgkngtjiuo fgduknfokjk pgragejjk
pgrsgpso pgknukmukn tgktjkn `oknfuknjk rgfrgjso eo Fgauk Qjyj Wkdu` Xjdjrokej ejk
Su`ju Fudj`j Ugknnjrbkn fiususkyj dgkyjknfut jspgf-jspgf jktjrj `jok = ejyj
eufukn `oknfuknjk, fgjkgfjrjnjdjk, fgokejijk j`jd, vjkej`osd, pgkhgdjrjk,
fgrusjfjk iutjk, ejdpjf sbsoj` auejyj, zbkjso ejk fbksgrvjso. J`jt jkj`osos yjkn
eonukjfjk jej`ji jkj`osos egsfroptol ejk stjtostoh egknjk dgknnukjfjk eostroauso
lrgfugkso ejk prgsgtjsg, sgrtj umo Hio Xqujrg. Sgkg`otojk oko tg`ji dgkukmuffjk ajiwj
fjrjftgrostof udur, stjtus pgrfjwokjk ejk pgkejpjtjk pgrau`jk dgdpgknjruio pgrsgpsokyj tgktjkn `oknfuknjk rgfrgjso Fgauk Qjyj Wkdu` Xjdjrokej ejk Su`ju
Fudj`j Ugknnjrbkn, fjrjftgrostof mgkos fg`jdok ejk agrfukmukn fg Ujdjk Qgfrgjso
ijkyj dgdpgknjruio pgrsgpso pgknukmukn Fgauk Qjyj Wkdu` Xjdjrokej, fjrjftgrostof
tgdpjt toknnj`, j`jt trjkspbrtjso ejk sgroknkyj agrfukmukn fg Ujdjk Qgfrgjso ijkyj
dgdpgknjruio pgrsgpsokyj pgknukmukn Su`ju Fudj`j Ugknnjrbkn, jejpuk
fjrjftgrostof pgkeoeofjk, pgfgrmjjk, mud`ji fg`ujrnj ejk pgkngtjiujk tgktjkn
`oknfunjk ioeup toejf dgdpgknjruio pgrsgpso pgknukmukn fgeuj tjdjk rgfrgjso eojtjs.
Xjglueok, E (133
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 1<
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
agrupj jejkyj pgknjfujk djsyjrjfjt tgrijejp fgagrjejjk Iutjk @okeukn Xuknjo
^jok jejkyj eufuknjk wjrnj Fbtj Aj`opjpjk tgktjkn pgrjkjk Iutjk @okeukn sgajnjo
sudagr jor agrsoi.
1.1.
@jkejsjk Ugbro
1.1.:. Sgkngrtojk SgrsgpsoDgkurut Xhiggrgr (:?75) ej`jd Xudjrwbtb (133:) ej`jd Gfb`bno @oknfuknjk
Ioeup ejk Sgdajknukjk, dgkyjtjfjk ajiwj pgrsgpso jej`ji rgprgsgktjso lgkbdgkj`
tgktjkn bamgf-bamgf eostj` sgajnjo ijso` pgknbrnjkosjsojk bamgf eostj` otu sgkeoro,
dgeoud ejk rjknsjkn prbfsodj`. Dgkurut J``pbrt (:?) ej`jd
Sgrsgpso Sgknukmukn tgktjkn @oknfuknjk Qgfrgjso ejk Agagrjpj Ljftbr yjkn
Dgdpgknjruio Xtueo eo Ujdjk Doko Okebkgsoj Okeji ejk Fgauk Qjyj Hoabejs.,
pgrsgpso agriuauknjk egknjk fgsjejrjk tgrijejp sujtu bamgf jtju fgjejjk ejk pgrsgpso
sgsgbrjkn tgrnjktukn fgpjej agrjpj mjui odprgso sujtu bamgf dgdaujt jrto tgrijejp
sgsgbrjkn.
Dgkurut Io`njre (:?>9) ej`jd ^oabwb (:?9>) ej`jd, dgkngdufjfjk ajiwj
pgrsgpso aufjk`ji prbsgs yjkn pjsol tgtjpo prbsgs yjkn jftol ejro sujtu oktgrjfso jktjrj
sgsgbrjkn egknjk `oknfuknjkkyj ejk dgrupjfjk sujtu pgkhjpjojk. Dgkurut Fjyjd
(:?97) ej`jd ^oemjyj (:???) ej`jd Sgrsgpso ejk Xofjp pgknukmukn tgrijejp Ujkjdjk
Fb`gfso eo Fgauk Qjyj Abnbr, dgkngdufjfjk ajiwj pgrsgpso jej`ji pjkejknjk jtju
pgko`jojk sgsgbrjkn tgrijejp yjkn eoijso`fjk b`gi fgdjdpujk dgknbrnjkosjso
pgknjdjtjk. Sgrsgpso eotgktufjk b`gi ljftbr-ljftbr ej`jd eoro okeovoeu (ljftbr oktgrkj`)
ejk ljftbr eo `ujr okeovoeu (ljftbr gfstgrkj`). Ljftbr oktgrkj` dg`oputo fghgrejsjk, dokjt
gdbso, pgkeoeofjk, pgkejpjtjk, fjpjsotjs j`jt okegrj ejk mgkos fg`jdok. Jejpuk yjkn
tgrdjsuf ljftbr gfstgrkj` jej`ji pgknjrui fg`bdpbf, pgknj`jdjk djsj `j`u ejk
pgragejjk `jtjr ag`jfjkn sbsoj` auejyj.@odg ejk Xtjke`gy ej`jd ^oabwb (:?9>) ej`jd Sgrsgpso Sgknukmukn tgktjkn
@oknfuknjk Qgfrgjso ejk Agagrjpj Ljftbr yjkn Dgdpgknjruio Xtueo eo Ujdjk Doko
Okebkgsoj Okeji ejk Fgauk Qjyj Hoabejs, dgkngdufjfjk ajiwj pgrsgpso
agriuauknjk egknjk sujtu prbsgs eodjkj sujtu okeovoeu dgkgrodj oklbrdjso ejro
`oknfuknjk sbsoj` ejk losof, yjkn fgdueojk dgkjlsorfjk ej`jd pgknj`jdjk ejk
sofjpkyj.
Losigr (:?95) ej`jd Xjrwbkb (133:) ej`jd Ugbro-tgbro Ssofb`bno Xbsoj`, ajiwj
pgrsgpso eotgktufjk b`gi pgknj`jdjk ejk pgknj`jdjk otu sgkeoro eopgknjruio b`gi
fgauejyjjk. Sgknjrui fgauejyjjk tgrdjsuf fgaojsjjk ioeup, kjdpjf munj ej`jd
agrajnjo ngmj`j iuauknjk djkusoj egknjk `oknfuknjk ej`jd fgioeupjk sgijro-ijro.
Dgkurut Xjrwbkb (:??7) ej`jd Ssofb`bno @oknfuknjk, dgkngdufjfjk sgmud`ji pgknokegrjjk eosjtufjk ejk eofbbreokjsofjk eo ej`jd pusjt syjrjl yjkn `gaoi toknno
(btjf) sgioknnj djkusoj aosj dgkngkj`o ejk dgko`jo bamgf-bamgf djfj oko eokjdjfjk
pgrsgpso.
Arukgr (:?7>) ej`jd Xjrwbkb (133:) ej`jd Ugbro-tgbro Ssofb`bno Xbsoj`,
dgknjtjfjk ajiwj pgrsgpso jej`ji prbsgs fjtgnbrosjso. Brnjkosdg eorjknsjkn b`gi
sujtu djsufjk tgrtgktu (bamgf-bamgf eo`ujr, pgrostowj ejk `jok-`jok) ejk brnjkosdg otu
agrgspbk egknjk dgkniuauknfjk djsufjk pgrostowj-pgrostowj. Srbsgs dgkniuauknfjk
oko jej`ji prbsgs yjkn jftol eodjkj okeovoeu yjkn agrsjknfutjk egknjk sgknjmj dgkhjro
fjtgnbro yjkn tgpjt sgioknnj oj ejpjt dgkngkj`o jtju dgdagro jrto fgpjej djsufjk
tgrsgaut. Egknjk egdofojk pgrsgpso munj agrsoljt oklgrgksoj` (dgkjrof fgsodpu`jk).
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Ugrejpjt 5 (gdpjt) pgknjdao`jk fgputusjk ej`jd pgrsgpso, sgajnjo agrofut =
:. Fjtgnbro prodotol, eodjkj bamgf jtju pgrostowj yjkn eojdjto eo osb`jso ejk eotjkejo
agrejsjrfjk horo-horo fiusus. Sjej toknfjt oko pgkgrodjjk bamgf pgrsgpso djsoi sjknjt
dokodj`.
1.
Dgkhjro tjkej (hug sgjrhi), eodjkj so pgknjdjt sghjrj hgpjt dgdgrofsj (shjkkokn)`oknfuknjk uktuf dgkhjro oklbrdjso-oklbrdjso tjdajijk uktuf dg`jfufjk fjtgnbro
yjkn tgpjt.
8.
Fbklordjso, tgrmjeo sgtg`ji bamgf dgkejpjtfjk pgknnb`bknjk sgdgktjrj. Sjej tjijp
oko so pgknjdjt toejf `jno tgraufj uktuf dgkgrodj sgdajrjkn djsufjk, dg`jokfjk
oj ijkyj dgkgrodj tjdajijk oklbrdjso yjkn jfjk dgdpgrfujt (dgknfbklordjso)
fgputusjkkyj. Djsufjk-djsufjk yjkn toejf rg`gvjk eoiokejro. Ujijp oko eosgaut
prbsgs sg`gfso poktu ngrajkn (sg`ghtovg njtokn prbhgss).
5.
Fbklordjso tuktjs, eodjkj pgkhjrojk tjkej-tjkej eojfioro. Ujkej-tjkej ajru
eojajofjk sjmj ejk tjkej-tjkej yjkn toejf fbksostgk egknjk fgsodpu`jk yjkn sueji
eoaujt munj eojajofjk sjmj jtju eouaji sgegdofojk rupj sgioknnj hbhbf egknjk
fjtgnbro yjkn sueji eopo`oi.
Gdpjt jspgf ejro pgrsgpso yjkn dgkurut Agr`ykg (:?7>) ej`jd Xjrwbkb (133:)
ej`jd Ugbro-tgbro Ssofb`bno Xbsoj`, dgkngdufjfjk ajiwj ejpjt dgdagejfjk pgrsgpso
ejro agrpofor jej`ji = Ij`-ij` yjkn eojdjto ejro sgauji rjknsjkn agrvjrojso tgrnjktukn
pb`j ejro fgsg`uruijk eodjkj rjknsjkn tgrsgaut dgkmjeo ajnojkkyj, Sgrsgpso agrvjrojso
ejro brjkn fg brjkn ejk ejro wjftu fg wjftu, Sgrsgpso agrvjrojso tgrnjktukn ejro jrji
(lbhus) j`jt okegrj, ejk Sgrsgpso hgkegrukn agrfgdajkn fg jrji tgrtgktu ejk sgfj`o
tgragktu fghgkegruknjk otu aojsjkyj jfjk dgkgtjp.
Frghi ejk Hruthilog`e (:?59) ej`jd Xjrwbkb (133:) ej`jd Ugbro-tgbro
Ssofb`bno Xbsoj`, dgknnb`bknfjk 1 ljftbr yjkn dgdpgknjruio pgrsgpso, yjotu =
\jrojag` Xtrufturj`, yjotu ljftbr-ljftbr yjkn tgrfjkeukn ej`jd rjknsjkn losof ejk prbsgs kgurblosob`bnof ejk \jrojag` Luknsobkj`, yjotu ljftbr-ljftbr yjkn tgrfjkeukn
ej`jd eoro so pgknjdjt, sgpgrto fgautuijk, sujsjkj ijto, pgknj`jdjk djsj `j`u ejk
soljt-soljt okeovoeukyj. Ag`` (:?>9) ej`jd Xjrwbkb (:??7) ej`jd Ssofb`bno
@oknfuknjk., dgkngdufjfjk agagrjpj ij` yjkn dgdpgknjruio pgruajijk pgrsgpso,
jej`ji sgajnjo agrofut =
:. Srbsgs pgruajijk eosgajafjk b`gi jejkyj prbsgs ljj` (losob`bnof) ejro sostgd syjrjl
pjej okegrj-okegrj djkusoj. Mofj sujtu stodu`us toejf dgknj`jdo pgruajijk djfj
jfjk tgrmjeo jejptjso jtju ijaotujso, yjotu rgspbk tgrijejp stodu`us otu djfok `jdj
djfok `gdji. Oko dgkukmufjk fghgkeruknjk ljj` (losob`bnof) ejro rgsgptbr yjkn
dgkmjeo furjkn pgfj sgtg`ji ajkyjf dgkgrodj stodu`us.
1.
Srbsgs pgruajijk eosgajafjk b`gi jejkyj psofb`bnof, ij` oko eomudpjo ej`jd agktufjk ejk pgruajijk sofjp. Eodjkj sofjp jej`ji rgspbks djkusoj yjkn
dgkgdpjtfjk bamgf yjkn eopoforfjk (bamghts bl tibunit) fg ej`jd sujtu eodgkso
pgrtodajknjk (eodgksobk bl muengdgkts) (Egux ejk ^ronitsdjk, :?99).
Ljuzo (:??>) ej`jd Ssofb`bno Wdud Ljfu`tjs Ujraoyji Fbdpbkgk DFEF,
dgkngdufjfjk ajiwj pgrsgpso jej`ji dgkjlsorfjk stodu`us yjkn tg`ji jej ej`jd btjf.
@gaoi `jkmut eofgdufjfjk pu`j brnjkosjso ej`jd pgrsgpso jktjrj `jok = ^umue ejk `jtjr,
bamgf-bamgf yjkn eojdjto eosgfotjrkyj sg`j`u dukhu` sgajnjo wumue (Lonurg) sgejknfjk
ij`-ij` `jokkyj sgajnjo `jtjr (nrbuke) ejk Sb`j pgkng`bdpbfjk, ij`-ij` tgrtgktu
hgkegrukn eofg`bdpbfjk ej`jd pgrsgpsokyj, hjrj pgkng`bdpbfjk ejpjt eotgktufjk
b`gi hjrj pgknjdjtjk ij`-ij` tgrsgaut.
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Jejpuk ij`-ij` yjkn dgdpgknjruio pgrsgpso, jktjrj `jok = Sgrijtojk, rjknsjknjk
ejro sg`urui bamgf yjkn jej eo sgfotjrkyj eotgrodj sghjrj fgsg`uruijk, tgtjpo pgrijtojk
tgrpbfus tgrijejp sjtu jtju euj bamgf sjmj. Sgragejjk lbfus jktjrj sjtu brjkn egknjk
brjkn `jok dgkygajafjk pgragejjk pgrsgpso yjkn jej. Xgt, ijrjpjk sgsgbrjkn tgrijejp
rjknsjknjk jfjk todau`. Fgautuijk, fgautuijk sgsjjt jtju dgkgtjp pjej eoro sgsgbrjknjfjk dgdpgknjruio pgrsgpso brjkn tgrsgaut. Xostgd Ko`jo, sostgd ko`jo yjkn agr`jfu
ej`jd sujtu djsyjrjfjt agrpgknjrui tgrijejp pgrsgpsokyj. Horo Fgproajeojk, horo
fgproajeojk jfjk dgdpgknjruio pgrsgpsokyj. Njknnujk mowj, njknnujk mowj ejpjt
dgkodau`fjk fgsj`jijk pgrsgpso yjkn eosgaut ij`usokjso.
1.1.1. Sgkngrtojk Sgknghgr
Jkbkod, 1337 dgkmg`jsfjk ajiwj pgknghgr jej`ji pgrejnjknjk yjkn dgkmuj`
ajrjkn yjkn eomuj`kyj `jknsukn fg tjknjk pgdjfjo jfior jtju fbksudgk egknjk mud`ji
sjtujk jtju ghgrjk. Hbktbi pgrejnjknjk sgpgrto J`lj Doko Djrfgt ejk Okebdjrfgt.
Sgknghgr jej`ji brnjkosjso jtju sgsgbrjkn yjkn dgmj`jkfjk pgkmuj`jk ajrjkn sghjrj
`jknsukn fg fbksudgk jfior uktuf pgknnukjjk proajeo ejk aufjk aoskos. Sjej
prjftgfkyj pgknghgr dg`jfufjk pgdag`ojk ajrjkn jtjupuk prbeuf ej`jd mud`ji agsjr
ejro prbeusgk, jtjupuk pgknodpbrt ajof sghjrj `jknsukn djupuk dg`j`uo nrbsor, uktuf
fgdjkj eomuj` fgdaj`o ej`jd mud`ji fgho`.
Ej`jd wgasotg Ajtjvoj 13::, dgkmg`jsjfjk, jejpuk ljhtbr-Ljftbr yjkn
dgdpgknjruio pgro`jfu fbksudgk ej`jd pgknjdao`jk fgputusjk pgdag`ojk sujtu
prbeuf, jej`ji sgajnjo agrofut = Ljftbr-Ljftbr yjkn agrjsj` ejro eoro proajeo sgbrjkn
fbksudgk ejk Ljftbr-Ljftbr yjkn agrjsj` ejro `oknfuknjk sgfotjr sgbrjkn fbksudgk.
Xg`jok ejro otu jej ljftbr `jokkyj yjkn dgdpgknjruio pro`jfu fbksudgk, jktjrj `jok =
Fgfujtjk sbsoj` auejyj, yjkn tgreoro ejro ljftbr auejyj, toknfjt sbsoj`, fg`bdpbf
jkutjk ejk fg`ujrnj ejk Fgfujtjk psofb`bno, yjkn tgreoro ejro ljftbr pgknj`jdjk ag`jmjr, fgproajeojk, sofjp ejk fgyjfokjk.
1.1.8. Sgkngrtojk Ujtj Wsjij FjyuEj`jd Sgrjturjk Dgktgro Fgiutjkjk Qgpua`of Okebkgsoj Kbdbr S.77/Dgkiut-
OO/133< Ugktjkn Sgkjtjusjijjk Ijso` Iutjk _jkn Agrjsj` Ejro Iutjk Kgnjrj,
Sgkjtjusjijjk Ijso` Iutjk jej`ji fgnojtjk yjkn dg`oputo pgkjtjusjijk tgktjkn
pgrgkhjkjjk prbeufso, pgdjkgkjk jtju pgkgajknjk, pgkjkejjk, pgknufurjk ejk
pgknumojk, pgknjknfutjk/ pgrgejrjk ejk pgkodaukjk, pgknb`jijk ejk pg`jpbrjk.
Xg`jok ejro otu ej`jd Sgrjturjk Dgktgro Fgiutjkjk Qgpua`of Okebkgsoj Kbdbr
S.83/Dgkiut /13:1 Ugktjkn Sgkjtjusjijjk Ijso` Iutjk _jkn Agrjsj` Ejro Iutjk Ijf,
Sgkjtjusjijjk ijso` iutjk yjkn agrjsj` ejro iutjk ijf jej`ji fgnojtjk yjkn dg`oputo pgdjkgkjk jtju pgkgajknjk, pgknufurjk ejk pgkgtjpjk mgkos, pgknjknfutjk/pgrgejrjk
ejk pgknudpu`jk, pgknb`jijk ejk pg`jpbrjk.
Qbaagrt Mjk Egffgr dgkngdufjfjk ajiwj, Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu jej`ji sujtu
fgtjtjkjk jtju tjtj usjij ej`jd agktuf pgkhjtjtjk, pgkgraotjk ebfudgk ejk pg`jpbrjk
yjkn dg`oputo fgnojtjk pgrgkhjkjjk prbeufso, pgdjkgkjk, pgknb`jijk ejk pgrgejrjk
fjyu, egknjk egdofojk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu (UWF) dgrupjfjk sjrjkj jedokostrjso ej`jd
pgknjwjsjk ejk pgdaokjjk, sgioknnj sudagr ejyj j`jd yjkn agrupj ijso` iutjk ejpjt
eomjnj fg`gstjrojkkyj ejk ejpjt dgdagrofjk djkljjt sghjrj bptodj`. Uumujk
eotgtjpfjkkyj pgtukmuf tgfkos tjtj usjij fjyu jej`ji jnjr pgkyg`gknnjrjjk tjtj usjij
fjyu ejpjt agrmj`jk egknjk tgrtoa ejk `jkhjr sgsujo fgtgktujk yjkn agr`jfu.
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1.1.5. Sgkngrtojk Sg`jyjkjkDgkurut Fbt`gr ej`jd @jfsjkj (1339), dgkngdufjfjk ajiwj pg`jyjkjk jej`ji
sgtojp tokejfjk jtju fgnojtjk yjkn ejpjt eotjwjrfjk b`gi sujtu poijf fgpjej poijf `jok,
yjkn pjej ejsjrkyj toejf agrwumue ejk toejf dgknjfoajtfjk fgpgdo`ofjk jpjpuk.Nrbkrbbs ej`jd Umoptbkb (1337) dgkyjtjfjk ajiwj pg`jyjkjk dgrupjfjk prbsgs yjkn
tgreoro jtjs sgrjknfjojk jftovotjs oktjnoa`g yjkn aojsj (kjduk toejf ijrus sg`j`u)
tgrmjeopjej oktgrjfso jktjrj pg`jknnjk ejk fjryjwjk, mofj ejro sudagr ejyj, losof jtju
ajrjkn ejk sostgd pgkygeoj mjsj yjkn eosgeojfjk sgajnjo sb`uso jtjs djsj`ji pg`jknnjk.
Xgdgktjrj otu @bvbabgf, pgtgrsbk ejk wj`fgr ej`jd Umoptbkb (1337) dgkngdufjfjk
pgrspgftol pg`jyjkjk sgajnjo sgauji sostgd, eodjkj sgtojp aoskos mjsj eopjkejkn
sgajnjo sgauji sostgd yjkn tgreoro jtjs euj fbdpbkgk utjdj = :. Bpgrjso Mjsj ejk 1.
Sgkyjdpjojk mjsj.
Agrejsjrfjk pgkngrtojk eojtjs djfj ejpjt eosodpu`fjk, ajiwj pg`jyjkjk
dgrupjfjk sujtu agktuf sostgd, prbsgeur jtju dgtbeg tgrtgktu eoagrofjk fgpjej brjkn
`jok, ej`jd ij` oko, fgautuijk pg`jknnjk tgrsgaut ejpjt tgrpgkuio sgsujo egknjk ijrjpjk
jtju fgoknokjk pg`jknnjk egknjk toknfjt pgrsgpso dgrgfj. Jej agagrjpj ljftbr yjkn
dgkygajafjk todau`kyj pg`jkjk, yjotu = Jejkyj rjsj hoktj ejk fjsoi sjyjkn, Jejkyj
fgyjfokjk uktuf sj`okn tb`bkn dgkb`bkn, Jejkyj fgyjfokjk ajiwj agraujt ajof,
fgpjej brjkn `jok jej`ji sujtu agktuf jdj`.
OOO. DGUBEB@BNO SGKG@OUOJKDgtbeg pgkg`otojk dgkmg`jsfjk sg`urui rjknfjojk yjkn jfjk eo`jfufjk ej`jd
rjknfj dgdauftofjk jtju dgkyjknnji iopbtgsos yjkn eorudusfjk, ejk dgkmjwja
pgrtjkyjjk pgkg`otojk sgpgrto yjkn tg`ji eorudusfjk pjej pgrudusjk djsj`ji
(Xonoybkb, 1335).
8.:. Ejtj Sgkg`otojkSgkg`otojk oko dgrupjfjk pgkg`otojk jsbsojtol, yjotu pgkg`otojk yjkn agrtumujk
uktuf dgknfjmo iuauknjk jtju pgknjrui jktjrj sjtu vjrojag` tgrijejp sjtu jtju `gaoi
vjrojag` `jokkyj (Xunoybkb, 1335). Ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko, pgku`os dgknfjmo pgknjrui
pgrsgpso pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu tgrijejp Sg`jyjkjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu eo Eokjs
Fgiutjkjk ejk Sgrfgaukjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:8. Ejtj yjkn eonukjfjk
ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko tgrajno ej`jd euj mgkos ejtj, yjotu = Ejtj Fujktotjtol agrupj sfj`j
pgrsgpso pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu yjkn eopjkeu egknjk fuosobkgr. Xgejknfjk Ejtj
fuj`otjtol agrupj njdajrjk udud tjtj usjij fjyu eo Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj. Xudagr ejtj
prodgr yjkn eonukjfjk ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko dg`oputo = oegktotjs pgknghgr jtju pgkodaukfjyu, pgrsgpso pgknghgr fjyu jtju pgkodauk fjyu tgrijejp fgnojtjk pg`jyjkjk tjtj
usjij fjyu sgejknfjk ejtj sgfukegr dg`oputo = Ejtj Sgknghgr Fjyu eo Fjaupjtgk
Xudajwj ejk Ejtj Sgdgnjkn Omok Sgdjkljjtjk Fjyu Ujkji Do`of (OSFUD).
8.1. Oegktolofjso ejk F`jsolofjso \jrojag`\jrojag` yjkn eonukjfjk ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko eoajno dgkmjeo 1 (euj) f`jsolofjso,
yjotu sgajnjo agrofut=
:.
\jrojag` tgrofjt (Egpgkegkt \jroja`g) Xodab` _, yjotu vjrojag` yjkn eopgknjruio
b`gi sjtu jtju `gaoi vjrojag` `jokkyj. Ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko vjrojag` tgrofjt yjkn
eodjfsue jej`ji pg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu.
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1. \jrojag` agajs (Okegpgkegkt \jroja`g) Xodab` Y, yjotu vjrojag` yjkn dgdpgknjruio
vjrojag` tgrofjt. Ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko vjrojag` agajs yjkn eodjfsue jej`ji pgrsgpso
pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu.
8.8.
Ugikof Sgknudpu`jk EjtjSgknudpu`jk ejtj ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko eo`jfufjk egknjk euj hjrj yjotu =
:. Egknjk hjrj dgkngejrfjk fuosobkgr fgpjej pgknghgr/pgkodauk fjyu yjkn eomjeofjk
sgajnjo bamgf ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko.
1. Egknjk hjrj Ebfudgktjso yjotu pgknudpu`jk ejtj egknjk dgkyj`ok jtju dgkhjtjt
ejtj sgfukegr yjotu ejtj yjkn eojdao` ejro ebfudgk Eokjs Fgiutjkjk ejk
Sgrfgaukjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj agrupj ejtj Sgknghgr/Sgkodauk Fjyu eo
Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj ejk ejtj Sgdgnjkn Omok Sgdjkljjtjk Fjyu Ujkji Do`of
(OSFUD).
8.5.
Sbpu`jso ejk Xjdpg` Sgkg`otojkEjro ejtj tgrajru, mud`ji pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu yjkn jej eo Fjaupjtgk
Xudajwj jej`ji sgajkyjf ?1, yjkn tgrsgajr eo sg`urui wo`jyji fghjdjtjk. Eodjkj
sgajrjk tgrajkyjf djsoi eo Fghjdjtjk Xudajwj sgajkyjf 18 pgknghgr egknjk
pgrsgktjsg 17%, sgejknfjk yjkn tgrfgho` sgajrjkkyj jej eo Fghjdjtjk Qigg, Brbkn
Ug`u ejk @jajknfj sgajkyjf : Sgknghgr egknjk prbsgktjsg djsokn-djsokn sgagsjr
:,:%. Jejpuk sjdpg` pgkg`otojk oko eotgktufjk egknjk tgfkof pgknjdao`jk sjdpg`
sghjrj ‐Surpbsovg Xjdp`okn— egknjk rudus X`bvok, sgpgrto eoajwji oko=
Fgtgrjknjk =
K 4 Sbpu`jso
g 4 Ko`jo Frotos :3%
k 4 Xjdpg`
Xgioknnj ejpjt eotgktufjk sgajnjo sjdpg` pjej pgkg`otojk oko, eojdao` sgajkyjf
59 pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu ejro ?1 pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu yjkn agrjej eoFjaupjtgk Xudajwj.
8.7. Eglokoso Bpgrjsobkj` \jrojag`Eglokoso bpgrjsobkj` jej`ji eglokoso yjkn eoagrofjk fgpjej sujtu vjrojag` jtju
fbkstruf egknjk hjrj dgdagr jrto jtju dgkspgsolofjsofjk fgmg`jsjk jtjupukdgdagrofjk sujtu bpgrjsobkj` yjkn eopgr`ufjk uktuf dgknufur fbkstruf jtju vjrojag`
tgrsgaut (Xunoybkb, 1335). Jejpuk eglokoso bpgrjsobkj` ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko, jej`ji =
:.
Sg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu (_) jej`ji sujtu tokejfjk yjkn dgdajktu ej`jd
pg`jfsjkjjk pgrjturjk pgrukejkn-ukejnjk dgkngkjo tjtj usjij fjyu egknjk sjtujk
ko`jo jknfj.
1. Sgrsgpso pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu (Y) jej`ji pgdjijdjk jtju tjknnjpjk 59
pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu eo Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj egknjk sjtujk ko`jo jknfj.
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8.
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 81
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
O\. IJXO@ JKJ@OXOX EJK SGDAJIJXJKXgag`ud dg`jfufjk rgnrgso `okogr sgegrijkj, ej`jd pgkg`otojk tgr`gaoi ejiu`u
eo`jfufjk umo kbrdj`otjs ejtj. Wmo oko uktuf dgkngtjiuo jpjfji ljftbr pgknnjknnu
agreostroauso kbrdj` jtju toejf. Wmo kbrdj`otjs ejtj eo`jfufjk egknjk ajktujk prbnrjd
fbdputgr XSXX. :>. Hjrjkyj jej`ji egknjk dg`oijt ijso` basgrvge Hud Srba pjejnjdajr Kbrdj` S-S S`bt bl Qgnrgssobk Xtjkejreozge Qgsoeuj`. Njdajr tgrsgaut jfjk
dgdagrofjk aojs p`bt yjkn dgknofuto njros kbrdj` jrtokyj toejf dgknudpu` pjej sujtu
tgdpjt pjej njdajr eostroauso p`bt sgioknnj ejro njdajr tgrsgaut ejpjt eofgtjiuo ajiwj
dbeg` gdporos yjkn eonukjfjk sodgtros ejk dgdpukyjo rgsoeuj` jtju ljftbr pgknnjknu
yjkn agreostroauso kbrdj`. Agrejsjrfjk umo kbrdj`otjs dgkukmuffjk ajiwj dbeg`
gdporos yjkn eonukjfjk dgdpukyjo rgsoeuj` jtju ljftbr pgknnjknnu yjkn agreostroauso
kbrdj`, sgajnjodjkj yjkn eonjdajrfjk yjotu tgr`gtjf pjej totof sgfotjr (dgkegfjto)
njros eojnbkj` jtju nrjlof iostbnrjd dgknofuto njros yjkn yjkn dgkniuauknfjk jktjrj
egpgkegkt vjrojag` ej`jd ij` oko jej`ji Sg`jyjkjk, yjotu jktjrj basgrvjso ejk
(gxpghtge) ijrjpjk yjkn eoijrjpfjk ejro dbeg` oko, yjotu ljftbr pgknnjknnu
tgreostroauso sghjrj kbrdj`.
Fgtgpjtjk luknso rgnrgso sjdpg` ej`jd dgkjfsor ko`jo jftuj` ejpjt eoufur ejro
nbbekgs bl lot -kyj. Xghjrj stjtostof, sgtoejfkyj oko ejpjt eoufur ejro ko`jo stjtostof t , ko`jo
stjtostof L , ejk fbglosogk egtgrdokjsokyj ( Q1). Xujtu pgriotuknjk stjtostof eosgaut
sonkolofjk sghjrj stjtostof jpjao`j ko`jo umo stjtostofkyj agrjej ej`jd ejgrji frotos
(ejgrji eo djkj I3 eotb`jf). Xgaj`ofkyj, eosgaut toejf sonkolofjk ao`j ko`jo umo
stjtostofkyj agrjej ej`jd ejgrji eo djkj I3 eotgrodj dgkurut Fukhbrb, (133:).
Agrejsjrfjk ijso` jkj`osos yjkn eo`jfufjk, agrofut oko butput dbeg` rgnrgso yjkn
eonukjfjk ej`jd pgkg`otojk oko.Ujag` 5.:.
Ijso` Qgnrgso
Dbeg ̀
Wkstjkejreozge Hbgllohogkts XtjkejreozgeHbgllohogkts
A Xte. Grrbr Agtj U Xon.
: (Hbkstjkt) 9 1.1:7 8.:73 .338
Sgrsgpso .>37 .39? .>.?58 .333
j. Egpgkegkt \jroja`g= Sg`jyjkjk
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 88
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Ejro ijso` gstodjso dbeg`, ejpjt eotu`osfjk pgrsjdjjk rgnrgso pgkg`otojk oko
sgajnjo agrofut =
Sg`jyjkjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu 4 9 + 3.>37 Sgrsgpso Sgknghgr + ·t
Eodjkj =
Fbkstjktj 4 9
Fbglosogk Sgrsgpso Sgknghgr 4 3.>37
·t jej`ji ljftbr njknnujk/ grrbr tgrd
Wmo t-stjtostof
Sgknumojk oko pjej ejsjrkyj dgkukmuffjk sgagrjpj mjui pgknjrui sjtu vjrojag`
pgkmg`js sghjrj okeovoeuj` ej`jd dgkgrjknfjk vjrojso vjrojag` tgrofjt. Agrejsjrfjk
ijso` rgnrgso egknjk dgknnukjfjk euj vjrojag` pgkmg`js sgpgrto yjkn tgrsjmo pjej tjag`
5.:. djfj ejpjt eo`jfufjk umo pjrjdgtgr vjrojag`-vjrojag` yjkn dgdpgknjruio
Sg`jyjkjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu jej`ji sgajnjo agrofut=
Frotgroj Fgputusjk=
-
I3 = 1 3, eo djkj sghjrj okeovoeu vjrojag` Sgrsgpso Sgknghgr toejf agrpgknjrui
sghjrj sonkolofjk tgrijejp Sg`jyjkjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu.
- Ij = 1 ; 3, eo djkj sghjrj okeovoeu vjrojag` Sgrsgpso Sgknghgr toejf agrpgknjruisghjrj sonkolofjk tgrijejp Sg`jyjkjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu.
Ejro ijso` pgriotuknjk eopgrb`gi ko`jo t-stjtostof uktuf Sgrsgpso Sgknghgr jtju
pgkodauk fjyu sgagsjr >.?58 ejk t-tjag` sgagsjr :.? (k-f-:) jtju (59-:-:) pjej
toknfjt fgpgrhjyjjk 4 7% (3,37,59, jrtokyj ajiwj 7>% vjrojso pgruajijk vjrojag` yjkn
eomg`jsfjk yjotu pg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu djdpu eomg`jsfjk b`gi vjrojso pgruajijk
vjrojag` pgkmg`js pgrsgpso pgknghgr, sosjkyj sgagsjr 58% eomg`jsfjk b`gi vjrojag` eo `ujr
dbeg` rgnrgso eonukjfjk, yjkn tgrjknfud ej`jd fgsj`jijk rjkebd sgpgrto pg`jyjkjktjtj usjij fjyu `jokkyj.
\. FGXODSW@JK EJK XJQJK
7.:. Fgsodpu`jkAgrejsjrfjk ijso` jkj`osos ejtj dgkngkjo pgrsgpso pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu
tgrijejp pg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu pjej Eokjs Fgiutjkjk ejk Sgrfgaukjk Fjaupjtgk
Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:8, djfj ejpjt eosodpu`fjk ajiwj tgrejpjt iuauknjk jktjrj
pgrsgpso pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu egknjk pg`jyjkjk Ujtj Wsjij Fjyu eo EokjsFgiutjkjk ejk Sgrfgaukjk Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj Ujiuk 13:8, sghjrj pjrsoj` vjrojag`
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 85
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
pgrsgpso dgdpukyjo pgknjrui pbsotol tgrijejp pg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu sg`jdj tjiuk
13:8. Ijso` oko dgkukmufjk iopbtgsos pgkg`otojk ejpjt eoauftofjk. Ko`jo fbbglosogk
egtgrdokjso sgagsjr 3.7>9 dgkukmufjk ajiwj 7>% vjrojso pgruajijk vjrojag` yjkn
eomg`jsfjk yjotu pg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu djdpu eomg`jsfjk b`gi vjrojso pgruajijk
vjrojag` pgkmg`js pgrsgpso pgknghgr, sgejknfjk sosjkyj sgagsjr 58% eomg`jsfjk b`givjrojag` eo `ujr dbeg` rgnrgso eonukjfjk, yjkn tgrjknfud ej`jd fgsj`jijk rjkebd
sgpgrto pg`jyjkjk tjtj usjij fjyu `jokkyj.
7.1. Xjrjk-Xjrjk
Ejro pgkg`otojk yjkn tg`ji eo`jfufjk, pgku`os dgkyjrjkfjk ij`-ij` sgajnjo
agrofut =
:. Dgknoknjt sgrokn agruajikyj pgrjturjk pgrukejkn-ukejknjk dgkngkjo tjtj usjij
fjyu, djfj pgr`u eojejfjk sbsoj`osjso pgrjturjk pgrukejkn-ukejknjk yjkn agr`jfu.
1. Sgdaokjjk ejk pgknjwjsjk tgrijejp tjtj usjij fjyu pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu
yjkn jej eo Fjaupjtgk Xudajwj pgr`u eotoknfjtfjk ejk sghjrj fbktokyu.
8.
Eopgr`ufjk fgtgnjsjk ej`jd pgkgrjpjk sjknso tgrijejp pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk
fjyu yjkn toejf dgdjtuio pgrjturjk pgrukejkn-ukejknjk yjkn agr`jfu.
5. Eoijrjpfjk fgpjej pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu, uktuf dgdjtuio sgnj`j pgrjturjk
pgrukejkn-ukejknjk yjkn agr`jfu ej`jd pgkjtjusjijjk fjyu, eoijrjpjfjk fgpjej
pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu pjej sgtojp au`jkkyj dgkyjdpjofjk @jpbrjk Au`jkjk
Dutjso Fjyu tgpjt wjftu, eoijrjpfjk fgpjej pgknghgr jtju pgkodauk fjyu
dg`jfufjk usjijkyj sgsujo egknjk prbsgeur-prbsgeur yjkn tg`ji eotgktufjk b`gi
okstjkso tgrfjot.
EJLUJQ SWXUJFJ
Jkbkod. 1337. Fbdukotjs ejk Sgrpustjfjjk Bk`okg Okebkgsoj. Brnjkosjso brn.
Jkwjr, E. 1331. Fjdus @gknfjp Ajijsj Okebkgsoj. Jdg`oj, Xurjajyj.
Auknok, A. 133:. Dgtbeb`bno Sgkg`otjojk Xbsoj, Lbrdjt-Lbrdjt Fujktotjtol ejk
Fuj`otjtol. Jor`jknj Wkovgrsoty Srgss, Xurjajyj.
Ljgsj`, X. :??7. Sgkg`otojk Fuj`otjtol . Nrjlokeb, Ajkeukn.
Ljuzo, I.J. :??>. Ssofb`bno Wdud Ljfu`tjs Ujraoyji Fbdpbkgk DFEF . Sgkgraot
Sustjfj Xgtoj, Ajkeukn.
Ijeo, X. :??8. Dgtbeb`bno Qgsgjrhi, Mo`oe :. Jueo Bllsgt, _bnyjfjrtj.
Djrzufo. :??7. Dgtbeb`bno Qosgt. ASLG WOO, _bnyjfjrtj.
Qjijyu, E. X. 133: Sgrsgpso Djsyjrjfjt Ugrijejp Sg`jfsjkjjk SSFJK Ujiuk :??>
(Jnrbwosjtj Fjrjkn Mbjkn) Fg`urjijk Fjrjkn Mbjkn Fghjdjtjk Aj`ofpjpjk
Wtjrj. Xfropso Ljfu`tjs Fgiutjkjk Wkovgrsotjs Du`jwjrdjk. Xjdjrokej. Uoejf
Eopua`ofjsofjk.
Xjglueok, E. 133
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 87
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
Aj`ofpjpjk. Xfropso Ljfu`tjs Fgiutjkjk Wkovgrsotjs Du`jwjrdjk Xjdjrokej.
Uoejf Eopua`ofjsofjk.
Xjrwbkb, X. ^. 133:. Ugbro-tgbro Ssofb`bno Xbsoj`. SU. Qjmj Nrjlokeb Sgrsjej, Mjfjrtj.
Xjrwbkb, X. ^. :??7. Ssofb`bno @oknfuknjk. SU. Nrjdgeoj ^oeojsjrjkj, Mjfjrtj.
Xorbez, J. 1335. Sgrsgpso Sgknukmukn tgktjkn @oknfuknjk Qgfrgjso Xtueo Fjsus eo
Fgauk Qjyj Wkdu` Xjdjrokej ejk Su`ju Fudj`j Ugknnjrbkn Ugsos Sjshj
Xjrmjkj Wkovgrsotjs Du`jwjrdjk Xjdjrokej. Uoejf Eopua`ofjsofjk.
Xbgdjrwbtb, B. 133:. Gfb`bno @oknfuknjk Ioeup ejk Sgdajknukjk. Sgkgraot
Emjdajtjk, Mjfjrtj.
Xuarbtb. 1335. Sjrtosopjso Djsyjrjfjt Ej`jd Fgnojtjk Sgkniomjujk EJF-EQ eo Egsj
Xufjrjmj Fgh. Xgpjfu Fja. Sgkjmjd Sjsgr Wtjrj Xfropso Ljfu`tjs Sgrtjkojk
Wkovgrsotjs :> Jnustus :?57, Xjdjrokej.
Xunoybkb. 1335. Dgtbeg Sgkg`otojk Aoskos. Sgkgraot H\ J`ljagtj, Ajkeukn.
Nibzj`o, Odjd. 133. Sgrsgpso Sgknukmukn tgktjkn @oknfuknjk Qgfrgjso ejk Agagrjpj
Ljftbr yjkn Dgdpgknjruio Xtueo eo Ujdjk Doko Okebkgsoj Okeji ejk Fgauk
Qjyj Hoabejs. Ugsos Ljfu`tjs Sjshj Xjrmjkj Okstotut Sgrtjkojk Abnbr. UoejfEopua`ofjsofjk.
^oemjyj, I. :???. Sgrsgpso ejk Xofjp pgknukmukn tgrijejp Ujkjdjk Fb`gfso eo Fgauk
Qjyj Abnbr. Xfropso Murusjk Fbksgrvjso Xudagr Ejyj Iutjk Ljfu`tjs
Fgiutjkjk Okstotut Sgrtjkojk Abnbr. Uoejf Eopua`ofjsofjk.
^oeyjto, ^. :??
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 8<
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
JKJ@OXOX LJFUBQ-LJFUBQ _JKN DGDSGKNJQWIO SQBEWFXO JOQ
DOKWD EJ@JD FGDJXJK EIJQDJ UJIWK 13::-13:1
(XUWEO FJXWX SJEJ H\. AJIJKJ UOQUJ J@JD DJQOUOD)
B`gi=
@oeyj Jr`oko
JAXUQJF
Sgkg`otojk oko agrtumujk uktuf dgkngtjiuo ljftbr-ljftbr yjkn dgdpgknjruio prbeufso
jor dokud ej`jd fgdjsjk pjej H\. Ajijkj Uortj J`jd Djrotod. Ejtj eofudpu`fjk
egknjk dgtbeg ebfudgktjso/pustjfj. Ugfkof ebfudgktjso eotumufjk uktuf dgdpgrb`gi
ejtj dgkngkjo mud`ji prbeufso, pgdjfjojk ajijk ajfu ejk mud`ji pgdjfjojk ajijk
pgkb`bkn (ljso`otjs pgkeufukn). Agrejsjrfjk ijso` pgkg`otojk eopgrb`gi ko`jo t-iotukn
uktuf ajijk ajfu 1.>15 ejk t-tjag` sgagsjr 1.3>8 pjej κ 47 % (3,37) ejk egrjmjt
fgagajsjk (k-f 415-1411) ejk t-iotukn uktuf ajijk pgkb`bkn (ljso`otjs pgkb`bkn) t-
iotukn sgagsjr 1.8?5 ejk t-tjag` sgagsjr 1.3>8 pjej κ 7 % (3,37) ejk egrjmjt
fgagajsjk agrjrto ko`jo t-stjtostof ; t-tjag` oko agrjrto fgeuj vjrojag` ajijk ajfu ejk
ajijk pgkb`bkn (ljso`otjs pgkeufukn) agrpgknjrui sghjrj sonkolofjk tgrijejp prbeufso
jor dokud ej`jd fgdjsjk eijrdj pjej H\. Ajijkj Uortj J`jd Djrotod. Xgejknfjk
uktuf ko`j l-iotukn 9.1?: sgejknfjk l-tjag` 1.38> κ 7 % (3,37) (k-f) (f-:) (15-1) (1-:)
jrtokyj l-iotukn tjag` ; l-tjag` sgioknnj iopbtgsos kb` eotgrodj ejk iopbtgsos eotb`jf.
Egknjk fjtj `jok, vjrojag` ajijk ajfu ejk ajijk pgkb`bkn sghjrj agrsjdj-sjdj
djdpu dgkmg`jsfjk vjrojag` prbeufso jor dokud ej`jd fgdjsjk pjej H\. Ajijkj
Uortj J`jd Djrotod.
Fjtj Fukho= Ajijk Ajfu ejk Ajijk Sgkb`bkn(ljso` otjs pgkeufukn) Srbeufso jor
dokud ej`jd fgdjsjk
OO. SGKEJIW@WJK
:.:. @jtjr Ag`jfjkn Djsj`jiSrbeufso dgrupjfjk sj`ji sjtu fgnojtjk gfbkbdo ej`jd djsyjrjfjt jtju sujtu
kgnjrj yjkn eoiotukn ej`jd wjftu tgrtgktu. Eodjkj fgnojtjk prbeufso tgrnjktukn pjej
fgautuijk ejk fgaojsjjk pgriotuknjk prbeufso ejk pgkejpjtjk sujtu kgnjrj. Ej`jd
jspgf gfbkbdo, fgnojtjk prbeufso sg`j`u eo ebrbkn b`gi dbtol gfbkbdo ejk proksopgfbkbdo jnjr fgsg`uruijk fgnojtjk otu toejf pgrhudj, jej sjsjrjkkyj, tumujk sgrtj
ijrjpjkkyj, sgioknnj ejpjt dgknijso`fjk sgsujtu ajrjkn ejk mjsj sghjrj bptodj`.
Xghjrj njros agsjr, prbeufso jej`ji fgnojtjk yjkn agrfgkjjk egknjk usjij
dgkoknfjtfjk ko`jo nukj sujtu ajrjkn ejk mjsj `jknfji pgrtjdj fgnojtjk prbeufso otu
jej`ji dgkniodpuk ljftbr prbeufso yjkn agrjsj` ejro djsyjrjfjt dg`j`uo fgnojtjk
eostroauso sgtg`ji tgriodpuk djfj prbeufso otu eob`ji ejk eofg`b`j dgkmjeo ijso`
prbeufso.
Sgdjkljjtjk sudagr ejyj j`jd yjkn tgrsgeoj, fiususkyj jor dgrupjfjk sgsujtu
yjkn pgktokn fjrgkj jor jej`ji zjt yjkn eoautuifjk b`gi sgduj dji`uf ioeup tgrdjsuf
djkusoj, igwjk ejk tudaui-tudauijk. Djkljjt jor ajno fgioeupjk ioeup djkusoj
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Murkj` Gfbkbdo ejk Aoskos, Mo`oe 8 Kbdbr 5, Egsgdagr 13:8 8>
Susjt Qosgt Gfbkbdo ejk Sgdajknukjk LG. WKXJ
ejpjt eofjtjnbrofjk ej`jd agagrjp