Jeju Batdam Agricultural System - fao.org · Jeju Batdam Agricultural System Application for GIAHS...

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea

NOV. 2013

Jeju Batdam Agricultural System Application for GIAHS

(Black stone fences)

Contents

1 story

2 story

3 story

4 story

5 story

Batdam -built with stones from stony fields

Batdam embraces Jeju’s today

Jeju culture interwoven with Batdam

Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!

Birth of Jeju The land of stone, wind & volcanic ash soil Statistic of Jeju

Beginning of farming and birth of Batdam Batdam & Agricultural System Significance

Batdam - securing food & livelihood Biodiversity of Batdam Agricultural scenery of Batdam

Cultural system related to Jeju Batdam Rich stone culture of Batdam Root of Jeju culture

Threats for Jeju Batdam Securing the value of Batdam Eternal Ancient Futures

Country of stones and winds

3

(Doubie click!)

Jeju & Batdam (audio file)

1-1. Birth of Jeju

1-2. The land of stone, wind & volcanic ash soil

1-3. Statistic of Jeju

Country of stones and winds Story 1

1-1. Birth of Jeju

Island of Jeju – creation of phreatic eruption(about 2million years ago) and the original topography and geology are well retained in the country of stones and winds.

5

► Designations in natural science :

UNESCO World Heritage / UNESCO Global Geoparks Network / UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and as one of New7Wonders of Nature by New7Wonders Foundation

Story 1 Country of stones and winds!

6

1-2. The land of stone, wind and volcanic ash soil

77% of Jeju Island soil( or 60% of arable land) : volcanic ash soil .

☞ dry field farming(99.9%), rice paddy farming is impossible in Jeju & still find stones easily when you till.

⇒ How to preserve and manage volcanic ash soil is a prerequisite for farming.

Country of stones and winds! Story 1

Most Jeju fields are stone fields.

jakjiwat : fields with high rate of gravel billewat : fields with high rate of bedrock

Jeju’s annual precipitation( 1585mm-Jeju, 2393mm-Seogwipo) vs. dry field farming

[ jakjiwat ]

[ billewat ]

[sandy field ]

7

☞ Volcanic ash soil: high water permeability & holds gravel up to 40%.

☞ Average depth of arable land: low at 18.3㎝(at the lowest 7㎝, at best 35㎝)


1-3. Statistic of Jeju

8

Location • 90km south from the Korean Peninsula, strategically

connecting the continent(Russia, China) & the

ocean(Japan, South Asia)

Access • the southernmost administrative district of Korea

- 1 hr flight from Seoul to Jeju

- 2 hr flight from Tokyo, Japan

- 1.5 hr flight from Shanghai, China

Climate • warm temperate oceanic climate, sub-tropical,

temperate, polar climate

- total precipitation(mm): Jeju 1,585, Seogwipo 2,393

- average temperature(℃): Jeju 15.6, Seogwipo 16.9

Population • 592,449(232,141 households)

- 104,802 farmers(35,388 farming households)

Livelihood • tourism, retail industries, etc.(77%)

· agriculture, forestry, livestock & fisheries(18%)

Jeju city

Seogwipo city

M. Halla


2-1. Beginning of farming and birth of Batdam

2-2. Batdam & Agricultural System

2-3. Significance

Batdam -built with stones from stony fields! Story 2

Beginning of farming: about A.D. 1, based on excavated artifacts.

10

2-1. Beginning of farming and birth of Batdam

Batdam : built with collected lava stones for cultivation, managing wind & soil(over 1000yrs).

☞ Batdam is called The 20,000km Black Dragon Batdam of Jeju for it resembles

a long black dragon.

Batdam (22,108km in total length):

a revolution for Jeju’s agriculture. • Types of Jeju Batdam

oidam

jeopdam

Jatdam

Japgutdam

Story 2 Batdam - built with stones from stony fields!

Field scenery showing how Batdam was made ①bille ②meodeul ③sandam ④seoldeok ⑤Batdam

① ②

③

④

⑤

⑤ ⑤

⑤

▮ Characteristics of Jeju Batdam

Built with mostly round and porous lava stones

[Pores in lava stones]

[Wind speed through gaps of Batdam and the frictional force]

11

Standing over 1000 years!

Frictional forces the stones receive depend on the shapes of the stones and windbreak effect from holes between them.


stable structure formation: places an upper stone onto the space between two lower stones

joint and wind holes made among the stones

2-2. Batdam & Agricultural System

12

▮ Jeju Batdam’s function and agricultural system


Jeju Batdam is a unique agricultural system to overcome unfavorable environment for farming.

• volcanic ash soil • most windy in

Korea • much rain

• dry field farming 99.9% • paddy farming 0.1%

• built Batdam

• treaded fields

• used seaweed, manure, etc

• windbreak

• prevented soil loss & arsenic

in topsoil from ionizing into

crops

• Blocked off animals

• preserved biodiversity

• preserved agricultural

culture

→ increased productivity

Dry field

Batdam & Agricultural system

13

Correlation of Batdam with winds and soil


Batdam for preventing loss of soil

☞ Batdam serves to protect fields against wind and prevent soil loss caused by rain.

☞ In case of very large fields, another Batdam is built in the middle of the field to slow

the loss of soil.

[stone fences in the middle of the field to block winds]

Dollengibat. In order to minimize the effects of wind, farmland is divided into small areas by surrounding it with batdam.


14

Differences from the Korean mainland: dry field faming vs. rice paddy farming

15

2-3. Significance

Differences from similar cultures across the world

▶ Jeju Batdam vs. Europe

• Built by small groups: individuals or families over a long period of time

• Built with stone only

• Enclosed areas: used for dry field farming

• Created over short periods of time through collective readjustment of land

• Used materials: wood, stone, board, etc

• Grassland grow: livestock farming or mixed agriculture with the cattle put out to pasture

Jeju Batdam Bocage in Ireland Bocage in France


Jeju Batdam Bocage

3-1. Batdam - securing food & livelihood

3-2. Biodiversity of Batdam

3-3. Agricultural scenery of Batdam

Batdam embraces Jeju’s today! Story 3

Agriculture & fisheries in Jeju: 18% of income, ranking 2nd.

Farming population: 19.2% of Jeju (3 times higher than national average 6.0%)

17

3-1. Batdam - securing food & livelihood

Crops Total Yield (2011)

Food crop 66,632 M/T → potato 48,900, beans 7,442, barley 4,802, sweet potato 1,887, etc

Vegetable 695,809 M/T → white radish 307,109, cabbage 112,087, carrot 61,104, onion 62,333, garlic 45,631, etc

Cash crop 4,810 M/T → sesame 448, green tea 124, rapeseed flowers 140, peanut 258, medicinal plants 2,532, etc

Flower 29,496,000 flowers → lily 17,036,000, chrysanthemum 3,578,000, gerbera 1,670,000, etc

Citrus 588,000 M/T

Amount of Crops Produced

Story 3 Batdam embraces Jeju’s today!

[sweet potato] [dry-field rice] [buckwheat] [millet] [legume]

18

Areas of fields for traditionally main crops in Jeju by year(1913-2011)


Crops vary, depending on soil characteristics and height of Batdam.

Garlic in non-volcanic ash soil

Radishe in volcanic ash soil

Carrot in volcanic ash soil

Sandy soil – carrot, etc

19

Main crops by area depending on characteristics of soil

☞ Jeju farmland: 40.5% non-volcanic and 59.5% volcanic ash soil

☞ Dry field crops : mandarin(99%), carrot (70%), potato(40%), radish (40%),

broccoli (70%), cabbage(45%), etc.


[Oreum demarcation Batdam ]

[bush warblers] [a colony of Elsholtzia splendens]

[Gotjawal demarcation Batdam ]

[kestrel] [Cyrtosia septentrionalis ]

[Wetland demarcation Batdam]

[moorhen] [Jeju salamander]

[Stream demarcation Batdam]

[Ussuri mamushi] [giant water bug]

[Mid-mountain baengdui demarcation Batdam ]

[roe deer] [scarab beetles] [Jogandae demarcation Batdam]

[brown-eared bulbul]

[snails]


The island of Jeju hosts various fauna and flora according to its geopolitical location. ⇒ Biosphere Reserve by the UNESCO and Ramsar Wetlands

3-2. Biodiversity of Batdam

Ecological diversity of Batdam

- fauna: Jeju Weasel, Jeju Salamander, Jeju pony, Jeju black pig, Jeju black cow, Jeju native dog, etc.

- flora: Korean Fir forest, fringed galax, Tofieldia fauriei Lev. et Vnt., Leontopodium hallaisanense,

Adenophora taquetii H. Lev., Salix blinii Leveille, etc

Genetic diversity: Jeju’s indigenous & rare species

21

Fringed galax, world’s smallest tree World’s only forest of Korean fir Tofieldia fauriei Lev. et Vnt. Leontopodium hallaisanense

Jeju Weasel Jeju black pig Dog native to Jeju


Jeju Jorangmal(Pony)

Unique cultural landscape: from geological nature & land formation of volcanic activities.

3-3. Agricultural scenery of Batdam

Batdam curves smoothly and sometimes terraces fences, adapting geographical

condition and thus grants us the unique landscape of Jeju.

A mosaic of Batdam is an artistic work laid out across the island.

22


23

Spring Summer

Autumn Winter

Four seasons of Batdam

4-1. Cultural system related to Jeju Batdam

4-2. Rich stone culture of Batdam

4-3. Root of Jeju culture

Story 4 Jeju culture interwoven with Batdam

25


Socio-cultural meanings of Batdam

4-1. Cultural system related to Jeju Batdam

Records of land

usages

Long history: over

1000 years

Cultural diversity by soil

characteristics

Formation of

the volcanic island

Wisdom & willingness

of Jeju people

Examples of cultural types based on soil characteristics

☞ Over 1000 years of history, serving the purpose of cultural heritage

☞ Cultural diversity per different altitude and location carries unique ways of life.

Socio-cultural meanings of Batdam

Housing & lifestyle, utilizing stone culture in Jeju

26


4-1. Rich stone culture of Batdam

[Jeongnang] [Uyeongbat]

[Bongdeok]

[Maetdol -millstone]

[traditional thatched house – Uldam & olletdam] : Jeju Doldam is one of ‘the top 100 Korean folk culture symbols’

Contemporary applications of stone culture

[Various stone works on display at Jeju Stone Park]

[Reconstruction (for show) of an old

tongsi -style traditional toilet at Jeju

Stone Park]

[Dolhareubang (or stone grandfather) Sculpture in Bukchon Dolhareubang Park]

[Jeju Geumneung Stone Park]

[Stone Maze Park]

[Jeju Stone Village]

27


Jeju is also called a Home to 18,000 gods.

[Yeongdeung Gut Farewell Ritual] : UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage

28

[Sagaeil-ri Bonhayngdang]

4-3. Root of Jeju culture


[Bangsatop] [Dolhareubang] [Sandam]

http://www.cha.go.kr/korea/heritage/search/Directory_Image.jsp?VdkVgwKey=24,00021800,39&imgfname=20070102095501026000.jpg&dirname=folklore_material&photoname=KBS방송총국&photoid=28122

Haenyeo (women divers) culture, a symbol of strong women in Jeju

☞ Haenyeo holds her breath up to 2 minutes when she goes Jamaekjil (going under water) around

15 meter deep sea.

[Regions where Haenyeo went to work in the 1930s]

29

[Muljil by Jeju women divers]


[Bulteok]

[Wondam]

5-1. Threats for Jeju Batdam

5-2. Securing the value of Batdam

5-3. Eternal Ancient Futures

Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!

5-1. Threats for Jeju Batdam

modern machinery

introduction of high-tech farming and diversified crops

damages caused by urban sprawl and road constructions

settlement of the Jeju citrus industry

development of stone processing techniques

A picture showing Batdam where its heights was lowered after land consolidation projects, resulting in crop damage due to influx of sea water.

31

As the citrus industry has grown and Batdam has been readjusted, its original form has been damaged.


32

5-2. Securing the value of Batdam

Contemporary meanings of Jeju Batdam

Artistic & academic values

• academic values in terms of archeology, socio-economics

and geology • artistic values of literature, arts

and photographs, etc

Ecological values

maintaining and expanding ecology, species, gene diversity

Scenic values

• scenic elements unique in Jeju • representatives of Jeju aesthetics

• attractions of Jeju tourism

Cultural values

• symbol of spirits of Jeju people (spirits of pioneers /

coexistence with nature) • unique ways of life with

various stone cultures

Heritage values

valuable as unique agricultural heritage in the world

Agricultural values

maintaining and expanding various agricultural functions

Future values

• expansion of different values of Jeju Batdam through registration as Agriculture & Fisheries Heritage

• foundation for developing Jeju style future-oriented agriculture focusing on environmentally

friendly farming and tourism farming, etc.

• leading the sustainable tourism in Jeju such as cultural tourism and rural area tourism.

• value to pass down the ancestors’ spirit of pioneering and wisdom to the next generations


▮ Various efforts related to conserving Batdam

Declaring Jeju as a pilot island for environment friendly agriculture

Registration: Nationally Important Agricultural and Fishery Heritage

News article on Jeju Batdam’s registration of a Nationally Important

Agricultural and Fishery Heritage (Jan. 21, 2013)

33

Establishment and implementation of the Soil Management & Preservation Plan, the Mid-term Plan for Preserving the Landscape and the Landscape Management Plan

Implementing policies, conserving Batdam (subsidy system for the Jeju-style dry field farming, etc.)

Number of researches to conserve Batdam

Plan for Landscape Management and Plan for Soil Preservation

the walking trail program along Batdam scenery


the criteria for designation - Core Zone : the World Heritage sites

- Buffer Zone : the mid-mountain area

- Special management Zones : to be decided among the low land farming areas

Zoning of the Batdam Conservation Areas

34

▮ Designation for conserved areas of Batdam


☞ Protection levels will be judged under the criteria of ① originality ② scenic value ③ uniqueness ④ possibility of being conserved.

35

5-3. Establishment of Jeju Batdam Conservation and Management Plans


36

▮ Action plans to preserve and utilize the Jeju Batdam Agricultural System (Here in after called JBAS)


Short Term Management Plans for JBAS

- Project period: 3 years (2013 ~2015) - Budget: $1.5 million (Central government subsidy 70%, Local government @30)

Area Content Detail Budget

Ⅰ. Development

of maintenance

1. Plan ① Establish Comprehensive Plan, Preserving JBAS $100,000

2. Research ② JBAS Resource investigation in core areas - Research on ecological environment by experts and residents

$160,000

3. Resource

maintenance ③ Maintenance and restoration of JBAS - Landscape model JBAS site

$200,000

Total $460,000 Ⅱ.

Environmental

improvement

1.Environmental

improvement ① Develop JBAS Trails and Theme Parks - Install JBAS Comprehensive Direction Board

$300,000

Total $300,000

Ⅲ. Upgrading

values

2.Creating

the new value

① JBAS promotion plan - Support activities of civic and Heritage Conservation Commission - Publish storytelling and story books / Launch Jeju Stone Culture

Academy / Launch web page / Register and manage JBAS Brand

/ Promotions-domestic, international

$240,000

② JBAS Festival $100,000 ③ Designate JBAS Masters of Stonemasons $30,000

④ Symposium upon JBAS-GIAHS designation $220,000

⑤ Utilizing multiple resources of rural area $150,000 Total $740,000

Grand total $1,500,000

37


Mid/Long Term Management Plans for JBAS ; Action programs per each strategy

① Active Public Relations

• Promoting a campaign of ‘Bat Han Pyung Sagi’, purchasing a land of one pyung (or 0.000817 acre) as a type of national trust.

→ Objectives: Public awareness of importance in Public Management of JBAS

→ Operation: Operate civic leading weekend farm program and provide a revenue model among JBAS sites, supporting the win-win style operation measure

• Creating programs to find values in Batdam and doldam.

→ Launch the research projects via domestic and international exchanges and operate Academy of JBAS

→ Found JBAS Support Center for effective operation. The center will be established under the provision of ‘Ordinance of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Preserving National Agricultural and Marine Heritage’.

• Making efforts to designate Batdam as a World Natural Heritage

→ Scope of designation area: Operate together with World Natural Heritage Site, World Agricultural Heritage Area

and Bat Han Pyeong Sagi Movement (or public trust movement, purchasing one pyeong of JBAS land).

② Selecting bases for conserving Batdam

• Joining the activities for making communities better places to live

→ Brand JBAS products, develop and launch JBAS processed food. : Utilize JBAS Trade Mark

→ Launch various rural tourism programs.

• Adopting a joint management system among rural communities

→ Systemize the civic leading plan, participation and also monitor them according to the special law of 'Improve Quality of Life Statue', aiming to improve life quality, develop rural areas and designate landscape convention areas. To monitor the performance rate of convention and launch direct payment system for landscape conservation, thus operation to be tied with 'Improving Quality of Life Statue’

38


④ Building a direct support system

• Widening the accessibility to the subsidy for conserving JBAS

→ Expand and include JBAS products within the current direct payment system for short-lived crops

• Designating Protected Areas of JBAS as tourist attractions

→ Designate JBAS as Folk Culture & Heritage Site to hand down the traditional culture and art

• Utilizing Batdam as public resources

→ Utilize 'Land Banking System', acquiring lands within set budget to attract strong investments

⑤ Establishing database for Batdam

• Mapping Jeju Batdam using GIS

→ Secure entire area map of Jeju Island marked with JBAS for continuing protection, management and utilization of JBAS

• Monitoring the extent of damage every 3~5 years

→ Objectives: Conservation, management check-up and provision of complementary measure for JBAS per regular monitoring among local farmers and experts jointly

⑥ Annual assessment

• Thorough assessment of Batdam for better management → Establish a serial judging system according to Action Plan

③ Putting all available resources for conserving Batdam in organized ways

• Supporting a schematic organization, ‘Association of Stonemasons in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province’

→ Systematic management of JBAS and skill transmissions of JBAS stone fence building through the systematized stonemasons who currently are in decline

• Holding annual events under a theme of JBAS

→ Through JBAS Festival, the promotion opportunity for JBAS and the beauty of stone fences will be provided for both residents and tourists

Jeju residents share the understanding & intention to conserve Jeju Batdam as an important factor in the cultural landscape.

Dry field farming and Jeju Batdam are inseparable, and the sustainability of dry field farming relies on preservation of Batdam.

• Upland field farming ranks second at 18%,

among the highest in the nation.

• The area of upland field farming has been

on the rise.

• Area of farmland: produce 7.5% of the total

amount (the national average of 3.7%)

• Ratio of upland field farming in the nation :

citrus 99%, carrots 70%, fall potatoes 40%,

winter radishes 40%, broccoli 70%, cabbage 45%

• Income of a farming household (36,375,000won) :

21% higher than the national average

household income of 30,148,000won

Sustainability of dry field farming

• Critical basis for upland field

farming in Jeju.

• If destroyed, rebuilt in order to

prevent damage from sea

water

• Creating a range of value for

the future including precious

cultural landscape

• Residents share the awareness

for the necessity to preserve it.

Sustainability of Batdam

5-3. Eternal Ancient Futures

39

▮ Agriculture in Jeju and the sustainability of Batdam



▮ Expected Contribution of Jeju Batdam for Global Agriculture

40

Develop data sharing technology on Jeju Batdam Agricultural System → Share our successful know-how with worldwide agricultural countries Establish Jeju Agriculture Heritage Center, exchanging idea, train skills & manage Jeju Batdam, thus secure the world's sustainable heritage → Establish Global Agriculture Exchange System Designation of Jeju Batdam Agricultural System on GIAHS → Promote the significance of Agricultural Heritage → Introduce the necessity of Agricultural Heritage protection

하영 고맙수다! 제주서 보게마씸! Hayoung Komapsuda! Jejuseo Bokemashim!

Thank you and see you in Jeju!

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