Getting to know our Earth
Introduction
Let’s find out more about our Earth by looking at: The Four Main Regions of
the Earth How seismic waves tell us
about Earth’s interior What it means to say the
Earth is differentiated The Theory of Tectonics Earths Atmosphere
Sometimes people may forget or take for granted how lucky we are that Earth is so suitable for human life.
Four Main Regions of the Earth
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Interior of the Earth
Core- consists of a solid inner core
and a liquid molten outer core.
Mantle- Rocky material containing
the minerals silicone and oxygen
Crust- Continental crust is made
mostly of granite while Ocean
crust is made of basalt.
The lowest density rock is found at the crust while the highest density is found at the core
Seismic Waves
Seismic waves are waves of energy that pass through the Earth as a result of an Earthquake for example.
P waves (primary waves) travel fastest and are produced first by an earthquake. P waves can travel through liquid and solid material.
S waves (secondary waves) follow and do not travel through liquid.
Application
Scientists can use seismographs to record seismic waves and learn about the interior of Earth.
After a volcano at some point the waves hit the outer core and because the outer core is liquid only the p waves can travel through and the s waves are stuck.
Differentiation
The Earth is made up of layers of different materials. This is due to differentiation.
The Earth was once hot enough inside that it caused the interior to melt so that materials of higher density sank to the center and less dense materials went towards the surface.
How did the Earth become so hot?
Two major reasons explain the Earths heat. 1. Planets were hot
because of the process of formation. Colliding planetestimals deposited large amounts of energy that turned into heat.
2. The metal and rock that make up the Earth contain radioactive elements that when decaying produce heat.
Plate Tectonics
Earths rocky outer crust is not solid but instead broken up into huge plates that sit on top of the mantle.
The theory of plate tectonics explains the movement of Earths plates and the reason why we have earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, trenches and many other geological features.
Plate Tectonics Continued… At the boundaries of plates they may
separate from one another, collide, slip past one another, and slip laterally.
Processes that shape Earths Surface
Impact Cratering
Volcanism
Tectonics
Erosion
Troposphere
We live in the troposphere which is the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere.
Earths Atmosphere
Earths Atmosphere today consists of: 78% nitrogen (N2) 21% oxygen (O2) Small amounts of
other gasesOur atmosphere
provides the air we breathe and the pressure that allows liquid water to flow
Earth’s Early Atmosphere
Earth’s original atmosphere consisted of volatile gases such as Carbon dioxide, Water Vapor, Methane, and Ammonia.
How then did we come to have the atmosphere that allows human life now?
Earth’s Changing Atmosphere When the Earth had cooled
the water vapor had condensed and formed our oceans.
Photosynthesis reduced the carbon dioxide level and increased oxygen that is necessary for all life.
Carbon dioxide was also trapped inside rocks
Volcanic eruptions released nitrogen into the air through a process called outgassing.
Conclusion
Our Earth is a complex planet that has grown and evolved since its formation millions of years ago.
Next week we will compare Earth to other planets in order to understand further what makes it so unique.
SourcesSlide 1
Picture: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/07_03/nasa1R3107_1000x1000.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-472122/Most-detailed-pictures-Earth-seen.html&h=1000&w=1000&sz=221&tbnid=XsopFnti7RPgrM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=103&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpictures%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bearth%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=pictures+of+the+earth&docid=O1b5XpbTR7sSYM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NOaUTpvpMoLciAKUmqGMBQ&sqi=2&ved=0CDsQ9QEwAA
Slide 2 Picture:http://www.google.com/imgres?q=information+about+earth&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=570&tbm=isch&tbnid=QVPwqS25lFIJEM:&imgrefurl=http://theawesomefacts.blogspot.com/2011/04/awesome-facts-about-earth-you-may-newer.html&docid=EP4G_28bZpYejM&w=576&h=228&ei=1vaUToLRNMniiAK9h4mlBQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=44&page=8&tbnh=88&tbnw=223&start=83&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:83&tx=52&ty=68
Slide 3Picture: http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10h.html
Slide 4Text:
http://library.thinkquest.org/12232/data/TheEarthsInterior.htmlBennett/ Donahue/ Schneider/Voit’s The Essential Cosmic Perspective. Sixth Edition. pages 192-193
Slide 5Text:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave
Sources ContinuedSlide 6:Picture:
http://www.kcvs.ca/martin/astro/au/unit7/172/chp17_2.htmlText:
Bennett/ Donahue/ Schneider/Voit’s The Essential Cosmic Perspective. Sixth Edition. page 195Slide 7:Picture:
http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105/images/gaia_chapter_3/earth_differentiation.htmText:Bennett/ Donahue/ Schneider/Voit’s The Essential Cosmic Perspective. Sixth Edition. Page 194
Slide 8:Picture:
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=earths+temperatures&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=570&tbm=isch&tbnid=7rsby46eNIROaM:&imgrefurl=http://www.scarborough.k12.me.us/wis/teachers/dtewhey/webquest/nature/plate_tectonics.htm&docid=AU2OtRwIg64RXM&w=507&h=388&ei=df2UTqLXEa2rsALNsMzvAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=186&vpy=170&dur=112&hovh=196&hovw=257&tx=165&ty=131&page=1&tbnh=147&tbnw=192&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0
Text: Bennett/ Donahue/ Schneider/Voit’s The Essential Cosmic Perspective. Sixth Edition. Page 194
Slide 9:Text:
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Continents.shtmlSlide 10:Text and Picture:
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Continents.shtmlText:
Bennett/ Donahue/ Schneider/Voit’s The Essential Cosmic Perspective. Sixth Edition. Page 199
Sources ContinuedSlide 11:Pictures:Erosion:
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Tectonic Plates:http://www.google.com/imgres?q=tectonics+plates&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=570&tbm=isch&tbnid=b0d3cTrRmLy7WM:&imgrefurl=http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/tectonic.htm&docid=vh71KLxugM92lM&w=429&h=254&ei=bQaVTs6qAvKpsALZkJnvAQ&zoo
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Impact Cratering:http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=volcanism&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=3437l6657l0l6861l21l12l0l0l0l1l290l2358l0.3.7l11l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&biw=1280&bih=570&wrapid=tlif131838941166910&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi#um=1&hl=en&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=impact+cratering&oq=impact+cratering&aq=f&aqi=g1g-S3g-mS2&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=49860l54965l0l55263l20l14l1l1l1l0l237l1462l4.6.1l11l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=62195ff4a89d15b&biw=1280&bih=570
Text: Bennett/ Donahue/ Schneider/Voit’s The Essential Cosmic Perspective. Sixth Edition. Page 197
Sources Finale
Slide 12:Picture:
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&cp=7&gs_id=k&xhr=t&q=earths+layers+of+atmosphere&qe=ZWFydGhzIA&qesig=jZln4vNkirtn-pRWyJwWFA&pkc=AFgZ2tmYp_QwmVeG3aiulbjkIVzixtIUxWtNto3-21HHSoRmJyYTADFt6ArcM8gBF29LL_158_LcC9ec1o4u8-ntd2xfy7yDQA&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&biw=1280&bih=570&wrapid=tljp1318439904501012&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi
Text: http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/troposphere.html
Slide 13:Picture:
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Slide 15:Picture:
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere Bennett/ Donahue/ Schneider/Voit’s The Essential Cosmic Perspective. Sixth Edition. Page 198